Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
  • A61F13/02—Adhesive bandages or dressings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
  • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
  • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/7053—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl, polyisobutylene, polystyrene
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
  • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
  • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/7053—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl, polyisobutylene, polystyrene
  • A61K9/7061—Polyacrylates

Definitions

• This invention relates to compositions and methods for delivery of drugs. More particularly, the invention relates to pressure sensitive adhesive matrix patches and methods of use thereof for transdermal delivery of hydrophilic salts of pharmaceutical agents. Transdermal delivery of various drugs is well known in the art of drug delivery. Pressure sensitive adhesive matrix patches for transdermal delivery of drugs are also known in the art. These matrix patches typically include an inert, impervious backing layer, a pressure sensitive adhesive layer containing the drug and optional selected excipients, and a release liner that is peeled off and discarded before applying the patch to the skin. Suitable pressure sensitive adhesives include polysiloxanes , polyacrylates, polyisobutylene, and the like.
• pressure sensitive adhesive polymers are very hydrophobic and are typically purchased as solutions of polymer dissolved in organic solvents.
• the drug and selected excipients, if any, are directly incorporated into the organic- solvent-based pressure sensitive adhesive solution, mixed, cast as a thin film, and dried to evaporate the solvents, leaving a dried adhesive matrix film containing the drug and excipients. It is well known in the art that the drug has to be hydrophobic to be incorporated into the organic-solvent-based, hydrophobic adhesive.
• Hydrophilic salt forms of a drug are generally not compatible with such organic-solvent-based pressure sensitive adhesives and have to be converted to the more hydrophobic free acid or free base form for incorporation into the organic-solvent -based, hydrophobic adhesive.
• Keshary et al . U.S. Patent No. 5,002,773, describe transdermal delivery of a calcium antagonist compound, "TA-3090," to patients in need of a calcium channel blocking effect.
• Keshary et al . state that the free base form of TA-3090 can generally be incorporated in polymeric matrix materials in a higher percent by weight than the maleate salt form of TA-3090 and that the free base form is preferred for transdermal delivery. Chandrasekaran et al .
• U.S. Patent No. 4,201,211 disclose a gelled mineral oil-polyisobutylene-clonidine free base skin patch for antihypertensive effect, whereas the hydrochloride salt is used in the manufacture of oral clonidine tablets .
• Urquhart et al . U.S. Patent No. 4,262,003, describe a gelled mineral oil-polyisobutylene-scopolamine free base transdermal patch for the administration of scopolamine base to inhibit nausea and emesis .
• These examples illustrate the conversion of a hydrophilic salt form of a drug into the more hydrophobic free base form to render it more compatible for incorporation into a hydrophobic pressure sensitive adhesive matrix patch.
• Water-based pressure sensitive adhesives are also commercially available. These water-based adhesives are formulated as emulsions wherein the hydrophobic pressure sensitive adhesive polymer is dispersed in water with the help of surfactants. Such water-based adhesives provide inherent advantages of safety and reduced environmental problems over solvent -based pressure sensitive adhesives, because the carrier is water and not an organic solvent. These water-based adhesives are widely used in the manufacture of medical tapes and bandages, and provide excellent skin adhesion.
• Coughlan et al . U.S. Patent No. 4,564,010, disclose a pressure sensitive adhesive film for medical use comprising a base layer laminated to a water-based pressure sensitive adhesive coating formed of a mixture of a polyacrylic latex, an ester resin, and a thickening agent .
• Coughlan et al . teach that such films can be used in transdermal delivery systems, however, they fail to describe the types of drugs that may be suitable for transdermal delivery with such a system.
• Yeh et al . U.S. Patent No. 5,230,896, describe a transdermal delivery system for administration of nicotine comprising nicotine base, an acrylic polymer adhesive, a stabilizer, and a polyester film backing.
• a nicotine salt is also contemplated in the practice of the invention.
• Such a nicotine salt is used to reduce volatility of the drug and is formed in si tu by addition of acid.
• an emulsion thickener is also required to increase the viscosity of the formulation.
• Nicotine is a unique compound in that both the free base and its salt forms are very water soluble.
• Sablotsky et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,186,938, describe the use of a water-based emulsion adhesive patch for the transdermal administration of nitroglycerin.
• Hydrophilic salt forms of hydrophobic drugs are generally readily soluble in water-based pressure sensitive adhesives because the solvent is water, not an organic solvent.
• the hydrophilic salt form of a hydrophobic drug can not only be readily incorporated into the water-based hydrophobic pressure sensitive adhesive, but that the drug is then readily permeable across skin from the dried adhesive film.
• the skin flux of the hydrophilic salt form of a drug from a water-based pressure sensitive adhesive matrix is comparable to that of the hydrophobic free base or free acid form from an organic solvent-based pressure sensitive adhesive matrix patch.
• U.S. Patent Nos . 4,645,502 and 4,904,475 disclose a reservoir patch device for transdermal delivery of highly ionized, fat-insoluble drugs.
• This invention is premised on the observation that unionized forms of most drugs are more permeable through skin than their ionized forms, i.e. the salt of a particular drug generally cannot be delivered through skin without significant permeation enhancement.
• Keshary et al . U.S. Patent No. 5,002,773 show that the free base form of TA-3090 is 7-10 fold more permeable than the maleate salt of TA-3090 from organic solvent based pressure sensitive adhesive matrix systems.
• compositions and methods for efficient transdermal delivery of hydrophilic salt forms of drugs with hydrophobic pressure sensitive matrix patches would be a significant advancement in the art .
• a pressure sensitive adhesive matrix patch device comprising a drug- containing adhesive matrix layer comprising a water-based polymeric adhesive having dissolved therein an effective amount of the hydrophilic salt form of the drug, and optionally an effective amount of a permeation enhancer, a proximal surface of the layer adapted to adhere to the skin and a distal surface of the layer adapted to adhere to a backing layer, and a backing layer that is substantially impermeable to the drug laminated to the distal surface,- and
• Preferred water-based adhesives include acrylic and polyisobutylene adhesives, and preferred drugs include ketorolac tromethamine, diclofenac sodium, buspirone HC1, lidocaine HC1, and clonidine HC1.
• Preferred permeation enhancers include cell envelope disordering compounds, solvents, and mixtures thereof.
• a pressure sensitive adhesive matrix patch device for transdermally delivering a hydrophilic salt form of a drug comprises a drug-containing adhesive matrix layer comprising a water-based adhesive having dissolved therein an effective amount of the hydrophilic salt form of the drug, and optionally an effective amount of a permeation enhancer, a proximal surface of the layer adapted to adhere to the skin and a distal surface of the layer adapted to adhere to a backing layer, and a backing layer that is substantially impermeable to the drug laminated to the distal surface.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic sectional view through an illustrative device according to the present invention.
• hydrophilic salt form and similar terms mean an ionic form of a drug or pharmaceutical agent, such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, tromethamine, or other cation salts thereof, sulfate or other anion salts thereof, acid addition salts of basic drugs, and base addition salts of acidic drugs.
• salts include sodium diclofenac, sodium cromolyn, sodium acyclovir, sodium ampicillin, ketorolac tromethamine, amiloride HC1, ephedrine HC1, loxapine HC1 , thiothixene HC1 , trifluoperizine HC1 , naltrexone HC1 , naloxone HC1 , nalbuphine HC1, buspirone HC1, bupriprion HC1 , phenylephrine HC1, tolazoline HC1 , chlorpheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine HC1 , clonidine HC1, dextromethorphan HBr, metoprolol succinate, metoprolol tartrate, epinephrine bitartrate, ketotofin fumarate, atropine sulfate, fentanyl citrate, apomorphine s
• an effective amount means an amount of a drug or pharmacologically active agent that is nontoxic but sufficient to provide the desired local or systemic effect and performance at a reasonable bene it/risk ratio attending any medical treatment .
• An effective amount of a permeation enhancer as used herein means an amount selected so as to provide the selected increase in skin permeability and, correspondingly, the desired depth of penetration, rate of administration, and amount of drug delivered.
• transdermal refers to delivery of a drug through the skin or mucosa and thus includes transmucosal.
• skin is meant to include mucosa.
• mucosa include, without limitation, the buccal, nasal, rectal, and vaginal mucosa.
• drug means any chemical or biological material or compound suitable for transdermal administration by the methods previously known in the art and/or by the methods taught in the present invention that induces a desired biological or pharmacological effect, which can include but is not limited to (1) having a prophylactic effect on the organism and preventing an undesired biological effect such as preventing an infection, (2) alleviating a condition caused by a disease, for example, alleviating pain or inflammation caused as a result of disease, and/or (3) either alleviating, reducing, or completely eliminating the disease from the organism.
• the effect can be local, such as providing for a local anaesthetic effect, or it can be systemic.
• This invention is not drawn to novel drugs or new classes of active agents. Rather it is limited to the mode of delivery of agents or drugs that exist in the state of the art or that may later be established as active agents and that are suitable for delivery by the present invention.
• agents or drugs that exist in the state of the art or that may later be established as active agents and that are suitable for delivery by the present invention.
• Such substances include broad classes of compounds normally delivered into the body, including through body surfaces and membranes, including skin.
• antiinfectives such as antibiotics and antiviral agents analgesics and analgesic combinations,- anorexics antihelminthics; antiarthritics ,- antiasthmatic agents anticonvulsant ⁇ ; antidepressants,- antidiabetic agents antidiarrheals antihistamines ; antiinflammatory agents antimigraine preparations; ant inausean s antineoplastics ,- antiparkinsonism drugs,- antipruritics antipsychotics ,- antipyretics; antispasmodics anticholinergics ,- sympathomimetics ; xanthine derivatives; cardiovascular preparations including potassium and calcium channel blocker ⁇ , beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, and antiarrhythmics,- antihypertensives; diuretics and antidiuretics,- vasodilators including general coronary, peripheral, and cerebral; central nervous system stimulants,- vasoconstrictors,
• permeation enhancer As used herein, “permeation enhancer, " “penetration enhancer, “ “chemical enhancer, “ or similar terms refer to compounds and mixtures of compounds that enhance the flux of a drug across the skin. Flux can be increased by changing either the resistance (the diffusion coefficient) or the driving force (the gradient for diffusion) .
• Chemical enhancers are comprised of two primary categories of components, i.e., cell -envelope disordering compounds and solvents or binary systems containing both cell-envelope disordering compounds and solvents.
• the latter are well known in the art, e . g.
• cell envelope disordering compounds that can be used as enhancers, without limitation, include saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their esters, alcohols, monoglycerides, acetates, diethanolamide ⁇ , and N,N- dime hy1amide ⁇ , such as oleic acid, propyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol monolaurate, methyl laurate, lauryl alcohol, lauramide diethanolamide, and mixtures thereof.
• Saturated and unsaturated sorbitan ester ⁇ , ⁇ uch a ⁇ ⁇ orbitan monooleate and sorbitan monolaurate can also be used. It is believed that any cell envelope disordering compound is useful for purposes of this invention.
• Suitable ⁇ olvent ⁇ include water; diols, such as propylene glycol and glycerol; mono-alcohols, such as ethanol, propanol, and higher alcohols,- DMSO,- dimethylformamide; N,N-dimethylacetamide,- 2 -pyrrolidone,- N- (2-hydroxyethyl) pyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1- dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one and other n-substituted- alkyl-azacycloalkyl-2-one ⁇ (azone ⁇ ) and the like.
• the present invention is based on the discovery that pressure sen ⁇ itive adhesive matrix patches can be formulated for transdermal delivery of the hydrophilic salt form of a drug, wherein equivalent skin flux is obtained as compared to patches formulated with the free acid or free base form of the drug in an organic solvent-based pressure sensitive adhesive.
• the salt form of the drug is usually hydrophilic and insoluble in organic-solvent-based adhesives and cannot be incorporated into such organic-solvent-based adhesive patches to provide clinically meaningful skin flux.
• Such salt forms of drugs have previously had to be converted to the more hydrophobic free acid or free base form to be soluble and/or compatible in the organic-solvent-ba ⁇ ed adhe ⁇ ive to obtain clinically meaningful ⁇ kin flux.
• Thi ⁇ prior art procedure requires additional proce ⁇ s step ⁇ , wherein the drug is converted from the FDA approved salt form to an unapproved free acid or free base form, thus introducing additional regulatory and/or toxicological hurdles to developing a matrix patch.
• FIG. 1 shows an exemplary matrix patch 10 that is compatible with the present invention.
• the patch 10 is a laminated composite in which the backing layer 12 form ⁇ the top surface of the composite .
• the drug- containing adhesive matrix layer 14 is immediately below and adjacent to the backing layer.
• the laminate Prior to use, the laminate also includes a strippable protective release liner.
• the release liner can be in the form of two sheet ⁇ , 16a and 16b, the first sheet 16a partially overlapping the second sheet 16b. Additional structural layers can also be present.
• the backing layer, which adheres to the drug- containing adhesive layer serves as the upper layer of the device during use and functions as the primary structural element of the device.
• the backing layer is made of a sheet or film of a preferably flexible elastomeric material that is substantially impermeable to the drug and any enhancer that may be present .
• This backing layer is typically about 0.001-0.004 inch in thicknes ⁇ and i ⁇ preferably of a material that permits the device to follow the contours of the skin such that it can be worn comfortably on any skin area including joint ⁇ or other areas of flexure. In this way, in response to normal mechanical strain, there is little or no likelihood of the device disengaging from the skin due to differences in the flexibility or resiliency of the skin and the device.
• polymers useful for the backing layer are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, block copolymer ⁇ such as PEBAX, and the like.
• the backing layer can also comprise laminates of one or more of the foregoing polymers.
• the release liner is a di ⁇ posable element that serves only to protect the device prior to application to the skin.
• the release liner i ⁇ formed from a material impermeable to the drug, enhancer, and other component ⁇ of the device, and i ⁇ easily strippable from the pres ⁇ ure ⁇ ensitive adhesive.
• Release liners can generally be made of the same materials as the backing layer.
• the drug-containing adhesive matrix layer can, in addition to the water-based or water-borne adhesive, drug, and optional permeation enhancer, al ⁇ o contain other optional ingredients, such as carriers, vehicles, excipients, diluents, and the like, which are materials without pharmacological activity that are suitable for administration in conjunction with the presently disclosed and claimed compositions. Such materials are pharmaceutically acceptable in that they are nontoxic, do not interfere with drug delivery, and are not for any other reason ⁇ biologically or otherwi ⁇ e undesirable.
• the pressure sensitive adhesives used in accordance with the present invention must also be pharmaceutically acceptable. Examples of illustrative materials include water, mineral oil, silicone, inorganic gels, aqueous emulsions, liquid sugars, waxes, petroleum jelly, and a variety of other oils and polymeric materials.
• Pre ⁇ ure ⁇ ensitive adhesive matrix systems were prepared as follows. First, the solid ⁇ content of a ⁇ elected water-based or solvent-based adhesive solution was determined by placing a known weight of solution in a weighed aluminum dish and evaporating the solvents overnight in a 70°C convection oven. The content of solid adhesive in the solution was calculated by dividing the adhesive solid weight after drying by the initial total solution weight. For the preparation of polyisobutylene (PIB) adhesives in an organic solvent, solid PIB was first dissolved in heptane to achieve a final solid content of about 30% by weight, and then the exact solid content was determined as described above.
• PIB polyisobutylene
• a weighed quantity of adhesive solution was added to a glass bottle, and the solid adhesive weight was calculated from the known solid fraction of the given adhe ⁇ ive solution.
• the drug substance hydrophilic salt or free acid or free base
• the solution containing the adhesive polymer drug substance was then mixed overnight. In some cases, the drug sub ⁇ tance di ⁇ olved completely in the adhe ⁇ ive ⁇ olution. In other cases, the drug did not completely dissolve, resulting in a liquid containing some drug crystals dispersed in the solution.
• the silanized release liner was removed from the adhesive matrix system, and the adhesive was affixed to the stratum corneum side of the thawed epidermal membrane, which was then cut to an appropriate size and placed between the two halve ⁇ of the diffu ⁇ ion cell with the ⁇ tratum corneum facing the donor compartment .
• the receiver compartment wa ⁇ filled with water or an aqueous buffer appropriate to maintain ⁇ ink condition ⁇ for the drug. All receiver media included
• the diffusion cell was placed in a temperature controlled circulating water bath calibrated to maintain the surface temperature of the skin at 32 °C.
• the receiver compartment was constantly stirred by a magnetic stir bar in the receiver compartment agitated by a magnetic stirring module placed under the water bath. At predetermined sampling intervals, the entire contents of the receiver compartment were collected for drug quan itation, and the receiver compartment was filled with fresh receiver solution, taking care to eliminate any air bubbles at the skin/solution interface .
• C ( ⁇ g/cm 1 ) is the concentration of the receiver compartment at sample time t (hours)
• V is the volume of the receiver compartment of the diffusion cell (6.3 cm 1 )
• A is the diffu ⁇ ional area of the cell (0.64 cm) .
• Pressure sensitive matrix system ⁇ with ketorolac free acid and ketorolac tromethamine were prepared in an organic solvent-based acrylic pressure sen ⁇ itive adhesive (TSR; Sekisui Chemical Co., O ⁇ aka, Japan) at concentrations equivalent to 1% (w/w) of the tromethamine salt.
• TSR acrylic pressure sen ⁇ itive adhesive
• the tromethamine salt did not completely dissolve in the organic solvent system, and the final dried cast was a dispersion of crystallized drug in an acrylic adhesive matrix.
• An adhesive matrix sy ⁇ tem with ketorolac tromethamine at 1% (w/w) wa ⁇ also prepared in a water-based acrylic adhesive (NACOR 72-9965; National Starch and Chemical Co., New Jersey) .
• the re ⁇ ults of in vi tro skin flux experiments using these matrix sy ⁇ tems are summarized in Table 1.
• Example 2 Diclofenac i ⁇ an acidic non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug.
• the FDA-approved form of diclofenac is the sodium salt .
• Diclofenac is considerably more hydrophobic than ketorolac (Example 1) ,- water solubility of diclofenac free acid is ⁇ 1 mg/ml .
• Pressure sensitive matrix systems with diclofenac free acid and diclofenac sodium were prepared in the organic solvent-ba ⁇ ed acrylic adhesive, TSR, at molar concentrations equivalent to 1% or 2% (w/w) of diclofenac sodium.
• the sodium salt was not sufficiently soluble in the organic solvent system to dissolve completely, and the final dried cast was a dispersion of crystallized drug in an acrylic adhesive matrix.
• the free acid of diclofenac completely dissolved in the organic solvent sy ⁇ tem, and the final dried cast wa ⁇ visually free of drug crystal ⁇ .
• Pressure sensitive adhesive matrix system ⁇ containing 1% or 2% (w/w) diclofenac sodium also were prepared in the water- borne acrylic adhesive ⁇ NACOR 72-9965 and ROBOND PS20 (Rohm & Haas, Philadelphia, PA) .
• the diclofenac sodium salt completely dis ⁇ olved in these water-emulsion systems, and the dried cast was visually free of drug crystals.
• a thickening agent 2% KOLLIDON 90; BASF, Parsippany, N.J.
• Buspirone is an anxiolytic drug, and the FDA-approved form of the drug is the hydrochloride (HC1) salt.
• Pressure sensitive matrix systems with buspirone free base were prepared in two organic solvent -based acrylic adhesives, TSR and DURO-TAK 2516 (National Starch and Chemical Co.), at concentrations equivalent to 1% or 2% (w/w) of the HC1 salt.
• the HC1 salt did not dissolve completely in these organic solvent-ba ⁇ ed adhesives, and the final dried ca ⁇ ts were disper ⁇ ions with visible solid drug crystal ⁇ in the adhe ⁇ ive matrix.
• a matrix ⁇ ystem with Bu ⁇ pirone HC1 at 1% or 2% (w/w) was prepared in a water-based acrylic adhe ⁇ ive, NACOR 72-9965.
• Tables 4-6 The results of in vi tro skin flux experiments using these sy ⁇ tem ⁇ are summarized in Tables 4-6.
• Example 4 Lidocaine i ⁇ an analgesic drug that is pharmaceutically approved in both the hydrochloride salt and free base forms.
• Pressure sensitive matrix systems with lidocaine free base and lidocaine HCl were prepared in an organic solvent-based acrylic adhesive, DURO-TAK 2516, at concentrations equivalent to 1% (w/w) of the HCl salt.
• the HCl salt did not dis ⁇ olve completely in the organic ⁇ olvent-based adhesive, and the final dried cast was a dispersion with visible solid drug crystals in the adhesive matrix.
• a matrix sy ⁇ tem with lidocaine HCl at 1% (w/w) was prepared in a water-ba ⁇ ed acrylic adhe ⁇ ive, NACOR 72-9965.
• the HCl salt dissolved completely in this adhesive solution, and the matrix was visibly free of drug crystals.
• Clonidine is an antihypertensive drug approved for oral administration as the hydrochloride salt and for transdermal delivery as the free base. Conversion to the free base form was required because the salt form was insoluble in the organic solvent-ba ⁇ ed polyi ⁇ obutylene adhe ⁇ ive used in the tran ⁇ dermal patch.
• a pres ⁇ ure sensitive adhesive matrix system with clonidine free base was prepared in an organic solvent- based polyisobutylene adhe ⁇ ive, 33% VISTANEX MM L- 100/66% VISTANEX LM-MH (Exxon, Hou ⁇ ton, Texas) , at a concentration equivalent to 2% (w/w) of the HCl salt.
• Permeation enhancers can optionally be incorporated into a water-based adhe ⁇ ive matrix system, as ⁇ hown in thi ⁇ example for an acidic drug (diclofenac sodium) and two basic drugs (buspirone HCl and clonidine HCl) .
• Pressure sen ⁇ itive adhesive matrix ⁇ y ⁇ tem ⁇ were prepared with the ⁇ alt form ⁇ of the ⁇ e drugs at a concentration of
• NACOR 72-9965/diclofenac sodium 98%/2% (w/w)
• NACOR 72-9965/diclofenac sodium/lauryl lactate 95.5?,/2?./2.5fc (w/w)
• NACOR 72-9965/buspirone HCl 98%/2% (w/w)
• NACOR 72-9965/buspirone HCl/lauryl lactate 95.5%/2%/2.5't (w/w)
• NACOR 72-9965/clonidine HCl 98%/2% (w/w)
• NACOR 72-9965/clonidine HCl/lauryl lactate 95.5%/2%/2.5% (w/w)
• Example 7 An additional example of the incorporation of a permeation enhancer in a water-based adhe ⁇ ive was prepared using buspirone HCl as a model drug and sucrose laurate, a known permeation enhancer. Pressure sensitive adhesive matrix systems were prepared with buspirone HCl at a concentration of 2% (w/w) and sucrose laurate at 5% (w/w) (Ryoto LWA 1570; Mitubishi-Kagaku Foods Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) in a water-based acrylic adhesive, NACOR 72-9965. The results of in vi tro skin flux experiment ⁇ with this system are shown in Table 12.
• permeation enhancers may be readily incorporated into a water-based adhesive matrix system.

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