WO2003101486A2 - Support polymere thermosensible a structure physique pouvant etre modifiee, pour l'analyse biochimique, le diagnostic et la therapie - Google Patents

Support polymere thermosensible a structure physique pouvant etre modifiee, pour l'analyse biochimique, le diagnostic et la therapie Download PDF

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WO2003101486A2
WO2003101486A2 PCT/EP2003/005614 EP0305614W WO03101486A2 WO 2003101486 A2 WO2003101486 A2 WO 2003101486A2 EP 0305614 W EP0305614 W EP 0305614W WO 03101486 A2 WO03101486 A2 WO 03101486A2
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thermosensitive
magnetic
polymers according
metallic colloids
containing polymers
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PCT/EP2003/005614
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German (de)
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WO2003101486A3 (fr
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Detlef P. MÜLLER-SCHULTE
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Magnamedics Gmbh
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Priority to AT03735485T priority Critical patent/ATE432084T1/de
Priority to US10/516,629 priority patent/US20050175702A1/en
Priority to DE50311551T priority patent/DE50311551D1/de
Priority to AU2003237709A priority patent/AU2003237709A1/en
Priority to EP03735485A priority patent/EP1509246B1/fr
Priority to JP2004508841A priority patent/JP2005537342A/ja
Publication of WO2003101486A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003101486A2/fr
Publication of WO2003101486A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003101486A3/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6921—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere
    • A61K47/6923—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being an inorganic particle, e.g. ceramic particles, silica particles, ferrite or synsorb
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery

Definitions

  • Thermosensitive polymer carrier with changeable physical structure for biochemical analysis, diagnostics and therapy
  • the invention relates to thermosensitive polymers which can be heated by means of magnetic induction due to encapsulated magnetic and / or metallic colloids and thereby undergo a change in the physical structure or shape.
  • the shape change associated with the warming is among other things used for the production of controllable drug depots, contrast-enhancing agents for NMR diagnostics, manipulable micro tools, as agents for blocking blood vessels and as controllable porogens in membrane manufacture.
  • the invention relates to polymer supports of different geometries and particle sizes, into which a magnetizable and / or metallic substance or a magnetic and / or metallic colloid-containing core polymer are polymerized, which can be selectively heated by supplying heat or in a high-frequency magnetic alternating field, from which a change in the physical structure or the shape of the polymeric carrier results, which enables an in vivo application of these polymeric carriers.
  • the invention further relates to the production and use of the polymer carrier.
  • US Pat. Nos. 4,735,796 and 4,662,359 describe magnetic particles which are also used for hyper-thermal therapy in the context of tumor therapy.
  • the means and methods cited here have in common that the magnetic induction serves exclusively to heat the particles in order to destroy cells or biological organisms by overheating.
  • a change in the physical structure or the shape of the polymer carrier by means of induction cannot be achieved with the known carriers.
  • Magnetic micro- and nanoparticles preferably for analytical, diagnostic or medical purposes, can be found in the patents PCT / WO 97/04862, PCT / WO 89/11154, PCT / WO 92/22201, PCT / WO 90/07380, PCT / WO 99 / 62079 and US Pat. Nos.
  • Polymer matrices used in the aforementioned processes and products are dextran, agarose, dextrin, albumin, silica gel, polystyrene, gelatin, polyglutaraldehyde, agarose-polyaldehyde composites, liposomes, polyethyleneimine, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrolein, proteins and polyoxyethylenes which, via coupled bioligands or receptors according to the affinity principle, analytes in the form of antigens, antibodies, proteins, cells, DNA fragments, viruses or bacteria in the Binding framework of biochemical-medical analysis and diagnostics.
  • the magnetic polymer supports cited here as references also differ from the agents according to the invention in that, owing to their chemical structure, they are not thermosensitive, i.e. due to an external heat stimulus, their physical structure or geometric shape are unable to change. However, this property is the basic prerequisite for being able to use polymer carriers as manipulable or controllable micro or nanocarriers or tools.
  • poly-N-isopropylacrylamide a gel-like polymer that is subject to a significant shrinking process at temperatures above 27 ° C. This shrinkage is reversible, ie when the polymer cools below 30 ° C it practically resumes its original shape.
  • This special property of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide as well as the interesting applications derived from it as a drug depot, biosensor, cell culture substrate, cell encapsulation Solution matrix, actuator or valve have long been known and have found expression in a number of publications and patents.
  • N-isopropyl acrylamide or copolymers with, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, polyethylene oxide or chitosan, and the graft copolymerization with silicone rubber or polyvinyl alcohol are described by Park and Hoffman, J. Biomed. Mat. Res., Vol. 24, 21, 1990, Zhang et al., Lang uir, Vol. 18, 2013, 2002, Lee and Chen, J. Appl. Polymer Sei., Vol. 82, 2487, 2001, Zhu and Napper, Langmuir, Vol. 16, 8543, 2000, Li et al., Radiat. Phys. Chem., Vol. 55, 173, 1999, Zhang and Zhuo, Eur.
  • U.S. Patents 4,832,466, 6,165,389, 6,187,599, 5,898,004, 5,854,078, 6,094,273, 6,097,530, 5,711,884 and 6,014,246 disclose thermosensitive optical systems in the form of filters or switches, etc. using poly-N-isopropylacrylamide nanoparticles.
  • Thermo- and pH-sensitive polymer gels made of N-isopropylacrylamide, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, dextran, alkyl cellulose, block polymers made of polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyacrylic acid, ethylenedia in e.g. as carriers for biologically active substances are shown in US Patents 5,674,521, 5,441,732, 5,252,318, 5,599,534, 5,618,800 and 5,840,338.
  • Temperature and pH-sensitive polymers from interpenetrating polymer networks which include acrylates, acrylics, urethanes or methacrylates and block copolyers made of polyoxyethylene or polyoxypropylene, are the subject of US Pat. No. 5,939,485.
  • US Pat. No. 5,998,588 describes light-sensitive, temperature-sensitive and pH-sensitive interactive style response molecular conjugates of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide for assays or separations.
  • Porous carrier media etc. from rayon, paper, polyacrylamide and agarose beads as solid phase supports for the detection of analytes are described in US Pat. No. 5,013,669.
  • Enzymes immobilized on acrylate carriers with reversible solubilities are the subject of US Pat. No. 4,783,409.
  • a thermally induced phase separation immunoassay using poly-N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers for the detection of drugs, hormones, vitamins, proteins, metabolites, cells, viruses, microorganisms and antibodies is disclosed in US Patent 4,780,409.
  • Alginate beads as an oral drug depot are described in U.S. Patent 5,451,411.
  • Shape-memory-polymers which consist of hard and soft polymer segments and whose original shape by heating to above the Glass temperature can be restored are the subject of US Pat. No. 6,160,084.
  • agents listed here as a reference have in common that, insofar as they are non-magnetic polymer carriers, they can only be caused to change the physical structure or shape by heat supplied directly from the outside or, if they are magnetic carriers, cannot be changed in any way structurally by an external stimulus or by energy supplied from outside.
  • the "stimulus-response" carriers known from the prior art are either irregular nanoparticles or larger-volume bulk polymers which do not act as carriers of active substances (pharmaceuticals), as contrast agents in NMR diagnostics (magnetic resonance imaging) Media for molecular separation or as controllable micro tools for in vivo applications.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide polymer matrices or polymer supports in nano- or microparticulate form.
  • change in the physical structure is understood to mean the change in the geometric shape, the volume or the particle size of the polymer carrier.
  • the change in volume can be, for example, in a shrinking or swelling process with a parallel change in the pore size or in a change in the external shape (geometry ) of the polymer.
  • Changing the physical structure can also result in the return of the polymer.
  • lymeren mean in its original form, which has since been changed by a heating and cooling process (freezing process) ("shape memory polymer", “shape memory polymer”).
  • phase transition temperature also: “critical solution temperature”
  • these supports have not hitherto been able to be used in vivo, since the shrinking process at this temperature has already been carried out or the carriers can no longer be heated, so that the carriers based on poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide and N-substituted acrylamides can also be used as carriers for active substances of a therapeutic, analytical and diagnostic nature for in vivo application
  • Another object of the invention is to encapsulate active substances in the polymer carrier and, after corresponding in vivo administration, to apply them in a targeted and controllable manner using magnetic induction.
  • the combination of the magnetic field-induced heating with a parallel change in the physical structure or carrier geometry is intended to create a range of properties that go far beyond the previous polymer carrier systems.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by heating certain polymers by means of magnetic induction, i.e. by an externally applied high-frequency alternating magnetic field, solved by encapsulating magnetic and / or metallic substances in the polymer matrix, which are able to absorb energy from the magnetic field and can heat up the polymer carrier accordingly.
  • the object is further achieved according to the invention in that special polymers and copolymers based on be synthesized from poly-N-isopropylacrylamide and N-substituted acrylamides, which react to the heat stimulus in the form of a physical structural change.
  • thermosensitive polymer carriers are magnetic colloids in the form of ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic or superparamagnetic nano- or microparticles, which have a high magnetization and can be inductively heated in an alternating magnetic field.
  • the substance preferably used for this purpose is magnetite (Fe 3 0) or ⁇ -Fe 2 0 3 .
  • the preparation of such compounds is generally known from the prior art: Shinkai et al., Biocatalysis, Vol. 5, 61, 1991, Kondo et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., Vol. 41, 99, 1994, Khalafalla and Reimers, IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 16, 178, 1980, Lee et al., IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 28, 3180, 1992, Buske et al., Colloids & Surfaces, Vol. 12, 195, 1984.
  • magnetic colloids correspondingly colloidal magnetic dispersions
  • surfactants which are generally known under the name “surfactants”, “emulsifiers” or “stabilizers”, which prevent the Colloids in an aqueous dispersion practically prevented.
  • stabilized colloidal dispersions are also known under the name “ferrofluids” (cf. Kaiser and Miskol ⁇ zy, J. Appl. Phys., 413, 1064, 1970). Today they are also offered commercially (Ferrofluidics Corp., USA; Advanced Magnetics, USA; Taibo Co, Japan; Liquids Research Ltd., Wales; Schering AG, Germany).
  • the stabilizers used are either cationic, anionic or non-ionic in nature. Suitable compounds for this are, for example: alkylaryl polyether sulfates, lauryl sulfonate, alkylaryl polyether sulfonates, phosphate esters, alcohol ether sulfates, citrates, oleic acid, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyacrylic acid or petrolium sulfonates as anionic substances, dodecylphenylidol polyidoxyidoxylcidyloloxidoxydoxylphenol polyidoxydoxyl ionoxydoxylidonylidoxyloxydoxyl ionoxydoxylidonylidoxydoxylphenylidonylidoxylcidyloloxidyloloxydoxylidonyloxydidylololoxidol Kerosene, alkylaryloxypoly
  • the magnetic colloids suitable for the agents according to the invention consistently have a particle size of 5-1000 nm, preferably one of 10-500 nm. This ensures that the magnetic colloids are present in finely dispersed form during the subsequent encapsulation in the polymer matrix.
  • the magnetic properties and, analogously, the heating properties of the polymer carrier can be specifically controlled by targeted metering in of the corresponding amounts of the colloid in question.
  • the concentrations of the magnetic colloids in the monomer batch are generally 10 to 30% by volume, the solids content of the magnetic substance, based on the monomer phase, generally making up 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 10 to 30%.
  • metallic colloids can also be encapsulated in the polymer matrix.
  • all metallic materials in colloidal or finely dispersive form are suitable for this, which can be inductively heated in a high-frequency alternating field.
  • the metal colloids used for the agents according to the invention generally have a particle size between 5 and 300 nm.
  • the production of such colloids which have long been used in the visible range in bioanalytics for the determination of proteins and nucleic acids due to their special absorption properties, especially the gold colloids, are well known from the prior art: Ackerman et al., J. Histochem , Cytochem., Vol. 31, 433, 1983, Geoghagen et al., J. Histochem. Cytochem., Vol. 24, 1187, 1977, Wang et al., Histochem., Vol. 83, 109, 1985, Birell et al., J. Histochem. Cytochem., Vol.
  • Both the metal colloids and the corresponding powders can be used for the agents and processes according to the invention, which are added to the monomer batch in the desired concentration before the polymerization.
  • the proportion of metal in the polymer or in the particles is generally between 5 and 40% by weight.
  • the colloids After the colloids have been added, it is often advantageous to briefly sonicate the colloid-mono mixture with the aid of an ultrasound finger or in an ultrasound bath in order to achieve a fine dispersion of the colloid. Due to the homogeneous distribution of the colloid, a correspondingly better heat distribution in the polymer matrix is possible in turn ensures a continuous release of the encapsulated active substance.
  • N-isopropyl acrylamide and / or N-substituted acrylic ide such as e.g. N- cyclopropylacrylamide, N-cy ⁇ lopropyl methacrylamide, N, N-diethyl acrylamide, Nn-propyl methacrylamide, N-isopropyl methacrylamide, N, N-ethyl methylacrylamide, N-ethyl acrylamide, propyl methacrylamide and N-acryloylpyrrolidone or N-aiperridine ,
  • poly-N-isopropylacrylamide has a phase transition temperature between 27 and 38/40 ° C. due to its special chemical structure, which induces a significant shrinkage process in the gel above this temperature.
  • thermosensitive polymers which are usually used as 5-30 ° solutions: a) free-radical polymerization in solution b) free-radical polymerization in the dispersed state.
  • the latter include the generally known processes such as bead, suspension, emulsion, spray and precipitation polymerization for the production of finely dispersed polymer particles.
  • Polymerization in dispersion or suspension has proven to be particularly advantageous for the preparation of the agents according to the invention, in which the monomer mixture together with the colloid in question is suspended in an organic, water-immiscible phase with stirring and is radically polymerized (“inverse suspension polymerization”). ).
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene or benzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons or mineral or vegetable oils are primarily used for this.
  • hydrocarbons with a polar solubility parameter of 5-10 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 have proven to be particularly suitable for the agents and processes according to the invention, with those from KL Hoy ("Tables of Solubility Parameters", Union Carbide Corporation, South Charleston, 1969) are based on the solubility parameter values for the present invention, examples of which are: 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,1, trichloroethane, trichlorethylene, bromotrichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, 1,1,1, 2-tetrachloroethane , Chloroform, 2,3-dichloropropanol, 1,2, 3-trichloropropa.
  • the quality of the polymer particles in terms of dispersity is promoted by the addition of certain surface-active substances.
  • these which do not restrict the invention are: derivatives of polyoxyethylene adducts, alkylsulfosucinates, polyoxyethylene sorbitol esters, polyethylene propylene oxide block copolymers, alkylphenoxypolyethoxyethanols, fatty alcohol glycol ether phosphoric acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, su ⁇ rosestethylene glycol fatty acid, alkohol polyethyl ethylene glycol fatty acid Fatty acid esters and polyoxyethylene acids.
  • the dispersion phase are usually 0.3-15 wt%, preferably 0.5 -. 5 wt 9, "one or more surfactant (s) e added.
  • surfactant (s) e added.
  • These particle sizes are particularly suitable for biomedical in vivo application. Particles with a size of 20-200 nm are preferably used as contrast agents in DNA diagnostics and as porogens for creating adjustable pore sizes in membranes, those of 100-500 nm especially as a drug depot for the targeted application of active substances, e.g. in the form of therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic agents. These particle sizes sustain tissue mobility for in vivo applications.
  • poly-N-isopropylacrylamide particles as a means of setting defined pore sizes in membranes.
  • poly-N-isopropylacrylamide nanoparticles By incorporating poly-N-isopropylacrylamide nanoparticles in any plastic matrix, pores can be created, the size of which can be reduced or enlarged by 10 to 80% by induction heating and subsequent cooling.
  • the dispersion process is usually accomplished with the aid of a conventional KPG stirrer or a dispersing tool.
  • Conventional propeller stirrers with stirring speeds between 600 and 1500 rpm are sufficient for particle sizes in the range of 10-500 ⁇ m. Particle sizes of ⁇ 10 ⁇ are generally due to stirring speeds of> 1500 rpm. realizable.
  • dispersion tools with stirring speeds of> 2000 U / Min. needed are used for this purpose.
  • the experiments should preferably be carried out under an argon or nitrogen atmosphere or in a vacuum in order to largely eliminate the introduction of air that has a lasting effect on the dispersion quality.
  • nano- and microparticulate acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers whose comonomer content is between 0.02 and 3 mol% have the maximum shrinkage above 40 ° C.
  • the hydrophobic interaction forces which generally cause the gel to shrink, are significantly reduced as the temperature rises.
  • Microparticulate gels with an average particle size of 3.4 ⁇ m and an acrylic acid content of 1 mol% show a reduction in the hydrodynamic particle diameter of 18% at 38 ° C. after 4 minutes under neutral pH conditions compared to the value at room temperature (20 ° C.) , on the other hand, the same support shows a degree of shrinkage of> 40% at> 45 ° C under otherwise identical conditions.
  • the pore channels are too small.
  • the described copolymerization with carboxyl group comonomers allows the pores to be expanded in such a way that diffusion is also made possible for such biomolecules.
  • Comonomer contents of 0.01 to 2 mol% are usually sufficient for this to bring about the required structural and property odals.
  • certain substances that are added to the monomer mixture before the polymerization can surprisingly also contribute to a pore widening and an acceleration of the shrinking process.
  • Substances of this type which are usually present in a concentration of 2 to 30% by weight, preferably in a concentration of 2 to 20% by weight, are, for example, nanoscale silica articles which can be obtained, for example, by a process by Stöber et al. J. Colloid Interface Sei., Vol. 26, 62, 1968, furthermore polyethylene glycols or polyethylene oxides each with a molecular weight between 200 and 5000, furthermore polysaccharides or modified polysaccharides with a molecular weight between 500 and 10,000.
  • polyethylene glycol molecular weight 400
  • poly-N-isopropylacrylamide particles average particle size 18 ⁇ m
  • the increased water loss with increasing polyethylene glycol content is accompanied by an analogous increase in shrinkage dynamics, which has a direct influence on the release kinetics of the active substances which are encapsulated in the polymer carrier.
  • the addition of such porogens can generally accelerate the release of the active substance by a factor of 1.5 to 5.
  • a further procedure for the production of nano- and microparticulate polymer supports consists in grafting N-isopropyl-a ⁇ rylamide onto a previously synthesized spherical, magnetic polymer core or in enveloping or encapsulating it with poly-N-isopropylacrylamide during the polymerization process.
  • rigid core polymers such as polystyrene, polystyrene copolymers, polymethyl methacrylate, polyglycidyl methacrylate, silica gel, polyamide and polyester help to improve the mechanical properties of the polymer supports so that they can be used as support media for column chromatography. Due to the inductive heating of the column separation material, the polymer changes its physical properties from originally very hydrophilic to relatively hydrophobic. This change has a significant influence on the separation and elution behavior of the carrier medium.
  • proteins such as albumin, fibronectin, fibrinogen and IgG antibodies are usually retained up to 60% more on the separation column than before the phase transition.
  • the separation characteristic of the separation medium can be changed significantly during a run by switching on the magnetic field and can consequently be used to enable improved separation quality for substances that are otherwise difficult to separate. Examples of this are the separation of proteins, oligonucleotides with slightly different molar masses and the separation of steroids, the retention times of which generally rise up to 70% above the phase transition temperature.
  • suitable magnetic core polymers for the production of thermosensitive polymer supports are those substrates which are biodegradable or are characterized by high biocompatibility.
  • the in vivo application of the carrier matrices can thereby be significantly improved.
  • substrates are dextran, gelatin, polylactide, polyglycolide, silica gel, starch, chitosan, albumin, polycyanoacrylate, alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, agarose, polyethylene glycols and polyethylene oxides.
  • the production of such magnetic base polymers is evident from the references cited above.
  • the magnetic core polymer is introduced into the matrix in two ways: a) by free-radical or radiation-induced grafting of N-isopropylacrylamide and b) by simply polymerizing in the core polymer during the synthesis process.
  • the coating of polymer substrates with the aid of the radiation-induced and the radical grafting in the presence of cerium (IV) salts is generally known from the prior art. It is usually with aqueous 10 to 30% N-isopropylacrylamide solutions using a radiation dose of 0.2 to 1 Mrad (2 to 10 kGy) or in the presence of a 0.05 to 0.4 molar Ce (IV) salt solution carried out .
  • N-isopropylacrylamide for example, has grafted, water-non-swellable core polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polymethyl methacrylate, polyglycidyl methacrylate with a degree of grafting of> 40% and an acrylic acid content of 1-5 mol% when heated to 30 ° C 45 ° C generally shrinkage values from 50% to 75%, whereas the shrinkage levels with acrylic acid contents of ⁇ 1 mol% are consistently below 50%. With otherwise constant N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic acid molar ratio- The degree of shrinkage increases with increasing total degree of grafting.
  • the core polymers are produced by means of the known emulsion, suspension or precipitation polymerization or suspension crosslinking, which emerge from the following publications: Li et al., J. Microencapsulation. Vol. 15, 163, 1998, Joc et al., J. Biomed. Mat. Res. Vol. 42, 45, 1998, Hua et al., J. Mater. Be. Vol. 36, 731, 2001, Kriwet et al., J. Contr. Release, vol. 56, 149, 1998, Chu et al., Polym. Bull., Vol. 44, 337, 2000, "Methods in Enzymology", Vol. 112, Part A, Widder and Green Hrgs., Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, 1985.
  • the grain sizes of the core polymers can be adjusted between 50 nm and 1000 nm depending on the requirements.
  • An essential feature of the present invention is to determine the desired properties of the polymer carrier such as magnetic properties, functionality or porosity by the composition of the starting mixture.
  • the porosity an important influencing parameter for the release behavior of the encapsulated active substances, is determined to a decisive degree by the concentration of the crosslinking agent in the monomer batch.
  • the monomer batch contains between 0.1-10% crosslinking agent (based on the total monomer content), preferably between 0.5% and 5%.
  • Crosslinker concentrations ⁇ 1% are generally used for the production of highly porous supports (pore size> 50 nm).
  • bifunctional or trifunctional monomers which form a random copolymer with the monomer mixture are suitable as crosslinkers.
  • Examples of such di- and trifunctional monomers are N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,1,1, tris (hydroxymethyl) propane triacrylate, 3- (acryloyloxy) -2-hydroxypropyl -metha ⁇ rylat, Methacrylcicreallylester and Acrylklarevinylester.
  • the generally known radical formers are used to initiate the polymerization.
  • the combined addition of N, N, N ', N-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) and ammonium persulfate (APS) can significantly accelerate the polymerization.
  • concentrations of TEMED and APS (usually 10-40% aqueous solutions), based on the monomer phase, are in the range of 2-8% by volume for TEMED and 2-10% by volume for APS, generally increasing Concentration of TEMED and APS is accompanied by a proportional increase in the rate of polymerization. In this way, the polymerization and thus the polymer particle formation can be completed within a few minutes, which generally takes up to 24 hours, as is evident from the prior art.
  • N-isopropylacrylamide For biomedical application, it has proven to be advantageous to copolymerize N-isopropylacrylamide with functional vinyl monomers which have a group capable of coupling.
  • comonomers which can be polymerized with N-isopropylacrylamide and have couplable groups in the form of amino, carboxyl, epoxy, hydroxyl, isothiocyanate, isocyanate or aldehyde functions are suitable for this purpose.
  • Examples of this which in no way restrict the invention are: acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-socyanatoethyl methacrylate, acrolein, hydroxypropyl ethacrylate, 2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide.
  • the targeted application of the polymer carrier according to the invention in connection with an externally controllable structural change surprisingly opens up the possibility of using new integral combinations of effects. They consist of using the polymer particles as novel contrast-enhancing agents in the context of NMR diagnostics and in parallel therewith as the basis for a controllable drug application. It is known from the prior art (DE-OS 3508000, US Patents 5,492,814 and 4,647,447) that superparamagnetic, ferromagnetic or paramagnetic substances during imaging in the context of NMR diagnostics (for example magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) lead to a substantial contrast enhancement, which in turn leads to enables a more precise diagnosis through better localization and allocation of pathological processes (eg detection of tumors in the early stages and micrometastases).
  • NMR diagnostics for example magnetic resonance imaging, MRI
  • the agents according to the invention can surprisingly be used practically in parallel both as carriers for therapeutic agents and as highly sensitive diagnostic detection agents.
  • tumor markers or antigens are: tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA), oncofetal antigen, tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA), p53 protein, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), melanoma antigens (MAGE -1, MAGE-B2, DAM-6, DAM-10), Mu ⁇ in (MUC1), human epider is receptor (HER-2), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), heli ⁇ ose antigen (HAGE), human papillo a Virus (HPV-E7), Caspase-8 (CASP-8), CD3, CD10, CD20, CD28, CD30, CD25, CD64, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-9, Mamma-CA antigen, prostate-specific antigen (PSA ), GD2 antigen
  • Triabodies “Triabodies”, “Minibodies” or bispecific antibodies can be used.
  • the antitumor agents or cytostatics known from cancer therapy are encapsulated in the polymer particles.
  • examples include: methotrexate, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, fluorouracil, doxorubicin, Ftorafur or conjugates of these substances with proteins, peptides, antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • Conjugates of this type are known from the prior art: “Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Reisfeld und Seil, ed., Alan R. Riss, Inc., New York, 1985.
  • Coupling agents that are used here are, for example: tresyl chloride, tosyl chloride, brom ⁇ yan, carbodiimide, epichlorohydrin, di-isocyanate, diisothiocyanate, 2-fluoro-l-methyl-pyridinium-toluene-4-sulfonate, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether , N-hydroxysuccinimide, chlorocarbonate, isonitrile, hydrazide, glutaraldehyde, 1,1 ', -carbonyldiimidazole.
  • bioligands can also be coupled via reactive heterobunctional compounds which can form a chemical bond both with the functional groups of the matrix (carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, amino groups) and with the bioligand.
  • Examples in the sense of the invention are: Su ⁇ inimidyl-4- (N-maleiimido-methyl) -cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, 4-succinimidyloxycarbonyl- ⁇ - (2-pyridyldithio) toluene, succinimidyl-4- (p-maleimidophenyl) butyrate, N- ⁇ - Maleimidobutyryloxysu ⁇ cinimidester, 3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionyl hydrazide, sulfosuccinimidyl 2- (p-azidosalicylamido) - ethyl 1,3'-dithiopropionate.
  • the magnetic properties of the polymer particles are achieved by directly admixing a suitable magnetic colloid or metallic colloid or corresponding particles before the dispersion into the monomer phase.
  • a suitable magnetic colloid or metallic colloid or corresponding particles By precisely metering in the colloids, the heating behavior of the polymer particles can be varied or adjusted in a targeted manner.
  • aqueous dispersions which have a magnetic colloid content of 10% by weight can be heated from room temperature to approximately 45 ° C. within 30 seconds at a magnetic field amplitude of 30 kA / m and a frequency of 0.8 MHz.
  • the heating values increase analogously. With these measurements are the heating rates recorded macroscopically in the dispersion. The heat actually generated in the polymer particle is consequently much higher.
  • poly-N-isopropylacrylamide gels already show a significant shrinkage at temperatures> 27 ° C, which, depending on the composition of the gel, can amount to up to 85% of the original volume.
  • the degree of shrinkage depends not only on the comonomer content and type of comonomer, as described above, but also on the degree of crosslinking. Gels with a degree of crosslinking ⁇ 1 mol% generally show a degree of shrinkage of 60% to 85%, whereas gels with a degree of crosslinking> 1 mol% have a degree of less than 60%.
  • a special design of the magnetic field is necessary with regard to the magnetic field strength and the frequency.
  • current-carrying coils are used, which are fed by a high-frequency generator.
  • Such coil systems and high-frequency generators are state of the art and are commercially available.
  • the dimensions of the coils depend on the respective sample sizes; they generally have a diameter of 5 to 30 cm and a length of 5-30 cm.
  • the required output power of the HF generators is usually between 0.5 and 1.5 kW.
  • two generator settings can be selected to heat up the magnetic samples: a) high frequency in the range of 5-20 MHz with low magnetic field strength of 100-500 A / m or b) low frequency of 0.2-0.8 MHz in connection with one high field strength of 1 to 45 kA / m. Both combinations of field parameters generally guarantee sufficient heating output within a short application period ( ⁇ 1 min.). Also for the irradiation of larger voluminous areas, as is the case, for example, with the application of medicinal substances in certain areas of the body, larger coil geometries (30-40 cm diameter) can be used to heat the. By increasing the fine strength to> 15kA / m Carriers will be made available.
  • the polymer carriers according to the invention can be used in particular as a matrix for encapsulating active substances and as a means for blocking blood vessels.
  • dosing systems for the administration or application of active substances for the medical field or analytics are created, which are characterized in particular by their contact-free controllability.
  • An active substance is understood to mean a substance which in some way triggers a chemical, biochemical or physiological reaction and can thereby produce a therapeutic, diagnostic and / or prophylactic effect or fulfill an analytical function.
  • Examples include biologically active proteins or peptides, enzymes, antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids, glycoproteins, lectins, oligosaccharides, hormones, lipids, growth factors, interleukins, cytokines, steroids, vaccines, anticoagulants, cytostatic agents, immunomodulatory agents or antibiotics.
  • the active substances are encapsulated in the polymer particles. This is done either by directly adding the active substance in question to the monomer mixture or by incubating the active substance with the polymer carrier which has previously been shrunk by heat treatment.
  • the concentration gradient created as a result of the shrinkage process in the direction of the polymer gel causes the active substance to diffuse into the interior of the gel.
  • the problem with the first encapsulation variant is that the partially quite sensitive active substances such as proteins, antibodies or hormones are in any way damaged or inactivated by the polymerization conditions.
  • the addition of polyalcohols, sugars, serum albumin and gelatin, which are capable of stabilizing the active substances against the effects of polymerization in the long term, has surprisingly proven to be helpful.
  • Examples of such substances whose concentration in the monomer mixture is generally between 0.1 and 5% by weight are: inositol, polyvinyl alcohol, mannitol, sorbitol, aldonitol, erythritol, sucrose, glycerol, xylitol, fructose, glucose, galactose or maltose.
  • the carriers obtained in this way and loaded with the active substances concerned can then be applied to the desired physiological or bio-analytical active sites using known administration methods such as injection, implantation, infiltration, diffusion, flow or puncture.
  • the location-specific application of the magnetic particles can be further strengthened in that the particles can be placed at the desired locations with the aid of electro-magnets or strong permanent magnets, which are attached to the reaction space or place of action from the outside.
  • the polymer particles After the polymer particles have reached their point of action, they can be heated to the corresponding phase transition temperatures by applying a high-frequency alternating magnetic field which is outside the actual area of action or reaction of the polymer carrier. The heat generated induces a shrinking process in the polymer gel, which results in a rapid release. setting of the encapsulated active ingredients from the matrix.
  • the times that the active substance needs to diffuse out of the gel basically depend on the size of the gel, the molar mass of the active substance, the temperature of the gel and the degree of crosslinking of the carrier. In general, less cross-linked gels (0.1 to 1% cross-linking) as well as nano- and micro-particles allow a very rapid diffusion of the active substance than higher cross-linked polymers (> 1% cross-linking) or macroscopic gels.
  • Low-molecular hormones such as vasopressin, insulin, testosterone, cortisone and other antibiotics, cytostatics (Molmassee ⁇ 10 kDa) can be 80% made from a 1% cross-linked nanoparticle within a minute, mean particle size 430 nm, when heated to> 40 ° C diffuse out, while the same active substances in an approximately 5 ⁇ m gel particle require about 5 to 10 minutes for this.
  • Higher molecular substances such as Albumin, IgG antibodies, fibrinogen, lactate dehydrogenase require correspondingly longer times under analogous conditions:> 10 minutes.
  • the agents according to the invention offer a number of adjustable or changeable parameters such as part size, comonomer content, type of comonomer, heating and / or degree of crosslinking, to change the desired properties of the carrier media, that the best possible adaptation to the respective tasks is possible.
  • the agents and methods according to the invention also enable the swelling behavior of the supports to be used in the reverse manner. zen by starting from a carrier that had previously shrunk considerably by heating and then allowing it to return to its swollen original shape or geometry by cooling to below the phase transition temperature. This phenomenon can be used in the context of therapeutic anti-tumor measures.
  • Angiogenesis This is generally understood to mean the widespread formation of blood vessels in the tumor tissue. This pathological process, which has previously been treated primarily with medication (or surgery), can now surprisingly be suppressed or greatly delayed with the aid of the agents according to the invention.
  • particles preferably with a particle size of 0.3 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, which have previously been heated to temperatures> 45 ° C. by induction and thus have reached their maximum degree of shrinkage, are introduced into the tumor tissue.
  • the particles begin to swell again in order to finally reach their equilibrium swelling state after a few minutes.
  • the polymer carriers exert an embolizing function, ie they are able to block the blood vessels and thus counteract tumor formation.
  • Polymer particles whose phase transition temperature has been shifted to higher temperatures, for example by copolymerization, are particularly capable of performing this special function.
  • Carriers which, as already explained above, have comonomers containing carboxyl groups are particularly capable of this.
  • the carriers which have a comonomer content of 0.05 to 1 mol% and whose maximum shrink temperature is above 40 ° C. are particularly preferred.
  • particles with a particularly wide range are used to combat angiogenesis Size distribution is suitable, since this enables all blood vessel widths to be recorded integrally.
  • the aqueous phase is added with a nitrogen stream with 2 ml of 30% ammonium persulfate solution (APS) containing 0.5% Igepal 720, and then in 150 ml of trichloethylene, which had been gassed with nitrogen for 20 minutes and the Contain 1.5% of a mixture consisting of 80% Span 85 and 20% Tween 20, suspended in a thermostated dispersion vessel (Ultra-Turrax LR 1000, IKA Werke) with stirring (15,000 rpm) at 4 ° C. After 10 seconds, 1 ml of N, N, N, N V tetramethyl ⁇ ethylenediamine (TEMED) is added. The suspension process is continued for 5 minutes with constant nitrogen supply and ice cooling.
  • APS ammonium persulfate solution
  • trichloethylene which had been gassed with nitrogen for 20 minutes and the Contain 1.5% of a mixture consisting of 80% Span 85 and 20% Tween 20, suspended in a thermostated dispersion vessel
  • the dispersion is left to polymerize for a further 20 minutes at 10 ° C. without stirring. Then you give up the dispersion a glass column densely packed with steel wool (filling volume: approx. 10 ml; inner diameter: 0.5 cm), which is surrounded by a 5 cm long ring-shaped neodymium-boron-iron magnet and lets the mixture slowly (0.5 ml / Min.) Drip through. After the run, it is washed ten times with about 20 ml of 10% ethanol-containing sodium phosphate buffer, which contains 2% inositol and 1.5% polyvinyl alcohol (molecular weight, Mw: 5000). This is followed by five washes with dist.
  • the particles obtained in this way can be used as contrast-enhancing agents in the context of NMR diagnostics and for tumor treatment.
  • Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are produced from CoCl 2 and FeCl 3 according to a specification by Sato et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mat., Vol. 65, 252, 1987 and in water with the aid of a high-performance ultrasonic finger ( Dr. Hielscher, 80% amplitude) dispersed in the presence of 0.75% polyacrylic acid (Mw: 5,500) for 30 seconds.
  • the mixture is again mixed with the Ultrasound fingers and then sonicated for 30 minutes in an ultrasound bath After adding 2 ml of 40% APS, the mixture is poured into 300 ml of 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, 6% of a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 85 (72%: 28% ) is dispersed with the aid of a dispersing tool (Ultra-Turrax, IKA Werke, 10,000 rpm) with ice cooling and nitrogen blowing in. After 10 seconds, 1 ml of TEMED is added. The dispersion process is continued for 5 minutes React the reaction mixture for a further 20 minutes at 10 ° C. The product is then separated and washed as in Example 1.
  • a dispersing tool Ultra-Turrax, IKA Werke, 10,000 rpm
  • elution is carried out with 1.5 ml of 0.05 M MES buffer, pH 5.5.
  • the eluate is mixed with 0.5 ml of the same MES buffer in which 1.25 x 10 ⁇ 4 mM anti-CD30 Fab fragment are dissolved and transferred coupled to the antibody fragment for 12 hours at 4 ° C.
  • the conjugate is separated off on the steel wool-filled column and washed ten times with 10 ml ice-cold 0.05 M Na phosphate / 1% inositol / 0.1% HSA buffer, pH 7.2. This is followed by five washes with 0.05 M glycine buffer, pH 10.5, followed by two washes with dist. Water.
  • the magnetic fraction is eluted with 2 ml 0.1 M Tris / HCl buffer, pH 8.5.
  • the eluate is incubated with 3 ml of 1 M glycine-containing Tris buffer, pH 8.5, for 12 hours at room temperature in order to deactivate residual carbodiimide.
  • the magnetic fraction is then separated off via the magnetic column and washed ten times with 0.05 M phosphate buffer / 0.05% HSA, pH 7.5.
  • the magnetic particles After elution of the magnetic congate with 2 ml of 0.05 M phosphate buffer / 0.05% HSA, pH 7.5, the magnetic particles can be used according to the known application methods as contrast-enhancing agents in the context of NMR diagnostics for the diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphomas are used.
  • the grafted material is then extracted with ethanol for 20 hours, followed by a 10 hour extraction with water. After drying to constant weight, a grafting yield of 67% by weight results (based on the starting polymer). Induction heating to 40 ° C results in a degree of shrinkage of 62%.
  • the carrier obtained in this way can be used in column chromatography to separate proteins.

Abstract

Polymères thermosensibles qui contiennent des colloïdes magnétiques et / ou métalliques et dont la structure physique peut être modifiée par l'induction magnétique ou l'apport d'énergie, procédés de production de ces polymères et utilisation de ces polymères à des fins diagnostiques et thérapeutiques.
PCT/EP2003/005614 2002-06-01 2003-05-28 Support polymere thermosensible a structure physique pouvant etre modifiee, pour l'analyse biochimique, le diagnostic et la therapie WO2003101486A2 (fr)

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AT03735485T ATE432084T1 (de) 2002-06-01 2003-05-28 Thermosensitive polymerträger mit veränderbarer physikalischer struktur für die biochemische analytik, diagnostik und therapie
US10/516,629 US20050175702A1 (en) 2002-06-01 2003-05-28 Thermosensitive polymer carriers having a modifiable physical structure for biochemical analysis, diagnosis and therapy
DE50311551T DE50311551D1 (de) 2002-06-01 2003-05-28 Thermosensitive polymerträger mit veränderbarer physikalischer struktur für die biochemische analytik, diagnostik und therapie
AU2003237709A AU2003237709A1 (en) 2002-06-01 2003-05-28 Thermosensitive polymer carriers having a modifiable physical structure for biochemical analysis, diagnosis, and therapy
EP03735485A EP1509246B1 (fr) 2002-06-01 2003-05-28 Support polymere thermosensible a structure physique pouvant etre modifiee, pour l'analyse biochimique, le diagnostic et la therapie
JP2004508841A JP2005537342A (ja) 2002-06-01 2003-05-28 生化学分析、診断および治療のために変更可能な物理構造を有する、感熱性ポリマーキャリア

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WO2003101486A3 (fr) 2004-12-09
CN1658902A (zh) 2005-08-24
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ATE432084T1 (de) 2009-06-15

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