WO2003011761A1 - Procede de production de nanopoudres et de poudres d'agregat nanoparticulaire libre - Google Patents

Procede de production de nanopoudres et de poudres d'agregat nanoparticulaire libre Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003011761A1
WO2003011761A1 PCT/CN2002/000521 CN0200521W WO03011761A1 WO 2003011761 A1 WO2003011761 A1 WO 2003011761A1 CN 0200521 W CN0200521 W CN 0200521W WO 03011761 A1 WO03011761 A1 WO 03011761A1
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Prior art keywords
reaction
mixing
solution
jet
nano
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PCT/CN2002/000521
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Yingyan Zhou
Shoushan Gao
Kaiming Wang
Chuangeng Wen
Xiaoqi Li
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Anshan University Of Science And Technology
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Application filed by Anshan University Of Science And Technology filed Critical Anshan University Of Science And Technology
Priority to KR1020047000796A priority Critical patent/KR100586850B1/ko
Priority to JP2003516959A priority patent/JP2004535930A/ja
Priority to IL15995002A priority patent/IL159950A0/xx
Priority to EP02754146A priority patent/EP1428796A1/en
Priority to US10/484,057 priority patent/US7238331B2/en
Priority to CA002453586A priority patent/CA2453586A1/en
Publication of WO2003011761A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003011761A1/zh
Priority to IL159950A priority patent/IL159950A/en

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82BNANOSTRUCTURES FORMED BY MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS, MOLECULES, OR LIMITED COLLECTIONS OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES AS DISCRETE UNITS; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • B82B3/00Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01GCOMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G1/00Methods of preparing compounds of metals not covered by subclasses C01B, C01C, C01D, or C01F, in general
    • C01G1/02Oxides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/01Particle morphology depicted by an image
    • C01P2004/03Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/51Particles with a specific particle size distribution
    • C01P2004/52Particles with a specific particle size distribution highly monodisperse size distribution
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/64Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/22Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S977/00Nanotechnology
    • Y10S977/70Nanostructure
    • Y10S977/773Nanoparticle, i.e. structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S977/00Nanotechnology
    • Y10S977/70Nanostructure
    • Y10S977/773Nanoparticle, i.e. structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less
    • Y10S977/775Nanosized powder or flake, e.g. nanosized catalyst
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S977/00Nanotechnology
    • Y10S977/70Nanostructure
    • Y10S977/773Nanoparticle, i.e. structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less
    • Y10S977/775Nanosized powder or flake, e.g. nanosized catalyst
    • Y10S977/777Metallic powder or flake

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing ultrafine powder, and more particularly, to a method for preparing nano powder and nano particle loose aggregate powder, and in particular, it relates to the preparation of nano powder and nano particle loosening using liquid phase chemical reaction precipitation Method of aggregate powder.
  • Nano- and sub-micron-sized metal or metal oxide particles have been found in many. Applications are extremely valuable industrial products. These applications include the manufacture of catalysts used in industries such as the chemical industry, the manufacture of ceramics, electronic components, coatings, Capacitors, mechanical-chemical polishing slurries, magnetic tapes, and as fillers for use in, for example, plastics, paints, or cosmetics.
  • the common process characteristics of the liquid-phase precipitation method are as follows: a mixing tank is used to perform the mixing reaction, and at least one reactant solution is gradually added by dropwise addition, inflow or spraying in a long time.
  • this method has three recognized disadvantages: 1 particle size is difficult to control; 2 particle size is difficult to make small; '3 nanometer Hard agglomeration between particles is difficult to eliminate.
  • Mixing tanker The root cause of the technical disadvantage is that one of the reactant solutions is added for too long, and the reactants, products and precipitates at different times are stirred and mixed together.
  • the nucleus generated in advance undergoes the process of growing and colliding small particles to generate nanoparticles.
  • the patent application SE 99/01881 discloses the following method and equipment: Based on a carrier fluid flow flowing continuously in a pipeline, the two reactant solutions are injected into the pipeline at the same location in a periodic intermittent pulse manner. The reaction zone where the two reactant solutions injected are mixed is separated in the carrier liquid flow, and the two solutions are mixed, reacted, and precipitated for a short duration.
  • the invention states that the prepared nanoparticles are of good quality, with a particle size of 10-20 nm, and the agglomeration between the particles is very light and even eliminated.
  • the paper said that under the action of supergravity, the reaction solution passed through the rotating packed bed, and the two solutions were dispersed and broken by the filler to form a large, constantly updated surface area, which greatly enhanced the mass transfer conditions.
  • the rotating packed bed process It also has the advantages of high flow intensity and short residence time.
  • the super gravity rotating packed bed method still has the following defects: The density of packing such as wire mesh in the packed bed is very high, and the solution obtained is not The solution enters the packed bed by stirring, shearing, etc., and the centrifugal force is obtained as a whole as the packed bed rotates. Under the action of the centrifugal force, the solution flows from the inner edge of the rotor to the outer edge along the filler pores.
  • the solution should obtain strong stirring, shearing, turbulent flow, etc., and be quickly dispersed, broken, and divided into small liquid droplets to increase the interface between the two solutions for molecular diffusion.
  • Chemical reactions, nucleation and other processes provide good conditions.
  • a non-stirred tank method is provided: the reaction solution is continuously sent Into the dynamic fast and orderly micro-liquid mass mixing reaction precipitator to realize rapid mixing, reaction and precipitation in the form of micro-liquid masses in a turbulent flow, the reaction zones are arranged in an orderly manner in the direction of the liquid flow, and the precipitation paddle continuously flows out of the mixed reaction precipitation equipment After entering the cleaning and filtering process, and then performing other post-processing steps (such as drying, heat treatment, pulverization, etc.), the nanoparticles produced by this method have a small and uniform particle size, and the hard agglomeration between particles is eliminated.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to further improve the Chinese patent application 01106279.7, so as to provide a method for preparing a liquid phase precipitation of nano-powder.
  • This method uses a mixing device with a simple structure, high mechanical mixing strength, and adjustable strength. The method can be used for large-scale production of nano-powder products with excellent quality.
  • This method can be widely applied to the preparation of nano-powders such as oxides, hydroxides, salts, and metals.
  • the equipment and control parameters used in this method can be further simplified.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing nano powder and nano particle loose aggregate powder.
  • the method includes the following steps:
  • the mixed reaction precipitator is selected from the tubular jet mixing reactor At least one of a tubular static mixing reactor and an atomized mixing reactor;
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the spatial and temporal distribution of concentration
  • Figure 2 is a process flow diagram of the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 a is a coaxial jet mixing reactor
  • Figure 4a-a is a side inlet jet mixing reactor
  • Figure 3-b, c and Figure 4-b, c are three-solution spray-mixing reactors;
  • Figure 5--a, b are coaxial multi-nozzle jet mixing reactions where A is injected through multiple nozzles, and B flows in from the side inlet Device
  • Figure 5 are coaxial multi-nozzle injection mixing reactors where both A and B reaction solutions are injected through multiple nozzles;
  • Figure 6 is a coaxial injection mixing reactor in which the liquid B flows from the side and the reaction liquids A and C flow through the nozzle;
  • Figure 7—a is a tubular static mixing reactor of two reaction solutions
  • Figure 7—b, c is a tubular static mixing reactor of four, B, and C reaction solutions
  • Figure 8—a is a hole / Bulkhead mixing element
  • Figure 8—b is a grid-type hybrid element
  • Figure 9 is an atomized mixing reactor
  • FIG. 10 is an electron microscope photograph of Example 1 of the present invention.
  • nano-powder refers to a powder composed of nanoparticles, and the nano-particles refer to particles having a particle size of less than 100 nm.
  • the high-quality nano powder involved in the present invention should have the following characteristics: the average particle diameter of the nanoparticles is small (less than 30 nm, or even as small as 10 nm); the particle size distribution is narrow; the dispersibility is good, that is, only the soft connection or the light connection is light, No hard links.
  • nanoparticle loose aggregate powder refers to aggregates composed of nanoparticles with very loose spatial distribution and connected in a network.
  • High-quality nanoparticle loose aggregate powder should have the following characteristics: 1 the average particle size of the nanoparticles is small, and the particle size distribution is narrow; 2 the nanoparticles are distributed in a loose network, and after proper aging treatment, the connections between the particles should be appropriate 3 High specific surface area, suitable for catalyst and drug carrier; 4 The particle size of the powder is given by the granulation or crushing process as required.
  • liquid micelles For at least two different liquid flows, through various high-intensity mechanical mixing methods, through convective motion, turbulent motion, the use of impact, shear, pull, vortex and other effects to make larger-sized liquid clumps in different At the level of size, it is split and dispersed step by step until it is dispersed and separated into smaller liquid micelles.
  • the average size of liquid micelles is related to the mechanical mixing method and strength.
  • the average size of liquid micelles can reach 100 microns, tens of microns, or even a dozen microns (see the Chemical Engineering Handbook for details, Beijing: Chemical Industry Publishing House, Volume 5: 9_10).
  • microfluid in the present invention refers to such a microfluid.
  • tubular jet mixing reactor refers to a tubular jet mixer. After the solution is mixed, the reaction and precipitation will automatically proceed.
  • a fast-moving liquid stream ie, a jet or a first liquid
  • a slower-moving liquid ie, a main fluid or a second liquid
  • a mixed layer is formed due to the velocity difference between the jet and the main fluid and turbulence.
  • the mixing layer expands along the flow direction of the jet, and entrains and mixes the main fluid into the jet.
  • Tubular ejectors are high-speed continuous flow devices. Coaxial jet mixers and side inlet jet mixers are two commonly used jet mixers.
  • the second fluid flows in the large-diameter tube (not sprayed in), and the jet is injected through the small-diameter tube coaxial with the large-diameter tube.
  • the second fluid also flows in the large-diameter tube, and the jet is passed straight along the large-diameter tube. The small diameter tube of the radial direction is sprayed into.
  • the tubular jet mixer also includes a multi-nozzle coaxial mixer.
  • the jet B is injected through the nozzle; in Figure 5-b, both liquids A and B are injected into the large-diameter tube through multiple nozzles. .
  • tubular static mixing reactor refers to a motionless mixer, which is an in-line mixing device, which is composed of a series of pipes filled with a series of mixing elements. After the solution is mixed, the reaction and precipitation will proceed automatically. This is shown in Figure 7.
  • Hybrid components of various structures are available from different manufacturers, all of which are stationary during operation.
  • the energy required for mixing comes from the additional pressure drop as the process fluid flows through the mixing element, so the pumping energy required is greater than the pumping energy normally required.
  • the number of mixing elements required in various applications depends on the difficulty of the mixing task, and in the case of difficult mixing, more mixing elements are required.
  • the mixing process of the static mixer includes laminar and turbulent processes. Laminar mixing is performed through the combined effect of stream segmentation and flow direction transformation; while turbulent mixing is performed through flow control and the use of mixing elements to generate more turbulent motion than when flowing in the corresponding empty tube.
  • Static mixers have been used in a variety of processes including blending, reaction, dispersion, heat and mass transfer. Its operation generally uses turbulence. The shear stress of the system causes the liquid mass to break up and provides the large liquid mass interface required for mass transfer. These stresses are related to pressure drop, and therefore to the flow of fluid through the mixer. To achieve a smaller microfluid mass size, the liquid flow rate must be increased. Increasing the number of mixing elements is not effective for this type of system.
  • the online static mixer has the advantages of continuous operation and small working volume. Existing static mixers can be configured on pipes from 1 cm to 0.5 m in diameter.
  • FIG. 9 shows a preferred atomization mixing reactor according to the present invention, which includes at least two atomizers 1 and 2 capable of converting a solution into a directional atomized gas stream, and the two atomizers are placed adjacent to each other.
  • the direction of the atomizing airflow is substantially the same.
  • the structure and performance of the two atomizers are the same.
  • the two atomizers are adjusted so that the droplets carried by the two atomizing air streams generally fall on the same area on the 3 side of the drum (or the same on the conveyor Area), two kinds of liquid droplets overlap each other and fall on the same area, in this way, two different micro-fluids are mixed with each other.
  • the spraying is continuously performed, the drum is rotating slowly, and the rotation speed of the drum can be adjusted to control the thickness of the slurry layer in which the two solution micelles are mixed, reacted, and precipitated.
  • the slurry containing sediment is sent to the scraper 4 with the drum (or conveyor belt) and scraped off and collected in the funnel 5, and then sent to the cleaning and filtering equipment through the pipeline and the pump 6.
  • the above conveyor belt includes a wet filter cloth of a belt filter.
  • the aging time before the start of filtering and cleaning is adjusted by the filter cloth moving speed V and the length of the filter cloth before the filter cleaning area ⁇ 1.
  • the concentrations of ⁇ , ⁇ and precipitated component ⁇ are ( 2 and (.
  • Nucleation can only occur within regions a and b of the critical nucleation concentration C k .
  • Figure 1 (c) shows the curve of concentration over time in the process of explosive nucleation in region ab. This is the well-known Lamer map.
  • Figure 1 (c) shows that after the explosion nucleation, the precipitated components generated by diffusion and reaction are only enough to maintain the growth of the existing nucleus, and the concentration is lower than the critical nucleation concentration and no new nucleus is generated.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing nano powder and nano particle loose aggregate powder.
  • the method includes the following steps:
  • the method for preparing the nano-powder and nano-particle loose aggregate powder according to the present invention includes the following steps:
  • the reactant solution is continuously fed into a tubular jet mixing reactor or a tubular static mixing reactor at a reaction temperature at least, and the reactant solution is continuously flowed in the reactor to achieve rapid and orderly mixing, mixing, and reaction
  • the precipitation and completion are completed within 0.1 to 1-20 seconds, and the slurry containing the precipitation is continuously discharged from the reaction equipment;
  • the nano powder and nano The method for preparing the particle loose aggregate powder includes the following steps:
  • the reactant solution is continuously fed into the atomization mixing reactor at least at the reaction temperature.
  • the reactant solution is sprayed to the conveyor belt or the drum wall with the atomizer. Sequences overlap and mix with each other. Mixing, reaction and precipitation are completed within 0.1 to 1 to 20 seconds, and the slurry containing precipitation is continuously discharged from the reaction equipment;
  • FIG. 2 shows a specific embodiment of the method of the present invention, in which the A and B reaction solutions are stored in a liquid storage tank, and the A and B reaction solutions enter a rapid and orderly mixed reaction precipitation device through a metering pump and a flow meter, respectively.
  • the precipitated slurry is output from the mixing reaction equipment, it enters the washing and filtering or aging, washing and filtering processes, and then is dried, heat treated, crushed or granulated, and finally the product is packaged .
  • the forms of the two reactant solutions A and B described in step (a) are not particularly limited, and may be both aqueous solutions (containing pure water) or organic solutions (containing liquid pure substances). Or one is an aqueous solution (containing pure water) and the other is an organic solution (containing liquid pure substances).
  • the auxiliary reaction solution may be an aqueous solution or an organic solution.
  • the two reactant solutions A and B may also contain auxiliary reactants and dispersants.
  • the mixing ratio of the A and B solutions can be in any ratio, preferably 1: 1, and the mixing volume of other auxiliary reaction solutions can be in any ratio.
  • the temperature of the reactant solution entering the mixed reaction precipitator can be any temperature required for performing the mixing reaction.
  • the reactant aqueous solution the preferred temperature range is from 15 ° C to the boiling point, for example, 1 5 to 98 ° C.
  • the reactant organic solvent the preferred temperature range is within 15 ° C to the boiling point.
  • the dispersant, co-reactant, and pH adjuster described in (a) are not limited in any way, and may be of any conventional type. Wherein the present invention adopts the dispersion for reactant water solvent
  • the agent include lower alcohols and surfactants.
  • An example of the auxiliary reactant is H 2 S 0 4 sulfate added to the Ti (so 4 ) 2 solution to prevent hydrolysis.
  • step (b) the A and B counter-liquids are dispersed and broken into a plurality of separated micro-liquid clusters by a mixed reaction precipitator, resulting in a large fresh interface between the two solutions, and molecules are present near the interface.
  • the process of diffusion and chemical reaction produces explosively large numbers of prokaryotic nuclei.
  • the A and B solutions are mixed with each other in the form of micro-liquids, which results in a greatly reduced time required for molecular diffusion and chemical reaction processes.
  • reducing the above-mentioned passing time to 0.2-10 seconds can reduce or even eliminate the hardening between the nanoparticles. Reunion.
  • step (c) of the method of the present invention after the precipitation slurry is continuously and orderly discharged from the mixed reaction precipitation equipment, it enters a washing and filtering process or an aging, washing and filtering process.
  • Nano-powder is prepared; the latter has an aging stage with an aging time range of 0-120 min to prepare nano-particle loose aggregate powder.
  • a device with continuous function to handle Cleaning methods include electric field ion dialysis, washing with water or organic solvents, and so on.
  • the post-treatment process may include the following steps: drying, heat treatment, crushing or granulating, and finally packaging the product.
  • drying method include ordinary drying, spray drying, vacuum drying, freeze drying, supercritical drying, and azeotropic distillation.
  • the heat treatment temperature range is 200 ° C-1000 ° C.
  • the tubular jet mixing reactor is further divided into a coaxial jet mixing reactor, a side inlet jet mixing reactor, and a multi-nozzle jet mixing reactor.
  • Figure 3 shows a coaxial spray mixing reactor for A and B reaction solutions.
  • the apparatus of Fig. 3-a includes: an injection inlet 1; an inlet 2 for another solution; and a mixing reaction zone 3 composed of a large-diameter tube.
  • the second fluid enters from inlet 2, in the large diameter tube
  • the internal flow is relatively slow (to achieve turbulence), and the jet is injected at high speed through the small diameter nozzle 1 which is coaxial with the large diameter tube.
  • a mixed-layer was formed, so that the second fluid entered the jet, and the two solutions were split by impact, shear, stretching, and vortexing. , Disperse into separated microfluids.
  • the average size of the microfluids is related to the intensity of the mixing and the Reynolds number Re, specifically to the diameter of the pipe and the flow rate, which is related to the flow rate and the pressure provided.
  • the average size of the microfluids can be as small as tens of microns, or even more than ten microns.
  • explosive nucleation will occur near the fresh interface of the two liquids, and the total number of new nucleuses and their spatial average density are huge.
  • the particle size of the nanoparticles produced by the collision and aggregation of the prokaryotic nuclei becomes smaller, even as small as a few nm, and the spatial distribution is loose.
  • Figure 4a-b shows a side-entry jet mixing reactor for two types of reaction solutions, A and B.
  • the second fluid enters from the inlet 2 and flows relatively slowly in the large-diameter tube (it also needs to reach a turbulent state).
  • the jet is injected through the small-diameter ⁇ injection inlet 1 along the diameter of the large-diameter tube and enters the mixing reaction zone 3.
  • the principle and control of mixing, reaction and formation of precipitates are substantially the same as those in Figure 2-a coaxial jet mixing reactor.
  • Figure 3—b, c and Figure 4—b, c show the spray mixed reactors of the three reaction solutions A, B, and C.
  • they also include the inlet 4 for the auxiliary solution C reaction solution.
  • the third auxiliary reaction liquid enters through the inlet 4, it is preferable to adopt a spraying method.
  • Figure 5_a and b show the coaxial multi-nozzle jet mixing reactor that injects A through multiple nozzles and B flows in from the side inlet (the axis direction of the small-diameter tube and the large-diameter tube are the same).
  • Figure 5—c and d show the coaxial multi-nozzle jet mixing reactor where the A and B reaction solutions are sprayed through multiple nozzles.
  • the nozzles injected into A and the nozzles injected into B are preferably arranged in parallel at equal intervals, and the mixing reaction zone is located directly in front of the nozzles.
  • Figure 6 shows a coaxial injection mixing reactor in which the B reaction liquid flows from the side, and the A and C reaction liquid flows through the nozzle.
  • the various solutions in the tubular jet mixing reactor are quickly mixed in a micro-liquid mass through turbulence, and the mixing reaction zones are arranged in an orderly manner along the liquid flow forward direction.
  • Jet mixer tube inner diameter injection holes in the range of 0. 5mm-10mm, the injection flow of fluid in the range of 0. l-3000m 3 / h, preferably 0.
  • Figure 7-a shows a tubular static mixer for two reaction solutions, which includes a reaction solution inlet 1, another reaction solution inlet 2, and mixing units 5 6 7 8 and 9 (not limited to these).
  • the number of mixing units depends on the situation.
  • the mixing unit of the tubular static mixer is equipped with mixing elements, such as Ross mixing element, Sulzer mixing element, Keni cs mixing element, Etof 1 o mixing element (for details, see "Mixing Process in Industry” [English] N. Harnby, MF Edwards, AW Nierow. Beijing: China Petrochemical Press, 1985 Chinese First Edition: 279-282, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference) etc., and also include hole / partition mixing elements, see Figure 8-a, Also includes grid-type hybrid elements, see Figure 8-b
  • the following uses the Ross mixing element as an example to explain the mixing, reaction, nanoparticle generation, and precipitation processes of the tubular static mixing reactor.
  • the structure of Ross hybrid element (see “Mixing Process in Industry” for details) [English] N. Harnby, MF Edwards, AW Ni erow. Beijing: China Petrochemical Press, 1985 Chinese First Edition: 282
  • the invention is for reference) as follows: An oval plate is cut in half along the long axis direction, and they are rotated 90 ° around the short axis of the ellipse. A pair of baffles are welded to the bracket at an angle of 45 ° to the axis of the large diameter tube of the mixer. They are a pair of front baffles of the mixing unit.
  • the mixing unit also has a pair of back baffles along the axis of the mixer tube.
  • the baffle structure is the same as the front baffle, except that it is rotated by 90 ° about the axis of the mixer tube in the installation orientation; the above two baffles constitute a mixing unit, and the tube static mixer can be equipped with a series of such mixing units.
  • the mixing unit In the two liquid flow mixing processes, the mixing unit is stationary. The energy required for mixing comes from the additional pressure drop of the liquid when it passes through the mixing element. Both laminar convection and turbulence are in effect during the mixing process. Streams are divided by baffles and flow direction is changed, while turbulence is achieved by adjusting the Reynolds number.
  • microfluidic clusters Through intense convective motion, turbulent motion, under the action of impact, shear, stretching, and vortex, two different liquid streams are split and dispersed into separate microfluidic clusters.
  • the average size of the microfluidic clusters is mixed with the The strength and Reynolds number Re are related to the pipe diameter and flow rate, and the flow rate is related to the flow rate and the pressure provided.
  • the average size of the microfluids can be as small as several tens of microns.
  • explosive nucleation will occur near the fresh interface of the two liquids, and the total number of new nucleuses and their spatial average density are huge.
  • the inner diameter range of the tube type static mixer tube is 5mm to 1000mm, preferably 5mm to 500mm; the flow rate range of various reaction solutions is 0.1-3000m 3 / h; the inlet pressure of the solution is 0.5-3000kg / cm 2 , preferably 2- 1000 kg / cm 2 ; the Reynolds number of the reaction solution flow and the mixed liquid flow ranges from 3000 to 20000, preferably from 3000 to 8000.
  • Figures 7-b and c show tube-type static mixers with more than three solutions. In addition to the components in Figure 7-a above, they also include the auxiliary solution C reaction solution P4.
  • the atomized mixing reactor suitable for use in step (b) of the method of the present invention can spray the two reactant solutions of A and B in the form of a spray by means of the first and second atomizers, respectively. If necessary, a third atomizer for atomizing the auxiliary reaction solution may be provided in the atomizing mixing reactor.
  • Fig. 9 shows a double atomization mixing reactor particularly suitable for the method of the present invention.
  • the double atomization mixing reactor includes two atomizers 1 and 2 capable of generating a directional atomized gas stream; a drum 3; a scraper 4; a funnel 5 and a transfer pump 6.
  • the working process is as follows: (a) in At the entrance of the double atomization mixing reactor, the A and B reaction solutions enter the two atomizers 1 and 2 respectively; (b) the atomized gas streams turned into the same direction by the A and B reaction solutions are sprayed towards the drum 3 or Conveyor belt, the droplets of the A and B reaction solutions meet on the drum or the conveyor belt to mix, react and form a precipitate; (c) the slurry containing the precipitate is transported to the scraper 4 with the drum or the conveyor belt and is scraped off and collected in the funnel 5, It is sent to the cleaning and filtering equipment through pipes and pumps 6; (d) The above conveyor belt includes wet filter cloth of belt filter.
  • the aging time before the start of filtering and cleaning is the moving speed V of the filter cloth and the filter before reaching the filtering and washing area.
  • the cloth length ⁇ 1 is adjusted.
  • the flow range of the A and B reaction solutions is from 0.1 to 3000 m 3 / h, and the pressure range is from 10 to 3000 kg / cm 2 .
  • an atomized mixing reactor In the process of continuously and orderly mixing, reacting, and precipitating different liquid streams, in the manner of how the two different liquid streams become dispersed and separated micro-liquid clusters, an atomized mixing reactor and With a tubular jet (or static) mixing reactor, the two sides are different.
  • a tubular jet (or static) mixing reactor In the tube jet (or static) mixer method, two types of liquid flows are split and dispersed into each other through intense convective motion, turbulent motion, and impact, shear, stretching, and vortex action. Microfluids, the average size of the microfluids is related to the intensity of the mixing and the Reynolds number Re.
  • the atomization mixing reactor method uses an atomizer to atomize the solution into air droplets in the air, and then allows two different liquid microdroplets to overlap and cover each other in the same area of the drum or conveyor. Different microfluids are mixed with each other. But camp
  • microfluids It is commercialized mixing and tube jet (or static) mixing.
  • the two solutions are mixed and reacted in the form of microfluids, and the processes and rules of generating explosive nucleation at the interface of microfluids are the same. They include: The smaller the size of the microfluid, the larger the area of the interface of the new fish and sheep, and the total number of generated prokaryotic nuclei and the spatial average number density will increase accordingly. Under the conditions of explosive nucleation and large number of prokaryotic nuclei, the collision and coalescence will occur. The particle size of the generated nanoparticles becomes smaller.
  • a high pressure pump is used to obtain a certain pressure of the liquid (usually 2-20Mpa, which can also be increased).
  • a certain pressure of the liquid usually 2-20Mpa, which can also be increased.
  • the static pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy and ejected at high speed and split into droplets.
  • the size of the droplets obviously depends on the pressure provided by the liquid flow. This atomization method is simpler and cheaper and consumes less energy.
  • the above-mentioned atomizer is used to split and disperse the liquid stream into micro-liquids, with an average size of 100 ⁇ , even tens of microns, which is not inferior to the tube jet (or stationary). Mixing reactor.
  • the size of the droplets is controlled in addition to the reaction flow.
  • the reaction liquid flow rate in the range of 0. 1 - 3000m 3 / h, preferably 0.
  • range of droplet sizes is 20 ⁇ -300 ⁇ ; feed liquid pressure range of the pressure nozzle method 20- 500kg / cm 2 , preferably 20-300 kg / cm 2 ; the compressed gas pressure range of the air jet nozzle method is 3-50 kg / cm 2 , preferably 3-20 kg / cm 2
  • the method of the present invention is applicable to various reactions capable of rapidly generating precipitates, so there is no particular limitation on the types of precipitation and nanopowders that can be provided by the present invention, such as metals (including alloys), oxides, hydroxides, salts, and phosphorus Compounds and sulfides, or organic compounds are within the scope of this invention.
  • the present invention has the following positive effects: 1 the particle size of the nanoparticles of the nanopowder is small, the particle size is uniform, the nanoparticle has good dispersibility, can completely eliminate hard agglomeration, and obtain nanometer powder with excellent quality; 2 It can be made into nano-particle loose aggregate powder, whose nano-particles have small and uniform particle size, and the aggregate has a uniform and adjustable distribution of porosity and porosity, and has a high specific surface area; 3 High yield, suitable for large-scale production; 4 Micro-liquid Compared with the dynamic fast and orderly micro-liquid group mixed reaction precipitator described in the CN 01106279. 7 patent application, the rapid and orderly mixed reaction precipitation device has no dynamic rotor, and the process parameter control has been further simplified; 5 Simple process and low consumption.
  • ZrOCl 2 ⁇ 8H 2 0, molecular weight 322.25, purity ⁇ 99% zirconium oxychloride
  • a solution a 3000ml aqueous solution of ZrOCl 2 with a concentration of 0.8mol / L
  • Another 375 ml of ammonia water (NH 3 concentration of 25%) was added to the second distilled water, and then 2100 ml of ethanol (95%) as a dispersant was added to prepare a 3000 ml aqueous solution, which is called a B solution.
  • the temperature is 20 ° C at room temperature.
  • the precipitate-containing slurry was washed and filtered in a continuous processing equipment, and then subjected to azeotropic distillation and drying of n-butanol, and calcined at 650 ° F for 50 minutes to obtain Zr0 2 nanometer powder with an average particle diameter of 15 nm. Dispersibility is good, Zr0 2 yield is 92%
  • the inside diameter of the mixing reactor is 10mm, the inside diameter of the injection hole is 1mm, the flow rate of each solution entering the mixing reactor is 150L / h, and the inlet pressure of the injection solution is 90kg / cm 2 .
  • the precipitate-containing slurry was washed and filtered in a continuous processing equipment, and then subjected to azeotropic distillation and drying of n-butanol, and calcined at 550 ° C for 30 minutes to obtain ZnO nano powders with an average particle diameter of 40 nm.
  • the particle size is uniform, and the dispersion between particles is relatively good.
  • the ZnO yield was 92% in the experiment.
  • the pH value is adjusted with ammonia water, and the final pH value is 7-8.
  • the tube-type static mixer has an inner diameter of 10mm and is equipped with a Ross mixing element.
  • the flow rates of solution A and B are 600L / h, and the inlet pressure of solution A is 4kg / cra 2 .
  • the precipitate-containing slurry was washed and filtered in a continuous processing equipment, then azeotropically distilled and dried with n-butanol, and calcined at 620 ° F for 45 minutes to obtain a Zr0 2 nanometer powder with an average particle diameter of 16 nm. Good dispersion, Zr0 2 yield 91%
  • the tubular static mixer is equipped with Ross mixing elements, and the inner diameter of the mixer is 10mm.
  • Solution The flow rate was 500 L I h, and the spray solution inlet pressure was 3.5 kg / cm 2 .
  • the precipitate-containing slurry was washed and filtered in a continuous processing equipment, then azeotropically distilled and dried with n-butanol, and calcined at 53CTC for 35 minutes to obtain ZnO nano powders with an average particle size of 35 nm. Both the particle size uniformity and the inter-particle dispersibility are good, and the ZnO yield is 93%.
  • the tube-type static mixer has an inner diameter of 10mm, and a Ross mixing element is built in.
  • the spray solution inlet pressure is 3.8kg / cm 2 , and the flow rate of each solution is 550L / h.
  • the precipitate-containing slurry was washed and filtered in a continuous processing equipment, then azeotropically distilled and dried by n-butanol, and calcined at 530 ° C for 35 minutes to obtain columnar crystals, BaC0 3 nanometer powder, 35 nm in diameter and 80 nm in length.
  • the particle size uniformity and inter-particle dispersibility are both good, and the BaC0 3 yield is 86%.
  • ZrOCl 2 ⁇ 8H 2 0, molecular weight 322.25, purity 99% Weigh 515.6 grams of zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl 2 ⁇ 8H 2 0, molecular weight 322.25, purity 99%), and prepare a 2000 ml aqueous solution of ZrOCl 2 with a concentration of 0.8mol / L, which is called A solution.
  • a solution Another 250 ml of ammonia water (NH 3 concentration of 25%) was added to the second distilled water, and 700 ml of ethanol (95%) as a dispersant was added to prepare a 2000 ml aqueous solution, which is called a B solution.
  • the temperature is 20 ° C at room temperature.
  • the solution B and B are mixed, reacted and precipitated through the double-atomization mixing reactor shown in Figure 9, and the pH value is adjusted with ammonia water, so that the final pH value is 7-8.
  • the double atomization mixing reactor uses a pressure nozzle with a spray pressure of 160 kg / cm 2 and a flow rate of 200 L / h of the reaction solution.
  • the two reaction solutions form an atomized gas flow in the same direction and are sprayed toward the drum wall. Mixing, reaction and precipitation occur when they meet. The precipitated slurry was scraped off and collected.
  • the slurry was washed and filtered in a continuous processing equipment, then azeotropically distilled and dried with n-butanol, and calcined at 650 ° C for 30 minutes to obtain Zr0 2 nanometer powder with an average particle size of 18 nm.
  • the particle size uniformity and inter-particle dispersion are better.
  • Zr0 2 yield 94%
  • the double-atomization mixing reactor uses a pressure nozzle with a spray pressure of 160 kg / cm 2 and a flow rate of 200 L / h of the reaction solution.
  • the two reaction solutions are converted into atomized air flows in the same direction and sprayed toward the drum wall.
  • Mixing, reaction and the precipitate was scraped pastes precipitate collected, the slurry into the continuous cleaning of the filter processing device and then dried by azeotropic distillation of n-butanol, dried, calcined at 52CTC under 35mi n, an average particle size of 36nm ZnO nanopowder . Both the particle size uniformity and the inter-particle dispersion are good, and the ZnO yield is 95%.
  • the dual-atomization mixing reactor uses a pressure nozzle with a spray pressure of 200 kg / cm 2 and a flow rate of 200 L / h of the reaction solution.
  • the two reaction solutions form an atomized air flow in the same direction and are sprayed toward the drum wall.
  • the precipitate slurry was scraped off and collected.
  • the precipitate-containing slurry was washed and filtered in a continuous processing equipment, then azeotropically distilled and dried with n-butanol, and calcined at 530 ° C for 40 minutes to obtain columnar crystalline BaC0 3 Nano powder, diameter 32nm, length 89nm.
  • the particle size uniformity and inter-particle dispersibility are both good, and the BaC0 3 yield is 86%.

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Description

纳米粉末及纳米粒子疏松聚集体粉末的制备方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种超细粉末的制备方法, 更具体地说, 涉及一种 纳米粉末及纳米粒子疏松聚集体粉末的制备方法, 尤其涉及一种 利用液相化学反应沉淀制备纳米粉末及纳米粒子疏松聚集体粉末 的方法。 发明背景
已发现纳米级和亚微米级大小的金属或金属氧化物颗粒在许多. 应用领域是极具价值的工业品, 这些应用包括制造在诸如化学工 业中使用的催化剂, 制造陶瓷、 电子元件、 涂料、 电容器、 机械- 化学抛光浆料、 磁带, 以及作为用于例如塑料、 油漆或化妆品的 填料。
可利用各种技术来生产具有很细粒度的金属或金属氧化物粉 末。 这些技术包括高温气相法、 机械法、 化学法等。 对用于生产 纳米级颗粒的通用技术的综合评述可参见, 例如 《工业工程和化 学研究》刊物( 1996年,第 35卷,第 349-377页)上发表的 V. Hlavacek 和 J. A. Puszynski 的 "高级陶瓷材料的化学工业进展 " 以及发表在 《化学通报》 上的 "纳米微粒的制备方法及其进展 " ( 1996 年第 3 期第 1-4 页)。 在 CN1217387A 中也较详细地描述了各种制备工艺 的优缺点。
由于液相沉淀法工艺简单, 相对于气相法和固相法以及其它液 相法控制条件较为宽松, 生产成本较低, 因而成为 目前较广泛采 用的方法之一。
常见的液相沉淀法的工艺特征是: 采用搅拌罐进行混合反应, 至少有一种反应物溶液在较长时间内采用滴加、 流入或喷雾方式 逐渐加入。 用这种工艺制备纳米粒子虽有操作简单、 成本低、 产 率高的优点, 但这种方法存在三个公认的缺点: ①粒径难以控制; ②粒径难以做得很小; '③纳米粒子间的硬团聚难以消除。 搅拌罐工 艺缺点产生的根源是, 其中的一种反应物溶液加入时间过长, 不 同时刻的反应物、 生成物与沉淀被搅拌混合在一起。 先期生成的 核, 历经长大、 小粒子碰撞聚并过程, 生成纳米粒子。 由于时间 长, 纳米粒子生长得比较大, 而且还会发生纳米粒子间的团聚, 后期生成物的加入会让团聚硬化。 以上所述正是制备纳米粉末大 罐工艺产生上述三个缺点的原因。
因此, 人们相继开发了各种不用搅拌罐的纳米粉末液相沉淀法 制备工艺。 例如, 专利申请 SE 99/01881 公开了如下的方法与设 备: 以一股在管道中连续流动的载流液流为基础, 在管道的同一 地点以周期断续脉冲方式注射进入两种反应物溶液, 被注射 '入的 两种反应物溶液发生混合的反应区在载流液流中被分隔开, 两种 溶液混合、 反应、 生成沉淀过程持续时间很短。 该发明称, 制得 的纳米粒子质量很好, 粒径为 10-20nm, 粒子间团聚很轻, 甚至被 消除。 该方法的缺陷是: ①反应物溶液以脉冲方式注入, 混合过程 是非连续的, 不利于大规模连续化工业生产; 由于需要使用载流 液体, 使得生产工艺复杂化, 不仅需要消耗载流液体 还需要对 载流液体等进行分离处理, 从而增加了生产成本。 ②该方法对两种 反应物溶液机械混合效果的增强与调节没有提出有效措施, 因此 无法有效地控制反应物溶液的机械混合效果。 上述两点都需 改 进。
论文 《旋转填充床内液一液法制备碳酸锶纳米粉末》 (化工科 技, 1999, 7(4): 11- 14)、 《旋转填充床微观混合实验研究》 (化 学反应工程与工艺, 1999, 9, Voll5, No3: 328-332 ) 介绍了另一种 不用搅拌罐的连续工艺: 两种反应物溶液一次性连续通过旋转填 充床, 在旋转填充床内两种反应物溶液混合、 反应、 成核并生成 纳米粒子。 论文说, 在超重力作用下反应液通过旋转填充床, 两 种溶液被填料分散、 破碎形成极大的, 不断被更新的表面积, 极 大地强化了传质条件, 除此之外旋转填充床工艺还具有液流通过 强度高、 停留时间短的优点。 但是, 超重力旋转填充床方法仍存 在如下缺陷: 填充床中钢丝网等填料密度很大, 溶液获得的不是 搅拌、 剪切等作用, 溶液进到填充床上, 整体随填充床旋转而获 得离心力, 在离心力作用下溶液沿填料孔隙由转子内缘往外缘流 动, 在这一过程发生溶液混合, 这样的机械混合的强度及其调节 的灵敏度都不够, 除了 CaC03、 SrC03 纳米粉体之外, 至今未见有 用旋转填充床制备成功如 Zr02、 ΤΪ02 等纳米粉体的报道。 故该方 法仍需进一步改进。
综上所述, 作为两种反应物溶液连续通过的优良混合反应装 置, 应该具有机械混合强度高, 并且强度可调, 结构简明等特点。 在这种装置内溶液应该获得强烈的搅拌、 剪切、 湍流等作用, 快 速地被分散、 破碎, 被分隔成尺寸很小的微液团, 以增大两种溶 液的交界面, 为分子扩散、 化学反应、 成核等过程提供良好的条 件。
在本申请人的另一篇中国专利申请 01106279.7 ( 2001 年 3 月 7 日 申请, 未公开, 该申请全文引入本发明作为参考) 中, 给出了 一种非搅拌罐的方法: 反应溶液连续送入动态快速有序微液团混 合反应沉淀器, 以湍流形态实现微液团方式快速混合、 反应和沉 淀, 反应区沿液流方向有序排列, 沉淀桨料连续从混合反应沉淀 设备中流出, 进入清洗与过滤工序, 然后进行其它后处理环节 (如 干燥、 热处理、 粉碎等), 该方法制得的纳米粒子粒径小、 均匀, 粒子间的硬团聚被消除。
因此, 本发明的目的是对中国专利申请 01106279.7 进一步改 进, 以提供一种纳米粉末的液相沉淀制备方法 , 该方法釆用一种 结构简单、 机械混合强度高, 并且强度可调的混合装置 , 可以大 规模生产质量优良的纳米粉末产品 该方法可以广泛适用于氧化 物、 氢氧化物、 盐、 金属等纳米粉末的制备。 该方法中使用的设 备以及调控参数还可以进一步简化。
通过参考下面的说明书可更加充分地理解本发明的这些和其 它的目的、 优点及特征。 发明概述 本发明提供了一种纳米粉末及纳米粒子疏松聚集体粉末制备方 法, 该方法包括以下步骤:
( a ) 提供能快速反应生成沉淀的至少 A、 B两种反应物溶液;
( b ) 将至少 A、 B 两种溶液于至少反应温度下分别送入混合 反应沉淀器, 在其中连续有序进行混合、 反应和沉淀, 所述混合反 应沉淀器选自管式喷射混合反应器、 管式静态混合反应器和雾化混 合反应器中的至少一种;
( c ) 将从所述混合反应沉淀器连续有序流出的含沉淀浆料进 行后处理。 附图的简要说明
图 1 是浓度的空间、 时间分布曲线示意图;
图 2是本发明方法的工艺流程图;
图 3— a 是同轴喷射混合反应器;
图 4一 a 是侧面入口喷射混合反应器;
图 3—b、 c与图 4—b、 c是三种溶液的喷射混合反应器; 图 5— a、 b 是 A 经多喷嘴喷入, B 从侧面入口流入的同轴多喷 嘴喷射混合反应器;
图 5— c、 d 是 A、 B 反应溶液都经多喷嘴喷入的同轴多喷嘴喷 射混合反应器;
图 6是 B液流从侧面流入, A、 C反应液流经喷嘴喷入的同轴喷 射混合反应器;
图 7— a 是 、 B两种反应溶液的管式静态混合反应器; 图 7— b 、 c 是 4、 B、 C三种反应溶液的管式静态混合反应器; 图 8— a 是孔 / 隔板混合元件;
图 8— b 是网格型混合元件;
图 9是雾化混合反应器;
图 1 0是本发明实施例 1 的电镜照片。 优选实施方案的详细描述 本发明中, 术语 "纳米粉末 " (或纳米粉体) 是指由纳米粒子 组成的粉体, 而纳米粒子是指粒径小于 1 00 nm 的粒子。 本发明涉 及的优质纳米粉末应具有如下特征: 纳米粒子平均粒径小 (小于 3 0 nm , 甚至小至 1 0 nm ) ; 粒径分布窄; 分散性好, 即只有软连接或 连接很轻, 没有硬连接。
术语 "纳米粒子疏松聚集体粉末 " 是指由纳米粒子在空间分布 非常疏松、 网络状地连接成的聚集体。 优质的纳米粒子疏松聚集 体粉末应具有如下特征: ①纳米粒子平均粒径小, 粒径分布窄; ② 纳米粒子在空间呈疏松网络状分布, 经过恰当的陈化处理, 粒子 间连接应有适当的强度; ③比表面积高, 适于做催化剂与药物载体; ④粉末的粒径按需求由造粒或破碎工艺给出。
对于至少两种不同的液流, 通过各种高强度的机械混合方式, 通过对流运动、 湍流运动, 利用冲击、 剪切、 拉抻、 涡旋等作用 使尺寸较大的液体团块在不同的尺寸水平上被逐级分裂、 分散下 去, 至到被分散、 被分隔成尺寸较小的液体微团。 液体微团所能 达到的平均尺寸与机械混合的方式及强度有关, 液体微团平均尺 寸可以达到 1 00 微米、 几十微米甚至十几个微米 (详见 《化学工 程手册》, 北京: 化学工业出版社, 第 5卷: 9 _ 1 0 )。 本发明术语 "微 液团 " 就是指这种微液团。
术语 "管式喷射混合反应器 " 是指管式喷射混合器, 在溶液混 合后反应与沉淀便会自动进行。 在喷射混合过程中, 快速运动的 液体流 (即射流或第一液体), 被注射到较慢流动的液体 (即主流 体或第二液体) 中。 在射流边界, 由于射流和主流体的速度差及 湍流作用, 形成了一个混合层。 该混合层沿着射流流动方向扩展, 通过夹带和混合, 使主流体进入射流中。 管状喷射器是高速连续 流动装置。 同轴喷射混合器和侧面入口喷射混合器是两种常用的 喷射混合器。 在同轴喷射混合器中, 如图 3 _ a 所示, 第二流体在 大直径管内流动 (不是喷射进入), 射流是通过处在大直径管内与 其同轴的小直径管喷射入的。 在侧面入口喷射混合器中, 如图 4 - a 所示, 第二流体也在大直径管内流动, 射流是通过沿大直径管直 径方向的小直径管喷射入的。
管式喷射混合器还包括多喷嘴同轴混合器, 例如, 图 5 - a 中射 流 B 经喷嘴射入; 图 5 - b 中 A、 B 两种液体都经过多个喷嘴射入大 直径管中。
术语 "管式静态混合反应器 " 是指一种无运动混合器, 是在线 的混合装置, 由在一段管道中装入一系列起混合作用的元件组成。 在溶液混合后反应与沉淀便会自动进行。 如图 7 所示。 可以从不 同的制造广商得到各种结构的混合元件, 所有这些元件在工作过 程中都是静止的。 混合所需的能量来自工艺流体流过混合元件时 的附加压力降, 因此所需的泵送能量大于通常所需的泵送能量。 在各种应用中所需混合元件的数量, 取决于混合任务的难度, 在 难于混合的情况下就需要较多的混合元件。
静态混合器的混合过程包括层流和湍流的过程。 层流混合是 通过流股分割和流向变换的综合作用来进行的; 而湍流混合则是 通过流量控制并用混合元件产生比在相应的空管中流动时更剧烈 的湍动作用来进行的。 静态混合器已经应用在掺合、 反应、 分散、 传热和传质等各种过程中。 其操作一般都要利用湍流, 系统的剪 切应力造成了液团的破碎, 提供了质量传递所需的大的液团交界 面。 这些应力和压降有关, 因此, 也与流体通过混合器的流量有 关。 为获得更小的微液团尺度, 必须提高液体流量, 仅增加混合 元件数对这类系统是无效的。 对于混合和分散操作来说, 在线静 态混合器具有能连续操作和工作体积小等优点。 现有的静态混合 器可以配置在直径从 1 c m到 0 . 5 m 以上的管道上。
术语 "雾化混合反应器 " 是指能够将反应溶液转化为雾化气流 的雾化混合器, 在溶液混合后反应与沉淀过程将 自动发生。 这是 本发明创新研制的混合反应器。 图 9 给出了本发明优选的一种雾 化混合反应器, 其包括至少两个能将溶液转化为定向雾化气流的 雾化器 1 和 2, 两个雾化器放置在相邻位置, 雾化气流方向大体相 同。 两个雾化器结构性能相同, 调整两个雾化器使两个雾化气流 所携带的雾滴大体落在滚筒 3 —侧的同一区域 (或传送带的同一 区域), 两种液滴互相交叠覆盖落在同一区域, 以此方式实现两种 不同微液团的互相混合。 喷雾连续进行, 滚筒在缓慢旋转, 调整 滚筒的转速, 可以调控两种溶液微团相混、 反应、 产生沉淀的浆 料层厚度。 含沉淀的浆料随滚筒 (或传送带) 送至刮板 4 处被刮 落收集到漏斗 5 中, 经管道和泵 6 送至清洗与过滤设备中。 上述 传送带包括带式过滤机的湿滤布, 过滤与清洗开始前的陈化时间 由滤布移动速度 V 和达到过滤清洗区前的滤布长度 Δ 1 来调节, 陈 化时间的计算公式为 A t = Δ 1 I v。 尽管不愿受任何理论的束缚, 但是应当指出, 本发明人系基 于本人的以下理论并结合实验研究结果提出 了本发明的技术方 案。 应当指出, 下面的理论仅用来说明本发明而决不是对本发明 的任何限制。
由实验观察与机理分析得出, 当两种能快速反应形成沉淀的 反应物溶液相遇时, 在两种溶液新鲜交界面处, 将爆发性生成一 批核。 爆发性成核过后, 该处不再形成新核。 设 A、 B溶液中反 应物为 01与 3, 反应式为
^ + = r +s> γ—沉淀
α, β 和析出组分 γ 的浓度为 ( 2和 (。 图 1 ( a )、 ( b ) 给 出 t = o和 t = t 时刻浓度 、 C 2和 C 的空间分布曲线, 在浓度 C超 过临界成核浓度 Ck 的区域 a、 b 之内才能成核。 图 1 ( c ) 给出区 域 ab 内产生爆发性成核过程中浓度随时间变化的曲线, 这正是众 所周知的 Lame r 图。 图 1 ( c ) 表明, 爆发成核后, 因扩散与反应 生成的析出组分仅够维持已有核的长大, 浓度低于临界成核浓度 而不再生成新核。 利用上述结果, 容易得出以下推论, 当 、 B 溶液在快速地以微液团方式互相混合时, 将有: ①在一定数量的 A、 B溶液之间快速地产生面积巨大的新鲜交界面, 进而爆发性生成 数量巨大的原生核, 微液团尺寸越小则新鲜交界面面积越大, 生 成的原生核总数以及空间平均数密度都在随之增大; ②当微液团尺 寸减小时, 分子扩散以及化学反应全过程时间也将随之变小。 快 速微液团混合、 全部原生核爆发性生成, 为小粒子碰撞聚并生成 纳米粒子的同时性、 粒径均匀性以及粒径的减小提供了良好条件。
实验研究表明, 在爆发性成核、 原生核数密度巨大条件下, 碰 撞聚并生成纳米粒子的粒径变小。 在爆发性成核、 原生核数密度 巨大条件下, 原生粒子聚并生成的纳米粒子数目很大, 在非常短 暂的时间内纳米粒子就疏松地布满了全空间。 原生粒子碰撞聚并 进入纳米粒子, 它们经历的扩散迁移时间非常短, 仅来自非常近 · 邻的空间。 因而通过碰撞聚并进入的原生粒子总数较少, 形成的 纳米粒子粒径较小。
据此, 本发明提供了纳米粉末及纳米粒子疏松聚集体粉末制备 方法, 该方法包括以下步骤:
( a ) 提供能快速反应生成沉淀的至少 A、 B两种反应物溶液;
( b ) 将至少 A、 B 两种溶液于至少反应温度下分别送入混合 反应沉淀器, 在其中连续有序进行混合、 反应与沉淀, 所述混合反 应沉淀器选自管式喷射混合反应器、 管式静态混合反应器和雾化混 合反应器中的至少一种;
( c ) 将从所述混合反应沉淀器连续有序流出的含沉淀浆料进 行后处理。
根据本发明一个优选的实施方案, 本发明的纳米粉末及纳米粒 子疏松聚集体粉末制备方法包括以下步骤:
( a ) 提供能快速反应生成沉淀的 A、 B两种反应物溶液, 它 们除含有反应物外, 还可以含有辅助反应剂和分散剂,任选地还提 供一种或多种含有分散剂、 辅助反应剂、 PH 值调节剂中至少一种 的辅助反应溶液;
( b ) 将反应物溶液于至少反应温度下连续送入管式喷射混合 反应器或管式静态混合反应器中, 在反应器中反应物溶液连续流 过, 实现快速有序混合, 混合、 反应与沉淀在 0. 1— 1 20秒内完成, 含沉淀的浆料从该反应设备连续卸出;
( Ο 将从混合反应设备连续卸出的含沉淀浆料进行后处理。 根据本发明的另一种优选实施方案, 本发明的纳米粉末及纳米 粒子疏松聚集体粉末制备方法包括以下步骤:
( a ) 提供能快速反应生成沉淀的 A、 B两种反应物溶液, 它 们除含有反应物外, 还可以含有辅助反应剂和 /或分散剂; 任选地 还可以提供一种或多种含有分散剂、 辅助反应剂、 PH 值调节剂中 至少一种的辅助反应溶液;
( b ) 将反应物溶液于至少反应温度下连续送入雾化混合反应 器中, 在反应器中反应物溶液用雾化器喷向传送带或滚筒壁, 在 传送带或滚筒上微雾滴快速有序互相交叠覆盖混合, 混合、 反应 与沉淀在 0. 1— 1 20 秒内完成, 含沉淀的浆料从该反应设备连续卸 出;
( c ) 将从混合反应设备连续卸出的含沉淀浆料进行后处理。 图 2 表示了本发明方法的一种具体实施方案, 其中, A、 B 反应溶液贮存在贮液罐之中, A、 B反应溶液分别通过计量泵、 流量计进入快速有序混合反应沉淀设备中, 进行快速连续有序混 合反应和沉淀, 含沉淀浆料从混合反应设备输出后, 进入清洗与 过滤或陈化、 清洗与过滤工序, 然后进行干燥、 热处理、 粉碎或 ,造粒, 最后产品包装。
上述这些实施方案中, 步骤(a)中所述的 A、 B两种反应物溶 液的形式没有特别限制, 可以均为水溶液 (含纯水), 也可以均为 有机溶液 (含液态纯物质), 或者一方为水溶液 (含纯水), 另一方 为有机溶液 (含液态纯物质)。 所述的辅助反应溶液可以为水溶液 或有机溶液。 A、 B两种反应物溶液除含有反应物外, 还可以含有 辅助反应剂和分散剂。 A、 B溶液互混的体积比可以采用任意比例, 优选 1 : 1, 其他辅 ¾反应溶液的混入体积可采用任意比例。 进入混 合反应沉淀器的反应物溶液的温度可以为进行混合反应所需要的任 意温度, 对于反应物水溶液来说, 优选的温度范围为 1 5 °C至沸点 之内, 例如 1 5- 98 °C, 对于反应物有机溶剂来说, 优选的温度范围 为 1 5 °C至沸点之内。
( a)中所述的分散剂、 辅助反应剂、 pH值调节剂没有任何限制, 可以为任何常规类型。 其中本发明对于反应物水溶剂采用的分散 剂的例子包括低级醇及表面活性剂。 Ti (so4) 2溶液中为防止水解而 加入的硫酸 H2S04可作为辅助反应剂的一个例子。
步骤 (b) 中, 所述的 A、 B反 液被混合反应沉淀器分散、 破碎成许多互相分隔的微液团, 在两种溶液间产生面积巨大的新 鲜交界面, 交界面附近伴随着分子扩散与化学反应过程, 爆发性 生成数量巨大的原生核。 A、 B溶液以微液团形态互相混合又导 致分子扩散及化学反应过程所需时间大为缩短。
根据本发明的一种优选实施方案, 在 "混合反应沉淀器 " 中溶 液通过的时间大于扩散反应时间的条件下, 将上述通过时间缩短 至 0.2— 10秒, 能减轻甚至消除纳米粒子间的硬团聚。
本发明方法的步骤 ( c ) 中, 沉淀浆料从混合反应沉淀设备连 续有序出来后, 进入清洗与过滤工序或陈化、 清洗与过滤工序, 前者清洗与过滤开始前没有陈化阶段, 以制备纳米粉末; 后者设 陈化阶段, 陈化时间范围为 0-120min, 以制备纳米粒子疏松聚集 体粉末。 对于不需要陈化的情况, 或陈化时间为 0-20min 的情况, 优选釆用具有连续功能的设备来处理。 清洗方式包括电场离子透 析, 水或有机溶剂洗涤等。
后处理工序可以包括如下步骤: 干燥、 热处理、 粉碎或造粒, 最后为产品包装。 干燥方式的实例包括普通干燥、 喷雾干燥、 真 空干燥、 冷冻干燥、 超临界干燥及共沸蒸馏方式, 热处理温度范 围为 200°C-1000°C。
上述各种后处理步骤的数量和先后顺序可根据产品种类和用户 的具体要求进行调整。
下面结合附图对适用于本发明方法中步骤 ( b) 的混合反应器 进行详细的描述。
管式喷射混合反应器又分为同轴喷射混合反应器、 侧面入口喷 射混合反应器和多喷嘴喷射混合反应器。
图 3— a 给出了一种 A、 B 两种反应溶液的同轴喷射混合反应 器。 图 3-a 的装置包括: 喷射入口 1; 另一种溶液的入口 2; 由大 直径管构成的混合反应区 3。 第二流体从入口 2 进入, 在大直径管 内流动相对较慢 (也要达到湍流状态), 射流是通过处在大直径管 内与其同轴的小直径管咀 1 高速射入的。 在喷射过程中, 由于射 流和第二流体的速度差及湍流作用, 形成了混合-层, 使第二流体 进入射流中, 通过冲击、 剪切、 拉伸和涡旋作用, 两种溶液被分 裂、 分散成互相分隔的微液团。 微液团的平均尺寸与混合的强度、 雷诺数 R e 有关, 具体说与管径、 流速有关, 而流速又与流量以及 提供的压力有关。 微液团的平均尺寸可以小至几十微米, 甚至十 几微米。 如前所述在两种液体新鲜交界面附近将产生爆发性成核, 新生核总数及其空间平均数密度巨大。 实验表明在这种条件下, 原生核碰撞聚并生成的纳米粒子粒径变小, 甚至可以小到几个 nm, 空间分布疏松。
图 4一 b 给出了一种 A、 B两种反应溶液的侧面入口喷射混合反 应器。 第二流体从入口 2 进入, 在大直径管内流动相对较慢 (也 要达到湍流状态), 射流是通过沿大直径管直径方向的小直径^喷 射入口 1 射入的, 在混合反应区 3 内混合、 反应与生成沉淀, 原 理及控制与图 2— a同轴喷射混合反应器大体相同。
图 3— b、 c 与图 4—b、 c 给出了 A、 B、 C三种反应溶液的喷射 混合反应器。 它们除了图 3— a 与图 4一 a 中的部件之外, 还包括 辅助溶液 C 反应溶液的进口 4。 为了混合均匀, 第三种辅助反应液 经过入口 4进入时优选采用喷射进入方式。
图 5_a、 b 给出了将 A 经多个喷嘴喷入、 B 从侧面入口流入的 同轴多喷嘴喷射混合反应器 (小直径管与大直径管的轴线方向相 同)。
图 5— c、 d 给出了 A、 B 反应溶液都经多个喷嘴喷入的同轴多 喷嘴喷射混合反应器。 优选喷入 A 的喷嘴和喷入 B 的喷嘴等间隔 平行排列, 混合反应区位于喷嘴正前方。
图 6 是 B 反应液流从侧面流入, A、 C 反应液流经喷嘴喷入的 同轴喷射混合反应器。
管式喷射混合反应器的各种溶液通过湍流作用实现微液团方式 快速混合, 混合反应区沿液流前进方向有序排列。 管式喷射混合 器要实现两种不同液流的高强度机械混合, 需要液流在湍流状态 下工作, 这就需要调控它们的雷诺数, 雷诺数与其它工艺参量关 % Re = PVD^, D为液流的管径, V为液流的流速, Ρ为液流的密 度 , μ 为 液流 的粘度 。 管径 、 流速 以 及流量之 间 的 关系 为 Q = ^VI j Q 为液流的流量, 由此式可见管径确定后, 流速由流 量来确定。 还应指出来, 管式喷射混合器喷射管管径、 长度, 混 合器大直径管径等因素构成了一定喷射流量需要压力 (压强差) 来维持。 所以涉及的参量可以归结为: 管径、 流量、 压力以及雷 诺数。 同时还顾及到第二液流及混合液流的有关参量。 管式喷射 混合器的喷射孔内径范围为 0. 5mm-10mm, 喷射液流流量范围为 0. l-3000m3/h, 优选 0. 1_800m3/h; 喷射液流的压力范围在 30- 3000kg/cra2, 优选 50- 1000kg/cm2 ; 喷射液流的雷诺数 Re 范围为 2000-20000, 优选 2000-8000; 喷射混合反应器大直径管径范围为 5-1000ram, 优选 5- 500 第二反应液流及混合液流的雷诺数 Re 范围为 3000 - 10000, 优选 4000 - 8000
图 7— a 给出了两种反应溶液的一种管式静态混合器, 它包括 反应溶液入口 1, 另一种反应溶液的入口 2, 混合单元 5 6 7 8 和 9 (不限于这些)。 混合单元的数量依具体情况而定。 管式静态 混合器的混合单元中装有混合元件, 例如 Ross 混合元件、 Sulzer 混合元件、 Keni c s 混合元件、 Etof 1 o 混合元件 (详见 《工业中 的混合过程》 [英] N. Harnby, M. F. Edwards, A. W. Nierow.北京: 中 国石化出版社, 1985 年中文第一版: 279-282, 其全部内容引入本 发明作为参考) 等, 还包括孔 / 隔板混合元件, 见图 8 — a, 也包 括网格型的混合元件, 见图 8 —b
下面以 Ross 混合元件为例, 来说明管式静态混合反应器的混 合、 反应、 生成纳米粒子以及沉淀的过程。 Ross 混合元件其结构 ( 详 见 《 工 业 中 的 混 合 过 程 》 [英] N. Harnby, M. F. Edwards, A. W. Ni erow.北京: 中国石化出版社, 1985年中文第一版: 282, 其全部内容引入本发明作为参考) 如下: 一椭圆形板沿长轴方向割开两半, 它们绕椭圆短轴旋转成 90°, 构 成一对挡板, 板面与混合器大直径管轴线成 45°角焊接在支架上, 它们是混合单元的一对前挡板; 混合单元沿混合器管轴线上还有 一对后挡板, 后挡板结构与前挡板一样, 只是在安装方位上绕混 合器管轴线旋转了 90°; 上述前后两个挡板构成一个混合单元, 管 式静态混合器可以装上一系列这样的混合单元。 在两种液流混合 过程中, 混合单元都是静止的, 混合所需的能量来自液体通过混 合元件时的附加压力降, 混合过程中层流性的对流、 湍流都在起 作用, 对流过程是通过被挡板分割流股与变换流向形成的, 而湍 流是通过调控雷诺数实现的。 通过激烈的对流运动、 湍流运动, 在冲击、 剪切、 拉伸以及涡旋作用下, 两种不同的液流被分裂、 分散成互相分隔的微液团, 微液团的平均尺寸与混合的强度、 雷 诺数 Re 有关, 具体说与管径、 流速有关, 而流速又与流量以及提 供的压力有关。 微液团的平均尺寸可以小至几十微米。 如前所述 在两种液体新鲜交界面附近将产生爆发性成核, 新生核总数及其 空间平均数密度巨大。 实验表明在爆发性成核、 原生核数密度巨 大条件下, 原生核聚并生成的纳米粒子粒径变小, 空间分布疏松。 管式静态混合器管的内径范围为 5mm到 1000mm,优选 5mm到 500mm; 各种反应溶液流量范围为 0. 1- 3000m3/h; 溶液的入口压力为 0.5- 3000kg/cm2, 优选 2- lOOOkg/cm2; 反应溶液液流及混合液流的雷 诺数范围为 3000 - 20000, 优选为 3000 - 8000。
图 7— b 和 c 给出了有三种以上溶液的管式静态混合器。 它们 除了上述图 7-a 中的部件之外, 还包括辅助溶液 C 反应溶液的入 P 4。
适用于本发明方法的步骤 ( b) 中的采用的雾化混合反应器能 够借助第一和第二雾化器将 A、 B 两种反应物溶液分别以喷雾形式 喷出。 如果需要, 该雾化混合反应器中还可设有雾化辅助反应溶 液的第三雾化器。
图 9 给出了特别适用于本发明方法的一种双雾化混合反应器。 该双雾化混合反应器包括两个能生成定向雾化气流的雾化器 1 和 2; 滚筒 3; 刮板 4; 漏斗 5和输送泵 6。 其工作过程如下: ( a) 在 双雾化混合反应器入口处, A、 B 反应溶液分别进入两个雾化器 1 和 2; ( b) A、 B 反应溶液转变成的朝向同一方向的雾化气流, 共 同喷向滚筒 3 或传送带, A、 B 反应溶液的雾滴在滚筒或传送带上 相遇混合、 反应并生成沉淀; ( c ) 含沉淀的浆料随滚筒或传送带 输送至刮板 4 处被刮落收集到漏斗 5 中, 经管道和泵 6 送至清洗 与过滤设备; ( d) 上述传送带包括带式过滤机的湿滤布, 过滤与 清洗开始前的陈化时间由滤布移动速度 V 和达到过滤清洗区前的 滤布长度 Δ 1 来调节, 陈化时间的计算的公式为 A t = Δ 1/ v。 A、 B反应溶液流量范围为 0. 1- 3000m3/h, 压力范围为 10- 3000kg/cm2
在使不同的液流连续有序地进行混合、 反应和沉淀的过程中, 在让两种不同液流如何变成被分散 、 被分隔的微液团的方式上, 采用雾化混合反应器与采用管式喷射 (或静态) 混合反应器, 双 方是不同的 。 在管式喷射 (或静态 ) 混合器方法中 , 通过激烈的 对流运动 、 湍流运动, 在冲击、 剪切、 拉伸以及涡旋作用下, 两 种不同的液流被分裂、 分散成互相分隔的微液团, 微液团的平均 尺寸与混合的强度、 雷诺数 Re 有关。 而雾化混合反应器方法是用 雾化器将溶液在空气中雾化成微液滴 , 然后再让两种不同的液体 微液滴在滚筒或传送带的同 ―区域互相交叠覆盖 , 头现两种不同 的微液团互相混合。 但 营
是务化混合及管式喷射 (或静态) 混合, 在利用两种溶液以微液团方式相混合 、 反应, 在微液团交界面上 产生爆发性成核的过程与规律都相同 它们包括 : 微液团尺寸越 小则新鱼羊交界面面积越大 , 生成的原生核总数以及空间平均数密 度都在随之增大 ; 在爆发性成核、 原生核数密度巨大条件下, 碰 撞聚并生成纳米粒子的粒径变小。
适用的雾化器有多种, 优选如下两种:
a. 压力式喷嘴
用高压泵使料液获得一定的压力(常用 2-20Mpa, 还可以提高), 在通过喷嘴时, 将静压能转变为动能而高速喷出并分裂为雾滴。 雾滴的尺寸显然取决于提供液流的压力, 这种雾化方式较为简单 而便宜, 耗能也较小。 b.气流式喷嘴
釆用压缩空气, 以很高的速度 ( 300m/S 或声速) 从喷嘴喷出, 由于气液两相间速度差所产生的摩擦力使料液分裂为雾滴。 气体 雾化时, 液体压力主要影响供液量, 对于液滴大小的影响甚微, 一般不高于 0. 4MPa。 气体压力一般为 O. 3-0. 7MPa。 气、 液两种流 体的接触点可在嘴内也可在嘴外。 它的雾化效果好, 液滴很细, 可小于 50μπι, 液滴的尺寸主要取决于气体流速, 而又与供气气压 有关, 这种雾化方式耗能约几倍于压力雾化。
综上所述, 可见采用上述雾化器将液流分裂、 分散成微液团, 平均尺寸达到 ΙΟΟμηι, 甚至几十微米并不难, 这方面的性能并不次 于管式喷射 (或静止) 混合反应器。 其调控参量除反应液流流量 外, 主要是调控雾滴 的尺寸大小 。 反应液流量范 围 为 0. 1 - 3000m3/h, 优选 0. 1 - 800m3/h; 雾滴尺寸大小的范围为 20μηι-300μπΐ; 压力 式喷嘴方法的料液压力 范 围为 20- 500kg/cm2, 优选 20 - 300kg/cm2 ; 气流式喷嘴方法的压缩气体压力范围为 3- 50kg/cm2, 优选 3-20kg/cm
本发明方法适用于各种能够快速生成沉淀的反应, 因此对本发 明所能提供的沉淀及制备的纳米粉末种类没有特别限制, 例如, 金 属 (含合金)、 氧化物、 氢氧化物、 盐、 磷化物和硫化物, 或有机 化合物都在本发明范围内。
本发明与现有技术相比其积极效果在于: ①纳米粉末的纳米粒 子粒径很小, 粒度均勾性好, 纳米粒子分散性好, 可以彻底消除 硬团聚, 获得质量优异的纳米粉末; ②可以制成纳米粒子疏松聚集 体粉末, 其纳米粒子粒径小而均匀, 聚集体的疏松度和孔隙度分 布均匀并可调控, 比表面积高; ③产量高, 适于大规模生产; ④微 液团快速有序混合反应沉淀设备与 CN 01106279. 7 号专利申请中 所述的动态快速有序微液团混合反应沉淀器相比, 没有动态转子, 在工艺参数调控上也得到了进一步简化; ⑤工艺简单、 消耗少。
下面结合附图对本发明的实施方式进一步详细说明。 但这些实 施例并不意味着以任何形式对本发明范围进行限制, 而且本发明 范围不应受这些实施例的制约。
实施例 1 :
称量 773.4 克氯氧化锆 ( ZrOCl2 · 8H20,分子量 322.25, 纯度 ^99%), 配成浓度 0.8mol / L的 ZrOCl2 3000ml 水溶液, 称为 A 溶液。 另取 375ml 氨水(NH3浓度为 25% )加二次蒸馏水, 再加入作 为分散剂用的乙醇 ( 95% ) 2100ml, 配制成 3000ml 水溶液, 称为 B溶液。 温度均为室温 20°C, 按图 2 工艺流程, 让 、 B溶液通 过图 3— a 管式同轴喷射混合器进行混合、 反应与沉淀, 用氨水调 节 pH 值, 终点 pH 值为 7-8。 管式同轴喷射混合器内径 10mm, 喷 射孔内径为 lmm, A、 B 溶液流量均为 200L/h, A 溶液喷射入口压 力为 100kg/cm2。 含沉淀的浆料进入连续处理设备中清洗过滤, 然 后经正丁醇共沸蒸馏、 干燥, 在 650Ό下锻烧 50min,得到平均粒径 为 15nm 的 Zr02纳米粉末, 粒径均匀性、 粒子间分散性都比较好, Zr02收率为 92%
实施例 2 :
称量 333.6克 ZnCl2, 加二次水配制成 ZnCl2浓度为 0.8mol/L 的水溶液 3000ml, 称为 A溶液, 温度 70°C。 取 375ml氨水 ( 25% ), 再加入作分散剂用的 900ml 乙醇 ( 95% ), 配制成 NH 3 浓度为 0.8mol/L 的乙醇水溶液 3000ml, 温度 30 °C。 按图 2工艺流程, 让 A、 B溶液通过图 3_a 管式同轴喷射混合器进行混合、 反应与沉 淀, 用氨水调节 pH值, 让终点 pH值为 7- 8。 混合反应器内径 10mm, 喷射孔内径 lmm, 进入混合反应器的每种溶液的流量均为 150L / h, 喷射溶液入口压力为 90kg/cm2。 含沉淀的浆料进入连续处理设备 中清洗过滤, 然后经正丁醇共沸蒸馏、 干燥, 在 550°C下锻烧 30 分钟, 得到平均粒径为 40nm 的 ZnO 纳米粉末。 粒径均勾性、 粒子 间分散性都比较好, 实验中 ZnO收率为 92%。
实施例 3:
称量 441.6克 BaCl2,加二次水,加入 900ml 乙醇,配制成 BaCl2 浓度为 0.6mol/L 的水溶液 3000ml, 称为 A溶液, 温度 20°C。 称 量 156.6 克 NH4HC03, 加二次水, 取 180ml 氨水 ( 25% ), 再加入 作分散剂用的 1200ml 乙醇 ( 95% ), 配制成 B 溶液 3000ml, 温度 20°C。 按图 2 工艺流程, 让人、 B溶液连续送入图 3_a 管式喷射 混合器进行混合、 反应与沉淀。 调节 B液中氨水数量, 使混合沉 淀液的 pH值为 7-8。 管式喷射混合器内径 10mm, 喷射孔内径 ' lmm, 喷射溶液入口压力为 100kg/cm2, 每种溶液的流量均为 160L/h。 含 沉淀的桨料进入连续处理设备中清洗过滤, 然后经正丁醇共沸蒸 镏、 干燥, 在 55CTC锻烧 45min, 得到柱形晶状 BaC03纳米粉末, 直径 30nm, 长度 90nm。 粒径均勾性、 粒子间分散性都比较好, BaC03 收率为 93%。
实施例 4:
称量 1289克氯氧化锆 ( ZrOCl2 · 8H20,分子量 322.25, 纯度 99%), 配成浓度 0.8mol / L的 ZrOCl2 5000ml τΚ溶液, 称为 Α溶 液。 另取 625ml 氨水(NH3浓度为 25% )加二次蒸馏水, 再加入作为 分散剂用的乙醇 ( 95% ) 1750ml, 配制成 5000ml 水溶液, 称为 B 溶液。 温度均为室温 20°C, 按图 2 工艺流程, 让八、 B溶液通过 图 7— a管式静态混合器进行混合、 反应与沉淀, 用氨水调节 PH值, 让终点 pH 值为 7_8。 管式静态混合器内径 10mm, 内部装有 Ross 混合元件, A、 B 溶液流量均为 600L/h, A 溶液喷射入口压力为 4kg/cra2。 含沉淀的浆料进入连续处理设备中清洗过滤, 然后经正 丁醇共沸蒸馏、 干燥, 在 620Ό下锻烧 45min, 得到平均粒径为 16nm 的 Zr02 纳米粉末, 粒径均匀性、 粒子间分散性都比较好, Zr02 收 率为 91 %
实施例 5:
称量 556 克 ZnCl2, 加二次水配制成 ZnCl2 浓度为 0.8mol/L 的水溶液 5000ml, 称为 A溶液, 温度 70°C。 取 625ml氨水 ( 25% ), 再加入作分散剂用的 1500ml 乙醇 ( 95% ), 配制成 NH 3浓度为 0.8mol/L 的乙醇水溶液 5000ml, 温度 30°C。 用氨水调节 pH 值, 让终点 pH值为 7-8。 按图 2 工艺流程, 让 A、 B溶液通过图 7—a 管式静态混合器进行混合、 反应与沉淀, 管式静态混合器内装有 Ross 混合元件, 混合器内径 10mm, 进入混合反应器的每种溶液的 流量均为 500L I h, 喷射溶液入口压力为 3.5kg/cm2。 含沉淀的浆 料进入连续处理设备中清洗过滤, 然后经正丁醇共沸蒸馏、 干燥, 在 53CTC下锻烧 35min, 得到平均粒径为 35nm 的 ZnO 纳米粉末。 粒径均匀性、 粒子间分散性都比较好, ZnO收率为 93%。
实施例 6:
称量 736克 BaCl2, 加二次水, 加入 1500ml 乙醇, 配制成 BaCl2 浓度为 0.6mol/L 的水溶液 5000ml, 称为 A溶液, 温度 20°C。 称 量 261 克 NH4HC03, 加入二次水, 加 300ml 氨水 ( 25% ), 再加入 作分散剂用的 2000ml 乙醇 ( 95% ), 配制成 B 溶液 5000ml, 温度 20Ό。 按图 2 工艺流程, 让入、 Β溶液连续送入图 7— a 管式静态 混合器进行混合、 反应与沉淀。 调节 B液中氨水的含量, 使混合 沉淀液的 pH 值为 7-8。 管式静态混合器内径 10mm, 内装 Ross 混 合元件, 喷射溶液入口压力为 3.8kg/cm2, 每种溶液的流量均为 550L/h。 含沉淀的浆料进入连续处理设备中清洗过滤, 然后经正 丁醇共沸蒸熘、 干燥, 在 530°C锻烧 35min, 得到柱形晶状, BaC03 纳米粉末, 直径 35nm, 长度 80nm。 粒径均匀性、 粒子间分散性都 比较好, BaC03收率为 86%。
实施例 7:
称量 515.6 克氯氧化锆 ( ZrOCl2 · 8H20,分子量 322.25, 纯度 99%), 配成浓度 0.8mol / L的 ZrOCl2 2000ml 水溶液, 称为 A 溶液。 另取 250ml氨水(NH3浓度为 25%)加二次蒸馏水, 再加入作 为分散剂用的乙醇 ( 95% ) 700ml, 配制成 2000ml 水溶液, 称为 B溶液。 温度均为室温 20°C, 按图 2 工艺流程, 让入、 B溶液通 过图 9 双雾化混合反应器进行混合、 反应与沉淀, 用氨水调节 pH 值, 让终点 pH 值为 7-8。 双雾化混合反应器采用压力喷嘴, 喷射 压力为 160kg/cm2, 反应溶液流量 200L/h, 两种反应溶液形成同一 方向的雾化气流, 喷向滚筒壁, 相遇发生混合、 反应和沉淀, 沉 淀浆料被刮落收集起来, 浆料进入连续处理设备中清洗过滤, 然 后经正丁醇共沸蒸馏、 干燥, 在 650°C下锻烧 30min,得到平均粒径 为 18nm 的 Zr02纳米粉末, 粒径均匀性、 粒子间分散性都比较好, Zr02收率为 94%
实施例 8:
称量 222. 5克 ZnCl2, 力口二次水配制成 ZnCl2浓度为 0.8mol/L 的水溶液 2000ml, 称为 A溶液, 温度 70Ό。 取 250ml氨水 ( 25% ), 再加入作分散剂用的 600ml 乙醇 ( 95% ), 配制成 NH 3 浓度为 0.8mol/L 的乙醇水溶液 2000ml, 温度 30 C。 按图 2 工艺流程, 让 A、 B溶液通过图 9 双雾化混合反应器进行混合、 反应与沉淀, 用氨水调节 pH值, 让终点 pH值为 7- 8。 双雾化混合反应器采用压 力喷嘴, 喷射压力为 160kg/cm2, 反应溶液流量为 200L/h, 两种反 应溶液转变成同一方向的雾化气流, 喷向滚筒壁, 相遇发生混合、 反应和沉淀, 沉淀桨料被刮落收集起来, 浆料进入连续处理设备 中清洗过滤,然后经正丁醇共沸蒸馏、干燥, 在 52CTC下锻烧 35min, 得到平均粒径为 36nm 的 ZnO 纳米粉末。 粒径均匀性、 粒子间分散 性都比较好, ZnO收率为 95%。
实施例 9:
称量 294.4克 BaCl2,力口二次水,力口入 600ml 乙醇,配制成 BaCl2 浓度为 0. 6mol/L 的水溶液 2000ml, 称为 A溶液, 温度 20°C。 称 量 104.4 克 NH4HC03, 加二次水, 加 120ml 氨水 ( 25% ), 再加入 作分散剂用的 800ml 乙醇 ( 95% ), 配制成 B溶液 2000ml, 温度 20 °C。 按图 2工艺流程, 让 A、 B溶液连续送入图 9双雾化混合反应 器进行混合、 反应与沉淀, 用氨水调节 pH值, 让终点 pH值为 7-8。 双雾化混合反应器釆用压力喷嘴, 喷射压力为 200kg/cm2, 反应溶 液流量为 200L/h, 两种反应溶液形成同一方向的雾化气流, 喷向 滚筒壁, 相遇发生混合、 反应和沉淀, 沉淀浆料被刮落收集起来, 含沉淀的浆料进入连续处理设备中清洗过滤, 然后经正丁醇共沸 蒸馏、 干燥, 在 530°C锻烧 40min, 得到柱形晶状 BaC03纳米粉末, 直径 32nm, 长度 89nm。 粒径均匀性、 粒子间分散性都比较好, BaC03 收率为 86%。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种纳米粉末及纳米粒子疏松聚集体粉末的制备方法, 包括以下步骤:
( a) 提供能快速反应生成沉淀的至少 A、 B两种反应溶液;
( b) 将 A、 B 反应溶液于至少反应温度下分别送入混合反应 沉淀器中进行连续有序的混合、 反应和沉淀, 所述混合反应沉淀器 选自管式喷射混合反应器、 管式静态混合反应器和雾化混合反应器 中的至少一种, 所述至少 A、 B 两种反应溶液在混合反应沉淀器内 以微液团形式反应并沉淀;
( c ) 将从反应沉淀器连续有序流出的含沉淀浆料进行后处 理。
2. 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中步骤 ( a) 中所述的至少 A、 B两种反应物溶液中的至少一种还含有辅助反应剂和 /或分散剂。 ·
3. 如权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中步骤 ( a) 中还提供一种 或多种含有分散剂、 辅助反应剂、 pH 值调节剂中的至少一种的.辅 助反应溶液。
4. 如权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中步骤 ( a) 中所述的人、 B两种反应物溶液各自独立地为水溶液或有机溶液。
5. 如权利要求 4 所述的方法, 其中所述的反应物水溶液或有 机溶液的温度范围在 15Ό至沸点以内。
6. 如权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中在步骤 ( b) 中所述的反 应物溶液被混合反应沉淀器快速地分散、 破碎成被分隔的尺寸很小 的微液团。
7. 如权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中所述的反应溶液在所述混 合反应器内的停留时间为 0.1- 120秒。
8. 如权利要求 7 所述的方法, 其中所述的反应溶液在所述混 合反应器内的停留时间为 0.1- 10秒。
9. 如权利要求 1-8 中任一项所述的方法, 其中步骤(b)中所 述的管式喷射混合反应沉淀器包括反应溶液 A 的喷射入口、 反应 溶液 B 的入口和混合反应区, 所述 A、 B 反应溶液在强烈湍流作用 下在混合反应区被快速地分散、 破碎成被分隔的尺寸很小的微液 团, 然后反应和沉淀。
10. 如权利要求 9 的方法, 其中所述的管式喷射混合反应沉 淀器选自 同轴喷射混合反应器、 侧面入口喷射混合反应器和多喷 嘴喷射混合反应器。
11. 如权利要求 9 的方法, 其中喷射孔的内径为 0.5mm~10mm。
12. 如 权 利 要 求 9 的 方 法 , 其 中 喷 射 液 流 的 流 量 为 0. l~3000m3/h,优选为 0.1-800 m3/h。
13. 如 权 利 要 求 9 的 方 法 , 其 中 喷 射 液流 的 压 力 为
30~3000kg/cm2, 优选为 50~1000kg/cm2
14. 如权利要求 9 的方法, 其中喷射液流的雷诺数 Re 为 2000-20000, 优选为 2000~8000。
15. 如权利要求 9 的方法, 其中管式喷射混合反应器大直径管 径范围为 5-1000mm, 优选 5-500mm。
16. 如权利要求 9 的方法, 第二反应液流及混合液流的雷诺数 Re范围为 3000 - 10000, 优选 4000 - 8000。
17. 如权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中步骤(b)中所述的管式静 态混合反应沉淀器内装有能够将反应溶液快速分散、 破碎成被分隔 的尺寸很小的微液团的混合元件。
18. 如权利要求 17 的方法, 其中所述的混合元件选自 Ross 混 合元件、 Sulzer 混合元件、 Kenics 混合元件、 孔一隔板型混合元 件和网格型混合元件中的一种或多种。
19. 如权利要求 17 的方法, 其中管式静态混合反应器管的内 径范围为 5mm至 IJ 1000mm, 优选 5mm到 500mm。
20. 如权利要求 17 的方法, 其中各种反应溶液流量范围为 0. l-3000m3/h。
21. 如权利要求 17 的方法, 其中溶液的入口压力为 0.5- 3000kg/cm2, 优选 2-1000kg/cm2
22. 如权利要求 17 的方法, 其中反应溶液流及混合液流的雷 诺数范围为 3000-20000, 优选为 3000-8000。
23. 如权利要求 1 的方法, 其中所述的雾化混合反应沉淀器包 括:
(a) 至少一个能够将一种反应溶液生成定向雾化气流的第一雾 化器;
(b) 至少一个能够将至少一种其它反应溶液生成定向雾化气流 的雾化器;
(c) 用于不同的液体微液滴在同一区域互相交叠覆盖, 实现微 液团互相混合的承载并输送反应沉淀物的滚筒或传送带;
其中所述的第一雾化器和所述的其它雾化器朝同一方向分别将 反应溶液喷向滚筒或传送带。
24. 如权利要求 23 的方法, 其中雾滴尺寸大小的范围为 20μηι - 300μπι。
25. 如权利要求 23 的方法, 其中 Α、 Β 反应溶液的流量独立地 为 0. l-3000m3/h, 优选为 0. 1-800 m3/h。
26. 如权利要求 18 的方法, 其中雾化器为压力式喷嘴时, 料 液压力范围为 20- 500kg/cm2, 优选 20- 300kg/cm2
27. 如权利要求 18 的方法, 其中雾化器为气流式喷嘴时, 压 缩气体压力范围为 3-50kg/cm2, 优选 3- 20kg/cm2
28. 如权利要求 23 的方法, 其中所述的雾化混合反应沉淀器 还包括能够将辅助反应溶液生成定向雾化气流的第三雾化器。
29. 如权利要求 23 的方法, 其中所述传送带具有过滤装置。
30. 如权利要求 23 的方法, 其中所述过滤装置为湿滤布。
31. 如权利要求 23 的方法, 还包括从所述滚筒或传送带上收 集含沉淀浆料, 然后进行后处理的步骤。
32. 如权利要求 1 的方法, 其中所述的步骤(c) 在所述的含沉 淀桨料连续流出混合反应沉淀器后立即进行后处理。
33. 如权利要求 1 的方法, 其中步骤 ( c) 中所述的处理步骤 包括分离、 干燥和破碎步骤。
34. 如权利要求 1 的方法, 其中所述的分离步骤包括清洗与 过滤, 优选采用连续性设备进行。
35. 如权利要求 25 的方法, 其中所述的干燥步骤还包括共沸 蒸馏。
36. 如权利要求 1 的方法, 其中所述的步骤(c) 在所述的含 沉淀浆料连续流出混合反应沉淀器后先进行陈化处理, 再进行其 它后处理环节, 以制备纳米粒子疏松聚集体粉末。
37. 如权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中所述的纳米粉末及纳米 粒子疏松聚集体粉末选自金属、 氧化物、 氢氧化物、 盐、 磷化物和 硫化物或有机化合物中的一种或多种。
PCT/CN2002/000521 2001-07-27 2002-07-26 Procede de production de nanopoudres et de poudres d'agregat nanoparticulaire libre WO2003011761A1 (fr)

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SG10201905946YA (en) * 2019-06-26 2021-01-28 Nat Univ Singapore Systems and Methods for Fabricating Nanoparticles
CN110586955A (zh) * 2019-09-26 2019-12-20 西安汇创贵金属新材料研究院有限公司 一种金粉制备装置及方法
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