Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
  • H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
  • A61L2/0005—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts
  • A61L2/0011—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts using physical methods
  • A61L2/0029—Radiation
  • A61L2/0047—Ultraviolet radiation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
  • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
  • A61L2/08—Radiation
  • A61L2/10—Ultraviolet radiation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
  • A61L2/26—Accessories or devices or components used for biocidal treatment
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
  • A61L9/16—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using physical phenomena
  • A61L9/18—Radiation
  • A61L9/20—Ultraviolet radiation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
  • C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
  • C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21K—NON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
  • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
  • F21V29/56—Cooling arrangements using liquid coolants
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
  • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
  • F21V29/56—Cooling arrangements using liquid coolants
  • F21V29/57—Cooling arrangements using liquid coolants characterised by control arrangements
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
  • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
  • F21V29/60—Cooling arrangements characterised by the use of a forced flow of gas, e.g. air
  • F21V29/67—Cooling arrangements characterised by the use of a forced flow of gas, e.g. air characterised by the arrangement of fans
  • F21V29/673—Cooling arrangements characterised by the use of a forced flow of gas, e.g. air characterised by the arrangement of fans the fans being used for intake
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
  • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
  • G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
  • G01N21/8806—Specially adapted optical and illumination features
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
  • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
  • G03F7/70008—Production of exposure light, i.e. light sources
  • G03F7/7005—Production of exposure light, i.e. light sources by multiple sources, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED] or light source arrays
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
  • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
  • A61L2202/14—Means for controlling sterilisation processes, data processing, presentation and storage means, e.g. sensors, controllers, programs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
  • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
  • A61L2202/17—Combination with washing or cleaning means
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
  • B41F23/00—Devices for treating the surfaces of sheets, webs, or other articles in connection with printing
  • B41F23/04—Devices for treating the surfaces of sheets, webs, or other articles in connection with printing by heat drying, by cooling, by applying powders
  • B41F23/0403—Drying webs
  • B41F23/0406—Drying webs by radiation
  • B41F23/0409—Ultraviolet dryers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
  • B41F23/00—Devices for treating the surfaces of sheets, webs, or other articles in connection with printing
  • B41F23/04—Devices for treating the surfaces of sheets, webs, or other articles in connection with printing by heat drying, by cooling, by applying powders
  • B41F23/044—Drying sheets, e.g. between two printing stations
  • B41F23/045—Drying sheets, e.g. between two printing stations by radiation
  • B41F23/0453—Drying sheets, e.g. between two printing stations by radiation by ultraviolet dryers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L25/00—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices
  • H01L25/03—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices all the devices being of a type provided for in a single subclass of subclasses H10B, H10D, H10F, H10H, H10K or H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes
  • H01L25/04—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices all the devices being of a type provided for in a single subclass of subclasses H10B, H10D, H10F, H10H, H10K or H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers
  • H01L25/075—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices all the devices being of a type provided for in a single subclass of subclasses H10B, H10D, H10F, H10H, H10K or H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H10H20/00
  • H01L25/0753—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid state devices all the devices being of a type provided for in a single subclass of subclasses H10B, H10D, H10F, H10H, H10K or H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H10H20/00 the devices being arranged next to each other
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
  • H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
  • H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
  • H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
  • H05B47/165—Controlling the light source following a pre-assigned programmed sequence; Logic control [LC]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H10H20/80—Constructional details
  • H10H20/85—Packages
  • H10H20/858—Means for heat extraction or cooling

Definitions

• This invention is generally directed to a solid-state light source having an electromagnetic radiation density sufficient to perform a variety of functions in a variety of production and commercial applications.
• High-pressure arc lamps of various varieties, (for example metal halide, mercury, and halogen) and other high-intensity light sources are used in the majority of commercial and industrial applications involving, for example projection, illumination and displays, inspection, initiation of chemical or biological processes, image reproduction, fluorescence, exposure, sterilization, photopolymer polymerization, irradiation, and cleaning.
• a high irradiation bulb generates a high-intensity broad spectral output of incoherent light that is filtered and spatially modified through the use of complicated optics to allow the emission of a narrow spectral band of light, such as ultraviolet (UN) light with the proper intensity and spatial properties for the desired application.
• a narrow spectral band of light such as ultraviolet (UN) light
• UV light is an effective tool in many production applications in many industries.
• UV light is used for photopolymer polymerization, a process used widely for various processes , such as printing, lithography, coatings, adhesives, processes used in semiconductor and circuit board manufacmring, publishing, and packaging.
• UV light due to its high photon energy, is also useful for molecular excitation, chemical initiation and dissociation processes, including, fluorescence for inspection and measurement tasks, cleaning processes, and sterilization, and medical, chemical, and biological initiation processes, and used in a variety of industries, such as electronics, medicine, and chemical industries.
• semiconductor light source arrays produce a far greater level of spectral purity than high-intensity light sources, they are more safe than high-intensity light sources since voltages and currents associated with such diodes are lower than those associated with high-intensity light sources, and they provide increased power densities due to smaller packaging requirements. Furthermore, semiconductor light source arrays emit lower levels of electromagnetic interference, are significantly more reliable, and have more stable outputs over time, requiring less maintenance, intervention, and replacement than with high-intensity light sources. Arrays of semiconductor light sources can be configured and controlled to allow individual addressability, produce a variety of wavelengths and intensities, and allow for rapid starting and control from pulsing to continuous operation. Unfortunately, none of the prior art discloses a semiconductor light source that can be adapted for a variety of applications and/or provide high power densities required by a variety of applications.
• the present invention overcomes the problems in the prior art by providing a solid-state light source that can be adapted for a variety of applications and/or having relatively high power density output.
• the present invention may be used in material transformation, projection, and illumination applications.
• Certain advantages of the present invention are achieved by a unique array of solid-state light emitters that are arranged in a dense configuration capable of producing high-intensity power output that • prior to this invention required inefficient high-intensity lamps and/or expensive and complex laser or solid-state devices.
• the device of this invention is capable of producing power densities greater than about 50 mW/cm 2 for any application requiring such power density.
• the device of this invention may be used to produce power densities within the range of between about 50 mW/cm 2 and 6,000 mW/cm 2 .
• the device may be configured differently for a variety of applications, each of which may have different requirements, such as optical power output density, wavelength, optics, drive circuitry, and heat transfer.
• the device may include a drive circuitry to supply power necessary to achieve the density of power output for a particular application.
• the device may include various optics for applications in which a specific light wavelength is required, such as in fluorescent imaging or backside semiconductor wafer inspection.
• the present invention provides a solid-state light module having a thermally conductive substrate with multiple chips of LEDs mounted in a spatially dense arrangement such that illumination is achieved at sufficient intensities to perform physical processes and/or to be utilized in projection and/or illumination applications.
• the solid-state light source of the present invention can be utilized to perform functions in a variety of applications in such areas of, for example projection, exposure, curing, sterilization, cleaning, and material ablation.
• the solid-state light source achieves high efficiency, spectral purity, power densities, and spatial characteristics for each of the applications described above, as well as other applications that require efficient light production.
• the present invention provides a solid-state light source that is self-contained, thus eliminating the need for intricate optical coupling mechanisms required by many prior art devices. Furthermore, the solid-state light source of the present invention optimizes light output and is advantageous in the design of small, cost effective LED projector systems.
• Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a basic solid-state light module of the present invention.
• Figure 2 shows an exploded view of one embodiment of the solid-state light device.
• Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the solid-state light device.
• Figure 4 is a perspective view of a solid-state light bar.
• Figure 5 is a partial cross sectional view of the solid-state light bar of Fig. 4.
• Figure 6 is a cross sectional end view of the solid-state light bar of Fig. 4.
• Figure 7 is a cross sectional end view of another embodiment of a solid-state light device of the present invention.
• Figures 8 and 9 are graphic illustrations of various light waveforms for a variety of applications.
• Figure 10 is a schematic view of an embodiment for increasing the intensity of light output from a solid-state light module.
• Figure 11 is a schematic view of another embodiment of Fig. 10 utilizing plural optical elements to increase the intensity of light output.
• Figure 12 is a schematic of a power supply for driving the embodiment of Fig. 7.
• Figures 13a and 13b show an embodiment of the present invention that allows full color display or projection of a color image by having individually addressable red, green, blue, or other color emitters.
• Figure 14 shows a method of balancing and controlling the light intensity variations across the LED array.
• Figure 15 shows an embodiment of the present invention for projection lithography where an image on a mask is projected onto a photopolymer forming a positive or negative image of the mask in the cured photopolymer.
• Figure 16 shows an embodiment of the present invention for cleaning and surface modification where the maximum semiconductor light intensity is further magnified by both optical magnification and pulsing techniques to achieve power densities sufficient for ablation, disassociation, and other effects.
• Figure 17 is a schematic of a power control in which individual lines of the array may be controlled.
• Figures 18 and 19 are views of a machine vision inspection device for measuring and testing the light output intensity of a solid-state light device of the present invention.
• the present invention provides a lighting module that serves as a solid-state light source capable of performing operations in a variety of applications requiring high- density power output.
• the device of the present invention includes a dense chip-onboard array of solid-state light emitters that produce high-intensity power output and further includes heat transfer; drive circuitry, light intensity, spectral purity, spatial uniformity, and directionality required for a variety of applications.
• Such applications are typically those requiring a power density, output of over about 50 mW/cm 2 .
• Most applications typically require between about 50 mW/cm 2 and about 6,000 mW/cm 2 and the present invention can provide power output in this range.
• the lighting module of the present invention may be utilized in applications requiring a power density output greater than about 6,000 mW/cm 2 ' Applications requiring power density output of between about 50 mW/cm 2 and about 6,000 mW/cm 2 include the following:
• projection applications that provide illumination for inspection operations, and for displays and projectors that project and control light
• imaging applications such as lithography, printing, film, and image reproductions, and other applications that transfer images
• the lighting module of the present invention includes an array of solid-state light emitters that may be selected from commercially available sources or configured to produce the required wavelength and light intensity for each application of use.
• solid-state light emitter means any device that converts electric energy into electro-magnetic radiation through the recombination of holes and electrons.
• solid-state light emitters include semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs), semiconductor laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), polymer light emitting diodes, and electro-luminescent devices (i.e., devices that convert electric energy to light by a solid phosphor subjected to an alternating electric field).
• LEDs are used to illustrate solid-state light emitters.
• LEDs are arranged in a dense array on a substrate, as discussed below.
• the density of the chip array or, in other words, the spacing of the chips on the substrate may vary according to the application of intended use.
• Each application of intended use may require a different power density output that may be achieved based on the spacing (or density) of the chips on the substrate, depending on the power of chip used. Additionally, each application may require different light wavelengths.
• Table 1 below shows examples of power density outputs that can be achieved by various chip array densities or spacing using 12 mW and 16 mW chips. For example, an array of 12 mW chips formed on a substrate in a density of 494 chips/cm 2 (22 chips/cm) produces a power density output of 5037 mW/cm 2 .
• This power output density may be required for cleaning applications using light wavelengths of between about 300 nm to about 400 nm.
• an array of about 16 mW chips formed in the same density described above produces a power density output of 6716 mW/cm 2 .
• individually packaged prior art semiconductors like LEDs, VCSELs, and laser diodes are typically arranged on 4mm or larger center-to-center pitches, this invention unexpectedly achieves significant increases in power density by arranging the devices on center-to-center pitches below about 3mm, and more typically between about 1mm and about 2mm center-to-center pitches.
• a dense array of solid state emitters is a plurality of solid-state emitters are arranged in an array of about 3 mm or less center-to- center spacing to preferably provide a power density output of at least about 50 mW/cm 2 .
• FIG. 1 illustrates the basic construction of the solid-state lighting module 10 of the present invention in which a plurality of solid-state light emitters, such as LED chips 12 are mounted or otherwise disposed in a dense array on a substrate 14.
• a variety of LED chips are commercially available across a spectral range of visible and invisible light, and a person skilled in the art may select an LED chip depending on the application of intended use.
• a suitable LED chip for material transformation applications, such as curing is P/N C395-XB290-E0400-X, manufactured by Cree, Inc., located in Durham, North Carolina, USA.
• Module 10 is connected to a power source 16 to power LED chips 12 that produce light output of a wavelength and an intensity to perform a desired operation.
• the spacing or density of LED chips 12 on substrate 14 is determined by the power density output requirements of the desired operation. For example, from Table 1 above it can be seen that to obtain a power density output of about 2412 mW/cm 2 , LED chips 12 must be mounted or otherwise disposed on substrate 14 in an array having a density of 237 LED chips/cm 2 .
• substrate 14 is preferably mounted on a heat sink 18.
• Substrate 14 may be made of a variety of materials, as will be described below.
• Heat sink may be made of any thermally conductive material, such as aluminum.
• individual LED chips may be surface mounted to or formed on the substrate. However, multiple LED arrays may be provided as a single integrated circuit die. Larger LED arrays may be assembled by arranging several of the die into a hybrid circuit array.
• FIG. 2 further illustrates one possible example of a solid-state lighting module 20 capable of producing a power density output that may be used in a material transformation processes.
• Module 20 includes plural solid-state light emitters, such as LED chips 22 mounted on substrate 24 in a dense array 26 to produce a high-density power output to perform a material transformation process.
• LED chips 22 that produce a wavelength capable of performing a material transformation process when constructed in an array to produce a power density output of greater than about 50 mW/cm 2 are commercially available.
• One skilled in the art may select a LED chip depending on its wavelength output for a specific material transformation application. As discussed above, the spacing or density of LED chips 22 depends on the power density output requirement of the material transformation process.
• Substrate 24 may serve as an electrical insulator and is thermally transmissive and can be made of ceramic material, such as Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), Aluminum Nitride (A1N); sapphire; Silicon Carbide (SiC); diamond; or Berrylium Oxide (BeO); semiconductor materials, such as GaAs; Si; or laminate-based or other substrates that use thermal vias or metal layers to conduct heat.
• a thermally transmissive substrate is one made of any one of these materials.
• Conductive circuitry patterns 28 are formed on one surface of substrate 24 and are formed of electrically conductive materials, such as copper, palladium, gold, silver, aluminum, or alloys or layers thereof.
• LED chips 22 are mounted on substrate 24 by solder, conductive adhesives, or other known metal bonding techniques and are electrically connected to circuitry patterns 28 by appropriate conductive leads, such as wires 30. Alternatively, LED chips 22 may be formed directly on substrate 24. Wires 30 are connected to LED chips 22 and substrate 24 through circuitry patterns
• Circuitry patterns 28 may include comiections to thick or thin film passive components 32. Thick film components 32 can be laser trimmed to achieve uniform light intensities across array 26.
• a power supply 34 is provided and is connected to circuitry patterns 28 to power LED chips 22. Power supply 34 may be connected to or controlled by a computer controller 36 so that LED chips 22 can be turned on, off, or pulsed for variable times or intensities.
• At least one temperature sensor 37 may be connected to circuitry patterns 28 or other aspects of the module in any known manner to monitor the temperature of substrate 24 or other aspects of the module. Sensor 37 may be connected through control circuitry to the power supply to prevent the module 20 from overheating.
• the temperature threshold is about 80° C.
• input from temperature sensors 37 may be used to provide real-time in-situ temperature control. Thermal stability and heat dissipation may be achieved, if desired, by mounting substrate 24 onto a heat sink 38 or otherwise thermally coupling the substrate to the heat sink.
• optical element 40 which might include a micro lens array of refractive or diffractive components or other optical redirection technology, as well as spectral filtering.
• Light output 42 from LED chips 22 can be focused, collimated, and/or made more uniform.
• optical efficiency may be achieved by matching the index of refraction of a gas, liquid, or transparent polymer hermetically sealed in a gap or space 44 created between the substrate 24 and optical component 40.
• Suitable refracting gases are known to persons skilled in the art and may include helium, nitrogen, argon, or air. The gas may further improve thermal dissipation.
• Optical efficiency can also be improved by addition of reflective surface coatings on substrate 24 or by the addition of known thin film coatings on optical component 40.
• a solid-state light device 46 capable of curing the coatings on work object 48, such as a CD/DVD storage medium, with a hermetically sealed, air cooled, LED chip array.
• device 46 may provide a power output density of about 30 to about 200 mW/cm 2 of light of a wavelength of between about 300 nm to about 400 nm.
• Device 46 includes a substrate 50 made of any material as discussed above but is preferably made of a ceramic or alumina.
• An array of LED chips 52 is disposed on substrate 50 so as to produce a light pattern slightly larger than work object 48. This larger pattern ensures proper edge cure down the sides of work object 48.
• Substrate 50 may be enclosed or mounted within a module housing 54.
• a bonding agent 56 may be used to mount substrate 50 in housing 54.
• Bonding agent 54 may be selected from known commercially available adhesives. Preferably, bonding agent 54 has heat conductive properties.
• Housing 54 may be made of a metal that is easy to machine and is an excellent thermal conductor for heat dissipation.
• a window 58 of glass or plastic is formed in module housing 54 to allow light produced by LED chips 52 to pass through to work object 48.
• Window 58 is sealed to module housing 54 by a high light transmission environmental seal 60, which may be any commercially available bonding seal.
• a terminal 62 is attached to or formed on substrate 50 and is connected to a power supply 64 through a stress relief electric connection 66 mounted in an electrical insulator 68 in module housing 54.
• An optional temperature sensor 70 is also provided on substrate 50 and is connected through a terminal 72 and insulator 74 to a temperature sensor read circuit 76. Temperature sensor read circuit 76 is connected to power supply 64 to prevent LED chips 52 from overheating.
• Module housing 54 may be mounted by any connector, such as screws (not shown) on a heat sink 80.
• Heat sink 80 may have a plurality of fins made of any thermally conductive material, such as aluminum.
• a fan 82 may be connected to heat sink 80 so that fan 82 takes in ambient air and blows it through heat sink 80. Heated air is then transported away from module 46.
• Many curing applications are performed with light wavelengths of about 395 nm.
• LED chips 52 preferably produce light output in a range corresponding to that which activates a curing agent in the curing application of intended use.
• LED chips 52 may be pulsed to increase their output intensity to achieve a power output density of greater than about 400 mW/cm 2 for a particular curing application.
• other curing applications may require other light wavelengths and other power density outputs.
• Figures 4-6 show an embodiment that incorporates multiple solid-state light modules into a light bar 84 for in-line material transformation applications, such as high- intensity surface modification such as ink or coating curing or image exposure applications.
• Low Viscosity Ultraviolet Curing Ink manufactured by International Ink Co. of Gainsville, Georgia, USA, reacts at around 200mW/cm using a wavelength of between about 350 nm to about 400nm.
• Light bar 84 includes multiple modules arranged in a line or an array and extends along an axis X.
• Light bar 84 is preferably moved relative to a target or work object along an axis Y allowing light output 88 to perform a process on work object 86.
• light bar 84 may be mounted on a support for moving light bar 84 over the work object.
• Light uniformity is improved by moving light bar 84 relative to work object 86 because the movement spread light output 88 evenly across work object 86 along the Y- axis.
• light bar 84 may also be moved along the X-axis to spread light output 86 along that axis.
• Light output 88 may be averaged by moving light bar 84 along both the X and Y axes, such as by vibration.
• a light averaging optical element such as a diffuser (not shown), may be incorporated in light bar 84.
• solid-state light modules may be angled so that the witness line of their joining is not evident in work object 86.
• Light bar 84 may be of various configurations and can be moved by any motive means necessary to achieve the objectives of the process for which it is to be used.
• light bar 84 includes one or more solid-state light modules 90 mounted or otherwise disposed thereon.
• Each module 90 includes a dense array of LED chips 92 mounted or otherwise disposed on a substrate 94.
• LED chips 92 may be surface mounted and wire bonded to substrate 90 in a high-density array according to the power density output of the operation.
• Each substrate 94 is preferably a printed circuit board with optimum heat transfer materials, as described above.
• Substrates 94 may be mounted to a light bar housing 96 through a bonding agent 98, preferably having good thermal conductivity.
• Modules 90 are mounted in a manner so that light output 88 produced by LED chips 92 is directed toward work object 86 through a window 89.
• a power supply 100 (Fig.
• Each substrate 94 may include a temperature sensor 104.
• Power supply 100 senses the temperature of each substrate 94 through a second set of cables 106.
• the first and second cable sets 102 and 106 are shown simplified.
• each module 90 will have its own set of power cables so that each module 90 can be controlled separately.
• Each temperature sensor 104 is connected to a temperature sensing circuit 108 connected to power supply 100.
• a power-in bus bar 110 and a power-out bus bar 112 serve as the power input and output connections for light bar 84.
• a fluid circulation channel or conduit 114 may be used to circulate fluid around areas of the light bar requiring cooling.
• Light bar housing 96 includes upper and lower metal plates 116 and 118, such as aluminum or copper, between which fluid circulation channel or conduit 114 is positioned so that heat is transferred from light bar housing 96 to the fluid which is then carried out of light bar housing 96.
• light bar housing 96 may be provided with plural channels 120 (Fig. 6) through which coolant is supplied by a first conduit (not shown) so that the coolant is in direct contact with light bar housing 96 and flows out of light bar housing 96 through a second conduit (not shown). This allows for turbulent flow of the coolant, providing greater heat transfer.
• Power supply 101 (Fig.
• Light bar 84 is preferably a closed assembly to protect modules 90 from environmental damage, which might result from physical impact or contaminants, either in gas or liquid phase.
• a rigid cover 122 provides structural strength and holds window 89 which may be coated for improved UV light transmission, if desired.
• at least one optical element 124 may be provided adjacent to or otherwise associated with LED chips 92 to align light output 88 to the Z axis.
• Optical element 124 may be single or multiple elements and may be separated for each LED chip 92 or be designed to work for several or many LED chips 92.
• Other material transformation processes within the contemplation of the present invention may include resist exposure for circuit boards that include at least one material that reacts to light wavelengths between about 350 nm to about 425 nm, with an often suitable wavelength being 365 nm at a power density output of greater than 100 mW/cm 2 .
• the substrate may be ceramic or Aluminum Nitride (A1N) using a fluid cooled heat sink.
• a collimating optic micro array may be utilized to collimate light output.
• the LED chips, such as those manufactured by Cree, Inc. as discussed above, may be either be pulsed or driven continuously to obtain a power output density of greater than about 700 mW/cm 2 .
• light wavelengths of between about 300 nm to about 400 nm may be used, as various organic materials can be removed using such a range of wavelengths.
• fingerprint resides may be removed from a semiconductor wafer using a " wavelength of about 365 nm and pulsing the LED chips at less than about 100 nsec pulses to obtain a power output density of greater than about 5,000 mW/cm 2 .
• Figure 7 shows a solid-state light device 130 wherein optical multiplication of the intensity of the light source is achieved for applications such as semiconductor wafer inspection or fluorescent inspection where a higher intensity of a single wavelength is required.
• a dense array of LED chips 132 are surface mounted on a substrate 134 having good heat transfer properties as discussed above. LED chips that produce a wavelength capable of performing an inspection process when constructed in an arcay providing a power density output of greater than about 50 mW/cm are commercially available. One skilled in the art may select a LED chip depending on its wavelength output for a specific inspection application.
• Substrate 134 is mounted to a heat sink 136 through a bonding agent 138.
• Temperature sensors 140 may be provided on substrate 134 and are connected to temperature sensor circuits 142 and are connected to a computer controlled power supply 144 for operation, as discussed above.
• Power supply 144 is controlled by a computer controller 145 with thermal sensing circuitry and is connected to substrate 134 through power-in bus bar 146 and power-out bus bar 148.
• Heat sink 136 can be any possible configuration to effectively remove heat and is shown with a plurality of fins 154 to dissipate heat. Either ambient air or air-flow provided by a fan (not shown) flows over heat sink fins 154 to cool device 130.
• Optical elements 150 and 152 may be provided between LED chips 132 and a work object 156 to focus light 158 to obtain the desired intensity required for the application. For example, optical elements 150 and 152 may increase the light intensity up to between 5 and 10 times. Optical elements 150 and 152 may be any known focusing lens or intensifying optic.
• Power supply 144 can provide a variety of power waveforms, as seen in Fig. 8, for different applications.
• power supply 144 may supply constant voltage continuously at various current levels (amps) as seen in the graphical illustrations labeled 1.1 and 1.2 for applications, such as backside wafer inspection and resist exposure for circuit boards.
• Power supply 144 can also provide pulsed power waveforms using various time on and off periods represented at C, D, E, and F, and/or current levels (amps) as seen in graphical illustrations labeled 2.1 and 2.2 for applications, such as fluorescent inspection, curing or coating for CD ROMS, and cleaning.
• current levels as seen in Fig.
• LED chips 132 may be pulsed at various frequencies for pulse times as low as 50 nsecs in order to accomplish a specific function.
• solid-state light devices like LEDs can be super pulsed, for example at currents 3 to 5 times their nominal current for short periods to achieve a higher intensity. Pulse ramp shapes allow more reliability by not overly stressing the solid-state light devices beyond what the application requires. Additionally, for material transformations where the physical process takes a period of time, the duration of the pulse can be matched to the process requirements.
• Figure 10 illustrates another embodiment of a high-intensity light source that utilizes a reflective/transmissive optical element for inspection applications requiring power density output on greater than 50 mW/cm 2 .
• Light from a module 160 is condensed with a first optical element 162, such as a fused taper, telescopic lens pair, or other optical elements.
• Module 160 includes a dense array of LED chips 161 surface mounted on a substrate 163.
• Light is then directed to a work object 164 through a second optical element 166 such as a reflective surface.
• module 160 preferably produces light having a wavelength of between about 300nm to about 400nm.
• Second optical element 166 is preferably a highly reflective mirror that reflects greater than 95% at the light wavelength of about 380 nm and highly transmissive at the fluorescent wavelengths between 450-600 nm. Fluorescent wavelengths from work object 164 are transmitted through second optical element 166 to a camera 168 that detects the fluorescent wavelengths.
• the simplified optics and higher density light output of this embodiment enables applications not possible with prior art inspections devices due to their complicated design and limited uniformity and power density.
• the embodiments of Figs. 10 and 11 provide increased light intensity to perform, for example cleaning, sterilization, and other high power density applications.
• power density could be increased 100 times, ignoring optical losses.
• diode lasers devices in an array could be used instead.
• module 160 For backside inspection of silicon wafers or for micro electromechanical systems (MEMs) seal inspections, module 160 preferably includes LED chips or laser diodes outputting light a about 1050 nm to about 2500 nm having a combined output power density greater than 50 mW/cm 2 .
• Second optical element 166 is preferably a 50% beam splitter at the same wavelength as the light output from module 160, which is typically between 1100-1300 nm. This arrangement is effective for work objects 164 that are transmissive at 1100-1300 nm so that the wavelengths transmitted from work object 164 are propagated through second optical element 166 to camera 168 that is sensitive in the near infrared at the source wavelength.
• Light output may be further extended by stacking modules 160 as seen in Fig. 11 in series or optically in parallel.
• 80% efficiency may be achieved by surface mounting 1,000 1.8 mW LED chips at 1200 nm on substrate 163 in module 162(a); surface mounting 800 similar LED chips of substrate 163 of modules 162(b) and 162(c).
• This provides a potential of 1.44W with one module, 2.59W with two modules, and 3.7W with three modules.
• Figure 12 illustrates a power supply capable of achieving the pulsing and control requirements of the present invention.
• the programmable power supply shown herein is controlled from a general-purpose instrument bus (GPIB) interface circuit board where the output voltage and output current can be remotely programmed and monitored from a computer.
• the power supply can also be programmed to provide arbitrary output voltage and output current waveforms at various pulse repetition rates and duty cycles sufficient to achieve the functionality detailed in the embodiments.
• GPS general-purpose instrument bus
• Figures 13a and 13b show an embodiment of the present invention that allows spectral mixing by having individually addressable light emitters of predetermined colors.
• the emitters can be red, green, and/or blue.
• the emitters can be arranged in color triads.
• LED chips may be adapted to produce other colors by using color-specific phosphors or fluorescing coatings or fillers. Examples of such fillers are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,459,919, which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, each LED in earlier described embodiments may be replaced with three LEDs.
• one white LED may be replaced with three LEDs of different colors, R,G, B (Red, Green, Blue) with each separate LED having separate power coming in so that the drive circuitry would allow them to be pulsed as separate colors.
• R,G, B Red, Green, Blue
• White-light LEDs using phosphor coatings are commercially available.
• a solid-state light module 170 is partially seen in Fig. 13 in which a substrate 172 includes an array of R, G, B LED chips 174 mounted thereon having a high spatial power density so that the resulting illumination is sufficiently intense and uniform to achieve the required projection brightness.
• Projection applications contemplated by tins invention typically would require a very dense arrangement of LED chips, such as about 237 LED chips/cm 2 .
• Such high density can be achieved by making substrate 172 a multilayer printed circuit board that brings the R, G, B interconnects together.
• Substrate 172 may include at least one temperature sensor 176 that operates to control temperature as discussed above.
• Module 170 is similar to module 20 described in Fig.
• Module 170 is preferably mounted on an air cooled heat sink (not shown here) similar to that described in Fig. 3 and includes drive circuitry that produces light intensity and spatial light distribution required for projection applications, such as desktop projectors.
• the R, G, B LED chips 174 and/or any optics may be controlled to allow single device control.
• Figure 13b shows the addition of an optical element 178 provided adjacent to LED chips 174 to achieve color through intensity.
• Optical element 178 may include phosphors of different colors. The each phosphor may react to a specific light intensity or a range of light intensities so that different colors may be provided by varying the light intensity of the LED array. Thus, a single wavelength light produced by the LED array may produce multiple wavelengths of light depending on the intensity of LED light output 179 intensity so that two, three, or more different wavelengths or colors can be obtained from optical element 178.
• each LED chip 174 may be individually intensity controlled; however, individual control of each LED chip 174 is not required.
• Light output may be R, G, B, and light conversion may or may not be by phosphor layers on optical element 178.
• Figure 14 shows methods of balancing and controlling the light intensity variations across the LED array. This feature may be added (if required) to all embodiments described herein.
• Light output of LED or series of LEDs are controlled by varying line resistance of DC current flow. Control of current flow will control LED light output intensity. Varying intensity provides the ability to balance light intensity evenly over an LED array. Varying intensity allows control over the LED array light output to achieve non-uniform light intensity.
• LEDs 180 are arranged in a series with a laser trim resistor 182 anywhere in the series.
• the circuit current carrying ability inside the LED array is varied. This may be achieved by varying the size of the wire bonding the LEDs 180 to the substrate.
• Wire is available in varying diameter (for example 0.001 in., 0.002 in., and 0.003 in. gold wire). Resistance of the power circuit may be controlled by varying the printed circuit board trace width and/or plated thickness. Additionally, different LEDs can have different traces as needed to control current flow. Alternatively, the LEDs can be controlled using a programmable current source implemented as a transistor-based circuit to balance the current among arrays of LEDs connected in series, and/or to arrays of LEDs arranged in rows and columns. The current source may also be implemented as a programmable current output power supply.
• Figure 15 shows one possible embodiment of the present invention for projection lithography
• a module 190 projects an image on a mask or liquid crystal display 192 onto a photopolymer work object 194 forming a positive or negative image of the mask in the cured photopolymer.
• Liquid crystal display 192 may be connected to a power source (not shown) in a manner shown and described with reference to Figs. 4-6.
• Projection lithography requires a very uniform light source.
• Module 190 includes a substrate 196 with a dense array of LED chips 198 and an air-cooled heat sink 200 as discussed above. LED chips that produce a wavelength capable of performing a projection process at a power density output of greater than 50 mW/cm are commercially available.
• a collimation optic element 202 may be provided to collimate light output from the LED array and either a reducing optic 204 or an enlarging optic 206 is provided depending on the size of the image to be projected.
• FIG 16 shows one possible embodiment of the present invention for cleaning and surface modification where the maximum semiconductor light intensity is further magnified by both optical magnification and pulsing techniques to achieve power densities sufficient for ablation, material or molecular disassociation, and other effects.
• a module 208 includes a substrate 210 with a dense array of LED chips 212 having a power supply similar to that discussed with reference to Figs. 4-6.
• a single or multiple lens 214 is provided to achieve linear magnification of light output 212 from module 208 to perform an operation on a work object 216.
• the lighting module of the present invention may be utilized in a variety of applications that require high-intensity ultraviolet light.
• the lighting module may be used in fluorescence applications for mineral, polymer, and medical inspection and measurement by using a power output density of between about 10 to about 20 mW/cm 2 of light of a wavelength of less than about 400 mn applied for at least a duration of about 40 msec.
• a power output density of between about 2 to about 42 mW/cm 2 of light of a wavelength of about 254 nm may be provided and for sterilization of blood or other biological material, a power output density of about 80 mW/cm 2 of light of a wavelength of between about 325 nm to about 390 nm may be provided.
• a power output density of between about 25 to about 300 mW/cm 2 of light of wavelengths of about 246 nm, 365 nm, 405 nm, and 436 nm is provided for a duration of between about 6 to about 30 seconds.
• a power output density of greater than about 10mJ/cm 2 of light of wavelengths between about 325 nm to about 355 nm is provided for a duration of about 20 nsec.
• a power output density of about 1 E7 W/cm 2 of light of a wavelength less than about 400 nm is utilized for a duration of about 20 nsec.
• the light might be pulsed by drive circuits and optical elements may provide an improvement of directionality and uniformity, perhaps with gradient index planar lens materials.
• the module may be used to drive fluorescing material to generate the required R, G, B output.
• three phosphors may be used as a target and one or more phosphors may be activated depending on the intensity of the light output.
• This application may be used to create visual interest or for small televisions.
• the present invention also contemplates embodiments of the invention for deformable mirror device (DMD) and LCD based projection devices, which would overcome the problem of light output balancing from R, G, B LEDs.
• DMD deformable mirror device
• LCD LCD based projection devices
• water treatments including splitting, disinfecting, ionizing, and reduction of pollutants; polymerization of medical coatings, conductive inks, controlled release drugs, and furniture coating; sterilization of medical devices, blood products, medicines, and airborne particulates; diagnostic and therapeutic uses of light for dental, skin treatment for a variety of diseases, mental disorders, and identifying particular materials through spectrographic or chromatography methods; agricultural uses including stimulating plant growth or preparing plant transitions from artificial to natural sunlight; environmental applications including the degradation of materials to accelerate biodegradation.
• spectral purity, and/or directionality of light could be achieved by including anti-reflective coated side enclosures for each LED or diode to avoid side reflections and interference effect. This will effectively prevent creative and/or destructive interferences from up-close.
• the modules can be enclosed in a series of reflectors to dramatically increase the distance to the work surface to ensure greater spectral purity.
• micro lenses could be fabricated on the LED pitch spacing to improve collimation. Such lenses might be, for example gradient index diffractive optics or Fresnel lenses.
• distributed Bragg Reflectors formed by dielectric coatings could form a resonant cavity, which would improve light directionality.
• a planar collimator such as an assembly of one or more stacked laminated transparent materials of varying index of refraction formed in any combination, or a gradient index modified glass, perhaps assembled on the LED pitch spacing.
• a power source may be constructed and arranged as seen in Fig. 17 wherein each line of LEDs in an array is powered from a separate programming source for sequencing or to vary the power to each line.
• the power density output of the modules can be tested using a machine vision inspection technique, as seen in Figs. 18 and 19, where the individual intensity of each light module is measured. This is accomplished by placing a module 218 under an inspection camera 220 such as that shown and described in published U.S. Application US2002/0053589, filed October 2, 2001, incorporated herein by reference.
• the camera aperture A (Fig. 19) is set so that light output of the module results in pixel gray scale values less than 255.
• the location and region of interest of each individual solid-state light emitter is defined and the intensity of each solid-state light emitter is measured.
• the output intensity of all of the solid-state light emitters are digitally imaged and algorithms are used to measure overall output performance of each module to identify any elements that are not working.
• Camera 220 measures light balancing, light distribution, and overall intensity of each module.
• power density used herein is in mW/cm2. Power density may be measured at the work surface or at the exit of the light source and is typically measured through optical elements.
• An average power meter 222 with an appropriately sensitive detector at the wavelength of the light source is set up with the camera aperture opening so that the light output from the source is larger in area than the diameter of the aperture.
• the total average power into meter 222 within the aperture opening is recorded on meter 222.
• the optical power density for any area of the LED array is then the ratio of the measured power on the meter in mW and area of detector in cm 2 .
• the intensity of each light source in an array may be measured and the total illumination of the array is simultaneously measured so that the relative intensity of each light source relative to the overall intensity of the array is verified.

Landscapes

• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Pathology (AREA)
• Immunology (AREA)
• Biochemistry (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Led Device Packages (AREA)
• Testing Or Measuring Of Semiconductors Or The Like (AREA)
• Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
• Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)
• Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
• Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)

Priority Applications (11)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Related Child Applications (1)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=29420475

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (10)

Cited By (60)

Families Citing this family (318)

Citations (1)

Family Cites Families (310)