US5338531A - Production of hydrogen peroxide - Google Patents

Production of hydrogen peroxide Download PDF

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Publication number
US5338531A
US5338531A US07/823,688 US82368892A US5338531A US 5338531 A US5338531 A US 5338531A US 82368892 A US82368892 A US 82368892A US 5338531 A US5338531 A US 5338531A
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United States
Prior art keywords
catalyst
aqueous medium
set forth
hydrogen
range
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Expired - Lifetime
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US07/823,688
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English (en)
Inventor
Karl T. Chuang
Bing Zhou
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Nouryon Pulp and Performance Chemicals AB
Original Assignee
Chuang Karl T
Bing Zhou
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Priority to US07/823,688 priority Critical patent/US5338531A/en
Application filed by Chuang Karl T, Bing Zhou filed Critical Chuang Karl T
Priority to SK882-94A priority patent/SK281953B6/sk
Priority to AU33423/93A priority patent/AU670058B2/en
Priority to PCT/CA1993/000027 priority patent/WO1993014025A1/en
Priority to CA002128430A priority patent/CA2128430C/en
Priority to HU9402151A priority patent/HU215565B/hu
Priority to EP93902010A priority patent/EP0623095A1/en
Priority to KR1019940702472A priority patent/KR940703780A/ko
Priority to JP51204493A priority patent/JP3375628B2/ja
Priority to BR9305762A priority patent/BR9305762A/pt
Priority to UA94075647A priority patent/UA26158C2/uk
Priority to RU9494038248A priority patent/RU2099278C1/ru
Priority to NZ246548A priority patent/NZ246548A/xx
Priority to RO94-01187A priority patent/RO111175B1/ro
Priority to CZ941737A priority patent/CZ173794A3/cs
Priority to KR1019940702472A priority patent/KR0118992B1/ko
Priority to FI943377A priority patent/FI111708B/fi
Priority to NO19942714A priority patent/NO313091B1/no
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US5338531A publication Critical patent/US5338531A/en
Assigned to EKA NOBEL AB reassignment EKA NOBEL AB ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHUANG, KARL T., ZHOU, BING
Priority to US08/845,571 priority patent/US5846898A/en
Priority to US09/182,587 priority patent/US5925588A/en
Assigned to EKA CHEMICALS AB reassignment EKA CHEMICALS AB CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EKA NOBEL AB
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B15/00—Peroxides; Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof; Superoxides; Ozonides
    • C01B15/01—Hydrogen peroxide
    • C01B15/029—Preparation from hydrogen and oxygen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/18—Carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/44—Palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
    • B01J35/23—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a colloidal state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
    • B01J37/0211—Impregnation using a colloidal suspension

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process for the production of hydrogen peroxide by direct catalytic oxidation of hydrogen with oxygen.
  • the invention also relates to a catalyst for such process and a method for producing the catalyst.
  • Hydrogen peroxide is commercially produced using a process known as the Riedl-Pfleiderer process.
  • anthraquinone in a carrier solvent termed "working solution”
  • working solution is cycled between an oxidation reactor and a hydrogenation reactor to convert hydrogen plus oxygen to hydrogen peroxide.
  • Variations to the process have concentrated on the form of anthraquinone, the composition of the working solution and the type of catalyst used.
  • a typical catalyst is palladium, raney nickel, or nickel boride on an inert support.
  • the catalyst may be in the form of a slurry or a fixed bed. Hydrogen is needed at high partial pressures in this reaction posing the risk of explosion.
  • the process is characterized as being complex and capital intensive.
  • the present invention is based on a number of surprising discoveries made in investigating the direct catalytic oxidation of hydrogen with oxygen in an acidic aqueous medium using a catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal on a support.
  • a catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal on a support.
  • supports used in prior art processes were either strongly hydrophobic or strongly hydrophilic.
  • the inventors discovered that a hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance in the catalyst support (and thus the resulting catalyst) was desirable.
  • the catalyst (and catalyst support) must be partially hydrophobic so as to allow the gaseous reactants (hydrogen and oxygen) to contact the catalyst surface.
  • the catalyst and catalyst support
  • the catalyst must also be partially hydrophilic, or partially wettable, so as to allow the hydrogen peroxide formed at the catalyst surface to be diffused into the liquid phase. If the hydrogen peroxide remains associated with the catalyst surface for a period of time water is formed.
  • this hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance is preferably achieved using a fluorinated carbon support or a partially wettable Vulcan carbon support.
  • the level of fluorination is preferably in the range of 10-65% F, more preferably 20-50% F.
  • a second surprising discovery was that the selectivity of the reaction for hydrogen peroxide could be increased with the addition of a source of sodium and chloride ion. This can be achieved in the catalyst preparation stage, as will be described hereinafter, or by adding a source of these ions to the acidic aqueous reaction medium.
  • these soluble ions are constantly removed with the aqueous reaction medium during the process, a supply of these ions to the aqueous medium is preferable throughout the process or at least once a decline in catalytic activity is noticed.
  • the most economical source of these ions is in the form of NaCl. Amounts in range of 3 to 30 wt % based on catalyst are desired.
  • a convenient source of fluoride ions is NaF, which can be included in amounts of 2 to 10 wt % based on catalyst.
  • the inventors made a fourth important discovery.
  • the inventors found that it was preferable to slurry together the Group VIII metal (preferably Pd) with sodium citrate in a solution such as water. It is believed that this forms a Pd-sodium citrate complex or colloid with two important consequences.
  • the catalyst support is impregnated with the Pd-sodium citrate complex, the metal is strongly held to the support and well distributed on the support surface.
  • this method of catalyst preparation also provides the desired sodium and chloride ions in the catalyst, the sodium being supplied from the sodium citrate and the chloride from the chloride salt of the Group VIII metal (for example PdCl 2 ) which is initially slurried with the sodium citrate.
  • the invention provides a process for producing hydrogen peroxide by direct oxidation of hydrogen with oxygen in an acidic aqueous medium, comprising:
  • the invention broadly provides a catalyst for use in the production of hydrogen peroxide, comprising:
  • a) a partially hydrophobic, partially hydrophilic support preferably vulcan carbon or fluorinated carbon with a 10-65% F content
  • a method of producing a catalyst for the production of hydrogen peroxide comprising:
  • a Group VIII metal is used in a catalytically effective amount in the catalyst of this invention. While such metals as Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir are catalytically active for the production of hydrogen peroxide, Pd is the preferred metal. Mixtures of Group VIII metals may also be used.
  • the metal is generally provided in the form of salt, preferably a chloride salt such as PdCl 2 .
  • the Group VIII metal is employed in the form of a supported catalyst, the catalyst support being partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophillic, as described hereinafter.
  • the support should have a surface area in the range of 50 m 2 /g to 1500 m 2 /g. A surface area of about 130 m 2 /g has been found to be suitable.
  • the support is used as discrete particles or granules (particle size less than 1 micrometer being suitable), but it may also be deposited on other support material such as ceramic beads or rings, as is known in the art.
  • the catalyst support (and the resulting catalyst) should have a hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance which allows the gaseous reactants (H 2 +O 2 ) to reach the catalyst surface (in aqueous medium) while allowing the formed H 2 O 2 to be released into the aqueous medium.
  • Strongly hydrophobic catalyst supports as are known in the art, are not suitable.
  • Hydrophobicity is often defined by the "contact angle" according to Young's Theory. A catalyst support having a contact angle of 90° is typically accepted as being a hydrophobic catalyst support.
  • Catalyst supports in accordance with the present inventions will have a contact angle less than 90°.
  • Two preferred catalyst supports in accordance with this invention are partially wettable prefluorinated carbon and Vulcan carbon.
  • the level of fluorination affects the hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature of the catalysts.
  • a level of fluorination of 10-65% F is preferred.
  • a level of fluorination of 20-50% F is more preferred with 28% F being found to be sufficient.
  • Partially wettable Vulcan carbon is a specially treated activated carbon available from Cabot, U.S.A.
  • the catalyst is preferably made by first preparing a complex or colloid of the Group VIII metal with sodium citrate. This provides a stronger attachment of the metal to the catalyst support and better disperses the metal on the catalyst surface. To that end, sodium citrate and the Group VIII metal are slurried in a solution such as water and heated to form the colloid. Heating should be at the boiling point for at least 6 hours and preferably 10 hours. The amount of Group VIII metal used should be sufficient to provide about 0.1-10% wt in the final catalyst. In respect of Pd, an amount of 0.7% wt in the catalyst is sufficient.
  • the catalyst support is impregnated with the metal-colloid solution.
  • a reagent is added to the catalyst support metal-colloid slurry to lower the density of the slurry and decrease the tendency of the catalyst support to float at the surface. Methanol is suitable for this purpose.
  • the solution is evaporated and the catalyst is reduced in a hydrogen atmosphere (preferably 14 hours at 300° C.).
  • the catalyst inherently contains the desired sodium chloride ions found to improve subsequent H 2 O 2 production.
  • the sodium is provided by the sodium citrate while the chloride is provided from the PdCl 2 salt.
  • the catalyst can initially be used without adding NaCl to the reaction medium.
  • the process for producing hydrogen peroxide is preferably performed in a stirred, pressure reactor such as a flow slurry autoclave, at temperatures between the freezing point of the liquid medium and about 60° C., preferably 0°-25° C. As the reaction is highly exothermic, cooling to these temperature is generally needed.
  • the reactor is preferably charged with the catalyst and the additives (NaCl and NaP, if desirable) prior to adding the acidic aqueous solution. As previously indicated, these additives may be added later during the reaction, once the catalyst activity begins to decline.
  • the additive NaCl is preferably added in an amount of 3-30 wt % (based on catalyst) and the NaF additive is preferably added in an amount of 2-5 wt % (based on catalyst).
  • the acidic solution is preferably a mild acidic solution.
  • An H 2 SO 4 solution is economical.
  • An acid strength of 0.5-1.0 % w/w H 2 SO 4 is suitable. Higher acid strengths have not been found to improve the process.
  • Oxygen and hydrogen gas are then charged to the reactor.
  • a major advantage of the process of this invention is that it can be carried out at a hydrogen partial pressure below the explosive limit.
  • This limit is understood to be the highest percent hydrogen in the reaction atmosphere which will indicate an explosive range as measured by a standard MSA explosimeter. Typically a H 2 partial pressure below about 4 volume percent is used.
  • the total pressure in the reactor will be in the range of 500 psig (3.5 MPa) to 3000 psig (20 MPa), the preferred range being 1000 psig (6.7 MPa) to 1500 psig (10 MPa).
  • Oxygen may be supplied in a pure form or, more preferably, in combination with nitrogen. Oxygen contents as low as air may be used.
  • a preferred gas feed to the reactor consists of 3.2% H 2 , 10% N 2 and 86.8% O 2 .
  • the reaction may be performed on a continuous or batch basis. Since the NaCl and NaP additives are water soluble, these additives should be added on a continuous basis as they are washed out of the system.
  • a further catalyst was prepared in accordance with the procedure set out in Example 1, but using a partially wettable vulcan Carbon support available from Cabot, U.S.A. (Vulcan 9 A32 CS-329).
  • the autoclave was put in a cold bath maintained at 0° C.
  • the hydrogen and oxygen gas were introduced into the autoclave and the pressure was increased to 1000 psig with a total gas flow rate of 300 ml/min (3.2% vol H 2 , 10% N 2 and 86.8% O 2 ), with vigorous mixing.
  • Product conversion and selectivity after 1, 3, 6 and 10 hours were analyzed.
  • the gas phase was analyzed by on-line gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector. Argon was used as a carrier gas for analysis.
  • the H 2 , N 2 and O 2 in the gas feed were separated by a 10' ⁇ 1/8" diameter stainless steel column packed with 80-100 mesh Porapak QS.
  • the liquid product was titrated by potassium permanganate to quantitatively determine the H 2 O 2 formed.
  • the equation for the titration is:
  • the H 2 O 2 concentration was measured directly by titration and confirmed by U.V. spectroscopy.
  • the H 2 conversion was calculated as a ratio of ##EQU1##
  • the H 2 O 2 selectivity was calculated on the basis that, if all the H 2 reacted was converted to H 2 O 2 , the selectivity would be 100%, thus ##EQU2##
  • This example is included to show the results of H 2 O 2 production without the NaCl additive.
  • the catalyst obtained after several runs in accordance with Example 4 was thoroughly washed and filtered to remove NaCl.
  • the washed catalyst was thereafter used in H 2 O 2 production (same conditions as Example 4, no added NaCl) the results after 10 hours were 1.32% w/w H 2 O 2 , H 2 conversion 25.5%, H 2 O 2 selectivity 30%.
  • the stabilizing effect of NaP is illustrated in this example.
  • the procedure for producing H 2 O 2 set forth in Example 4 was repeated. Without the addition of NaP, after 8 days reaction, the H 2 conversion had dropped to 33%.
  • NaF was added to the aqueous medium in an amount of 0.01 g. the H 2 conversion after 8 days was 44%.
  • Example 2 The importance of the hydrophobic/hydrophillic balance in the catalyst support is ,illustrated in this example.
  • the catalysts of Example 2 (10% and 65% F content) were subjected to reaction conditions similar to Example 4 with the following results after 10 hours.
  • Example 3 illustrates the effect of varying the amount of NaCl added to the reaction medium.
  • the catalyst of Example 1 (0.7% w/w Pd on fluorinated carbon support) was reacted under conditions similar to Example 4 (0.3 g catalyst, 50 ml 1% w/w H 2 SO 4 , varying amounts of NaCl, 3.2% H 2 , 10.0% N 2 balanced by O 2 , 0° C., 1000 psig, 300 ml/min gas, 10 h reaction time).
  • Table 3 The results are summarized in Table 3.
  • Example 4 illustrates the effect of varying the amount of NaP added to the reaction medium.
  • the procedure of Example 4 was repeated, but with 0.0261 g NaCl and 0.0054 g NaP. After 6 hours, 4.0% w/w H 2 O 2 obtained H 2 conversion was 61% and H 2 O 2 selectivity was 63%. This procedure was repeated with 0.0328 g NaCl and 0.0078 g NaF. After 6 hours, 3.32% w/w H 2 O 2 was obtained, H 2 conversion was 58% and H 2 O 2 selectivity was 60%. This procedure was repeated with 0.03 g NaCl and 0.0290 g NaF. After 10 hours, the H 2 O 2 concentration was 2.16% w/w, H 2 conversion was 52% and H 2 O 2 selectivity was 23.6%.
  • Example 4 demonstrates that NaBr and KBr do not provide similar benefits to the NaCl or NaF additives of this invention.
  • the procedure of Example 4 was repeated using 0.0361 g KBr in place of NaCl (acid solution was 1% w/w H 2 SO 4 ). After 10 hours, 1.1% w/w H 2 O 2 was obtained, H 2 conversion was about 4% and H 2 O 2 selectivity was estimated at 100%.
  • This procedure was repeated with 0.0308 g NaBr in place of NaCl. After 10 hours reaction, 1.1% w/w H 2 O 2 was obtained, H 2 conversion was about 3% (below the detection limit of GC) and H 2 O 2 selectivity was estimated at about 100%.
  • Example 4 illustrates H 2 O 2 production with an alternate catalyst support, partially wettable Vulcan carbon.
  • the catalyst of Example 3 was reacted under the conditions of Example 4 with the results of Table 4.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
US07/823,688 1992-01-21 1992-01-21 Production of hydrogen peroxide Expired - Lifetime US5338531A (en)

Priority Applications (20)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/823,688 US5338531A (en) 1992-01-21 1992-01-21 Production of hydrogen peroxide
CZ941737A CZ173794A3 (en) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Process for preparing hydrogen peroxide, catalyst for making the same and a process for preparing such catalyst
RO94-01187A RO111175B1 (ro) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Catalizator destinat producerii peroxidului de hidrogen, procedeu de obtinere a acestuia si procedeu de obtinere a peroxidului de hidrogen
CA002128430A CA2128430C (en) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Production of hydrogen peroxide
AU33423/93A AU670058B2 (en) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Production of hydrogen peroxide
EP93902010A EP0623095A1 (en) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Production of hydrogen peroxide
KR1019940702472A KR940703780A (ko) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 과산화수소 생산 (production of hydrogen peroxide)
KR1019940702472A KR0118992B1 (ko) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 과산화수소 생산
BR9305762A BR9305762A (pt) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Processo para produçao de peróxido de hidrogenio e processo de produzir tal catalizador
UA94075647A UA26158C2 (uk) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Каталітичhий спосіб одержаhhя пероксиду водhю, каталізатор та спосіб його одержаhhя
SK882-94A SK281953B6 (sk) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Spôsob výroby peroxidu vodíka a katalyzátor na tento spôsob
NZ246548A NZ246548A (en) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Catalytic production of hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen in an acidic aqueous solution; catalyst comprising nac1 and a group v111 metal on a hydrophobic/hydrophilic support
PCT/CA1993/000027 WO1993014025A1 (en) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Production of hydrogen peroxide
HU9402151A HU215565B (hu) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Katalizátor, valamint eljárás hidrogén-peroxid előállítására, továbbá eljárás ezen katalizátor előállítására
JP51204493A JP3375628B2 (ja) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 過酸化水素の製造
RU9494038248A RU2099278C1 (ru) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Способ получения пероксида водорода, катализатор и способ его получения
FI943377A FI111708B (fi) 1992-01-21 1994-07-15 Vetyperoksidin valmistus
NO19942714A NO313091B1 (no) 1992-01-21 1994-07-20 Fremgangsmåte ved fremstilling av hydrogenperoksyd, katalysator for anvendelse ved fremstilling av hydrogenperoksyd ogfremgangsmåte for fremstilling og anvendelse av katalysatoren
US08/845,571 US5846898A (en) 1992-01-21 1997-04-24 Production of hydrogen peroxide
US09/182,587 US5925588A (en) 1992-01-21 1998-10-28 Production of hydrogen peroxide

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/823,688 US5338531A (en) 1992-01-21 1992-01-21 Production of hydrogen peroxide

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US07/823,688 Expired - Lifetime US5338531A (en) 1992-01-21 1992-01-21 Production of hydrogen peroxide
US08/845,571 Expired - Fee Related US5846898A (en) 1992-01-21 1997-04-24 Production of hydrogen peroxide
US09/182,587 Expired - Fee Related US5925588A (en) 1992-01-21 1998-10-28 Production of hydrogen peroxide

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US08/845,571 Expired - Fee Related US5846898A (en) 1992-01-21 1997-04-24 Production of hydrogen peroxide
US09/182,587 Expired - Fee Related US5925588A (en) 1992-01-21 1998-10-28 Production of hydrogen peroxide

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US (3) US5338531A (pt)
EP (1) EP0623095A1 (pt)
JP (1) JP3375628B2 (pt)
KR (2) KR940703780A (pt)
AU (1) AU670058B2 (pt)
BR (1) BR9305762A (pt)
CA (1) CA2128430C (pt)
CZ (1) CZ173794A3 (pt)
FI (1) FI111708B (pt)
HU (1) HU215565B (pt)
NO (1) NO313091B1 (pt)
NZ (1) NZ246548A (pt)
RO (1) RO111175B1 (pt)
SK (1) SK281953B6 (pt)
UA (1) UA26158C2 (pt)
WO (1) WO1993014025A1 (pt)

Cited By (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5399334A (en) * 1993-05-06 1995-03-21 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. Process for producing hydrogen peroxide
WO1997032812A1 (en) * 1996-03-07 1997-09-12 Erik Bengtsson Process Design Method for the production of hydrogen peroxide by direct synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen in contact with a catalyst
WO1997032811A1 (en) * 1996-03-07 1997-09-12 Erik Bengtsson Process Design Method for the production of hydrogen peroxide by direct synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen in contact with a catalyst in a solvent
EP0816286A1 (en) * 1996-06-24 1998-01-07 Eka Chemicals AB Method of producing hydrogen peroxide
US5846898A (en) * 1992-01-21 1998-12-08 Eka Nobel Ab Production of hydrogen peroxide
US6168775B1 (en) * 1998-08-26 2001-01-02 Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. Catalyst and process for direct catalystic production of hydrogen peroxide, (H2O2)
US6210651B1 (en) 1997-12-22 2001-04-03 Akzo Nobel N.V. Process for producing hydrogen peroxide
US6576214B2 (en) * 2000-12-08 2003-06-10 Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. Catalytic direct production of hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen feeds
US20030215383A1 (en) * 2002-03-14 2003-11-20 Escrig Pilar De Frutos Process to obtain hydrogen peroxide
US6666030B2 (en) * 2001-05-30 2003-12-23 Permelec Electrode Ltd. Ice composition containing hydrogen peroxide and method of storing perishable food
US20040037770A1 (en) * 2000-10-02 2004-02-26 Martin Fischer Method for producing catalysts consisting of metal of the platinum group by means of electroless deposition and the use thereof for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide
US6764671B2 (en) * 2001-10-30 2004-07-20 Degussa Ag Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide and integration thereof into oxidation processes
EP1443020A1 (en) 2003-02-03 2004-08-04 Repsol Quimica S.A. Integrated process for selective oxidation of organic compounds
US20050014636A1 (en) * 2003-07-14 2005-01-20 Bing Zhou Intermediate precursor compositions used to make supported catalysts having a controlled coordination structure and methods for preparing such compositions
US20050014635A1 (en) * 2003-07-14 2005-01-20 Bing Zhou Supported catalysts having a controlled coordination structure and methods for preparing such catalysts
US20050025697A1 (en) * 2003-07-29 2005-02-03 Michael Rueter Precesses and compositions for direct catalytic hydrogen peroxide production
US20050201925A1 (en) * 2004-03-09 2005-09-15 Bi Le-Khac Process for making hydrogen peroxide
US20060002847A1 (en) * 2003-03-28 2006-01-05 Michael Rueter Direct hydrogen peroxide production using staged hydrogen addition
US7045481B1 (en) 2005-04-12 2006-05-16 Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. Nanocatalyst anchored onto acid functionalized solid support and methods of making and using same
US20060102521A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2006-05-18 Bing Zhou Reforming nanocatalysts and method of making and using such catalysts
US20060116286A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2006-06-01 Bing Zhou Multicomponent nanoparticles formed using a dispersing agent
US20060160695A1 (en) * 2005-01-14 2006-07-20 Bing Zhou Heat treatment of anchored nanocatalysts in a non-zero oxidation state and catalysts made by such method
US20060175230A1 (en) * 2005-02-09 2006-08-10 Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. Organically complexed nanocatalysts for improving combustion properties of fuels and fuel compositions incorporating such catalysts
US20060228282A1 (en) * 2005-04-12 2006-10-12 Bing Zhou Method for reducing NOx during combustion of coal in a burner
US20060233697A1 (en) * 2005-04-15 2006-10-19 Bing Zhou Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nanoparticle suspensions and methods of making the same
US20060258875A1 (en) * 2005-05-10 2006-11-16 Clementine Reyes Methods for manufacturing supported nanocatalysts and methods for using supported nanocatalysts
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US5846898A (en) 1998-12-08
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HUT69291A (en) 1995-09-28
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FI943377A0 (fi) 1994-07-15
KR0118992B1 (ko) 1997-09-30
CZ173794A3 (en) 1995-08-16
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