US2681294A - Method of coating strip material - Google Patents

Method of coating strip material Download PDF

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Publication number
US2681294A
US2681294A US243257A US24325751A US2681294A US 2681294 A US2681294 A US 2681294A US 243257 A US243257 A US 243257A US 24325751 A US24325751 A US 24325751A US 2681294 A US2681294 A US 2681294A
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United States
Prior art keywords
coating
ribbon
strip material
coated
pressure
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US243257A
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English (en)
Inventor
Albert E Beguin
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Publication date
Priority to BE513714D priority Critical patent/BE513714A/xx
Application filed by Eastman Kodak Co filed Critical Eastman Kodak Co
Priority to US243257A priority patent/US2681294A/en
Priority to FR1093966D priority patent/FR1093966A/fr
Priority to GB21309/52A priority patent/GB716080A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2681294A publication Critical patent/US2681294A/en
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
    • D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
    • D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
    • D21H23/46—Pouring or allowing the fluid to flow in a continuous stream on to the surface, the entire stream being carried away by the paper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/07—Flat, e.g. panels
    • B29C48/08—Flat, e.g. panels flexible, e.g. films
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling
    • B29C48/9135—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means
    • B29C48/914—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means cooling drums
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling
    • B29C48/9135—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means
    • B29C48/915—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means with means for improving the adhesion to the supporting means
    • B29C48/916—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means with means for improving the adhesion to the supporting means using vacuum
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
    • D06N3/0086—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the application technique
    • D06N3/0088—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the application technique by directly applying the resin
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H5/00—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for
    • D21H5/0005—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to finished paper or board, e.g. impregnating, coating
    • D21H5/0042—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to finished paper or board, e.g. impregnating, coating by pouring or allowing to flow in a continuous stream onto the surface, the entire stream being carried away by the paper
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/74—Applying photosensitive compositions to the base; Drying processes therefor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
    • Y10S430/136—Coating process making radiation sensitive element

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improvements in the method of applying fluid materials or coatings to a moving strip of material to be coated.
  • My improvement in coating methods has overcome many of the disadvantages and limitations of the known coating methods by greatly increasing the speed of coating, as from two to even ten or more times. This has been accomplished by a simple method which includes flowing a narrow ribbon of coating composition in a stream between a coating device and a surface to be coated while maintaining a greater pneumatic or other gaseous pressure on the ribbon on that side from. which the coated material passes from the coating device than the pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the surface to be coated moves toward the coating device.
  • pressure differential need not be great--for instance, from .1" to 5.00" of water pressure is satisfactory for many coating compositions.
  • one object of my invention is to provide amethod of coating which can be operated at much higher speeds than present known methods.
  • Another object of my invention is to provide a method ofcoating suitable for applyprecise coatings, both in coverage per square foot of the material to be coated and in accuracy of thickness.
  • Still another object of my invention is to provide a method of coating over splices in the material to be coated which is less wasteful than with prior methods.
  • Another object is to provide a method which can be carried out without paying any attention to splices in the strip material, and without moving the coating device relative to the surface to still further object is to provide a ad which is much more flexible than known methods.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic part side elevation, part section, of a preferred form of apparatus with which my improved method may be carried out;
  • Fig. 2 is a greatly enlarged fragmentary sectional view showing the ribbon of coating composition being applied from a coating device to a surface to be coated;
  • Fig. 3 is a fragmentary side elevation, parts being shown in section, showing a cascade type of coating apparatus with which my improved method may 'be readily carried out;
  • Fig. 4 is a view similar to Fig. 3 but of a somewhat diiferent type of hopper;
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic sectional view through a typical roller applicator device with which my method may be carried out.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic side elevation, partially in section, showing another embodiment of my invention in which the differential pressures are coating methobtained without the use of subatmospheric pressure.
  • a typical hopper provided with a slot through which the coating material is supplied may include a supporting roller 1 which may turn on shaft 2.
  • a strip of material 3, such as film or paper, may be passed about the roller I and past a coating station designated broadly as 4.
  • the uncoated strip material s passes to the coating station, it receives the coating material 5 at the station it and passes away from the roller i for the necessary drying operations.
  • the coating hopper 6 may be of a known type in that it has two hopper blades :7 and 8 which may be spaced apart a short distance, such as, for instance, .015", so that a flow of coating composition may pass through the opening 9 between the blades 1 and 8.
  • the coating composition is passed into the hopper '6 through a pipe it at the required rate to produce the required coating 5 on the sheet material.
  • This enclosure it maybe attached at E2 to the coating hopper and may be spaced at it from the surface being coated a slight distance such as .015 on the incoming side.
  • the roller in effect forms a top wall for the enclosure.
  • the enclosure ii is connected to a pipe l4 which may lead to a means for reducing pressure.
  • a valve is may be employed to regulate the degree of pressure reduction in chamher it which may be indicated by a manometer G5 which is connected by pipe it to the chamber l 5. Thus, if a partial vacuum equal to 2 of water is required, the valve is may be adjusted until the proper degree of vacuum is indicated on the manometer 55.
  • the bottom N3 of the chamber H may be attached to admin pipe l'l through which the spillage of coating composition may pass, there being a liquid trap diagrammatically shown at iii at the lower end 2! ofthis pipe I? to maintain the partial vacuum in chamber I l.
  • coating solution may be pumped over a so-called cascade type of hopper 2B.
  • This hopper has a downwardly-curving edge 2! over which a layer of coating solution 22 may flow after passing over a dam 24.
  • the coating solution may be pumped into the hopper as through reservoir 23 and pipe 25.
  • a constant flow pump is preferably employed.
  • a narrow ribbon 26 of coating solution lies almost tangent to the strip material 21 being coated but, nevertheless, a differential pressure is applied to the two sides of the ribbon.
  • a coating roller 3c supports a film or paper strip 2?, this strip being drawn past a coating station 26.
  • the band 21 moves about the roller and outwardly away from the coating station with a layer of coating solution 28 on the outside as indicated in Fig. 3.
  • a chamber or enclosure 35 is provided with the upper edges 35, preferably slightly spaced from the surface material 21 to be coated, and this is connected to a vacuum line by a pipe 32. Similar to the pipe M in Fig. 1. There is also preferably a drain 34 and there may be a manometer l5 (not shown in this view), as indicated in Fig. 1, to show the degree of vacuum in the chamber 3!.
  • the ribbon '26 is preferably submitted to a partial vacuum (but other differential pressures may be used) which tends to draw off air moving with the sheet and which acts on one side of the ribbon 26, that is, the side facing the approaching material to be coated.
  • atmospheric pressure provides a greater pressure on the outgoing than on the incoming side of the ribbon.
  • Fig. 4 is much like Fig. 3, although the apparatus for coating again is somewhat different.
  • a roller 46 carried by shaft 4
  • There is a smooth, thin layer of coating composition 46 which runs down the inclined surface '41 and forms a ribbon 48 of coating composition.
  • This ribbon lies between the coating device 56 and the surface to be coated and on the incoming side of the ribbon a partial vacuum is obtained through the chamber *5! which may be partially evacuated through pipe 5
  • This chamber may include an emulsion drain 52 and a pipe 53 leading to a manometer to determine the degree of vacuum.
  • a roll-type coating is arranged in which a roller 69 supports a moving strip $2 to be coated, this roller turning on the shaft 6i.
  • An applicator roll 64 dips into a bath 66 of coating solution and carries up a layer of this solution into a ribbon 6?.
  • a chamber is on one side of the ribbon can be partially evacuated. through a pipe H, leading to a reduced pressure lin or to the intake side of a blower so that a reduced pressure may be applied to the incoming side of the ribbon and atmospheric pressure is applied at 13 on the outgoing side of the ribbon.
  • the chamber BB includes a curved upper wall 69, preferably lying out of contact with the material to be coated by a small distance as, for instance, .015.
  • a subatmospheric pressure there may be an enclosure i 90 having a relatively air-tight entrance Elli and exit I82 for a strip of material Hid to be coated.
  • This material may be led over a coating roll Hi5 adapted to turn on suitable trunnions l 66. From the coating roll the coated strip may be led about a plurality of guide rolls M3 before passing out of the pressure chamber over the exit rollers m.
  • the entire chamber I00 may be put under pressure by means of a pump H6 passing air into the chamber Hill.
  • the coating device iii? may be exactly like that shown in Fig.
  • the chamber I98 may be connected to a pipe tilt leading out to ambient atmospheric pressure so that while the pressure in chamber 1108 is atmospheric, the pressure in the enclosure we is greater than atmospheric and the required differential in pressure on the two sides of the ribbon i i2 of the coating material can readily be obtained.
  • the effect on the coating ribbon will be the same as in the other described embodiments of my invention in that on the incoming side the ribbon is subjected to a lower pressure than on the outgoing side and, consequently, the ribbon may be maintained in coating position for the reasons given above.
  • the degree of vacuum or pressure difference is relatively slight and, consequently, some leakage between the edges of the vacuum chamber and the rest of the apparatus is immaterial since this can be readily made u by removing some of the air from the chamber.
  • vacuu m or reduced pressure It will be noticed that the same method is employed throughout the difierent types of hoppers which may be used in accordance with my invention. rial having a surface to be with respect to a coating the coating device is spaced be coated a short distance.
  • this ribbon is maintained accurately in a coating position while the coating operation is being carred out.
  • coated papers cannot be materials.
  • viscosities may also be Known types of machines may emulsions of the above viscosities pounds per hundred square feet be used to coat in the indicated at speeds which may reach 1-0 feet per minute.
  • film is passed continuously under a coating roll which dips into a pan of emulsion.
  • the thickness of the coating or the weight of the coating in pounds per square foot is determined by two factors; one, the viscosity of the coating solution, and, two, the rate of movement of the film. If either or both the coating speed or the viscosity of the coating material is increased, the amount of coating applied and carried away also increases.
  • Photographic emulsions in most instances contain a vehicle (usually gelatin) in proportion to the amount of silver salt present.
  • This vehicle imparts considerable viscosity to the emulsion which sets a definite limit on how fast the emulsicn can be coated out of an open pan without exceeding the desired amount of silver salt on the'film.
  • My improvement includes providing a flowing stream of coating composition and providing a ribbon or band of coating composition between a coating device and a surface to be coated while moving one relatively to the other.
  • ribbon or band I mean a relatively thin flowing area of coating composition extending completely across the area to be coated and upsupported on both sides by any apparatus.
  • the ribbon may have reasonably uniform cross section or the cross section may vary as have been shown in the examples described above and shown in the drawings.
  • the ribbon is that portion of the coating composition lying in the interface zone of the coating to which the coating moves from the coating device and from which the coating moves away with the coated surface, preferably at comparatively high speeds.
  • ihe roller and coating device may be of known types in which there is a slight separation between the coating device and the surface to be coated, this separation being bridged by the narrow band or ribbon of how ing coating solution moving from the coating device to the surface to be coated.
  • This difference in pressure can readily be accomplished by applying a partial vacuum such as, for instance, equal to from .10" to 4 or 5 of water, to that side of the ribbon which faces the incoming surface to be coated and by subjecting the opposite side of the ribbon, or the side from which the coated material passes from the coating device, to a higher pressure, such as normal atmospheric pressure.
  • a partial vacuum such as, for instance, equal to from .10" to 4 or 5 of water
  • a partial vacuum such as, for instance, equal to from .10" to 4 or 5 of water
  • the ribbon of coating composition may be extremely thin.
  • These figures are purely by way of illustration since the thickness of the thin stream of coating composition being flowed toward the surface to be coated may be varied within reasonable limits and in accordance with the amount of coating composition which may be required on the strip material.
  • thin coatings are almost always more difficult to apply properly than more normal, thicker coatings and, while my method is extremely suitable for applying very thin coating (such as .0001) thicker coatings can also be readily applied.
  • precise coatings at very high speeds are much more difficult to obtain than at slower speeds. I have been able to coat precisely-controlled coatings at two to ten or more times the more usual coating speeds mentioned above and, under certain conditions, even these speeds may be greatly exceeded.
  • My method is not limited to fast or high-speed coating, as improved results may also be obtained 'with this method at more normal or slower speeds,
  • Example 1 Erample of coating a photographic emulsion at high speed
  • the viscosity of the emulsion used was 7 centipoises at 95 F., and the speed of coating was 446 feet per minute.
  • the pressure differential used was equal to approximately 1.00" of water.
  • the amount of emulsion coated was .015 pound per square foot of film surface.
  • Example 2.E vample of the efiect of low air pressure difie-Tential on the speed of coating This example shows the effect of low air pressure differential on the speed of coating.
  • a positive type gelatino silver halide emulsion having a viscosity of 9 centipoises was required to be coated with a coverage of .023 pound of wet emul sion per square foot on a cellulose acetate support .005" in thickness at a temperature of 95 F.
  • a conventional method of coating such as an immersion roll, the maximum speed which could be reached without introducing defects was 9 feet per minute.
  • Example 3.-E'xample of the efiectoj low air pressure difierential on thickness of the coating To show the effect of low air pressure differenacsipoi tial on thickness of coating, a negative-type gelatino silver halide emulsion of 6 centipoises viscosity was coated on a safety-type film support at 50 feet per minute at F., using an immersion roll, to give a coverage of .045 pound per square foot of wet emulsion per square foot of support. When a lower coverage was attempted, the coating was defective because of streaks.
  • Example 4.C0aiing with a water solution of a dye An aqueous dye solution, prepared by dissolving a small amount, such as .01% of tartrazine dye in water and adding a suitable spreading agent, was applied to the dry surface of a clear gelatin layer previously coated on a cellulose ester support.
  • the viscosity of the water solution was approximately .75 centipoise at 95 F. It was coated from a hopper such as shown in Fig. 1.
  • the coating speed was 110.5 feet per minute.
  • the rate of application of the solution was: such that the resulting layer contained .008 pound of water per square foot of gel surface.
  • the air pressure difierential used under the hopper was .25".
  • Example 5 Coating a resin vehicle photographic silver halide
  • a sensitized photographic emulsion which was prepared by dispersing a silver halide in an aqueous 3% solution of polyvinyl alcohol to which was added a suitable amount of wnaphthol to form a rigid gel at lower temperatures, was ap plied to a transparent, flexible, subbed support.
  • the viscosity was approximately 20 centipoises when coated at 110 F. from a hopper such as shown in Fig. l.
  • the emulsion was coated at such a rate that the resulting layer contained ess than .035 pound of emulsion per square foot of film and the air pressure differential was .5" of water at a speed of feetper minute.
  • Example 6 A nonaqueous cellulose nitrate coating
  • a dilute type of subbing solution was prepared by dissolving cellulose nitrate to make a 1% solution, consisting largely of methyl alcohol and acetone and small quantities of other materials.
  • the viscosity of the solution was 2 centipoises at 80 F.
  • the solution was applied to the unsubbed safety film at 101 feet per minute using a hopper such as shown in Fig. 1. Coatings were applied using reduced pressure of .5" of water, and the solution was applied at such a rate that the coated layer contained .000 pound of solution per square foot of film.
  • Another coating of the same composition was applied at a reduced pressure of .1 of water at such a rate that the coated layer contained .02 pound of solution per square foot of film.
  • Example 7 An antiabrasion coating over wet photographic emulsion
  • Application of gelatin layers over previously coated wet set layers of gelatin emulsion is difficult. Heretofore it has been necessary to carry out this operation at rigidly defined speeds because of the danger of either remelting the previously applied layer when low speeds were used or causing breaks in the top coating when attempts were made to coat at higher speeds. Such applications have usually been coated at speeds up to 4:0 feet per minute.
  • a negative-type roll film emulsion was applied to a safety support by conventional means and set by application of cool air.
  • an abrasion protective gelatin layer containing a spreading agent, such as saponin was applied from a 1% water solution at 100 F. and at a viscosity of 3 centipoises with a hopper such as shown in Fig. 1.
  • the coating was applied using a diminished air pressure of 1 of water at a speed of '75 feet per minute. Although the thickness of the applied coating was less than .0001 (dry), nevertheless, it was uniform and was satisfactory in providing abrasion protection.
  • the use of diminished pressure allowed the application of a uniform extremely thin antiabrasion layer using a more concentrated solution. Previously such layers had to be coated with highly diluted solutions because of the limitations of conventional coating methods.
  • Example 8 it is possible speeds which prevent Example 8.-A multiple coating
  • a gelatin-silver halide photosensitive emulsion of a cine-positive type was applied to a dry, subbed cellulose acetate support using a hopper such as shown in Fig. 1.
  • the viscosity of the emulsion, when coated at 100 F., was 11 centipoises.
  • a coating was applied using a diminished air pressure of 2.5 of water, and the emulsion was applied at such a rate the coating contained less than .016 pound of emulsion per square foot of film surface at a speed of 101 feet per minute.
  • This layer of emulsion was dried, and a second and different emulsion was then applied as follows:
  • a high-speed cine-negative type gelatin-silver halide emulsion prepared by suspending silver halides in a gelatin water solution to which was added spreading, sensitizing, and plasticizing materials in suitable quantities, was applied to the dry surface of the above-described undercoat with a hopper such as shown in Fig. 1.
  • the emulsion when applied at 100 F., had a viscosity of 11 centipoises and was coated at such a rate that the layer contained .05 pound per square foot of film surface.
  • Example 9 A pigmented resin coating An opaque composition was made from a 45% emulsion, prepared by suspending finely divided carbon in a water solution of polyvinylidene chloride to which had been added a suitable defoaming agent. This composition was thixotropic but gave an apparent viscosity of approximately 500 centipoises when measured under low rate of shear conditions at ,F. This composition was applied at 80 F. to a celloulose acetate support with a hopper such as shown in Fig. 1 at a speed of 101 feet per minute. The differential air pres sure was equal to 2" of water. The thickness of of emulsion The coating the applied coating was only .001" (dry) but was satisfactory in completely preventing the transmission of light. This composition was also applied to kraft paper under similar coating conditions to furnish a product suitable as an interleaving layer for roll film.
  • Example 10 --Bariam sulfate coating on photographic paper base
  • a sizing coat was applied to raw double-weight photographic paper.
  • the coated material was a 45% suspension of barium sulfate in an aqueous gelatin solution to which was added a suitable defoaming agent such as butyl alcohol.
  • the suspension viscosity was 18 centipoises at 80 F., and it was coated from a hopper such as shown in Fig. 1 at a speedof 101 feet per minute.
  • the diminished air pressure under the hopper ranged from .1" to 1.75, and the rate of application of the suspension was such that the coated layer contained from 3 to 5.8 pounds of suspension per hundred square feet of paper surface.
  • Example 11 A gelatin silver halide positive-type emulsion prepared by suspending silver halides in a water solution of gelatin to which had been added suitable quantities of spreading, sensitizing, and plasticizing agents was applied to a dry, subbed safety support over a coating speed range of feet per minute to 300 feet per minute, using a hopper such as shown in Fig. 4.
  • Coatings were applied using a diminished air pressure range of .25" to 3.00" of Water, and the emulsion was applied at such a rate that the coating contained less than .035 pound of emulsion per square foot of film surface.
  • the concentrated emulsion could not be coated at any of the speeds used without the application of diminished pressure.
  • E sample 1 2 An antihalation gelatin layer was coated on the backof safety support at 130 feet per minute from a water solution of gelatin containing a spreading agent, such as saponin, and a suitable dye.
  • the gelatin solution was applied at such a rate that the coated layer contained less than .035 pound of gel per square foot of film surface.
  • the air pressure differential was 1.5" of water. This method of coating permitted the use of more concentrated solutions, thereby permitting considerably higher coating speeds and shorter drying times.
  • Example 13.C'oating multilayer color film A gelatin-silver halide differentially color-sensitive emulsion comprising silver halides dispersed in an aqueous gelatin solution, to which was added a coupler and the necessary agents to give it the desired coating and desired sensitometric proper ies, was applied to a dry, subbed safety support from a hopper such as shown in Fig. 1 using a reduced pressure of .25" of water. The viscosity was centipoises at the coating temperature of 95 F. and the rate of application such as to form a layer containing .02 pound of the emulsion per square foot of film. The coating speed was 154 feet per minute. The emulsion was set with chilled air and dried.
  • Example I4-Light screening coatings A solution possessing light screening properties, which was prepared by dissolving a dye of the proper light absorption in an aqueous solu tion of gelatin and adding a suitable spreading agent, was applied to the dry surface of the emulsion which had been coated as described above.
  • the solution viscosity was 3 centipoises at the coating tempreature of 95 F.
  • the rate of application of the solution was such as to produce a layer containing less than .02 pound of solution per square foot of film.
  • the diminished pressure used on the hopper was .4 of water and the coating speed was 198 feet per minute.
  • the light screening layer was then congealed by applying cold air and then drying with warm air.
  • a gelatin-silver halide emulsion sensitive to an other part of the visible spectrum comprising a silver halide suspended in an aqueous gelatin solution, to which wasadded a coupler and suit able spreading and sensitizing agents, was applied to the dry surface of the light screening layer described above.
  • the emulsion viscosity was 5 centipoises at the coating temperature of 95 F., and the rate of application was .02 pound of emusion per square foot of film. when using a reduced pressure of l of water.
  • the coating speed employed on this layer was 260. feet per minute.
  • the reduced pressureprinciple is particularly useful in applying the second and successive layersof a multilayer film because coating on an emulsion surface is often more diificult than on the surface of uncoated support.
  • the above illustrative examples give a plurality of difierent coating compositions which may be readily applied to strip material in accordance with my improved method. While my method is entirely suitable for applying a wide variety of coating compositions, it, is particularly suitable for (l) applying coatings at highspeeds, 2) coating with solutions of compositions where a thin layer is required, (3) coating spliced materials to avoid wastage at the splice, (4) applying; photographic layers such as light-sensitive silver halide emulsions such as a dispersion of silver halide (silver. chloride, silver chlorobromide, silver bromide, silver. bromoiodide, etc.) in a. water-soluble or. water-permeable colloid, e. g.
  • gelatin hydrolyzed cellulose acetate, polyvinyl alcohol
  • coating other light-sensitive layers such as bichromated gelatin, light-sensitive dyes, bichromated shellac compositions, bichromated gum arabic, and the like
  • a dispersion or solution of a hydrophobic polymer material e. g., cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polyvinyl acetal resins, polyacrylate resins, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, in a suitable medium, e.
  • a pigment e. g., finely-divided carbon, colored pigments
  • a suitable medium e. g., water or an organic solvent
  • sizing materials e. g., barium sulfate in a suitable medium such as a water solution of a water-soluble colloid, e. g., gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, hydrolyzed cellulose acetate, etc.
  • a method or" coating strip material from a coating device which comprises moving the strip material adjacent and relative to the coating device, and passing a ribbon of coating composition from the coating device to the strip material transversely of the material while bridging the ribbon of coating composition between the coating device and the strip material to be coated, holding the ribbon of coating composition from movement in the direction of travel of the moving strip material by subjecting each of the faces of the ribbon of coating composition extending ransversely or" the strip material to a different pressure, the pressures being selected to retain the ribbon of coating composition in a coating position between the coating device and the strip material and to maintain a uniform coating on the strip material, the pressure on that side of the ribbon of coating composition toward which the strip material approaches for coating being less than the pressure on the opposite side thereof.
  • a method of coating strip material from a coating device which comprises moving the strip material adjacentthe coating device and relative thereto, and passing a ribbon of coating composition from the coating device to the strip material and transversely of the strip material, retaining the height of the ribbon of coating composition between the coating device and the strip material to more than twice, but less than three times the thickness of the strip material to be coated for passing a splice therethrough, holding. the ribbon of coating composition against movement in the direction of movement of the strip material by subjecting that side of the ribbon extending transversely of the strip material to be coated. and facing the strip material approaching the coating device to a re 15 cuted pressure selected to maintain the ribbon of coating composition in a coating position while the opposite side of the ribbon is subjected to atmospheric pressure.
  • a method of coating which comprises forming a ribbon of flowing coating composition of the desired width between a coating device and strip material to be coated while the strip material is carried by a support, moving the strip material relative to the coating device, the strip material approaching the coating device and moving from the coating device and the ribbon of coating composition extending transversely of the strip material and bridging the ribbon of flowing coating composition between the coating device and the strip of material to be coated, subjecting both sides of the ribbon extending transversely of the strip material to subatmospheric gaseous pressures, the gaseous pressure on the sid of the ribbon from which the strip material approaches to be coated being somewhat less than the subatmospheric pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the coated strip material moves from the coating device to maintain the ribbon of coating composition between the coating device and the strip material and to provide a uniform coating on the strip material.
  • a method of coating which comprises forming a ribbon of flowing coating composition of the desired width between a coating device and strip of material to be coated while the strip material is carried by a support, moving the strip material relative to the coating device, the strip material approaching the coating device and moving from the coating device and the ribbon of coating composition extending transversely of the strip material, bridging the ribbon of flowing coating composition between the coating device and the strip of material to be coated, and subjecting both sides of the ribbon extending transversely of the strip material to different gaseous pressures to maintain the ribbon in a coating position and to provide a uniform coating on the strip material, the gaseous pressure on the side of the ribbon from which the strip material approaches to be coated being less by a selected degree than the gaseous pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the strip material moves from the coating device to maintain the ribbon of coating com position in a coating position between the coating device and the strip material.
  • a process of forming a substantially continuous coating on a rapidly moving surface of strip material by procedure including continuously depositing said coating angularly on the rapidly moving surface from a supply of coating material by forcing a ribbon of coating material from the supply of coating material to the rapidly moving surface of strip material, and causing the ribbon of coating material to bridge the distance from the supply of coating material to the surface of the strip material being coated, the improvement which comprises applying a substantial differential pressure between the pressure on one side of the ribbon of coating applied to the rapidly moving surface of strip material and the pressure applied to the other side thereof at the intersurface zone of the ribbon of coating material with the moving surface of the strip material, with the lesser pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the surface of the strip material approaches the supply of coating material for coating whereby air and other gaseous molecules are removed tinuous coating of from said intersurface zone, thereby facilitating the speed of forming the coating and improving the quality thereof.
  • a process of forming a substantially continuous coating on a rapidly moving surface of strip material by procedure including continuously depositing and coating angularly on the rapidly moving surface from a supply of coating material by forcing a ribbon of coating material from the supply of coating material to the rapidly moving surface of strip material, and causing the ribbon of coating material to bridge the distance from the supply of coating material to the surface of the strip material being coated, the improvement which comprises applying a substantial difierential pressure between the pressure on one side of the ribbon of coating applied to the rapidly movingsurface of strip material and the pressure applied to the other side thereof at the intersurface zone of the ribbon of coating material with the moving surface of the strip material, with lesser pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the surface of the strip material approaches the supply of coating material for coating, wherein the differential pressures are superatmospheric.
  • a method of applying a liquid composition comprising a water-permeable colloid to a relatively moving strip material carried by a support which comprises forming a flowing stream of water-permeable colloid, bridging a ribbon of the water-permeable colloid between a coating device and transversely of an area of a strip material to be coated while one is moving relative to the other, subjecting the ribbon to a greater pressure on that side from which the coated strip leaves the coating device while subjecting the other side of the ribbon to a lesser pressure, the pressure differential on the two sides of the ribbon being in the order of .1" to 5.00" of Water and tending to hold the flow of water-permeable colloid in coating position.
  • rial to a relatively moving prising forming a flowing stream of a hydrophobicresinous material .rial to which the strip to be the coating device to subatmospheric pressure of -A method of applying a liquid composition comprising a hydrophobic resinous matestrip of material comof the width of a desired coating, bridging a ribbon of the flowing hydrophobic resinous material between a coating device and a movable support carrying a strip of material to be coated and transversely of the strip material, subjecting that sideof the ribbon extending transversely of the strip matecoated approaches from .1 to 5.00" of water whilethe opposite side thereof is subjected to atmospheric pressure to maintain the ribbon in coating position.
  • a method of coating a solution of dye to a rapidly moving strip of material carried by a support comprising forming a flowing stream of a solution of a dye, passing the stream through a coating device, bridging a ribbon of the solution of the dye between the coating device and the movable support carrying the strip of material to be coated and extending transversely thereacross while subjecting one side of the ribbon to a gaseous pressure less than that on the other side of the ribbon, the greater pressure lying on that side of the ribbon from which the dyed support moves away from the coating device to maintain the ribbon of the solution of dye in a coating position, the difference in the two pressures being in the order of from .1" to 2.00" of water.
  • a method of coating a moving strip of nonporous flexible material with a photographic light-sensitive emulsion coating having viscosity of between three and thirty-five centipoises comprising flowing a thin layer of said emulsion from a coatingdevice to the strip of nonporous material forming a ribbon of emulsion therebetween extending transversely of the nonporous flexible material while the strip material is moving toward and away from the coating device, and maintaining a subatmospheric pressure equal to less than five inches of water on the side of the ribbon from which the strip material moves to be coated while maintaining atmospheric pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the coated strip moves away from the coating device.
  • a method of coating a moving strip of nonporous flexible material with a photographic light-sensitive emulsion coating having viscosity of between three and thirty-five centipoises comprising flowing a thin from a coating device to the strip of nonporous material forming a ribbon of emulsion therebetween extending transversely of the flexible material while the flexible material is moving toward and away from the coating device, and maintaining a subatmospheric pressure between .10 and 5.00" of water on that side of theribbon from which the strip material approaches the coating device while maintaining atmospheric pressure on the opposite side thereof.
  • a method of coating a moving strip of substantially nonporous flexible material of a type adapted to contain splices of a thickness approximately twice the thickness of a single strip of material with a photographic coating composition having viscosities of between three and thirty-five centipoises comprising flowing a thin layer of said emulsion from a coating device to the strip of nonporous flexible matelayer of said emulsion 18 rial forming a ribbon of emulsion therebetween extending transversely of the flexible material, said ribbon having a height of several times the thickness of the flexible material while passing from the coating device to the strip material and while the strip material moves toward the coating device and away from the coating device, the improvement which comprises maintaining the ribbon in a coating condition by applying a differential in gaseous pressureson the two sides of the ribbon extending transversely of the strip material, the pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the strip material moves toward the coating device being somewhat less than the pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the flexible strip of material goes away from the coating device,
  • a method of coating strip material from a coating device which comprises moving the strip material adjacent and relative to the coating device, and passing a ribbon of coating composition from the coating device to the strip material transversely of the material while bridging the ribbon of coating composition between the coating device and the strip material to be coated, holding the ribbon of coating composition from movement in the direction of travel of the moving strip material by subjecting each of the faces of the ribbon of coating composition extending transversely of the strip material to a diiferent pressure, the pressures being selected to retain the ribbon of coating composition in a coating position between the coating device and the strip material and to provide a uniform coating on the strip material, the pressure on that side of the ribbon of coating composition toward which the strip material approaches for coating being subatmospheric and the pressure on the opposite side thereof being atmospheric.
  • a method of coating strip material from a coating device which comprises moving the strip material adjacent and relative to the coating device, and passing a ribbon of coating composition from the coating device to the strip material transversely of the material while bridging the ribbon of coating composition between the coating device and the strip material to be coated, holding the ribbon of coating composition from movement in the direction of travel of the moving strip material by subjecting each of the faces of the ribbon of coating composition extending transversely of the strip material to a different pressure, the pressures being selected to retain the ribbon of coating composition in a coating position between the coating device and the strip material and to provide a uniform coating on the strip material, the pressure on that side of the ribbon of coating composition toward which the strip material approaches for coating being a partial vacuum and the pressure on that side from which the coated strip material leaves the coating device being atmospheric, the difference between the two pressures being less than 5.00" of water.
  • a method of coating which comprises forming a ribbon of flowing coating composition of the desired width between a coating device and strip of material to be coated while the strip material is carried by a support, moving the strip material relative to the coating ing device and moving and the ribbon of coating composition extending transversely of the strip material, bridging the ribbon of flowing coating composition between the coating device and the strip of material to be coated and subjecting both sides of the ribbon extending transversely of the strip material to difierent gaseous pressures, the gaseous pressure on the side of the ribbon from which the strip material approaches to be coated being less by a selected degree than the gaseous pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the strip material moves from the coating device to maintain the ribbon of coating composition in a coating position between the coating device and the strip material and to provide a uniform coating on the strip material, the gaseous pressure on that side of the ribbon facing the oncoming strip of material to be coatedbeing atmospheric and the pressure on that side of the ribbon from which the strip material moves from the coating device being superatmospheric.
  • a method of coating a moving strip of 'nonporous flexible 'silver halide light-sensitive emulsion coating material with a photographic having a viscosity of between three and thirtyfive centipoises comprising flowing a thin layer of said emulsion from a coating device to the strip of nonporous material forming a ribbon of emulsion therebetween extending transversely of the flexible material while the flexible material is moved toward and away from the coating device, and maintaining a subatmospheric pressure between .10 and 5.00" of water on that side of the ribbon from which the strip material approaches the coating device while maintaining atmospheric pressure on the opposite side thereof.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Heat Sensitive Colour Forming Recording (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
US243257A 1951-08-23 1951-08-23 Method of coating strip material Expired - Lifetime US2681294A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE513714D BE513714A (da) 1951-08-23
US243257A US2681294A (en) 1951-08-23 1951-08-23 Method of coating strip material
FR1093966D FR1093966A (fr) 1951-08-23 1952-08-22 Procédé et dispositif de couchage de compositions fluides et produits obtenus
GB21309/52A GB716080A (en) 1951-08-23 1952-08-25 An improved method of coating strip material

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BE513714A (da) 1900-01-01
GB716080A (en) 1954-09-29

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