US9160135B2 - Optical amplifying apparatus and optical transmission system - Google Patents

Optical amplifying apparatus and optical transmission system Download PDF

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US9160135B2
US9160135B2 US13/872,405 US201313872405A US9160135B2 US 9160135 B2 US9160135 B2 US 9160135B2 US 201313872405 A US201313872405 A US 201313872405A US 9160135 B2 US9160135 B2 US 9160135B2
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pump light
wavelength
residual pump
optical
optical fiber
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US20130302035A1 (en
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Mikiya Suzuki
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Molex LLC
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Furukawa Electric Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/10007—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers
    • H01S3/10015—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers by monitoring or controlling, e.g. attenuating, the input signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/13—Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude
    • H01S3/1301—Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude in optical amplifiers
    • H01S3/13013—Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude in optical amplifiers by controlling the optical pumping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
    • H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
    • H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
    • H04B10/0797—Monitoring line amplifier or line repeater equipment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/29—Repeaters
    • H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
    • H04B10/2912—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form characterised by the medium used for amplification or processing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/29—Repeaters
    • H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
    • H04B10/293—Signal power control
    • H04B10/294—Signal power control in a multiwavelength system, e.g. gain equalisation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H04J14/0221—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S2301/00—Functional characteristics
    • H01S2301/04—Gain spectral shaping, flattening
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
    • H01S3/094—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
    • H01S3/094003—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light the pumped medium being a fibre
    • H01S3/094007—Cladding pumping, i.e. pump light propagating in a clad surrounding the active core
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/13—Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude
    • H01S3/1301—Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude in optical amplifiers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical amplifying apparatus and an optical transmission system that are applicable in the field of optical communication or the like.
  • FTTx Fiber To The x
  • an optical amplifying apparatus is used for the purpose of compensating for transmission losses in a transmission path and distribution losses in a distributor that distributes optical signals between a plurality of subscribers.
  • Such an optical amplifying apparatus may be, for example, a known fiber-type optical amplifying apparatus (EDFA: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) that amplifies an optical signal by inputting an optical signal such as a video signal and also inputting a pump light from an optical pump source into an optical fiber having a core portion doped with erbium, which serves as an optical amplification substance. Further, in recent years, it is known to dope the core portion with ytterbium that enables a high-power laser having a watt-class output as an absorption band to be used as an optical pump source.
  • EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing amplification characteristics for an output of such an optical amplifying apparatus split into sixteen branches.
  • the horizontal axis indicates a wavelength of an optical signal and the vertical axis shows an optical power. This example is an optical spectrum obtained when a signal of 1550 nm was amplified.
  • the aforementioned optical amplifying apparatus utilizing an optical fiber doped with erbium and ytterbium has been employed in an FTTx system in which signals having a wavelength band of generally 1550-1560 nm are widely used.
  • an amplification bandwidth is about 25 nm at the broadest. Therefore, there is a drawback that a bandwidth is rather narrow for collectively amplifying optical signals used in communications that are wavelength division multiplexed (WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplex) and in an entire C-Band (1530-1560 nm).
  • WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex
  • an aspect of the invention is an optical amplifying apparatus that amplifies an wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal, including an input section whereto the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signals are inputted, a laser light source that generates multimode laser light, a double-clad optical fiber having a cladding portion whereto the multimode laser light is inputted and a core portion doped with a rare-earth element whereto the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal is inputted, the double-clad optical fiber amplifying optical signals of a plurality of wavelengths in the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signals by a stimulated emission by the multimode laser light and outputting the amplified optical signal, a gain equalizer that flattens gain characteristics of the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal that have been amplified by the double-clad optical fiber, and an output section that outputs the amplified wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal.
  • the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal can be amplified collectively.
  • the optical amplifying apparatus of the aspect of the invention includes, in addition to the aforementioned features, a residual pump light attenuating section that attenuates a residual pump light outputted from the double-clad optical fiber.
  • an optical component can be prevented from generating heat or being damaged by the residual pump light.
  • the core portion is co-doped with erbium and ytterbium serving as the rare-earth element.
  • a high-power laser having a watt-order output can be employed as an optical pump source.
  • the double-clad optical fiber has an absorption-length product having a predetermined gain for all the wavelengths constituting the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal, the absorption-length product being represented by a product of a length of the optical fiber and a peak value of an absorption coefficient in a predetermined wavelength band.
  • the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal is within a wavelength band of 1528-1570 nm.
  • the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal in the C-Band can be amplified collectively.
  • the multimode laser light is within a wavelength range of 910-960 nm.
  • the double-clad optical fiber is configured in such a manner that an absorption-length product of the core portion of erbium is less than or equal to about 300 dB for a wavelength near 1535 nm.
  • a predetermined gain can be provided for optical signals of all the wavelengths.
  • the double-clad optical fiber is configured in such a manner that an absorption-length product of the core portion of erbium is within a range of about 30-150 dB for a wavelength near 1535 nm.
  • a predetermined gain can be provided for optical signals of all the wavelengths constituting the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal in the C-Band and an amplification efficiency can be improved.
  • the double-clad optical fiber is configured in such a manner that an absorption-length product of the cladding portion of ytterbium is less than or equal about 20 dB for a wavelength near 915 nm.
  • a predetermined gain can be provided for optical signals of all the wavelengths.
  • the double-clad optical fiber is configured in such a manner that an absorption-length product of the cladding portion of ytterbium is within a range of generally 0.9-9.5 dB for a wavelength near 915 nm.
  • a predetermined gain can be provided for optical signals of all the wavelengths constituting the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal in the C-Band and an amplification efficiency can be improved.
  • an optical transmission system includes a light transmitting apparatus that transmits wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal, an optical amplifying apparatus that amplifies the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal, including an input section whereto wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal are inputted, a laser light source that generates multimode laser light, a double-clad optical fiber having a cladding portion whereto the multimode laser light is inputted and a core portion doped with a rare-earth element whereto the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal is inputted, the double-clad optical fiber amplifying optical signals of a plurality of wavelengths in the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal by a stimulated emission by the multimode laser light and outputting the amplified optical signals, a gain equalizer that flattens gain characteristics of the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal that have been amplified by the double-clad optical fiber, an output section that outputs the amplified wavelength-
  • a wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal can be amplified collectively.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an exemplary configuration of an optical amplifying apparatus of a first embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional structure of an amplification optical fiber shown in FIG. 1 and a refractive index of each portion.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a relationship between an intensity of pump light and a conversion efficiency when a length of an amplification optical fiber is changed.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a relationship between a wavelength and a gain of an optical signal when the length of the amplification optical fiber is changed between 1.8-7.8 m.
  • FIGS. 5A to 5C are graphs for explaining an operation of a gain equalizer.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of an optical transmission system in which an optical amplifying apparatus of the present embodiment is employed.
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an exemplary configuration of an optical amplifying apparatus of a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8A is a diagram showing a detailed exemplary configuration of components of a pump light attenuating section shown in FIG. 7 , but with at least one component missing.
  • FIG. 8B is a diagram showing a detailed exemplary configuration of a pump light attenuating section shown in FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing an exemplary configuration of an optical amplifying apparatus of a third embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an exemplary configuration of an optical amplifying apparatus of a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an exemplary configuration of an optical amplifying apparatus of a fifth embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of a pump light mixer shown in FIG. 11 .
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of a pump light attenuating section shown in FIG. 11 .
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing a relationship between a wavelength and a gain of an optical signal split in 16 branches for a case where the length of the attenuation optical fiber is 12 m.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of an optical amplifying apparatus of a first embodiment of the invention.
  • an optical amplifying apparatus 10 includes an input port 11 , an amplification optical fiber 12 , optical couplers 13 and 14 , optical isolators 15 and 16 , a pump light mixer 17 , photodiodes 18 and 19 , a laser diode 20 , a control circuit 21 , a gain equalizer 22 and an output port 23 .
  • the input port 11 is, for example, an optical connector or the like, and, for example, wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal inputted thereto in the C-Band having a wavelength band of 1530-1560 nm is inputted.
  • the amplification optical fiber (EYDF: Erbium Ytterbium Doped Fiber) 12 amplifies the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal by a stimulated emission caused by a pump light generated by the laser diode 20 .
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional structure of the amplification optical fiber 12 and a refractive index of each portion.
  • the amplification optical fiber 12 is a double-clad optical fiber having a core portion 12 a , a first cladding portion 12 b and a second cladding portion 12 c .
  • the core portion 12 a , the first cladding portion 12 b and the second cladding portion 12 c have refractive indices that are in this order from the highest to the lowest.
  • the optical signal propagates through the core portion 12 a in a single mode and the pump light from the laser diode 20 propagates through the core portion 12 a and the first cladding portion 12 b in a multimode.
  • the core portion 12 a is, for example, made of silica glass and co-doped with erbium (Er) and ytterbium (Yb).
  • the first cladding portion 12 b is, for example, made of silica glass.
  • the second cladding portion 12 c is, for example, made of resin, silica glass or the like.
  • An absorption-length product represented by a product of a fiber length of the amplification optical fiber 12 and a peak value of an absorption coefficient for a predetermined wavelength is determined based on requirements described below.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example in which the first cladding portion 12 b has a circular cross-section.
  • the cross-section is not limited to a circular shape, and may be, for example, a rectangular shape, a triangle shape or a star shape.
  • the optical coupler 13 splits a part of the optical signal inputted from the input port 11 and inputs the split-off part into the photodiode 18 and the remaining part into the optical isolator 15 .
  • the photodiode (PD) 18 converts the optical signal which has been split by the optical coupler 13 into a corresponding electric signal and supplies it to the control circuit 21 .
  • the electric signal supplied from the photodiode 18 is converted into an analog signal or a corresponding digital signal to detect a light intensity of the input signal.
  • the optical isolator 15 has a function of transmitting the light from the optical coupler 13 and blocking the light in the signal frequency band returning from the amplification optical fiber 12 and the pump light mixer 17 .
  • the laser diode (LD) 20 is, for example, a multi-mode semiconductor laser device that generates laser light having a wavelength of a 900 nm band and serving as a pump light.
  • the laser diode 20 is a semiconductor laser device of an uncooled type with no Peltier element, which serves as a cooling element. A semiconductor laser device of a cooled type having a Peltier element may also be used.
  • the pump light generated by the laser diode 20 is inputted into the amplification optical fiber 12 via the pump light mixer 17 and propagates through the core portion 12 a and through the first cladding portion 12 b in a multimode.
  • the optical signal outputted from the optical isolator 15 is inputted into the amplification optical fiber 12 via the pump light mixer 17 and propagates through the core portion 12 a in a single-mode.
  • the optical isolator 16 has a function of transmitting the light from the amplification optical fiber 12 and blocking the light returning from the optical coupler 14 for the signal frequency band.
  • the optical isolator 16 also has a function of absorbing the light having an excitation wavelength to prevent it from being propagated to a downstream stage.
  • the gain equalizer (EQ) 22 flattens gain-wavelength characteristics of the optical signal amplified by the amplification optical fiber 12 .
  • the optical coupler 14 splits a part of the optical signal outputted from the gain equalizer 22 , inputs the split-off part into the photodiode 19 and guides the remaining part to the output port 23 .
  • the output port 23 is, for example, an optical connector or the like and externally outputs the amplified optical signal.
  • the control circuit 21 includes, for example, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a ROM (Read Only Memory), a RAM (Random Access Memory), an A/D (Analog to Digital) conversion circuit and a D/A (Digital to Analog) conversion circuit, and, the CPU performs an arithmetic process using the RAM as a work area in accordance with a program stored in the ROM and controls an operating current of the laser diode 20 based on the signals supplied from the photodiodes 18 and 19 to perform an ALC (Automatic Output Power Level Control) such that an intensity of an optical signal outputted from the optical amplifying apparatus 10 becomes constant or an AGC (Automatic Gain Control) such that the gain becomes constant.
  • the control circuit 21 may be, for example, a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) or the like.
  • a double-clad amplification optical fiber 12 co-doped with erbium and ytterbium is used and such amplification optical fiber 12 is generally used for amplifying an optical signal of about one or two wavelengths of around 1550-1560 nm.
  • the amplification optical fiber 12 it is common to configure the amplification optical fiber 12 to have a length (fiber length) of greater than or equal to 10 m (an absorption-length product for erbium being greater than or equal to 400 dB).
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a relationship between a power of the pump light of 915 nm and a conversion efficiency (PCE: Power Conversion Efficiency) of an optical power of an output signal having a wavelength of 1550 nm for various lengths of the amplification optical fiber.
  • PCE Power Conversion Efficiency
  • the conversion efficiency has generally the same characteristics for the cases where the length of the amplification optical fiber 12 is greater than or equal to 10 m (the cases for 10 m, 12 m or 14 m), whereas the conversion efficiency is significantly low for the case of 8 m as compared to the cases of greater than or equal to 10 m.
  • FIG. 14 shows amplification characteristics after splitting into 16 branches for a case where the length of the amplification optical fiber 12 is 12 m.
  • the amplification characteristics become characteristics having an amplification band of about 25 nm around 1550-1560 nm (narrow-band).
  • FIG. 4 is diagram is a diagram showing a relationship between a wavelength and a gain actually measured with a probing method for cases where the length of the amplification optical fiber is changed between 1.8-7.8 m.
  • the probing method is a method of easily and accurately grasping of amplification characteristics for a general case in which the wavelength-division multiplexed signal is inputted, using a few signals.
  • FIG. 4 As shown in FIG. 4 , as the length of the amplification optical fiber 12 becomes greater, an amplification band on a short wavelength side shifts towards the right (long wavelength side) in the diagram, and characteristics become narrow band characteristics.
  • the double-clad amplification optical fiber 12 co-doped with erbium and ytterbium to have a length shorter than the length (greater than or equal to 10 m) generally used for the amplification of a signal in the 1550 nm band
  • the amplification characteristics become broadband characteristics (e.g., a broadband of about 33 nm) while slightly compromising characteristics near 1550-1560 nm, which is a band having the highest conversion efficiency for a sufficient length (e.g., greater than or equal to 10 m).
  • a wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal in a C-Band having a wavelength band of 1530-1560 nm can be amplified collectively.
  • the optical amplifying apparatus 10 of the first embodiment is applicable in the field of communications as an optical amplifying apparatus such as a WDM and a DWDM (Dense Wavelength-division Multiplexing), in place of an EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) of the related art.
  • an optical amplifying apparatus such as a WDM and a DWDM (Dense Wavelength-division Multiplexing), in place of an EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) of the related art.
  • EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
  • a high power multimode laser diode of an uncooled type can be used as the laser diode 20 , an electric power consumed by the Peltier element (an electric power of approximately double the electric power necessary for operating the laser diode 20 ) becomes unnecessary, and a power consumption of the optical amplifying apparatus 10 can be decreased to one-third or less.
  • an electric power consumed by the Peltier element an electric power of approximately double the electric power necessary for operating the laser diode 20
  • a power consumption of the optical amplifying apparatus 10 can be decreased to one-third or less.
  • power consumption an example for a one-wave amplifier will be described.
  • An output obtained with the EDFA by using three 400 mW-class cooled-type single-mode LDs is approximately +28.5 dBm and an absolute maximum consumption current is 12.6 A
  • an output obtained with a double-clad amplifier (clad pump amplifier) by using a single 4 W-class non-cooled type multi-mode LD is +30 dBm and a maximum consumption current is 4.2 A.
  • a Peltier element serving as a radiator the size of the overall apparatus can be reduced.
  • the double-clad amplification optical fiber 12 co-doped with erbium and ytterbium can easily obtain an increased gain, even if the gain is flattened by the gain equalizer 22 , amplification can be achieved with a broader band and a higher gain as compared to a case where the wavelength division multiplexed signal is amplified with the EDFA of the related art.
  • the optical coupler 13 splits it and a part of the signal is inputted into the photodiode 18 .
  • the optical coupler 13 is a 20 dB coupler (in a case where the split ratio is 1/100)
  • 1/100 of the optical signal is inputted into the photodiode 18 and the remaining part is inputted into the optical isolator 15 .
  • the photodiode 18 converts the inputted optical signal into an electric signal and supplies it to the control circuit 21 .
  • the control circuit 21 calculates an intensity of the optical signal inputted from the input port 11 based on the obtained data and a split ratio of the optical coupler 13 .
  • the optical signal which has passed through the optical isolator 15 is guided to the pump light mixer 17 .
  • the optical signal which has passed through the optical isolator 15 is inputted to the core portion 12 a of the amplification optical fiber 12 via the pump light mixer 17 and propagates in the core portion 12 a in a single mode.
  • the pump light generated by the laser diode 20 is inputted to the core portion 12 a and the first cladding portion 12 b of the amplification optical fiber 12 via the pump light mixer 17 , and propagates inside the core portion 12 a and the first cladding portion 12 b in the multi-mode.
  • the pump light is absorbed by an ytterbium ion (Yb 3+ ) in the core portion 12 a while propagating through the amplification optical fiber 12 , and the ytterbium ion indirectly excites an erbium ion (Er 3+ ).
  • the optical signal that propagates through the core portion 12 a is amplified by a stimulated emission from the excited erbium ion. It is to be noted that, in the present embodiment and the second embodiment to be described below, the pump light power in a multi-mode is around 7 W-21 W.
  • the amplification optical fiber 12 has a length of 1.8 m and the optical signal has an intensity of ⁇ 3 dBm
  • an amplification characteristic is as shown with a solid line in FIG. 4 , and therefore, the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal in the C-Band having a wavelength band of 1530-1560 nm is amplified based on the gain characteristics shown in FIG. 4 .
  • amplification is performed with a gain of about 27 dB for the wavelength of 1530 nm and with a gain of about 34 dB for the wavelength of 1560 nm.
  • FIGS. 5A to 5C are graphs for explaining an outline of an operation of the gain equalizer 22 .
  • FIG. 5A is a graph showing a relationship between the wavelength and the gain of the amplification optical fiber 12 . It is to be noted that this curve corresponds to the case where the length of the amplification optical fiber 12 is 1.8 m shown in FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 5B is a graph indicating a relationship between the wavelength and the gain of the gain equalizer 22 .
  • FIG. 5C is a graph showing a total gain for the amplification optical fiber 12 and the gain equalizer 22 .
  • the gain becomes constant irrespective of the wavelength.
  • the gain equalizer 22 by using the gain equalizer 22 , the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal can be amplified with a constant gain irrespective of its wavelength.
  • the gain for the range of 1530-1560 nm after having passed through the gain equalizer 22 is flattened by taking 27 dB as a reference and becomes about 27 dB irrespective of the wavelength.
  • the optical signal which has passed through the gain equalizer 22 is inputted into the optical coupler 14 .
  • the optical coupler 14 splits a part of the inputted optical signal and the split-off part is inputted to the photodiode 19 .
  • the optical coupler 14 is a 20 dB coupler (in a case where the split ratio is 1/100)
  • 1/100 of the optical signal is inputted into the photodiode 19 , and the remaining part is guided to the output end 23 .
  • the optical signal which has passed through the optical coupler 14 is outputted from the output end 23 .
  • the photodiode 19 converts an inputted optical signal into an electric signal and supplies it to the control circuit 21 .
  • the control circuit 21 calculates an intensity of the amplified optical signal based on the obtained data and the split ratio of the optical coupler 14 .
  • the control circuit 21 determines the gain of the amplification optical fiber 12 based on the intensity of the input light calculated by the aforementioned process and the intensity of the output light.
  • an automatic output power level control (ALC) and an automatic gain control (AGC) are performed which are the controls performed for making the output or the gain constant.
  • the control may be performed based on an automatic current control (ACC) such that the excitation current becomes constant and an Automatic Pump Power Control (APC) such that the pump power becomes constant.
  • ACC automatic current control
  • APC Automatic Pump Power Control
  • the double-clad amplification optical fiber 12 co-doped with erbium and ytterbium is configured to have a length shorter than 10 m, which is a normally used length, and the amplification characteristic is made broadband while compromising the characteristic around 1550-1560 nm where the conversion efficiency is the highest, a wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal, for example, in the C-Band of a wavelength band of 1530-1560 nm can be amplified collectively.
  • the power consumption of the optical amplifying apparatus 10 can be decreased to about one-third since an electric power to be consumed by a Peltier element is eliminated, and an overall size of the apparatus can be reduced since a Peltier element serving as the radiator is eliminated.
  • a cooled-type laser diode having a Peltier element can be used as the laser diode 20 .
  • the double-clad amplification optical fiber 12 co-doped with erbium and ytterbium is used and such an amplification optical fiber 12 can readily obtain a higher gain, even in a case where the flattening of the gain is performed with the gain equalizer 22 , amplification can be achieved with a broader band and a higher gain as compared to the case of the related art in which the gain is obtained with the EDFA.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating a case where the optical amplifying apparatus of the first embodiment is employed in an optical transmission system 50 .
  • the optical transmission system 50 has a wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal transmitting apparatus 60 , a transmitting-side optical transmission path 70 , the optical amplifying apparatus 10 of the first embodiment, a receiving-side optical transmission path 80 and a wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal receiving apparatus 90 .
  • a wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal transmitted from the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal transmitting apparatus 60 propagates through the transmitting-side optical transmission path 70 and reaches the optical amplifying apparatus 10 .
  • the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal is amplified collectively in the optical amplifying apparatus 10 in a manner described above, and then propagates through the receiving-side optical transmission path 80 and arrives at the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal reception device 90 , where the multiplexed signals are separated and each signal is decoded. Since a high gain and a low power consumption can be achieved with the optical amplifying apparatus 10 of the first embodiment, the optical transmission system 50 using such an optical amplifying apparatus 10 can achieve an improved communication quality for the entire system, decrease the power consumption and save expenses required for the maintenance of the system.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining an exemplary configuration of the second embodiment.
  • an optical amplifying apparatus 10 A shown in FIG. 7 includes a pump light attenuating section 100 inserted between the amplification optical fiber 12 and the optical isolator 16 .
  • the pump light attenuating section 100 attenuates a residual pump light that is a residual, which was not used in the amplification optical fiber 12 and propagating in the first cladding portion 12 b , to prevent optical components from generating heat or being damaged by the residual pump light.
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B are diagrams showing a detailed exemplary configuration of the pump light attenuating section 100 .
  • FIG. 8A shows a state prior to the forming of the pump light attenuating section 100 .
  • an output-side end portion of the amplification optical fiber 12 and an end portion of the optical fiber 101 which is connected to an input side of the optical isolator 16 are joined by a fusion bond portion 112 .
  • the amplification optical fiber 12 has a structure in which a second cladding portion 12 c is removed for a predetermined length from an end portion with an end surface 12 d being a cutting surface
  • the optical fiber 101 has a structure in which a coating portion 101 c is removed for a predetermined length from an end portion with an end surface 101 d being a cutting surface.
  • the core portion 12 a and the core 101 a , as well as the first cladding portion 12 b and the cladding portion 101 b , of the amplification optical fiber 12 and the optical fiber 101 , respectively, are welded so as to be optically coupled. Accordingly, the optical signal propagates from the core portion 12 a to the core 101 a and the pump light propagates from the first cladding portion 12 b to the cladding portion 101 b.
  • FIG. 8B shows a state in which the pump light attenuating section 100 has been formed.
  • a gap between the end surface 12 d of the amplification optical fiber 12 and the end surface 101 d of the optical fiber 101 is filled with, for example, a low refractive index polymer 103 , which is a member that has a refractive index lower than that of the first cladding portion 12 b and the cladding portion 101 b .
  • each material is selected such that the refractive indices n 1 to n 5 satisfy the following relationships: n 1 ⁇ n 3 ⁇ n 2 (1) n 2 ⁇ n 4 (2) n 4 ⁇ n 5 (3)
  • the residual pump light that propagates through the first cladding portion 12 b of the amplification optical fiber 12 propagates from the first cladding portion 12 b to the cladding portion 101 b through a fused portion 112 .
  • the relationship n 1 ⁇ n 2 holds as expressed in equation (1)
  • the residual pump light that propagates through the first cladding portion 12 b in the amplification optical fiber 12 does not leak out from the first cladding portion 12 b .
  • n 2 ⁇ n 4 as expressed in equation (2) and n 3 ⁇ n 2 as expressed in equation (1) a relationship n 3 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ n 4 holds.
  • the residual pump light that propagates through the first cladding portion 12 b and the cladding portion 101 b in a low refractive index polymer 103 does not leak out.
  • the residual pump light that propagates through the cladding portion 101 b in the optical fiber 101 leaks from the cladding portion 101 b into the coating portion 101 c , and a part of the leaked-out residual pump light is converted into heat in the coating portion 101 c and a part of the leaked-out residual pump light is released out of the coating portion 101 c . Therefore, the residual pump light attenuates as it propagates through the cladding portion 101 b in the optical fiber 101 .
  • a member for transmitting the residual pump light to a heat sink or the like is added to an outer peripheral portion of the coating portion 101 c . With to such a structure, the heat generated in the coating portion 101 c can be rapidly released outside.
  • the second embodiment will be described.
  • the basic operation of the second embodiment is similar to that of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the residual pump light that is a residual which was not used in the amplification optical fiber 12 is attenuated in the pump light attenuation portion 100 .
  • the amplification characteristic has a broader band by making the length of the amplification optical fiber 12 shorter than the length normally used for amplifying the signal in the 1550 nm band, a residual pump light having an intensity higher than usual is generated.
  • the optical isolator 16 is constituted, for example, using a magnetic garnet, and the magnetic garnet has an absorption characteristic for the 900 nm band (a band of around 900-965 nm), which is a wavelength of the excitation light. Therefore, without a pump light attenuating section 100 , since the residual pump light having an intensity higher than normal is incident on the optical isolator 16 and absorbed, heat will be produced and may damage the optical isolator 16 . However, with the pump light attenuating section 100 being provided, since the residual pump light can be attenuated to less than or equal to 500 mW, which is proof stress for the optical component, the optical isolator 16 can be prevented from generating heat or being damaged.
  • the residual pump light is attenuated to less than or equal to 500 mW, which is a proof stress of the optical component, but may, for example, be attenuated to be equivalent to or below an intensity of the optical signal that propagates through the core.
  • the residual pump light outputted from the amplification optical fiber 12 is attenuated by the pump light attenuating section 100 provided between the amplification optical fiber 12 and the optical isolator 16 , optical components such as the optical isolator 16 arranged at a stage downstream of the amplification optical fiber 12 can be prevented from generating heat or being damaged by the residual pump light.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of a third embodiment.
  • an optical amplifying apparatus 10 B shown in FIG. 9 has no laser diode 20 for forward excitation and no pump light mixer 17 , and includes a laser diode 120 for backward excitation and a pump light mixer 117 added between the amplification optical fiber 12 and the optical isolator 16 . Further, a pump light attenuating section 100 A is added between the optical isolator 15 and the amplification optical fiber 12 .
  • the laser diode 120 and the pump light mixer 117 have configurations similar to those of the laser diode 20 and the pump light mixer 17 , respectively, and the pump light attenuation portion 100 A has a configuration which is a horizontally reversed structure of the pump light attenuation portion 100 shown in FIG. 8 rotated about the fused portion 112 .
  • the optical fiber 101 is an optical fiber connected to an output side of the optical isolator 15 .
  • the basic operation of the third embodiment is similar to that of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 8 , except that the third embodiment is of a backward excitation type whereas the second embodiment is of a forward excitation type. That is to say, in the third embodiment, a pump light of about 9 W to 14 W is emitted from the laser diode 120 , and the emitted pump light is incident on an output end of the amplification optical fiber 12 via the pump light mixer 117 . The pump light which was not used in the amplification optical fiber 12 is outputted as a residual pump light from the input end of the amplification optical fiber 12 (light-hand side in FIG. 9 ).
  • Such residual pump light is attenuated in the pump light attenuating section 100 A, and attenuated to a high-power light proof stress or less of the optical component (e.g., 500 mW or less) or is attenuated to be equivalent or less than an optical signal incident to the optical isolator 15 . Therefore, optical components such as the optical isolator 15 can be prevented from generating heat or being damaged by the residual pump light.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining an exemplary configuration of a fourth embodiment.
  • the forward excitation-type optical amplifying apparatus 10 A shown in FIG. 7 with the output port 23 being omitted and the backward excitation-type optical amplifying apparatus 10 B shown in FIG. 9 with the input port 11 being omitted are connected in a cascade (series).
  • the forward excitation type optical amplifying apparatus 10 A and the backward excitation type optical amplifying apparatus 10 B constituting the fourth embodiment are similar to those mentioned above.
  • the forward excitation type optical amplifying apparatus 10 A having an improved noise characteristic is arranged at an upstream stage to amplify an optical signal with a predetermined gain and the backward excitation type optical amplifying apparatus 10 B having improved a high power characteristic is arranged at a downstream stage to perform an amplification to reach a predetermined power.
  • the gain equalizer 22 is provided in each amplifying apparatus, but may be, for example, provided in one of the forward excitation type optical amplifying apparatus 10 A and the backward excitation type optical amplifying apparatus 10 B, or may be provided at a stage upstream of the amplification optical fiber 12 of the forward excitation type optical amplifying apparatus 10 A.
  • the characteristic may be set in such a manner that the gain characteristics of optical signals of a plurality of wavelengths contained in the wavelength-division multiplexed optical signals outputted from the backward excitation type optical amplifying apparatus 10 B are flattened (the intensity of the optical signal of each wavelength becomes equal).
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of the fifth embodiment.
  • an optical amplifying apparatus 10 C shown in FIG. 11 has a pump light mixer 117 added thereto.
  • pump light attenuating sections 102 - 107 are connected to output ends 117 b - 117 g of the residual pump light of the pump light mixer 117 , respectively.
  • Other structures are similar to those shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the pump light mixer 117 similarly to FIG. 9 , those used for introducing the pump light into the amplification optical fiber 12 is used for deriving and attenuating the residual pump light in the fifth embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 shows a detailed exemplary configuration of the pump light mixer 117 .
  • the pump light mixer 117 has an output end 117 a from which an optical signal is outputted and output ends 117 b - 117 g from which a residual pump light is outputted.
  • the optical signal propagating the core portion 12 a of the amplification optical fiber 12 is outputted from an output end 117 a and is inputted to the isolator 16 .
  • the residual pump light outputted by the first cladding portion 12 b of the amplification optical fiber 12 is outputted from the output ends 117 b - 117 g .
  • the output end 117 a is configured as a single-mode fiber and the output end 117 b - 117 g are configured as a multi-mode fiber.
  • the pump light attenuation portions 102 - 107 for attenuating the residual pump light from the laser diode 20 are connected to the output ends 117 f - 117 g , respectively.
  • FIG. 13 is a side cross-section schematic diagram showing an exemplary configuration of the pump light attenuating sections 102 - 107 shown in FIG. 11 . Since the pump light attenuating sections 102 - 107 have similar configurations, the pump light attenuation portion 102 will be taken as an example for explanation.
  • the pump light attenuating section 102 has a heat dissipating plate 102 b in which a groove 102 c for accommodating a terminating portion E 1 of an output end 117 b and an optical fiber coating portion in the vicinity thereof is formed, high refractive index polymer 102 f and a cover 102 a that covers the groove 102 c .
  • the terminating portion E 1 of the output end 117 b is a bare fiber portion exposed by removing the second cladding portion from the output end 117 b.
  • the heat dissipating plate 102 b absorbs the residual pump light leaking from the terminating portion E 1 accommodated inside the groove 102 c and converts it into heat, and dissipates the heat due to the residual pump light to the exterior.
  • a metal member forming the heat dissipating plate 102 b has a high thermal conductivity and, for example, which is a metal member including at least one of aluminum, copper, iron and the nickel. As an example, the metal member may include stainless steel.
  • the groove 102 c formed in the heat dissipating plate 102 b has an accommodating groove 102 d that accommodates the terminating portion E 1 and a supporting groove 102 e that supports an optical fiber coating portion disposed in the vicinity of the terminating portion E 1 .
  • the supporting groove 102 e is formed at an edge portion of the heat dissipating plate 102 b and supports the optical fiber coating portion in the vicinity of the terminating portion E 1 when the terminating portion E 1 is accommodated in the accommodation groove 102 d .
  • the accommodating groove 102 d is formed in a region inside an edge of heat dissipating plate 102 b and accommodates at least the terminating portion E 1 .
  • Such an accommodation groove 102 d has a deeper bottom and a greater width as compared to the support groove 102 e .
  • the terminating portion E 1 can be accommodated without coming into contact with an inner wall of the accommodating groove 102 d .
  • the inner wall of accommodating groove 102 d is colored with a color (for example, black) that easily absorbs light. Thereby, the heat dissipating plate 102 b can efficiently absorb the residual pump light from the terminating portion E 1 .
  • a high refractive index polymer 102 f of the pump light attenuating section 102 covers the terminating portion E 1 accommodated in the accommodation groove 102 d and the optical fiber coating portion disposed in the supporting groove 102 e , secures the terminating portion E 1 in the accommodation groove 102 d , and secures the optical fiber coating portion in the support groove 102 e .
  • the high refractive index polymer 102 f has a refractive index that is higher than that of the cladding of the output end 117 b at the terminating portion E 1 . Therefore, the residual pump light that propagates through the terminating portion E 1 propagates from the terminating portion E 1 to the high refractive index polymer 102 f . As a result, the residual pump light is emitted from the terminating portion E 1 and absorbed by the heat dissipating plate 102 b and the cover 102 a.
  • the cover 102 a is made of, for example, a metal member including at least one of aluminum, copper, iron and the nickel. One of the examples may be stainless steel.
  • a surface of the cover 102 a on a side opposing the accommodating groove 102 d is preferably colored with a color (for example, black) that easily absorbs light. Thereby, the cover 102 a can efficiently absorb the residual pump light excluded from the terminating portion E 1 .
  • each of the pump light attenuating sections 103 - 107 has a configuration similar to that of the pump light attenuating section 102 .
  • the fifth embodiment a part of the pump lights outputted from the laser diode 20 that was not used in the amplification optical fiber 12 and became the residual pump light is incident on the pump light attenuation portions 102 - 107 via the output ends 117 b - 117 g , converted into heat and attenuated. Therefore, an optical component such as an optical isolator 16 can be prevented from generating heat, etc., due to the residual pump light outputted from the amplification optical fiber 12 .
  • an optical component such as the optical isolator 16 can be prevented from generating heat or being damaged by the residual pump light.
  • the pump light mixer 117 has six output ends 117 b - 117 g for the residual pump light, but the number is not limited thereto.
  • a predetermined gain can be obtained for each wavelength constituting the optical signal by setting a length of the amplification optical fiber 12 to generally less than or equal to 8 m, and more preferably, to a range of generally 1.8-3.8 m.
  • an absorption-length product is generally 300 dB when the fiber length is 8 m, and generally in a range of 30-150 dB when the fiber length is 1.8-3.8 m.
  • an absorption-length product in the core of the ytterbium when the fiber length is 8 m is generally 3100 dB, and, the absorption-length product of the core of 1.8-3.8 m is generally in the range of 180-1500 dB. Therefore, in a case where densities of the dopants are different, an amplification characteristic similar to that of the aforementioned case can be obtained by setting the length of the amplification optical fiber 12 in such a manner that the aforementioned absorption-length product is obtained.
  • a desired gain e.g., 30 dB
  • a conventional configuration e.g., 1530 nm in the case of C-Band. This is because, with a conventional configuration, if a desired gain can be obtained at a wavelength at which the gain is the lowest, a desired gain can be achieved for other wavelengths even after having passed through the gain equalizer 22 .
  • the length (or the absorption-length product) may be set to a length in which a gain on a short-wavelength side and a gain on a long-wavelength side can be balanced such that a wavelength band in which the desired gain can be obtained becomes the broadest.
  • the absorption-length product of ytterbium may set at a value at the core as described above (a value for a pump light propagating the core) or may be set at a value for the cladding propagating light as described below.
  • the value for the cladding propagating light is, similarly to the above, for a pump light of near 915 nm, generally 20 dB for the fiber length of 8 m, and in a range of generally 0.9-9.5 dB for 1.8 m-3.8 m.
  • a wavelength of the excitation light is assumed to be 915 nm, but since an absorption-wavelength property of ytterbium is substantially flat in a range of around 910-960 nm, the pump light in this wavelength range can be treated in a similar manner.
  • the cases in which the double-clad amplification optical fiber 12 having a core portion 12 a co-doped with erbium and ytterbium was used in the explanation, but a rare-earth element such as thulium (Tm: Thulium), neodymium (Nd: Neodymium), praseodymium (Pr: Praseodymium) or other substances having a similar amplification function as the rare-earth element may be added.
  • Tm Thulium
  • Nd Neodymium
  • Pr praseodymium
  • the amplification band is different from each of the aforementioned embodiments, but an effect similar to the present invention can be obtained.
  • the gain equalizer 22 was used, but when a gain by the amplification optical fiber 12 is substantially flat, the gain equalizer 22 can be dispensed with.
  • the gain equalizer 22 may be independent and not included in the optical amplifying apparatus 10 .
  • the gain equalizer 22 was provided between the optical isolator 16 and the optical coupler 14 , but, for example, it may be provided in a stage downstream of the optical coupler 14 .
  • other configurations such as providing the gain equalizer 22 on an input side from EYDF with the EYDF being at the center, or dividing the EYDF into two and installing the gain equalizer 22 in the sublevel to achieve a higher output are conceivable.
  • the description was made by taking a case in which the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 was used as an optical amplifying apparatus as an example, but the optical amplifying apparatuses shown in FIGS. 7 , 9 , 10 and 11 may also be used.
  • wavelength-division multiplexed optical signals in a C-Band is amplified was mainly explained, but it is also applicable for other wavelength-division multiplexed optical signals (e.g., S-Band or other) by adjusting the absorption-length product.
  • the optical amplifying apparatus 10 was assumed to include only a booster amplifier, but, for example, in order to improve a NF (Noise Figure) which is a noise factor, for example, after having amplified with a preamplifier provided in a stage upstream of the booster amplifier, a further amplification may be carried out by the booster amplifier.
  • NF Noise Figure

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