WO1993017151A1 - Elektrochemisches verfahren zur herstellung von glyoxylsäure - Google Patents
Elektrochemisches verfahren zur herstellung von glyoxylsäure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1993017151A1 WO1993017151A1 PCT/EP1993/000232 EP9300232W WO9317151A1 WO 1993017151 A1 WO1993017151 A1 WO 1993017151A1 EP 9300232 W EP9300232 W EP 9300232W WO 9317151 A1 WO9317151 A1 WO 9317151A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
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- mol
- electrolysis
- acid
- cathode
- metals
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/25—Reduction
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the production of glyoxylic acid by electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid.
- Glyoxylic acid is an important intermediate for the production of technically relevant compounds and can be produced either by a controlled oxidation of glyoxal or by an electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid.
- electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid to glyoxylic acid has long been known and is generally carried out in aqueous, acidic medium, at low temperature, on electrodes with high hydrogen overvoltage, for example on electrodes made of lead, cadmium or mercury, with or without the addition of mineral acids and in the presence an ion exchange membrane carried out (DE-AS 163 842, 292 866, 458 438).
- the object of the present invention is to provide a process for the electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid to glyoxylic acid which avoids the disadvantages mentioned above, in particular has a high selectivity, reaches the lowest possible oxalic acid concentration at the end of the electrolysis and a cathode with a high one Long-term stability used.
- the cathode should be from a technically well available or material to be processed without problems.
- Selectivity is understood to mean the ratio of the amount of glyoxylic acid produced to the total amount of products formed during the electrolysis, namely glyoxylic acid plus by-products, for example glycolic acid, acetic acid and formic acid.
- the object was achieved in that the electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid on cathodes which consist of carbon or at least 50% by weight of at least one of the metals Cu, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn , AI, Sn and Cr are carried out and the electrolyte is or contains salts of metals with a hydrogen overvoltage of at least 0.25 V at a current density of 2500 A / m 2 .
- the present invention thus relates to a process for the preparation of glyoxylic acid by electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid in aqueous solution in divided or undivided electrolysis cells, characterized in that the cathode is made of carbon or at least 50% by weight of at least one of the metals Cu, Ti , Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Al, Sn and Cr and the aqueous electrolysis solution in the undivided cells or in the cathode compartment of the divided cells also contains at least one salt of metals with a hydrogen overvoltage of at least 0, 25 V, preferably at least 0.40 V, based on a current density of 2500 A / m 2 , contains.
- All materials which are at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 93% by weight, of one or more of the metals Cu, Ti, Zr, are suitable as cathodes for the process according to the invention.
- V, Nb, Ta, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Al, Sn and Cr, preferably Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu and Ti exist, or all carbon electrode materials, for example electrode graphites, impregnated graphite materials, carbon felts and also glassy carbon.
- the above-mentioned metallic materials can also be alloys of two or more of the above-mentioned metals, preferably Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu and Ti.
- Cathodes made of at least 80% by weight, preferably 93 to 96% by weight, of an alloy of two or more metals mentioned above and 0 to 20% by weight, preferably 4 to 7% by weight , from any other metal, preferably Mn, Ti, Mo or a combination thereof, and 0 to 3% by weight, preferably 0 to 1.2% by weight, of a non-metal, preferably C, Si, P , S or a combination of navon.
- the advantage of using the cathode materials according to the invention is that technically available, inexpensive or easily processable materials can be used. Stainless steel or graphite is particularly preferred.
- stainless chrome-nickel steels with material numbers 1.4301, 1.4305, 1.4306, 1.4310, 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4435, 1.4541, 1.4550, 1.4571, 1.4580, 1.4583, 1.4828, 1.4841 and 1.4845 can be used whose compositions are given in percent by weight in the table below.
- the rest is iron.
- the method according to the invention is carried out in undivided or preferably in divided cells.
- the usual diaphragms made of polymers or other organic or inorganic materials, such as glass or ceramics, which are stable in the aqueous electrolysis solution, are used to divide the cells into anode and cathode compartments.
- Ion exchange membranes in particular cation exchange membranes made of polymers, preferably polymers having carboxyl and / or sulfonic acid groups, are preferably used.
- the use of stable anion exchange membranes is also possible.
- the electrolysis can be carried out in all customary electrolysis cells, such as, for example, in beaker or plate and frame cells or cells with fixed bed or fluidized bed electrodes. Both the monopolar and the bipolar circuit of the electrodes can be used.
- All materials on which the corresponding anode reactions take place can be used as anode material.
- lead, lead dioxide on lead or other carriers, platinum, metal oxides on titanium, for example titanium dioxide doped with noble metal oxides such as platinum oxide, are suitable for the development of oxygen from dilute sulfuric acid.
- carbon or titanium dioxide on titanium doped with noble metal oxides are used, for example, for the development of chlorine from aqueous alkali metal chloride solutions.
- Aqueous mineral acids or solutions of their salts such as, for example, dilute sulfuric or phosphoric acid, dilute or concentrated hydrochloric acid, sodium sulfate or sodium chloride solutions, can be used as the anolyte liquids.
- the aqueous electrolysis solution in the undivided cell or in the cathode compartment in the divided cell contains the oxalic acid to be electrolyzed in a concentration expediently between about 0.1 mol of oxalic acid per liter of solution and the saturation concentration of oxalic acid in the aqueous electrolysis solution at the electrolysis temperature used.
- Salts of metals with a hydrogen overvoltage of at least 0.25 V are added to the aqueous electrolysis solution in the undivided cell or in the cathode space of the divided cell.
- the salts of Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, -, Hg, Sn, Pb, TI, Ti, Zr, Bi, V, Ta, Cr, Ce, Co or Ni are mainly suitable as salts , preferably the salts of Pb, Sn, Bi, Zn, Cd and Cr, particularly preferably the salts of Pb.
- the preferred anions of these salts are chloride, sulfate, nitrate or acetate.
- the salts can be added directly or, for. B. by adding oxides,
- the salt concentration of the aqueous electrolysis solution in the undivided cell or in the cathode space of the divided cell is expediently set to 10 "7 to 10% by weight, preferably to 10 " 6 to 0.1% by weight, in particular 10 * 5 to 0, 04 wt .-%, each based on the total amount of the aqueous electrolysis solution, adjusted.
- a salt concentration of 10 "6 to 10% by weight preferably 10 " 5 to 10 "1 % by weight, in particular 10 " 4 to 4 x 10 "2 % by weight, is expedient.
- metal salts can also be used which form poorly soluble metal oxalates after addition to the aqueous electrolysis solution, for example the oxalates of Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Sn, Pb, Ti, Zr, V, Ta, Ce and Co.
- the added metal ions from the product solution can be removed very easily by filtration after the electrolysis to the saturation concentration.
- the addition of the salts mentioned can be dispensed with if the above-mentioned metal ions increase in the above-mentioned concentration ranges Start of electrolysis are present in the aqueous electrolyte solution of the undivided cell or in the cathode compartment of the divided cell. It should be noted that the added metal ions must not be present as a metallic alloy component with more than 20% by weight in the cathode material. In this case, the addition of the salts mentioned is necessary in the concentration ranges mentioned above.
- the presence of the above-mentioned metal ions in the above-mentioned concentration ranges at the beginning of the electrolysis is always to be expected even without the addition of the salts if, after an interruption in operation, for example after a trial in a batch process, a new trial with new catholyte liquid is started without the cathode is changed. In the event of a longer interruption, the cathode can be kept under protective current and the catholyte under inert gas.
- an electrolysis 10 "7 to 10 wt .-%, preferably 10 " 5 to 0.1 wt .-%, mineral acid such as phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid or organic acids, for example trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid or acetic acid, in the Catholyte fluid can be added.
- the current density of the method according to the invention is advantageously between 10 and 10,000 A / m 2 , preferably 100 to 5000 A / m 2 , in the case of a carbon cathode between 10 and 5000 A / m 2 , preferably 100 to 4000 A / m 2 .
- the cell voltage of the method according to the invention is dependent on the current density and is expediently between 1 V and 20 V, preferably between 1 V and 10 V, based on an electrode spacing of 3 mm.
- the electrolysis temperature can range from - 20 ° C to + 40 ° C. Surprisingly, it was found that at electrolysis temperatures below + 18 ° C, even at oxyacid concentrations less than 1.5 wt .-%, the formation of glycolic acid as a by-product may be less than 1.5 mol% compared to the glyoxylic acid formed. The proportion of glycolic acid increases at higher temperatures.
- the electrolysis temperature is therefore preferably between + 10 ° C and + 30 ° C, in particular between + 10 ° C and + 18 ° C.
- the catholyte flow rate of the process according to the invention is between 1 and 10,000, preferably 50 and 2000, in particular 100 and 1000, liters per hour.
- the product solution is worked up using customary methods.
- the electrochemical reduction is stopped when a certain turnover has been reached.
- the resulting glyoxylic acid is separated from any oxalic acid still present in accordance with the prior art mentioned above.
- the oxalic acid can be selectively fixed to ion exchange resins and the aqueous oxalic acid-free solution can be concentrated in order to obtain a commercial 50% by weight glyoxylic acid.
- the glyoxylic acid is continuously extracted from the reaction mixture by customary methods and the corresponding equivalent proportion of fresh oxalic acid is added simultaneously.
- the reaction by-products in particular glycolic acid, acetic acid and formic acid, are not or not completely separated from the glyoxylic acid by these methods. It is therefore important to achieve high selectivity in the process in order to avoid complex cleaning processes.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the proportion of the sum of by-products can be kept very low. It is between 0 and 5 mol%, preferably below 3 mol%, in particular below 2 mol%, relative to the glyoxylic acid.
- the selectivity of the process according to the invention is all the more remarkable in that, even at a low final concentration of oxalic acid, ie in the range from 0.1 to 0.2 mol of oxalic acid per liter of electrolysis solution, the proportion of by-products is preferably below 3 mol%, based on glyoxylic acid. lies.
- Another advantage of the method according to the invention is the long-term stability of the cathodes used in comparison to the lead cathodes which have been customary to date.
- a divided circulation cell which is constructed as follows:
- Circulation cell with 0.02 m 2 electrode area, electrode spacing 3 mm.
- A) Cathode stainless steel, material No. 1.4571 (according to DIN 17440), unless otherwise noted.
- Anode Dimensionally stable anode for oxygen development based on iridium oxide on titanium
- Cation exchange membrane 2-layer membrane made from copolymers of perfluorosulfonylethoxy vinyl ether + tetrafluoroethylene. On the cathode side there is a layer with the equivalent weight 1300, on the anode side one with the equivalent weight 1100, for example ® Naf ⁇ on 324 from DuPont;
- Anolyte 2 normal sulfuric acid
- Example 3 Connection attempt to Example 2
- Example 5 Connection test to electrolysis according to example 4 electrolysis conditions as example 1
- Example 6 as example 4, but using a stainless steel cathode with material no. 1.4541 (according to DIN 17 440).
- Example 7 as example 4, but using a copper cathode with the short name SF-CuF20
- Anode Dimensionally stable anode for oxygen development based on iridium oxide on titanium
- Cation exchange membrane 2-layer membrane made from copolymers of perfluorosulfonylethoxy vinyl ether + tetrafluoroethylene. On the cathode side there is a layer with the equivalent weight 1300, on the anode side one with the equivalent weight 1100, for example ® Nafion 324 from DuPont;
- the quantitative analysis of the components was carried out by means of HPLC, the chemical yield is defined as the amount of glyoxylic acid produced, based on the amount of oxalic acid consumed.
- the current yield relates to the amount of glyoxylic acid produced.
- the selectivity has already been defined above.
- Example 1 The procedure was as in Example 1, except that no lead salt was added, but the electrolysis cell was kept between the electrolysis under protective current and the catholyte under inert gas. The immediately preceding electrolysis was the electrolysis carried out according to Example 1.
- This example demonstrates the achievement of a high glyoxylic acid concentration at a low oxalic acid concentration while maintaining the high selectivity.
- the electrolysis time was 10395 Ah without intermediate treatment of the electrochemical cell.
- the example illustrates that the high selectivity is maintained at an oxalic acid concentration of less than 0.2 mol / l. Chemical yield and current yield are somewhat lower than at higher oxalic acid concentrations.
- the cathode was rinsed with 10% nitric acid at about 25 ° C for at least 30 minutes. Electrolysis conditions as example 5.
- the amount of hydrogen developed cathodically was as follows: a) 26 I, b) 5.5 I, c) 12 I, d) 6.1 I, e). 19 I.
- Example shows that the side reaction of the cathodic hydrogen evolution is suppressed when the metal salts are metered in.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/290,951 US5474658A (en) | 1992-02-22 | 1993-02-02 | Electrochemical process for preparing glyoxylic acid |
JP5514485A JPH07501854A (ja) | 1992-02-22 | 1993-02-02 | グリオキシル酸の電気化学的製造方法 |
EP93917417A EP0627020B1 (de) | 1992-02-22 | 1993-02-02 | Elektrochemisches verfahren zur herstellung von glyoxylsäure |
BR9305923A BR9305923A (pt) | 1992-02-22 | 1993-02-02 | Processo eletroquimico para a preparação de ácido glioxálico |
DE59302695T DE59302695D1 (de) | 1992-02-22 | 1993-02-02 | Elektrochemisches verfahren zur herstellung von glyoxylsäure |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEP4205423.0 | 1992-02-22 | ||
DE4205423A DE4205423C1 (de) | 1992-02-22 | 1992-02-22 | Elektrochemisches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Glyoxylsäure |
DEP4217336.1 | 1992-05-26 | ||
DE4217336A DE4217336C2 (de) | 1992-05-26 | 1992-05-26 | Elektrochemisches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Glyoxylsäure |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1993017151A1 true WO1993017151A1 (de) | 1993-09-02 |
Family
ID=25912082
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1993/000232 WO1993017151A1 (de) | 1992-02-22 | 1993-02-02 | Elektrochemisches verfahren zur herstellung von glyoxylsäure |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5474658A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0627020B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH07501854A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE138425T1 (de) |
BR (1) | BR9305923A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2130552A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE59302695D1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1993017151A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2934605B2 (ja) * | 1995-08-24 | 1999-08-16 | 株式会社日本触媒 | α−オキソカルボン酸エステルの製造方法およびそれに用いる触媒 |
CN101125472B (zh) * | 2001-06-06 | 2013-04-17 | 新日铁住金株式会社 | 热浸镀锌薄钢板和热浸镀锌层扩散处理薄钢板及制造方法 |
EP2382174A4 (de) | 2009-01-29 | 2013-10-30 | Trustees Of The University Of Princeton | Umwandlung von kohlendioxid in organische produkte |
US20110114502A1 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2011-05-19 | Emily Barton Cole | Reducing carbon dioxide to products |
US8845877B2 (en) * | 2010-03-19 | 2014-09-30 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Heterocycle catalyzed electrochemical process |
US8721866B2 (en) | 2010-03-19 | 2014-05-13 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Electrochemical production of synthesis gas from carbon dioxide |
US8500987B2 (en) | 2010-03-19 | 2013-08-06 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Purification of carbon dioxide from a mixture of gases |
US8845878B2 (en) | 2010-07-29 | 2014-09-30 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Reducing carbon dioxide to products |
US8568581B2 (en) | 2010-11-30 | 2013-10-29 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Heterocycle catalyzed carbonylation and hydroformylation with carbon dioxide |
US8961774B2 (en) | 2010-11-30 | 2015-02-24 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Electrochemical production of butanol from carbon dioxide and water |
US9090976B2 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2015-07-28 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Advanced aromatic amine heterocyclic catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction |
US8641885B2 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2014-02-04 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Multiphase electrochemical reduction of CO2 |
US9175407B2 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2015-11-03 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Integrated process for producing carboxylic acids from carbon dioxide |
US8692019B2 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2014-04-08 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Electrochemical co-production of chemicals utilizing a halide salt |
US9267212B2 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2016-02-23 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Method and system for production of oxalic acid and oxalic acid reduction products |
WO2014100828A1 (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2014-06-26 | Liquid Light, Inc. | Method and system for production of oxalic acid and oxalic acid reduction products |
US10329676B2 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2019-06-25 | Avantium Knowledge Centre B.V. | Method and system for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide employing a gas diffusion electrode |
US20130105304A1 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2013-05-02 | Liquid Light, Inc. | System and High Surface Area Electrodes for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide |
WO2014043651A2 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2014-03-20 | Liquid Light, Inc. | High pressure electrochemical cell and process for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide |
CN110438523B (zh) * | 2019-09-05 | 2021-12-03 | 南京大学 | 一种以重水为氘源的无催化剂电化学氘代方法 |
CN114807988B (zh) * | 2022-04-22 | 2024-06-25 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种用于电解淀粉合成双醛淀粉的电极材料及其制备方法和一种双醛淀粉的电化学制备方法 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4560450A (en) * | 1985-04-18 | 1985-12-24 | Texaco, Inc. | Means and method for reducing oxalic acid to a product |
US4619743A (en) * | 1985-07-16 | 1986-10-28 | Texaco Inc. | Electrolytic method for reducing oxalic acid to a product |
FR2587039A1 (fr) * | 1985-09-10 | 1987-03-13 | Hoechst France | Procede de fabrication d'oxyde glyoxylique par reduction electrochimique d'acide oxalique |
EP0241685A1 (de) * | 1986-03-07 | 1987-10-21 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Enthalogenierung von Chlor- und von Bromessigsäuren |
EP0280120A1 (de) * | 1987-02-17 | 1988-08-31 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Elektrochemisches Verfahren zum Austausch von Halogenatomen in einer organischen Verbindung |
WO1991019832A1 (es) * | 1990-06-12 | 1991-12-26 | Ercros S.A. | Procedimiento de obtencion de acido glioxilico por electroreduccion, con reactivacion catodica, de acido oxalico |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1411371A (en) * | 1971-07-19 | 1975-10-22 | Nat Res Dev | Electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid to glyxylic acid |
BE787770A (fr) * | 1971-08-20 | 1973-02-19 | Rhone Poulenc Sa | Procede de preparation d'acide glyoxylique |
-
1993
- 1993-02-02 CA CA002130552A patent/CA2130552A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-02-02 WO PCT/EP1993/000232 patent/WO1993017151A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1993-02-02 EP EP93917417A patent/EP0627020B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-02-02 DE DE59302695T patent/DE59302695D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-02-02 US US08/290,951 patent/US5474658A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-02-02 BR BR9305923A patent/BR9305923A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-02-02 AT AT93917417T patent/ATE138425T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-02-02 JP JP5514485A patent/JPH07501854A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4560450A (en) * | 1985-04-18 | 1985-12-24 | Texaco, Inc. | Means and method for reducing oxalic acid to a product |
US4619743A (en) * | 1985-07-16 | 1986-10-28 | Texaco Inc. | Electrolytic method for reducing oxalic acid to a product |
FR2587039A1 (fr) * | 1985-09-10 | 1987-03-13 | Hoechst France | Procede de fabrication d'oxyde glyoxylique par reduction electrochimique d'acide oxalique |
EP0241685A1 (de) * | 1986-03-07 | 1987-10-21 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Enthalogenierung von Chlor- und von Bromessigsäuren |
EP0280120A1 (de) * | 1987-02-17 | 1988-08-31 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Elektrochemisches Verfahren zum Austausch von Halogenatomen in einer organischen Verbindung |
WO1991019832A1 (es) * | 1990-06-12 | 1991-12-26 | Ercros S.A. | Procedimiento de obtencion de acido glioxilico por electroreduccion, con reactivacion catodica, de acido oxalico |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Bd. 36, Nr. 9, 1991, OXFORD Seiten 1447 - 1452 K. SCOTT 'A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE SIMULTANEOUS ANODIC AND CATHODIC PRODUCTION OF GLYOXYLIC ACID' * |
JOURNAL OF APPL. ELECTROCHEMISTRY Bd. 10, Nr. 1, LONDON Seite 5560 F. GOODRIDGE ET AL 'SCALE-UP STUDIES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION OF OXALIC TO GLYOXYLIC ACID' in der Anmeldung erwähnt * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH07501854A (ja) | 1995-02-23 |
US5474658A (en) | 1995-12-12 |
BR9305923A (pt) | 1997-08-26 |
EP0627020A1 (de) | 1994-12-07 |
ATE138425T1 (de) | 1996-06-15 |
CA2130552A1 (en) | 1993-08-23 |
EP0627020B1 (de) | 1996-05-22 |
DE59302695D1 (de) | 1996-06-27 |
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