Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
  • A01N43/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom rings with more than six members
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of controlling pests with macrolide compounds; more specifically to
• a first aspect of the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling pests in crops of transgenic useful plants, such as, for example, in crops of maize, cereals, soya beans, tomatoes, cotton, potatoes, rice and mustard, characterized in that a pesticidal composition comprising a macrolide compound, in particular abamectin, in free form or in agrochemically useful salt form and at least one auxiliary is applied to the pests or their environment, in particular to the crop plant itself; to the use of the composition in question and to propagation material of transgenic plants which has been treated with it.
• a pesticidal composition comprising a macrolide compound, in particular abamectin, in free form or in agrochemically useful salt form and at least one auxiliary is applied to the pests or their environment, in particular to the crop plant itself; to the use of the composition in question and to propagation material of transgenic plants which has been treated with it.
• a macrolide compound for controlling pests on transgenic useful plants which contain - for instance - one or more genes expressing a pesticidally, particularly insecticidally, acaricidally, nematocidally or fugicidally active ingredient, or which are tolerant against herbicides, has a synergistic effect. It is highly surprising that the use of a macrolide compound in combination with a transgenic plant exceeds the additive effect, to be expected in principle, on the pests to be controlled and thus extends the range of action of the macrolide compound and of the active principle expressed by the transgenic plant in particular in two respects:
• the pesticidal activity of a macrolide compound in combination with the effect expressed by the transgenic useful plant is not only additive in comparison with the pesticidal activities of the macrolide compound alone and of the transgenic crop plant alone, as can generally be expected, but that a synergistic effect is present.
• the term "synergistic”, however, is in no way to be understood in this connection as being restricted to the pesticidal activity, but the term also refers to other advantageous properties of the method according to the invention compared with the macrolide compound alone and the transgenic useful plant alone.
• the macrolide compounds used according to the inventions part (A), (B) and (C) are known to those skilled in the art. They are the classes of substances which are disclosed as milbemycins and avermectins, for example in US-P-4 310 519, US-P-5 077 298, German Offenlegungsschrift 2 717 040 or US-P-4 427 663. These macrolides are also to be understood as meaning, in accordance with the invention, the derivatives of these substances, that is, for example, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, ivermectin, abamectin, emamectin and doramectin, and also spinosyns of the formula
• R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 , R , R 5 and R 6 independently of one another are hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl group and the substructures A, and B independently of one another denote that the two carbon atoms, to which each of these substructures is bonded, are linked by a single bond, by a double bond or by a single bond and an epoxy bridge, in free form or, if appropriate, in agrochemically utilizable salt form.
• abamectin is preferred.
• Abamectin is a mixture of avermectin B 1a and avermectin B ⁇ b and is described, for example, in The Pesticide Manual, 10 ,h Ed. (1994), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 3.
• emamectin which is 4"-De- oxy-4"-epi-N-methylamino avermectin B 1b /B 1a , known from US-P-4,874,749 and as MK-244 described in Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 59 (1994), pages 7704-7708.
• Agrochemically especially useful salts of emamectin are described in US-P-5,288,710.
• the active ingredient may comprise, within the scope of the subject-matter of the invention (A), spinosyn A; spinosyn D; or a mixture composed of spinosyn A and spinosyn D; especially preferred is spinosad.
• spinosad is known from the "The Pesticide Manual", 11 th Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, United Kingdom, pages 1272-1273.
• the agrochemically compatible salts of the macrolide compounds are, for example, acid addition salts of inorganic and organic acids, in particular of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, tri- fluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid or benzoic acid.
• Preferred within the scope of the present invention is a composition known per se which comprises, as active ingredient, abamectin or spinosad in the free form, and emamectin as the benzoate salt.
• the transgenic plants used according to the invention (A) are plants, or propagation material thereof, which are transformed by means of recombinant DNA technology in such a way that they are - for instance - capable of synthesizing selectively acting toxins as are known, for example, from toxin-producinginvertebrates, especially of the phylum Arthropoda, as can be obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis strains; or as are known from plants, such as lectins; or in the alternative capable of expressing a herbicidal or fungicidal resistance.
• the toxins which can be expressed by such transgenic plants include, for example, toxins, such as proteins which have insecticidal properties and which are expressed by transgenic plants, for example Bacillus cereus proteins or Bacillus popliae proteins; or Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins (B.t.), such as CrylA(a), CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CryllA, CrylllA, CrylllB2 orCytA; VIP1 ; VIP2; VIP3; or insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonising nematodes like Photorhabdus spp or Xenorhabdus spp such as Photorhabdus luminescens, Xenorhabdus nematophilus etc.; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin, papain inhibitors; ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize RIP, abrin, luffin
• transgenic plants which comprise one or more genes which encode insecticidal resistance and express one or more toxins are the following: KnockOut® (maize), YieldGard® (maize); NuCOTN 33B® (cotton), Bollgard® (cotton), NewLeaf® (potatoes), NatureGard® and Protecta®.
• the following table comprises further examples of targets and principles and crop phenotypes of transgenic crops which show tolerance against pests mainly insects, mites, nematodes, virus, bacteria and diseases or are tolerant to specific herbicides or classes of herbicides.
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or
• Glutamine synthetase Glufosinate Bialaphos Adenylosuccinate Lyase (ADSL) Inhibitors of IMP and AMP synthesis
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• EPSPS Glyphosate oxidoreductase
• PROTOX Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 Xenobiotics and herbicides such as
• Bx1 gene Helminthosporium turcicum
• Rhopalosiphum maydis, Diplodia maydis, Ostrinia nubilalis, lepidoptera sp.
• CMIII small basic maize seed peptide plant pathogenes eg. fusarium, alternaria, sclerotina
• Corn- SAFP zeamatin plant pathogenes eg. fusarium, alternaria, sclerotina, rhizoctonia, chaetomium.phycomyces
• Coat proteins viruses such as maize dwarf mosaic virus, maize chlorotic dwarf virus
• Bacillus thuringiensis toxins VIP 3, lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and nematodes, eg. ostrinia nubilalis, Xenorhabdus toxins heliothis zea, armyworms eg. spodoptera f rugiperda, corn rootworms, sesamia sp., black cutworm, asian corn borer.weevils
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, aminopeptidase inhibitor (LAPI) nematodes, eg. ostrinia nubilalis, heliothis zea, armyworms eg. spodoptera frugiperda, corn rootworms, sesamia sp., black cutworm, asian corn borer, weevils
• LAPI aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg. cystatin, patatin, weevils, corn rootworm virgiferin, CPTI ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, nematodes, eg. ostrinia nubilalis, heliothis zea, armyworms eg. spodoptera frugiperda, corn rootworms, sesamia sp., black cutworm, asian corn borer, weevils maize 5C9 polypeptide lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, nematodes, eg. ostrinia nubilalis, heliothis zea, armyworms eg. spodoptera frugiperda, corn rootworms, sesamia sp., black cutworm, asian corn borer, weevils maize 5C9 polypeptide lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, nema
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Phosphinothricin acetyl transferase Phosphinothricin O-Methyl transferase altered lignin levels Glutamine synthetase Glufosinate, Bialaphos Adenylosuccinate Lyase (ADSL) Inhibitors of IMP and AMP synthesis Adenylosuccinate Synthase Inhibitors of adenylosuccinate synthesis Anthranilate Synthase Inhibitors of tryptophan synthesis and cataboiism
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• EPSPS Glyphosate oxidoreductase
• PROTOX Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 Xenobiotics and herbicides such as
• Hypersensitive response eliciting plant pathogenes eg. fusarium, septoria polypeptide and other diseases
• SAR resistance
• Glucanases plant pathogenes double stranded ribonuclease viruses such as BYDV and MSMV
• Coat proteins viruses such as BYDV and MSMV
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, aminopeptidase inhibitor nematodes,
• Protease Inhibitors eg. cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, virgiferin, CPTI nematodes, aphids ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, nematodes, aphids
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or
• Glutamine synthetase Glufosinate Bialaphos Adenylosuccinate Lyase (ADSL) Inhibitors of IMP and AMP synthesis
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• PROTOX Protopo ⁇ hyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 Xenobiotics and herbicides such as
• Hypersensitive response eliciting plant pathogenes eg. fusarium, septoria polypeptide and other diseases
• SAR resistance
• Glucanases plant pathogenes double stranded ribonuclease viruses such as BYDV and MSMV
• Coat proteins viruses such as BYDV and MSMV
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, aminopeptidase inhibitor nematodes,
• Protease Inhibitors eg. cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, virgiferin, CPTI nematodes, aphids ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, nematodes, aphids
• Table A4 Crop Rice Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• EPSPS Glyphosate oxidoreductase
• PROTOX Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 Xenobiotics and herbicides such as
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP plant pathogenes glucose oxidase plant pathogenes pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes plant pathogenes serine/threonine kinases plant pathogenes Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plant pathogenes eg bacterial leaf blight and rice blast, inducible Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to phytoalexins plant pathogenes eg bacterial leaf blight and rice blast
• SAR resistance
• Chitinases plant pathogenes eg bacterial leaf blight and rice blast
• Glucanases plant pathogenes double stranded ribonuclease viruses such as BYDV and MSMV
• Coat proteins viruses such as BYDV and MSMV
• Xenorhabdus toxins eg brown rice hopper
• 3- Hydroxysteroid oxidase lepidoptera eg. stemborer, coleoptera eg rice water weevil, diptera, rice hoppers eg brown rice hopper
• Peroxidase lepidoptera eg. stemborer, coleoptera eg rice water weevil, diptera, rice hoppers eg brown rice hopper
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera eg. stemborer, coleoptera eg aminopeptidase inhibitor rice water weevil, diptera, rice hoppers eg brown rice hopper
• Lectines lepidoptera eg. stemborer, coleoptera eg rice water weevil, diptera, rice hoppers eg brown rice hopper
• Protease Inhibitors lepidoptera eg. stemborer, coleoptera eg Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to rice water weevil, diptera, rice hoppers eg brown rice hopper ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera eg. stemborer, coleoptera eg rice water weevil, diptera, rice hoppers eg brown rice hopper
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera eg. stemborer, coleoptera eg rice water weevil, diptera, rice hoppers eg brown rice hopper
• AcetylCoA Carboxyiase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Hydroxyphenyipyruvate dioxygenase Isoxazoles such as isoxaflutol or
• O-Methyl transferase altered lignin levels Glutamine synthetase Glufosinate, Bialaphos Adenylosuccinate Lyase (ADSL) Inhibitors of IMP and AMP synthesis Adenylosuccinate Synthase Inhibitors of adenylosuccinate synthesis Anthranilate Synthase Inhibitors of tryptophan synthesis and catabolism
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• Glyphosate oxidoreductase Glyphosate or sulfosate Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) Diphenylethers, cyclic imides, phenylpyrazoles, pyridin derivatives, phenopylate, oxadiazoles etc.
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial and fungal pathogens such as fusarium, scierotinia, stemrot oxalate oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as fusarium, scierotinia, stemrot glucose oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as fusarium, scierotinia, stemrot pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial and fungal pathogens such as fusarium, scierotinia, stemrot serine/threonine kinases bacterial and fungal pathogens such as fusarium, scierotinia, stemrot
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as fusarium, scierotinia, stemrot phytoalexins plant pathogenes eg bacterial leaf blight and rice blast
• B-1 ,3-glucanase antisense plant pathogenes eg bacterial leaf blight and rice blast receptor kinase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as fusarium, scierotinia, stemrot
• SAR resistance
• Glucanases bacterial and fungal pathogens such as fusarium, scierotinia, stemrot Effected target or expressed principle(s)
• Crop phenotype / Tolerance to double stranded ribonuclease viruses such as BPMV and SbMV
• Coat proteins viruses such as BYDV and MSMV
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, coleoptera, aphids aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg virgiferin lepidoptera, coleoptera, aphids
• Cyst nematode hatching stimulus cyst nematodes Antifeeding principles nematodes eg root knot nematodes and cyst nematodes
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• ADSL Adenylosuccinate Lyase
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• PROTOX Protopo ⁇ hyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Metallothionein bacterial and fungal pathogens such as phytophtora
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial and fungal pathogens such as phytophtora oxalate oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as
• Phytophtora Verticillium, Rhizoctonia pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial and fungal pathogens such as
• serine/threonine kinases bacterial and fungal pathogens such as
• Cecropin B bacteria such as corynebacterium sepedonicum, Erwinia carotovora
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) bacterial and fungal pathogens such as
• Phytophtora Verticillium, Rhizoctonia phytoalexins bacterial and fungal pathogens such as
• B-1 ,3-glucanase antisense bacterial and fungal pathogens such as
• Hypersensitive response eliciting bacterial and fungal pathogens such as polypeptide Phytophtora, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia
• SAR resistance
• Rhizoctonia trans aldolase antisense blackspots Glucanases bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Phytophtora, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia double stranded ribonuclease viruses such as PLRV, PVY and TRV
• Coat proteins viruses such as PLRV, PVY and TRV
• 17kDa or 60 kDa protein viruses such as PLRV, PVY and TRV
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b viruses such as PLRV, PVY and TRV Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Pseudoubiquitin viruses such as PLRV, PVY and TRV
• Replicase viruses such as PLRV, PVY and TRV
• Bacillus thuringiensis toxins VIP 3, coleoptera eg Colorado potato beetle,
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine coleoptera eg Colorado potato beetle, aminopeptidase inhibitor aphids stilbene synthase coleoptera eg Colorado potato beetle, aphids
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin coleoptera eg Colorado potato beetle, aphids
• Antifeeding principles nematodes eg root knot nematodes and cyst nematodes
• Acetoiactate synthase Sulfonylureas, Imidazolinones, Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Hydroxyphenyipyruvate dioxygenase Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or
• ADSL Adenylosuccinate Lyase
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• EPSPS Glyphosate oxidoreductase
• PROTOX Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Metallothionein bacterial and fungal pathogens such as phytophtora
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to etc.
• oxalate oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc. glucose oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc. pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc. serine/threonine kinases bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• Cecropin B bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to etc.
• Polygalacturonase inhibitors bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• Prf regulatory gene bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• Fusarium resistance locus fusarium phytoalexins bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• B-1 ,3-glucanase antisense bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• receptor kinase bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• Hypersensitive response eliciting bacterial and fungal pathogens such as polypeptide bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• SAR resistance
• Chitinases bacterial and fungal pathogens such as bacterial speck, fusarium, soft rot, powdery mildew, crown rot, leaf mould etc.
• Antifeeding principles nematodes eg root knot nematodes and cyst nematodes
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Hydroxyphenyipyruvate dioxygenase Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• Glyphosate oxidoreductase Glyphosate or sulfosate Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Diphenylethers, cyclic imides, phenylpyrazoles, pyridin derivatives, phenopylate, oxadiazoles etc.
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial and fungal pathogens oxalate oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens glucose oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial and fungal pathogens serine/threonine kinases bacterial and fungal pathogens
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) bacterial and fungal pathogens Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) bacterial and fungal pathogens
• Systemic acquires resistance (SAR) viral, bacterial, fungal, nematodal genes pathogens Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Glucanases bacterial and fungal pathogens double stranded ribonuclease viruses such as CMV, TEV
• Coat proteins viruses such as CMV, TEV
• 17kDa or 60 kDa protein viruses such as CMV, TEV
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses such as CMV, TEV
• Pseudoubiquitin viruses such as CMV, TEV
• Replicase viruses such as CMV, TEV
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, whiteflies aphids aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin lepidoptera, whiteflies aphids ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, whiteflies aphids stilbene synthase lepidoptera, whiteflies aphids
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera whiteflies aphids
• Antifeeding principles nematodes eg root knot nematodes and cyst nematodes
• Acetoiactate synthase Sulfonylureas, Imidazolinones, Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Hydroxyphenyipyruvate dioxygenase Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or
• ADSL Adenylosuccinate Lyase
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• PROTOX Protopo ⁇ hyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Metallothionein bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to oxalate oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew glucose oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew serine/threonine kinases bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew
• Cecropin B bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew
• Cf genes eg. Cf 9 Cf5 Cf4 Cf2 bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew
• Osmotin bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew
• Prf regulatory gene bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew phytoalexins bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew
• B-1 ,3-glucanase antisense bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew
• Hypersensitive response eliciting bacterial and fungal pathogens like Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to polypeptide Botrytis and powdery mildew
• SAR resistance
• Glucanases bacterial and fungal pathogens like Botrytis and powdery mildew double stranded ribonuclease viruses
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin lepidoptera, aphids ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, aphids stilbene synthase lepidoptera, aphids, diseases
• CBI root knot nematodes Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Antifeeding principles nematodes eg root knot nematodes or root cyst nematodes
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Hydroxyphenyipyruvate dioxygenase Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or
• ADSL Adenylosuccinate Lyase
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• EPSPS Glyphosate oxidoreductase
• PROTOX Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia oxalate oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia glucose oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia serine/threonine kinases bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia
• Cecropin B bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia
• Cf genes eg. Cf 9 Cf5 Cf4 Cf2 bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia
• Osmotin bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia
• Alpha Hordothionin bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia
• Prf regulatory gene bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia phytoalexins bacterial and fungal pathogens like Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Hypersensitive response eliciting bacterial and fungal pathogens like polypeptide Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia
• SAR resistance
• Glucanases bacterial and fungal pathogens like Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Scierotinia double stranded ribonuclease viruses
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids Effected target or expressed principie(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Table A1 1 Crop Brassica vegetable (cabbage, brussel sprouts, broccoli etc.)
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS Synthase
• PROTOX Protopo ⁇ hyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial and fungal pathogens oxalate oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens glucose oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial and fungal pathogens serine/threonine kinases bacterial and fungal pathogens
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) bacterial and fungal pathogens Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) bacterial and fungal pathogens
• SAR resistance
• Chitinases bacterial and fungal pathogens Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• PROTOX Protopo ⁇ hyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Ribonuclease bacterial and fungal pathogens like Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to apple scab or fireblight
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight oxalate oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight glucose oxidase bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight serine/threonine kinases bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight
• Cecropin B bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight
• Cf genes eg. Cf 9 Cf5 Cf4 Cf2 bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight
• Osmotin bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight
• Alpha Hordothionin bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight
• Hypersensitive response eliciting bacterial and fungal pathogens like polypeptide apple scab or fireblight
• SAR resistance
• Lytic protein bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight
• Lysozym bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight
• Glucanases bacterial and fungal pathogens like apple scab or fireblight double stranded ribonuclease viruses
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids, mites aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids , mites Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• CPTI ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera aphids, mites stilbene synthase lepidoptera, aphids, diseases, mites
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera, aphids, mites
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS Synthase
• PROTOX Protopo ⁇ hyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora
• oxalate oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora glucose oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora serine/threonine kinases bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora
• Cf genes eg. Cf 9 Cf5 Cf4 Cf2 bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora
• Osmotin bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Hypersensitive response eliciting bacterial or fungal pathogens like polypeptide phytophtora
• SAR resistance
• Lytic protein bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora
• Glucanases bacterial or fungal pathogens like phytophtora double stranded ribonuclease viruses as CMV,, PRSV, WMV2, SMV, ZYMV
• Coat proteins viruses as CMV,, PRSV, WMV2, SMV, Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• 17kDa or 60 kDa protein viruses as CMV,, PRSV, WMV2, SMV,
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses as CMV thread PRSV, WMV2, SMV,
• Pseudoubiquitin viruses as CMV alleviat PRSV, WMV2, SMV,
• Replicase viruses as CMV, PRSV, WMV2, SMV,
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids, mites, whitefly aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, whitefly
• CPTI virgiferin ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera
• aphids mites
• whitefly stilbene synthase lepidoptera aphids, mites, whitefly
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera, aphids, mites, whitefly
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• EPSPS Glyphosate oxidoreductase
• PROTOX Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial or fungal pathogens oxalate oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens glucose oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial or fungal pathogens serine/threonine kinases bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Prf regulatory gene bacterial or fungal pathogens phytoalexins bacterial or fungal pathogens
• SAR resistance
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses as Banana bunchy top virus
• BBTV Nucleoprotein
• BBTV Crop phenotype / Tolerance
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes aminopeptidase inhibitor
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes
• CPTI virgiferin ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera
• aphids mites
• nematodes stilbene synthase lepidoptera
• aphids mites
• nematodes stilbene synthase lepidoptera
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera aphids, mites, nematodes
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Hydroxyphenyipyruvate dioxygenase Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or
• ADSL Adenylosuccinate Lyase
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS Synthase
• PROTOX Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial or fungal pathogens oxalate oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens glucose oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial or fungal pathogens serine/threonine kinases bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Alpha Hordothionin bacterial or fungal pathogens Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• Prf regulatory gene bacterial or fungal pathogens phytoalexins bacterial or fungal pathogens
• SAR resistance
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses as wound tumor virus (WTV)
• Bacillus thuringiensis toxins VIP 3, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes,
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, aminopeptidase inhibitor whitefly
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes,
• CPTI virgiferin whitefly ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly stilbene synthase lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Phosphinothricin acetyl transferase Phosphinothricin O-Methyl transferase altered lignin levels Glutamine synthetase Glufosinate, Bialaphos Adenylosuccinate Lyase (ADSL) Inhibitors of IMP and AMP synthesis
• Adenylosuccinate Synthase Inhibitors of adenylosuccinate synthesis Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to Anthranilate Synthase Inhibitors of tryptophan synthesis and catabolism
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• PROTOX Protopo ⁇ hyrinogen oxidase
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial or fungal pathogens oxalate oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens glucose oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial or fungal pathogens serine/threonine kinases bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Prf regulatory gene bacterial or fungal pathogens phytoalexins bacterial or fungal pathogens
• B-1 ,3-glucanase antisense bacterial or fungal pathogens receptor kinase bacterial or fungal pathogens Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• SAR resistance
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses as SCMV, SrMV
• Replicase viruses as SCMV, SrMV
• Bacillus thuringiensis toxins VIP 3, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes,
• Peroxidase lepidoptera aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles eg mexican rice borer
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, aminopeptidase inhibitor whitefly, beetles eg mexican rice borer
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, CPTI, virgiferin whitefly, beetles eg mexican rice borer Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles eg mexican rice borer stilbene synthase lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles eg mexican rice borer
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles eg mexican rice borer
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS Synthase
• Glyphosate oxidoreductase Glyphosate or sulfosate
• Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Diphenylethers, cyclic imides, phenylpyrazoles, pyridin derivatives, phenopylate, oxadiazoles etc.
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial or fungal pathogens oxalate oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens eg scierotinia glucose oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial or fungal pathogens serine/threonine kinases bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Prf regulatory gene bacterial or fungal pathogens phytoalexins bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Hypersensitive response eliciting bacterial or fungal pathogens polypeptide Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• SAR resistance
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses as CMV, TMV
• Bacillus thuringiensis toxins VIP 3, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes,
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, aminopeptidase inhibitor whitefly, beetles
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes,
• CPTI virgiferin whitefly, beetles ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles stilbene synthase lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, Effected target or expressed principie(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to whitefly, beetles
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles
• AcetylCoA Carboxylase (ACCase) Aryloxyphenoxyalkanecarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones
• Isoxazoles such as Isoxaflutol or (HPPD) Isoxachlortol, Triones such as mesotrione or sulcotrione
• Nitrilase 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxy-benzonitriles such as Bromoxynil and loxinyl
• EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvyl-3phosphoshikimate Glyphosate or sulfosate Synthase
• Glyphosate oxidoreductase Glyphosate or sulfosate Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) Diphenylethers, cyclic imides, phenylpyrazoles, pyridin derivatives, phenopylate, oxadiazoles etc.
• Cytochrome P450 eg. P450 SU1 or Xenobiotics and herbicides such as selection Sulfonylureas
• Antifungal polypeptide AlyAFP bacterial or fungal pathogens oxalate oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens eg scierotinia glucose oxidase bacterial or fungal pathogens pyrrolnitrin synthesis genes bacterial or fungal pathogens serine/threonine kinases bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Phenylalanine ammonia lyase bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Prf regulatory gene bacterial or fungal pathogens phytoalexins bacterial or fungal pathogens
• Systemic acquires resistance (SAR) viral, bacterial, fungal, nematodal Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to genes pathogens
• Nuclear inclusion proteins eg. a or b or viruses as BNYVV
• Bacillus thuringiensis toxins VIP 3, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes,
• Peroxidase lepidoptera aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles, rootflies
• Aminopeptidase inhibitors eg. Leucine lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, aminopeptidase inhibitor whitefly, beetles, rootflies
• Protease Inhibitors eg cystatin, patatin, lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes,
• CPTI virgiferin whitefly, beetles, rootflies ribosome inactivating protein lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles, rootflies stilbene synthase lepidoptera, aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles, rootflies
• HMG-CoA reductase lepidoptera aphids, mites, nematodes, whitefly, beetles, rootflies Effected target or expressed principle(s) Crop phenotype / Tolerance to
• the abovementioned animal pests which can be controlled by the method according to the invention (A) include, for example, insects, representatives of the order acarina and representatives of the class nematoda; especially from the order Lepidoptera Acleris spp., Adoxophyes spp., especially Adoxophyes reticulana; Aegeria spp., Agrotis spp., especially Agrotis spinifera; Alabama argillaceae, Amylois spp., Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Autographa spp., Busseola fusca, Cadra cautella, Carposina nipponensis, Chilo spp., Choristoneura spp., Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocrocis spp., Cnephasia spp., Cochylis spp., Coleophora s
• Trogoderma spp. from the order Orthoptera, for example Blatta spp., Blattella spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Leucophaea maderae, Locusta spp., Peripianeta spp. and Schistocerca spp.; from the order Isoptera, for example Reticulitermes spp.; from the order Psocoptera, for example Liposcelis spp.; from the order Anoplura, for example Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Pemphigus spp.
• Phylloxera spp. from the order Mallophaga, for example Damalinea spp. and Trichodectes spp.; from the order Thysanoptera, for example Frankliniella spp., Hercinothrips spp., Taeniothrips spp., Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci and Scirtothrips aurantii; from the order Heteroptera, for example Cimex spp., Distantiella theobroma, Dysdercus spp., Euchistus spp. Eurygaster spp.
• Leptocorisa spp. Leptocorisa spp., Nezara spp., Piesma spp., Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularis, Scotinophara spp. and Triatoma spp.; from the order Homoptera, for example Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aieyrodes brassicae, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphididae, Aphiscraccivora, A. fabae, A.
• Homoptera for example Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aieyrodes brassicae, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphididae, Aphiscraccivora, A. fabae, A.
• Vespa spp. from the order Diptera, for example Aedes spp., Antherigona soccata, Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Ceratitis spp., Chrysomyia spp., Culex spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus spp., Drosophila melanogaster, Fannia spp., Gastrophilus spp., Glossina spp., Hypoderma spp., Hyppobosca spp., Liriomyza spp., Lucilia spp., Melanagromyza spp., Musca spp., Oestrus spp., Orseolia spp., Oscinella frit, Pegomyia hyoscyami, Phorbia spp., Rhagoletis pomonella, Sciara spp., Stomoxy
• Bryobia praetiosa Calipitrimerus spp., Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Eotetranychus spp., especially E.carpini and E. orientalis; Eriophyes spp., especially E. vitis; Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Olygonychus pratensis, Ornithodoros spp., Panonychus spp., especially P. ulmi and P. citri; Phyllocoptruta spp., especially P. oleivora; Polyphagotarsonemus spp., especially P.
• nematodes selected from the group consisting of root knot nematodes, cyst-forming nematodes, stem eelworms and foliar nematodes;
• nematodes selected from the group consisting of Anguina spp.; Aphelenchoides spp.; Ditylenchus spp.; Globodera spp., for example Globodera rostochiensis; Heterodera spp., for example Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera schachtii or Heterodera trifolii; Longidorus spp.; Meloidogyne spp., for example Meloidogyne incognita or Meloidogyne javanica; Pratylenchus, for example Pratylenchus neglectans or Pratylenchus penetrans; Radopholus spp., for example Radopholus simiiis; Trichodorus spp.; Tylenchulus, for example Tylenchulus semipenetrans; and Xiphinema spp.; or
• nematodes selected from the group consisting of Heterodera spp., for example Heterodera glycines; and Meloidogyne spp., for example Meloidogyne incognita.
• the method according to the invention (A) allows pests of the abovementioned type to be controlled, i.e. contained or destroyed, which occur, in particular, on transgenic plants, mainly useful plants and ornamentals in agriculture, in horticulture and in forests, or on parts, such as fruits, flowers, foliage, stalks, tubers or roots, of such plants, the protection against these pests in some cases even extending to plant parts which form at a later point in time.
• the method according to the invention (A) can be employed advantageously for controlling pests in rice, cereals such as maize or sorghum; in fruit, for example stone fruit, pome fruit and soft fruit such as apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries or berries, for example strawberries, raspberries and blackberries; in legumes such as beans, lentils, peas or soya beans; in oil crops such as oilseed rape, mustard, poppies, olives, sunflowers, coconuts, castor-oil plants, cacao or peanuts; in the marrow family such as pumpkins, cucumbers or melons; in fibre plants such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; in citrus fruit such as oranges, lemons, grapefruit or tangerines; in vegetables such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbage species, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, beet or capsicum; in the laurel family such as avocado, Cinnamonium or camphor; or in tobacco, nuts, coffee, egg plants, sugar cane, tea, pepper
• the method according to the invention (A) is valuable preventatively and/or curatively in the field of pest control even at low use concentrations of the pesticidal composition and that a very favourable biocidal spectrum is achieved thereby.
• the method according to the invention can be employed against all or individual developmental stages of normally-sensitive, but also of normally-resistant, animal pests such as insects and representatives of the order Acarina, depending on the species of the transgenic crop plant to be protected from attack by pests.
• the insecticidal and/or acaricidal effect of the method according to the invention may become apparent directly, i.e.
• the good action corresponding to a destruction rate (mortality) of at least 40 to 50%.
• the pesticides within the scope of invention (A), which are known per se, are emulsifiable concentrates, suspension concentrates, directly sprayable or dilutable solutions, spreadable pastes, dilute emulsions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dispersible powders, wettable powders, dusts, granules or encapsulations in polymeric substances which comprise a macrolide compound.
• the active ingredients are employed in these compositions together with at least one of the auxiliaries conventionally used in art of formulation, such as extenders, for example solvents or solid carriers, or such as surface-active compounds (surfactants).
• Formulation auxiliaries which are used are, for example, solid carriers, solvents, stabilizers, "slow release” auxiliaries, colourants and, if appropriate, surface-active substances (surfactants).
• Suitable carriers and auxiliaries are all those substances which are conventionally used for crop protection products.
• Suitable auxiliaries such as solvents, solid carriers, surface-active compounds, non-ionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants and other auxiliaries in the compositions employed according to the invention are, for example, those which have been described in EP-A-736 252.
• compositions for controlling pests can be formulated, for example, as wettable powders, dusts, granules, solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsions, suspension concentrates or aerosols.
• the compositions are of the type described in EP- A-736 252.
• compositions within the scope of invention (A) which comprise a macrolide compound can be extended substantially and adapted to prevailing circumstances by adding other insecticidally, acaricidally and/or fungicidally active ingredients.
• Suitable examples of added active ingredients are representatives of the following classes of active ingredients: organophosphorous compounds, nitrophenols and derivatives, formamidines, ureas, carbamates, pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons; especially preferred components in mixtures are, for example, thiamethoxam, pymetrozine, fenoxycarb, imidacioprid, Ti-435, fipronil, pyriproxyfen, emamectin, diazinon or diafenthiuron.
• the compositions within the scope of invention (A) comprise 0.1 to 99%, in particular 0.1 to 95 %, of a macrolide compound and 1 to 99.9 %, in particular 5 to 99.9 %, of - at least - one solid or liquid auxiliary, it being possible, as a rule, for 0 to 25 %, in particular 0.1 to 20 %, of the compositions to be surfactants (% in each case meaning per cent by weight). While concentrated compositions are more preferred as commercial products, the end user will, as a rule, use dilute compositions which have considerably lower concentrations of active ingredient.
• compositions according to the invention (A) may also comprise other solid or liquid auxiliaries, such as stabilisers, for example epoxidized or unepoxidized vegetable oils (for example epoxidized coconut oil, rapeseed oil or soya bean oil), antifoams, for example silicone oil, preservatives, viscosity regulators, binders and/or tackifiers, and also fertilizers or other active ingredients for achieving specific effects, for example, bactericides, fungicides, nematicides, molluscicides or herbicides.
• auxiliaries such as stabilisers, for example epoxidized or unepoxidized vegetable oils (for example epoxidized coconut oil, rapeseed oil or soya bean oil), antifoams, for example silicone oil, preservatives, viscosity regulators, binders and/or tackifiers, and also fertilizers or other active ingredients for achieving specific effects, for example, bactericides, fungicides,
• compositions according to the invention (A) are produced in a known manner, for example prior to mixing with the auxiliary/auxiliaries by grinding, screening and/or compressing the active ingredient, for example to give a particular particle size, and by intimately mixing and/or grinding the active ingredient with the auxiliary/auxiliaries.
• the method according to the invention for controlling pests of the abovementioned type is carried out in a manner known per se to those skilled in the art, depending on the intended aims and prevailing circumstances, that is to say by spraying, wetting, atomizing, dusting, brushing on, seed dressing, scattering or pouring of the composition.
• Typical use concentrations are between 0.1 and 1000 ppm, preferably between 0.1 and 500 ppm of active ingredient.
• the application rate may vary within wide ranges and depends on the soil constitution, the type of application (foliar application; seed dressing; application in the seed furrow), the transgenic crop plant, the pest to be controlled, the climatic circumstances prevailing in each case, and other factors determined by the type of application, timing of application and target crop.
• the application rates per hectare are generally 1 to 2000 g of macrolide compound per hectare, in particular 10 to 1000 g/ha, preferably 10 to 500 g/ha, especially preferably 10 to 200 g/ha.
• a preferred type of application in the field of crop protection within the scope of invention is application to the foliage of the plants (foliar application), it being possible to adapt frequency and rate of application to the risk of infestation with the pest in question.
• the active ingredient may also enter into the plants via the root system (systemic action), by drenching the site of the plants with a liquid composition or by inco ⁇ orating the active ingredient in solid form into the site of the plants, for example into the soil, for example in the form of granules (soil application). In the case of paddy rice crops, such granules may be metered into the flooded paddy field.
• compositions according to invention (A) are also suitable for protecting propagation material of transgenic plants, for example seed, such as fruits, tubers or kernels, or plant cuttings, from animal pests, in particular insects and representatives of the order Acarina.
• the propagation material can be treated with the composition prior to application, for example, seed being dressed prior to sowing.
• the active ingredient may also be applied to seed kernels (coating), either by soaking the kernels in a liquid composition or by coating them with a solid composition.
• the composition may also be applied to the site of application when applying the propagation material, for example into the seed furrow during sowing.
• formulations of macrolide compounds which can be used in the method according to the invention are of the type as has been described in, for example, EP-A-580 553, Examples F1 to F10.
• B.203 CryllA Cydia spp.
• B.231 CryllA Otiorhynchus spp.
• B.204 CryllA Diparopsis B.232 CryllA Aleurothrixus spp. castanea B.233 CryllA Aleyrodes spp.
• B.205 CryllA Earias spp.
• B.234 CryllA Aonidiella spp.
• B.240 CryllA Nephotettix spp.
• B.268 CrylllA Cydia spp.

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• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Dentistry (AREA)
• Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Plant Pathology (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
• Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Oxygen Or Sulfur (AREA)
• Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
• Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
• Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

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• 1998
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• 1999
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• 2000
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• 2005
  • 2005-12-15 JP JP2005362223A patent/JP2006117692A/ja active Pending
  • 2005-12-26 FR FR0513315A patent/FR2882893B1/fr active Active
• 2008
  • 2008-10-29 AR ARP080104722A patent/AR069095A2/es not_active Application Discontinuation
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• 2009
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• 2011
  • 2011-03-07 JP JP2011049562A patent/JP2011137034A/ja active Pending
• 2012
  • 2012-04-06 JP JP2012087443A patent/JP2012144559A/ja active Pending

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