US20190169291A1 - Antibodies to MAdCAM - Google Patents

Antibodies to MAdCAM Download PDF

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US20190169291A1
US20190169291A1 US16/035,178 US201816035178A US2019169291A1 US 20190169291 A1 US20190169291 A1 US 20190169291A1 US 201816035178 A US201816035178 A US 201816035178A US 2019169291 A1 US2019169291 A1 US 2019169291A1
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madcam
antibody
human
antibodies
amino acid
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Karin Anderson
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Pfizer Inc
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Pfizer Inc
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Priority to US17/338,991 priority patent/US11802156B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2839—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the integrin superfamily
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/33—Crossreactivity, e.g. for species or epitope, or lack of said crossreactivity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/40—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by post-translational modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/52—Constant or Fc region; Isotype
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/94—Stability, e.g. half-life, pH, temperature or enzyme-resistance

Definitions

  • MAdCAM Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule
  • the selectivity of lymphocyte homing to specialized lymphoid tissue and mucosal sites of the gastrointestinal tract is determined by the endothelial expression of MAdCAM (Berlin, C. et al., Cell, 80:413-422(1994); Berlin, C., et al., Cell, 74:185-195 (1993); and Erle, D. J., et al., J. Immunol., 153: 517-528 (1994)).
  • MAdCAM is uniquely expressed on the cell surface of high endothelial venules of organized intestinal lymphoid tissue, such as Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes (Streeter et al., Nature, 331:41-6 (1988); Nakache et al., Nature, 337:179-81 (1989); Briskin et al., Am. J. Pathol. 151-97-110 (1997)), but also in other lymphoid organs, such as pancreas, gall bladder and splenic venules and marginal sinus of the splenic white pulp (Briskin et al (1997), supra; Kraal et al., Am. J. Path., 147: 763-771 (1995)).
  • MAdCAM plays a physiological role in gut immune surveillance, it appears to facilitate excessive lymphocyte extravasation in inflammatory bowel disease under conditions of chronic gastrointestinal tract inflammation.
  • TNF ⁇ and other pro-inflammatory cytokines increase endothelial MAdCAM expression and, in biopsy specimens taken from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, there is an approximate 2-3 fold focal increase in MAdCAM expression at sites of inflammation (Briskin et al. (1997), Souza et al., Gut, 45:856-63 (1999); Arihiro et al., Pathol Int., 52:367-74 (2002)).
  • rat anti-mouse MAdCAM monoclonal antibody mAb
  • MECA-367 which blocks the binding of ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 + lymphocytes to MAdCAM, reduces the lymphocyte recruitment, tissue extravasation, inflammation and disease severity.
  • Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human MAdCAM also have been reported (see, e.g., WO 96/24673 and WO 99/58573).
  • a means for inhibiting ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 binding and MAdCAM-mediated leukocyte recruitment is desirable. It further would be desirable to have such therapeutic means with advantageous properties including but not limited to the absence of unwanted interactions with other medications in patients and favorable physico-chemical properties such as pK/pD values in humans, solubility, stability, shelf-life and in vivo half-life.
  • a therapeutic protein, such as an antibody would advantageously be free of unwanted post-translational modifications or aggregate formation. Accordingly, there is a critical need for therapeutic anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • an isolated antibody that specifically binds MAdCAM wherein at least the CDR sequences of said antibody are human CDR sequences, or an antigen-binding portion of said antibody.
  • the antibody is a human antibody, preferably an antibody that acts as a MAdCAM antagonist.
  • compositions comprising said antibodies or portions.
  • compositions of the invention may further comprise another component, such as a therapeutic agent or a diagnostic agent. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods are also provided by the invention.
  • the disclosure further provides an isolated cell line, that produces said anti-MAdCAM antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • the disclosure also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding the heavy and/or light chain of said anti-MAdCAM antibody or the variable region thereof or antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • the disclosure provides vectors and host cells comprising said nucleic acid molecules, as well as methods of recombinantly producing the polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecules.
  • Non-human transgenic animals or plants that express the heavy and/or light chain of said anti-MAdCAM antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, are also provided.
  • a human monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds to Mucosal Adressin Cell Adhesion Molecule (MAdCAM).
  • MAdCAM Mucosal Adressin Cell Adhesion Molecule
  • the human monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion possesses at least one of the following properties: (a) binds to human cells; (b) has a selectivity for MAdCAM over VCAM or fibronectin of at least 100 fold; (c) binds to human MAdCAM with a K d of 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 M or less; or (d) inhibits the binding of ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 expressing cells to human MAdCAM. (e) inhibits the recruitment of lymphocytes to gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue.
  • the human monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion binds human MAdCAM with a K d of 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 M or less and inhibits ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 binding to human MAdCAM.
  • the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, or 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence identical to SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • heavy chain comprises between 1 and 25 amino acid substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • the heavy chain comprises between 1 and 10 amino acid substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, or 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 150.
  • the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence identical to SEQ ID NO: 150.
  • the light chain comprises between 1 and 25 amino acid substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 150.
  • the light chain comprises between 1 and 10 amino acid substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 150.
  • the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, or 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 148, and the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, or 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 150.
  • the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence identical to SEQ ID NO: 148
  • the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence identical to SEQ ID NO: 150.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of a MAdCAM antibody is provided.
  • a cell producing a human monoclonal antibody that binds MAdCAM is provided.
  • a cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a MAdCAM antibody is provided.
  • a hybridoma cell line that produces a human monoclonal MAdCAM antibody is provided.
  • the hybridoma is selected from the group consisting of 1.7.2 (ECACC Accession No. 03090901), 1.8.2 (ECACC Accession No. 03090902), 6.14.2 (ECACC Accession No. 03090903), 6.22.2 (ECACC Accession No. 03090904), 6.34.2 (ECACC Accession No. 03090905), 6.67.1 (ECACC Accession No. 03090906), 6.73.2 (ECACC Accession No. 03090907), 6.77.1 (ECACC Accession No. 03090908), 7.16.6 (ECACC Accession No. 03090909), 7.20.5 (ECACC Accession No. 03090910), 7.26.4 (ECACC Accession No. 03090911), and 9.8.2 (ECACC Accession No. 03090912).
  • the human monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma cell line or an antigen-binding portion of said monoclonal antibody is provided.
  • the heavy chain C-terminal lysine is cleaved.
  • said antibody or antigen-binding portion inhibits binding of human MAdCAM to ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 , and wherein the antibody or portion thereof has at least one of the following properties: (a) cross-competes with a reference antibody for binding to MAdCAM; (b) competes with a reference antibody for binding to MAdCAM; (c) binds to the same epitope of MAdCAM as a reference antibody; (d) binds to MAdCAM with substantially the same K d as a reference antibody; (e) binds to MAdCAM with substantially the same off rate as a reference antibody; wherein the reference antibody is selected from the group consisting of: monoclonal antibody 1.7.2, monoclonal antibody 1.8.2, monoclonal antibody 6.14.2, monoclonal antibody 6.22.2, monoclonal antibody 6.34.2, monoclonal antibody 6.67.1, monoclonal antibody 6.73.2, monoclonal antibody 6.77.1, monoclonal antibody 7.16.6, monoclonal antibody 7.20.5, monoclonal antibody
  • the antibody is selected from the group consisting of: (a) an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4, without the signal sequences; (b) an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8, without the signal sequences; (c) an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: 12, without the signal sequences; (d) an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO: 16, without the signal sequences; (e) an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 20, without the signal sequences; (f) an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 24, without the signal sequences; (g) an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26 and SEQ ID NO: 28, without the signal sequences; (h
  • the heavy chain of said antibody or portion thereof comprises the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 or wherein the light chain comprises the light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of: 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod and 7.26.4-mod.
  • said antibody or portion comprises a heavy chain that utilizes a human VH 1-18 gene, a human VH 3-15 gene, a human VH 3-21 gene, a human VH 3-23 gene, a human VH 3-30 gene, a human VH 3-33 gene or a human VH 4-4 gene.
  • said antibody or portion comprises a light chain that utilizes a human V K A2 gene, a human V K A3 gene, a human V K A26 gene, a human V K B3 gene, a human V K O12 gene or a human V K O18 gene.
  • the heavy chain variable region, the light chain variable region or both are at least 90% identical in amino acid sequence to the corresponding region or regions of a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of: monoclonal antibody 1.7.2, monoclonal antibody 1.8.2, monoclonal antibody 6.14.2, monoclonal antibody 6.22.2, monoclonal antibody 6.34.2, monoclonal antibody 6.67.1, monoclonal antibody 6.73.2, monoclonal antibody 6.77.1, monoclonal antibody 7.16.6, monoclonal antibody 7.20.5, monoclonal antibody 7.26.4, monoclonal antibody 9.8.2, monoclonal antibody X481.2, monoclonal antibody 6.22.2-mod, monoclonal antibody 6.34.2-mod, monoclonal antibody 6.67.1-mod, monoclonal antibody 6.77.1-mod and monoclonal antibody 7.26.4-mod.
  • a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of: monoclonal antibody 1.7.2, monoclonal antibody 1.8.2, monoclon
  • a monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds MAdCAM, wherein: (a) the heavy chain comprises the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 amino acid sequences of a reference antibody selected from the group consisting of: 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod and 7.26.4-mod (b) the light chain comprises the light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 amino acid sequences of a reference antibody selected from the group consisting of: 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.6
  • the heavy chain, the light chain or both comprise the amino acid sequence from the beginning of the CDR1 through the end of the CDR3 of the heavy chain, the light chain or both, respectively, of the reference antibody.
  • said antibody comprises: (a) a heavy chain comprising the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of an antibody selected from the group consisting of: 1.7.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2); 1.8.2 (SEQ ID NO: 6); 6.14.2 (SEQ ID NO: 10); 6.22.2 (SEQ ID NO: 14); 6.34.2 (SEQ ID NO: 18); 6.67.1 (SEQ ID NO: 22); 6.73.2 (SEQ ID NO: 26); 6.77.1 (SEQ ID NO: 30); 7.16.6 (SEQ ID NO: 34); 7.20.5 (SEQ ID NO: 38); 7.26.4 (SEQ ID NO: 42); and 9.8.2 (SEQ ID NO: 46); X481.2 (SEQ ID NO: 148), 6.22.2-mod (SEQ ID NO: 52); 6.34.2-mod (SEQ ID NO: 56); 6.67.1-mod (SEQ ID NO: 60); 6.77.1-mod (SEQ ID NO: 64); and 7.26.4-mod (SEQ ID NO: 42); (b) a light
  • the monoclonal antibody is an immunoglobulin G (IgG), an IgM, an IgE, and IgA or an IgD molecule, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody or a bispecific antibody.
  • IgG immunoglobulin G
  • IgM immunoglobulin M
  • IgE immunoglobulin E
  • IgA immunoglobulin A
  • IgD immunoglobulin D molecule
  • the antigen-binding portion is an Fab fragment, an F(ab′) 2 fragment, an Fv fragment or a single chain antibody.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a method of treating inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof comprising the step of administering to said subject the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof wherein said antibody or antigen-binding portion inhibits binding of MAdCAM to ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 .
  • the inflammatory disease is inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, diverticula disease, gastritis, liver disease, primary biliary sclerosis and sclerosing cholangitis.
  • the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or both.
  • the inflammatory diseases are insulin-dependent diabetes and graft versus host disease.
  • an isolated cell line that produces the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion or the heavy chain or light chain of said antibody or of said portion thereof.
  • the cell line produces an antibody selected from the group consisting of: 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, and X481.2 or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences of one of said antibodies.
  • the cell line produces a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of: 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod, 7.26.4-mod, and X481.2 or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequences of one of said antibodies.
  • an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes the heavy chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof or the light chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof of an antibody.
  • a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule, wherein the vector optionally comprises an expression control sequence operably linked to the nucleic acid molecule.
  • a host cell is provided comprising the vector or the nucleic acid molecule.
  • a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof of an antibody or antigen-binding portion.
  • a method for producing a human monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds MAdCAM comprising culturing the host cell or the cell line under suitable conditions and recovering said antibody or antigen-binding portion.
  • a non-human transgenic animal or transgenic plant comprising (a) nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof; or (c) both (a) and (b) of an antibody, wherein the non-human transgenic animal or transgenic plant expresses said heavy chain or light chain or both.
  • a method is provided of isolating an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds to MAdCAM, comprising the step of isolating the antibody from the non-human transgenic animal or transgenic plant.
  • a method is provided of treating a subject in need thereof with a human antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds to MAdCAM and inhibits binding to ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 comprising the steps of: (a) administering an effective amount of an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof, an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof, or nucleic acid molecules encoding the light chain and the heavy chain or antigen-binding portions thereof; and (b) expressing the nucleic acid molecule.
  • a method for producing a human monoclonal antibody that specifically binds MAdCAM comprising the steps of: (a) immunizing a non-human transgenic animal that is capable of producing human antibodies with MAdCAM, with an immunogenic portion of MAdCAM or a with cell or tissue expressing MAdCAM; and (b) allowing the transgenic animal to mount an immune response to MAdCAM.
  • a human monoclonal antibody is produced as above.
  • a method is provided of inhibiting ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 binding to cells expressing human MAdCAM comprising contacting the cells with the monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • a method for inhibiting MAdCAM-mediated leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion comprising contacting the endothelial cells with the monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • a method for inhibiting MAdCAM-mediated leukocyte adhesion, migration and infiltration into tissues comprising the step of contacting the endothelial cells with the monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • a method for inhibiting ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 /MAdCAM-dependent cellular adhesion comprising the step of contacting cells expressing human MAdCAM with the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • a method for inhibiting the MAdCAM-mediated recruitment of lymphocytes to gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue comprising the step of contacting cells expressing human MAdCAM with the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • a monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds MAdCAM, wherein said antibody or portion thereof comprises one or more of an FR1, FR2, FR3 or FR4 amino acid sequence of a human monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of: 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod and 7.26.4-mod.
  • the human monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion comprises: (a) a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the heavy chain amino acid sequence of a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of: 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod and 7.26.4-mod; (b) a light chain amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the light chain amino acid sequence of a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of: 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod, 6.7
  • a method for diagnosing a disorder characterized by circulating soluble human MAdCAM comprising the steps of: (1) contacting a biological sample with the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion and (2) detecting binding.
  • a method for detecting inflammation in a subject comprising the steps of: (1) administering to said subject the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion wherein said antibody or portion thereof is detectably labeled and (2) detecting binding.
  • a diagnostic kit comprising the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding portion.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is provided further comprising one or more additional anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory agents.
  • the one or more additional anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory agents are selected from the group consisting of: corticosteroids, aminosalicylates, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporin, FK506, IL-10, GM-CSF, rapamycin, anti-TNF ⁇ agents and adhesion molecule antagonists.
  • a vaccine comprising an effective amount of the human antibody thereof or antigen-binding portion and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the vaccine is mucosal.
  • a method is provided of detecting the effect of administration of an inhibitory anti-MAdCAM antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof to a subject comprising the steps of: (a) administering to a subject a human monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to MAdCAM; and (b) determining whether there is an increase in the levels of circulating ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 -expressing leukocytes.
  • said leukocytes are lymphocytes.
  • said increase in the levels of circulating ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 -expressing leukocytes is determined by FACS analysis.
  • a monoclonal antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof that binds MAdCAM comprising the variable region of the light chain of SEQ ID NO: 150 and the variable region of the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • a monoclonal antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds MAdCAM comprising a heavy chain variable region encoded by nucleotide SEQ ID NO: 149, and a light chain variable region encoded by nucleotide SEQ ID NO: 35.
  • FIG. 1 is an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences of the heavy and kappa light chain variable regions of twelve human anti-MAdCAM monoclonal antibodies with the germline amino acid sequences of the corresponding human genes.
  • FIG. 1A shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibodies 1.7.2 and 1.8.2 with the germline human VH 3-15 gene product.
  • FIG. 1B shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibody 6.14.2 with the germline human VH 3-23 gene product.
  • FIG. 1C shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibody 6.22.2 with the germline human VH 3-33 gene product.
  • FIG. 1D shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibody 6.34.2 with the germline human VH 3-30 gene product.
  • FIG. 1E shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibody 6.67.1 with the germline human VH 4-4 gene product.
  • FIG. 1F shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibody 6.73.2 with the germline human VH 3-23 gene product.
  • FIG. 1G shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibody 6.77.1 with the germline human VH 3-21 gene product.
  • FIG. 1H shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibodies 7.16.6 and 7.26.4 with the germline human VH 1-18 gene product.
  • FIG. 1I shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibody 7.20.5 with the germline human VH 4-4 gene product.
  • FIG. 1J shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the heavy chain for antibody 9.8.2 with the germline human VH 3-33 gene product.
  • FIG. 1K shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the light kappa chain for antibodies 1.7.2 and 1.8.2 with the germline human A3 gene product.
  • FIG. 1L shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibody 6.14.2 with the germline human O12 gene product.
  • FIG. 1M shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibody 6.22.2 with the germline human A26 gene product.
  • FIG. 1N shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibody 6.34.2 with the germline human O12 gene product.
  • FIG. 1O shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibody 6.67.1 with the germline human B3 gene product.
  • FIG. 1P shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibody 6.73.2 with the germline human O12 gene product.
  • FIG. 1Q shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibody 6.77.1 with the germline human A2 gene product.
  • FIG. 1R shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibodies 7.16.6 and 7.26.4 with the germline human A2 gene product.
  • FIG. 1S shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibody 7.20.5 with the germline human A3 gene product.
  • FIG. 1T shows an alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain for antibody 9.8.2 with the germline human O18 gene product.
  • FIG. 2 (i.e. FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B ) are CLUSTAL alignments of the predicted heavy and kappa light chain amino acid sequences of human anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • FIG. 2A is a CLUSTAL alignment and radial tree of the predicted kappa light chain amino acid sequences, showing the degree of similarity between the anti-MAdCAM antibody kappa light chains.
  • FIG. 2B is a CLUSTAL alignment and radial tree of the predicted heavy amino acid sequences, showing the degree of similarity between the anti-MAdCAM antibody heavy chains.
  • FIG. 3 is an amino acid sequence CLUSTAL alignment of the 2 N-terminal domains of cynomolgus and human MAdCAM which form the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 binding domain.
  • the ⁇ -strands are aligned according to Tan et al., Structure (1998) 6:793-801.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph representing the dose effects of purified biotinylated 1.7.2 and 7.16.6 on the adhesion of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to sections of MAdCAM-expressing frozen human liver endothelium.
  • FIG. 5 shows a two dimensional graphical representation based on the data captured in Table 7 of the diversity of MAdCAM epitopes to which the anti-MAdCAM antibodies, 1.7.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2 bind.
  • Anti-MAdCAM antibodies within the same circle show the same reactivity pattern, belong in the same epitope bin and are likely to recognize the same epitope on MAdCAM.
  • Anti-MAdCAM antibody clones within overlapping circles are unable to bind simultaneously and are, therefore, likely to recognize an overlapping epitope on MAdCAM.
  • Non-integrating circles represent anti-MAdCAM antibody clones with distinct spatial epitope separation.
  • FIG. 6 shows sandwich ELISA data with anti-MAdCAM antibodies 1.7.2 and an Alexa 488-labelled 7.16.6, showing that two antibodies that are able to detect different epitopes on MAdCAM could be used to detect soluble MAdCAM for diagnostic purposes.
  • FIG. 7 shows the effect of an inhibitory anti-MAdCAM antibody (1 mg/kg) on the number of circulating peripheral ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 + lymphocytes, expressed as a fold increase over control IgG2a mAb or vehicle, using anti-MAdCAM mAb 7.16.6 in a cynomolgus monkey model.
  • polypeptide encompasses native or artificial proteins, protein fragments and polypeptide analogs of a protein sequence.
  • a polypeptide may be monomeric or polymeric.
  • isolated protein or “isolated polypeptide” is a protein or polypeptide that by virtue of its origin or source of derivation (1) is not associated with naturally associated components that accompany it in its native state, (2) is free of other proteins from the same species (3) is expressed by a cell from a different species, or (4) does not occur in nature.
  • a polypeptide that is chemically synthesized or synthesized in a cellular system different from the cell from which it naturally originates will be “isolated” from its naturally associated components.
  • a protein may also be rendered substantially free of naturally associated components by isolation, using protein purification techniques well known in the art.
  • a protein or polypeptide is “substantially pure,” “substantially homogeneous” or “substantially purified” when at least about 60 to 75% of a sample exhibits a single species of polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide or protein may be monomeric or multimeric.
  • a substantially pure polypeptide or protein will typically comprise about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% W/W of a protein sample, more usually about 95%, and preferably will be over 99% pure. Protein purity or homogeneity may be indicated by a number of means well known in the art, such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a protein sample, followed by visualizing a single polypeptide band upon staining the gel with a stain well known in the art. For certain purposes, higher resolution may be provided by using HPLC or other means well known in the art for purification.
  • polypeptide fragment refers to a polypeptide that has an amino-terminal and/or carboxy-terminal deletion, but where the remaining amino acid sequence is identical to the corresponding positions in the naturally-occurring sequence.
  • fragments are at least 5, 6, 8 or 10 amino acids long.
  • the fragments are at least 14 amino acids long, more preferably at least 20 amino acids long, usually at least 50 amino acids long, even more preferably at least 70, 80, 90, 100, 150 or 200 amino acids long.
  • polypeptide analog refers to a polypeptide that comprises a segment of at least 25 amino acids that has substantial identity to a portion of an amino acid sequence and that has at least one of the following properties: (1) specific binding to MAdCAM under suitable binding conditions, (2) ability to inhibit ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrin and/or L-selectin binding to MAdCAM, or (3) ability to reduce MAdCAM cell surface expression in vitro or in vivo.
  • polypeptide analogs comprise a conservative amino acid substitution (or insertion or deletion) with respect to the naturally-occurring sequence.
  • Analogs typically are at least 20 amino acids long, preferably at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150 or 200 amino acids long or longer, and can often be as long as a full-length naturally-occurring polypeptide.
  • Preferred amino acid substitutions are those which: (1) reduce susceptibility to proteolysis, (2) reduce susceptibility to oxidation, (3) alter binding affinity for forming protein complexes, (4) alter binding affinities, or (5) confer or modify other physicochemical or functional properties of such analogs.
  • Analogs can include various muteins of a sequence other than the naturally-occurring peptide sequence. For example, single or multiple amino acid substitutions (preferably conservative amino acid substitutions) may be made in the naturally-occurring sequence (preferably in the portion of the polypeptide outside the domain(s) forming intermolecular contacts.
  • a conservative amino acid substitution should not substantially change the structural characteristics of the parent sequence (e.g., a replacement amino acid should not tend to break a helix that occurs in the parent sequence, or disrupt other types of secondary structure that characterizes the parent sequence).
  • Examples of art-recognized polypeptide secondary and tertiary structures are described in Proteins, Structures and Molecular Principles (Creighton, Ed., W.H. Freeman and Company, New York (1984)); Introduction to Protein Structure (C. Branden and J. Tooze, eds., Garland Publishing, New York, N.Y. (1991)); and Thornton et al., Nature, 354:105 (1991), which are each incorporated herein by reference.
  • Non-peptide analogs are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as drugs with properties analogous to those of the template peptide. These types of non-peptide compound are termed “peptide mimetics” or “peptidomimetics”. Fauchere, J. Adv. Drug Res., 15:29(1986); Veber and Freidinger, TINS, p. 392(1985); and Evans et al., J. Med. Chem., 30:1229(1987), which are incorporated herein by reference. Such compounds are often developed with the aid of computerized molecular modeling. Peptide mimetics that are structurally similar to therapeutically useful peptides may be used to produce an equivalent therapeutic or prophylactic effect.
  • peptidomimetics are structurally similar to a paradigm polypeptide (i.e., a polypeptide that has a desired biochemical property or pharmacological activity), such as a human antibody, but have one or more peptide linkages optionally replaced by a linkage such as: —CH 2 NH—, —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH— (cis and trans), —COCH 2 —, —CH(OH)CH 2 —, and —CH 2 SO—, by methods well known in the art.
  • a paradigm polypeptide i.e., a polypeptide that has a desired biochemical property or pharmacological activity
  • a linkages such as: —CH 2 NH—, —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH— (cis and trans), —COCH 2 —, —CH(OH)CH 2 —, and —CH 2 SO—, by methods well
  • Systematic substitution of one or more amino acids of a consensus sequence with a D-amino acid of the same type may also be used to generate more stable peptides.
  • constrained peptides comprising a consensus sequence or a substantially identical consensus sequence variation may be generated by methods known in the art (Rizo and Gierasch Ann. Rev. Biochem. 61:387 (1992), incorporated herein by reference); for example, by adding internal cysteine residues capable of forming intramolecular disulfide bridges which cyclize the peptide.
  • immunoglobulin is a tetrameric molecule.
  • each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one “light” (about 25 kDa) and one “heavy” chain (about 50-70 kDa).
  • the amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition.
  • the carboxy-terminal portion of each chain defines a constant region primarily responsible for effector function. Human light chains are classified as ⁇ and ⁇ light chains.
  • Heavy chains are classified as ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ , and define the antibody's isotype as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE, respectively.
  • the variable and constant regions are joined by a “J” region of about 12 or more amino acids, with the heavy chain also including a “D” region of about 10 or more amino acids. See generally, Fundamental Immunology , Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y. (1989)) (incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes).
  • the variable regions of each light/heavy chain pair form the antibody binding site such that an intact immunoglobulin has two binding sites.
  • Immunoglobulin chains exhibit the same general structure of relatively conserved framework regions (FR) joined by three hypervariable regions, also called complementarity determining regions or CDRs.
  • the CDRs from the two chains of each pair are aligned by the framework regions to form an epitope-specific binding site.
  • both light and heavy chains comprise the domains FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4.
  • the assignment of amino acids to each domain is in accordance with the definitions of Kabat, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1987 and 1991)), or Chothia & Lesk, J. Mol. Biol., 196:901-917(1987); Chothia et al., Nature, 342:878-883(1989), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • an “antibody” refers to an intact immunoglobulin or to an antigen-binding portion thereof that competes with the intact antibody for specific binding.
  • an antibody is an antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • Antigen-binding portions may be produced by recombinant DNA techniques or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact antibodies.
  • Antigen-binding portions include, inter alia, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , Fv, dAb, and complementarity determining region (CDR) fragments, single-chain antibodies (scFv), chimeric antibodies, diabodies and polypeptides that contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin that is sufficient to confer specific antigen binding to the polypeptide.
  • a Fab fragment is a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains;
  • a F(ab) 2 fragment is a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region;
  • a Fd fragment consists of the VH and CH1 domains;
  • an Fv fragment consists of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody;
  • a dAb fragment (Ward et al., Nature, 341:544-546(1989)) consists of a VH domain.
  • an antibody that is referred to as, e.g., 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.77.2, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2 or X481.2 is a monoclonal antibody that is produced by the hybridoma of the same name.
  • antibody 1.7.2 is produced by hybridoma 1.7.2.
  • An antibody that is referred to as 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod, 7.26.4-mod, or X481.2 is a monoclonal antibody whose sequence has been modified from its corresponding parent by site-directed mutagenesis.
  • a single-chain antibody is an antibody in which VL and VH regions are paired to form a monovalent molecule via a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain (Bird et al., Science, 242:423-426 (1988) and Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:5879-5883 (1988)).
  • Diabodies are bivalent, bispecific antibodies in which VH and VL domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain, thereby forcing the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and creating two antigen binding sites (see, e.g., Holliger, P., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 6444-6448 (1993) and Poljak, R. J., et al., Structure, 2:1121-1123 (1994)).
  • One or more CDRs from an antibody of the disclosure may be incorporated into a molecule either covalently or noncovalently to make it an immunoadhesin that specifically binds to MAdCAM.
  • An immunoadhesin may incorporate the CDR(s) as part of a larger polypeptide chain, may covalently link the CDR(s) to another polypeptide chain, or may incorporate the CDR(s) noncovalently.
  • the CDRs permit the immunoadhesin to specifically bind to a particular antigen of interest.
  • An antibody may have one or more binding sites. If there is more than one binding site, the binding sites may be identical to one another or may be different. For instance, a naturally-occurring immunoglobulin has two identical binding sites, a single-chain antibody or Fab fragment has one binding site, while a “bispecific” or “bifunctional” antibody (diabody) has two different binding sites.
  • isolated antibody is an antibody that (1) is not associated with naturally-associated components, including other naturally-associated antibodies, that accompany it in its native state, (2) is free of other proteins from the same species, (3) is expressed by a cell from a different species, or (4) does not occur in nature.
  • isolated antibodies include an anti-MAdCAM antibody that has been affinity purified using MAdCAM, an anti-MAdCAM antibody that has been produced by a hybridoma or other cell line in vitro, and a human anti-MAdCAM antibody derived from a transgenic mammal or plant.
  • human antibody means an antibody in which the variable and constant region sequences are human sequences.
  • the term encompasses antibodies with sequences derived from human genes, but which have been changed, e.g., to decrease possible immunogenicity, increase affinity, eliminate cysteines or glycosylation sites that might cause undesirable folding, etc.
  • the term encompasses such antibodies produced recombinantly in non-human cells which might impart glycosylation not typical of human cells.
  • the term also emcompasses antibodies which have been raised in a transgenic mouse which comprises some or all of the human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain loci.
  • the disclosure provides a humanized antibody.
  • the humanized antibody is an antibody that is derived from a non-human species, in which certain amino acids in the framework and constant domains of the heavy and light chains have been mutated so as to avoid or abrogate an immune response in humans.
  • a humanized antibody may be produced by fusing the constant domains from a human antibody to the variable domains of a non-human species. Examples of how to make humanized antibodies may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,054,297, 5,886,152 and 5,877,293.
  • a humanized anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure comprises the amino acid sequence of one or more framework regions of one or more human anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the disclosure.
  • the disclosure provides a “chimeric antibody”.
  • the chimeric antibody refers to an antibody that contains one or more regions from one antibody and one or more regions from one or more other antibodies.
  • one or more of the CDRs are derived from a human anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure.
  • all of the CDRs are derived from a human anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure.
  • the CDRs from more than one human anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure are mixed and matched in a chimeric antibody.
  • a chimeric antibody may comprise a CDR1 from the light chain of a first human anti-MAdCAM antibody may be combined with CDR2 and CDR3 from the light chain of a second human anti-MAdCAM antibody, and the CDRs from the heavy chain may be derived from a third anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the framework regions may be derived from one of the same anti-MAdCAM antibodies, from one or more different antibodies, such as a human antibody, or from a humanized antibody.
  • a “neutralizing antibody,” “an inhibitory antibody” or antagonist antibody is an antibody that inhibits the binding of ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 or ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 -expressing cells, or any other cognate ligand or cognate ligand-expressing cells, to MAdCAM by at least about 20%.
  • the antibody reduces and/or inhibits the binding of ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrin or ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 -expressing cells to MAdCAM by at least 40%, more preferably by 60%, even more preferably by 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%.
  • the binding reduction may be measured by any means known to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example, as measured in an in vitro competitive binding assay. An example of measuring the reduction in binding of ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 -expressing cells to MAdCAM is presented in Example I.
  • fragments or analogs of antibodies can be readily prepared by those of ordinary skill in the art following the teachings of this specification.
  • Preferred amino- and carboxy-termini of fragments or analogs occur near boundaries of functional domains.
  • Structural and functional domains can be identified by comparison of the nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence data to public or proprietary sequence databases.
  • computerized comparison methods are used to identify sequence motifs or predicted protein conformation domains that occur in other proteins of known structure and/or function. Methods to identify protein sequences that fold into a known three-dimensional structure are known (Bowie et al., Science, 253:164 (1991)).
  • surface plasmon resonance refers to an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time biospecific interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIAcore system (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, N.J.).
  • BIAcore Phacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, N.J.
  • k off refers to the off rate constant for dissociation of an antibody from the antibody/antigen complex.
  • K d refers to the dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.
  • An antibody is said to bind an antigen when the dissociation constant is ⁇ 1 ⁇ M, preferably ⁇ 100 nM and most preferably ⁇ 10 nM.
  • epitope includes any protein determinant capable of specific binding to an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor or otherwise interacting with a molecule.
  • Epitopic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or carbohydrate side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics.
  • An epitope may be “linear” or “conformational.” In a linear epitope, all of the points of interaction between the protein and the interacting molecule (such as an antibody) occur linearally along the primary amino acid sequence of the protein. In a conformational epitope, the points of interaction occur across amino acid residues on the protein that are separated from one another.
  • Examples of unconventional amino acids include: 4-hydroxyproline, ⁇ -carboxyglutamate, ⁇ -N,N,N-trimethyllysine, ⁇ -N-acetyllysine, O-phosphoserine, N-acetylserine, N-formylmethionine, 3-methylhistidine, 5-hydroxylysine, s-N-methylarginine, and other similar amino acids and imino acids (e.g., 4-hydroxyproline).
  • the lefthand direction is the amino terminal direction and the righthand direction is the carboxy-terminal direction, in accordance with standard usage and convention.
  • polynucleotide as referred to herein means a polymeric form of nucleotides of at least 10 bases in length, either ribonucleotides or deoxynucleotides or a modified form of either type of nucleotide.
  • the term includes single and double stranded forms of DNA.
  • isolated polynucleotide shall mean a polynucleotide of genomic, cDNA, or synthetic origin or some combination thereof, which by virtue of its origin the “isolated polynucleotide” (1) is not associated with all or a portion of a polynucleotide in which the “isolated polynucleotide” is found in nature, (2) is operably linked to a polynucleotide which it is not linked to in nature, or (3) does not occur in nature as part of a larger sequence.
  • oligonucleotide includes naturally occurring, and modified nucleotides linked together by naturally occurring, and non-naturally occurring oligonucleotide linkages.
  • Oligonucleotides are a polynucleotide subset generally comprising a length of 200 bases or fewer. Preferably oligonucleotides are 10 to 60 bases in length and most preferably 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 to 40 bases in length. Oligonucleotides are usually single stranded, e.g., for probes; although oligonucleotides may be double stranded, e.g., for use in the construction of a gene mutant. Oligonucleotides of the disclosure can be either sense or antisense oligonucleotides.
  • nucleotides includes deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides.
  • modified nucleotides referred to herein includes nucleotides with modified or substituted sugar groups and the like.
  • oligonucleotide linkages includes oligonucleotides linkages such as phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoroselenoate, phosphorodiselenoate, phosphoroanilothioate, phoshoraniladate, phosphoroamidate, and the like. See, e.g., LaPlanche et al., Nucl. Acids Res.
  • oligonucleotide can include a label for detection, if desired.
  • “Operably linked” sequences include both expression control sequences that are contiguous with the gene of interest and expression control sequences that act in trans or at a distance to control the gene of interest.
  • expression control sequence refers to polynucleotide sequences which are necessary to effect the expression and processing of coding sequences to which they are ligated. Expression control sequences include appropriate transcription initiation, termination, promoter and enhancer sequences; efficient RNA processing signals such as splicing and polyadenylation signals; sequences that stabilize cytoplasmic mRNA; sequences that enhance translation efficiency (i.e., Kozak consensus sequence); sequences that enhance protein stability; and when desired, sequences that enhance protein secretion.
  • control sequences differs depending upon the host organism; in prokaryotes, such control sequences generally include promoter, ribosomal binding site, and transcription termination sequence; in eukaryotes, generally, such control sequences include promoters and transcription termination sequence.
  • control sequences is intended to include, at a minimum, all components whose presence is essential for expression and processing, and can also include additional components whose presence is advantageous, for example, leader sequences and fusion partner sequences.
  • vector is intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
  • plasmid refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated.
  • viral vector Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome.
  • Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
  • vectors e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors
  • vectors can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome.
  • certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked.
  • Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”).
  • expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids.
  • plasmid and vector may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector.
  • the disclosure is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.
  • recombinant host cell (or simply “host cell”), as used herein, is intended to refer to a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein.
  • selectively hybridize means to detectably and specifically bind.
  • Polynucleotides, oligonucleotides and fragments thereof in accordance with the disclosure selectively hybridize to nucleic acid strands under hybridization and wash conditions that minimize appreciable amounts of detectable binding to nonspecific nucleic acids.
  • “High stringency” or “highly stringent” conditions can be used to achieve selective hybridization conditions as known in the art and discussed herein.
  • high stringency or “highly stringent” conditions is a method of incubating a polynucleotide with another polynucleotide, wherein one polynucleotide may be affixed to a solid surface such as a membrane, in a hybridization buffer of 6 ⁇ SSPE or SSC, 50% formamide, 5 ⁇ Denhardt's reagent, 0.5% SDS, 100 ⁇ g/ml denatured, fragmented salmon sperm DNA at a hybridization temperature of 42° C. for 12-16 hours, followed by twice washing at 55° C. using a wash buffer of 1 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS. See also Sambrook et al., supra, pp. 9.50-9.55.
  • sequence identity in the context of nucleotide sequences refers to the residues in two sequences which are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence.
  • the length of sequence identity comparison may be over a stretch of at least about nine nucleotides, usually at least about 18 nucleotides, more usually at least about 24 nucleotides, typically at least about 28 nucleotides, more typically at least about 32 nucleotides, and preferably at least about 36, 48 or more nucleotides.
  • polynucleotide sequences can be compared using FASTA, Gap or Bestfit, which are programs in Wisconsin Package Version 10.3, Accelrys, San Diego, Calif.
  • FASTA which includes, e.g., the programs FASTA2 and FASTA3, provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson, Methods Enzymol., 183: 63-98 (1990); Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol., 132: 185-219 (2000); Pearson, Methods Enzymol., 266: 227-258 (1996); Pearson, J. Mol. Biol., 276: 71-84 (1998); herein incorporated by reference).
  • percent sequence identity between nucleotide sequences can be determined using FASTA with its default parameters (a word size of 6 and the NOPAM factor for the scoring matrix) or using Gap with its default parameters as provided in Wisconsin Package Version 10.3, herein incorporated by reference.
  • a reference to a nucleotide sequence encompasses its complement unless otherwise specified.
  • a reference to a nucleic acid molecule having a particular sequence should be understood to encompass its complementary strand, with its complementary sequence.
  • nucleic acid or fragment thereof indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 85%, preferably at least about 90%, and more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or Gap, as discussed above.
  • the term “substantial identity” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 75% or 80% sequence identity, preferably at least 90% or 95% sequence identity, even more preferably at least 98% or 99% sequence identity.
  • residue positions that are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein.
  • the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol., 24: 307-31 (1994), herein incorporated by reference.
  • Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include 1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; 2) aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; 3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; 4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; and 6) sulfur-containing side chains are cysteine and methionine.
  • Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine.
  • a conservative replacement is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al., Science, 256: 1443-45 (1992), herein incorporated by reference.
  • a “moderately conservative” replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.
  • Sequence similarity for polypeptides is typically measured using sequence analysis software. Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • GCG contains programs such as “Gap” and “Bestfit” which can be used with default parameters to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., Wisconsin package Version 10.3. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA using default or recommended parameters, a program in Wisconsin package Version 10.3.
  • FASTA e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3
  • FASTA2 and FASTA3 provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson (1990); Pearson (2000)).
  • Another preferred algorithm when comparing a sequence of the disclosure to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the computer program BLAST, especially blastp or tblastn, using default parameters. See, e.g., Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990); Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-402 (1997); herein incorporated by reference.
  • the length of polypeptide sequences compared for homology will generally be at least about 16 amino acid residues, usually at least about 20 residues, more usually at least about 24 residues, typically at least about 28 residues, and preferably more than about 35 residues.
  • searching a database containing sequences from a large number of different organisms it is preferable to compare amino acid sequences.
  • the terms “label” or “labeled” refers to incorporation of another molecule in the antibody.
  • the label is a detectable marker, e.g., incorporation of a radiolabeled amino acid or attachment to a polypeptide of biotinyl moieties that can be detected by marked avidin (e.g., streptavidin containing a fluorescent marker or enzymatic activity that can be detected by optical or colorimetric methods).
  • the label or marker can be therapeutic, e.g., a drug conjugate or toxin.
  • Various methods of labeling polypeptides and glycoproteins are known in the art and may be used.
  • labels for polypeptides include, but are not limited to, the following: radioisotopes or radionuclides (e.g., 3 H, 14 C, 15 N, 35 s, 90 Y, 99 Tc, 111 In, 125 I, 131 I), fluorescent labels (e.g., FITC, rhodamine, lanthanide phosphors), enzymatic labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, ⁇ -galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase), chemiluminescent markers, biotinyl groups, predetermined polypeptide epitopes recognized by a secondary reporter (e.g., leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal binding domains, epitope tags), magnetic agents, such as gadolinium chelates, toxins such as pertussis toxin, taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide
  • agent is used herein to denote a chemical compound, a mixture of chemical compounds, a biological macromolecule, or an extract made from biological materials.
  • pharmaceutical agent or drug refers to a chemical compound or composition capable of inducing a desired therapeutic effect when properly administered to a patient.
  • Other chemistry terms herein are used according to conventional usage in the art, as exemplified by The McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (Parker, S., Ed., McGraw-Hill, San Francisco (1985)), incorporated herein by reference).
  • anti-inflammatory or “immuno-modulatory” agent is used herein to refer to agents that have the functional property of inhibiting inflammation, including inflammatory disease in a subject, including in a human.
  • the inflammatory disease may be, but is not limited to inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, diverticula disease, gastritis, liver disease, primary biliary sclerosis, sclerosing cholangitis.
  • Inflammatory diseases also include but are not limited to abdominal disease (including peritonitis, appendicitis, biliary tract disease), acute transverse myelitis, allergic dermatitis (including allergic skin, allergic eczema, skin atopy, atopic eczema, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous inflammation, inflammatory eczema, inflammatory dermatitis, flea skin, miliary dermatitis, miliary eczema, house dust mite skin), ankylosing spondylitis (Reiters syndrome), asthma, airway inflammation, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, biliary atresia, bladder inflammation, breast cancer, cardiovascular inflammation (including vasculitis, rheumatoid nail-fold infarcts, leg ulcers, polymyositis, chronic vascular inflammation, pericarditis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), chronic pancreatitis, perineural inflammation, colitis (including amo
  • patient and subject include human and veterinary subjects.
  • the disclosure provides anti-MAdCAM antibodies comprising human CDR sequences.
  • the disclosure provides human anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • human anti-MAdCAM antibodies are produced by immunizing a non-human transgenic animal, e g, a rodent, whose genome comprises human immunoglobulin genes so that the transgenic animal produces human antibodies.
  • the disclosure provides an anti-MAdCAM antibody that does not bind complement.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody is 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody comprises a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68 or 150 (with or without the signal sequence) or the variable region of any one of said amino acid sequences, or one or more CDRs from these amino acid sequences.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 52, 56, 60, 64 or 148 (with or without the signal sequence) or the amino acid sequence of the variable region, or of one or more CDRs from said amino acid sequences.
  • human anti-MAdCAM antibodies comprising the amino acid sequence from the beginning of the CDR1 to the end of the CDR3 of any one of the above-mentioned sequences.
  • the disclosure further provides an anti-MAdCAM antibody comprising one or more FR regions of any of the above-mentioned sequences.
  • the disclosure further provides an anti-MAdCAM antibody comprising one of the afore-mentioned amino acid sequences in which one or more modifications have been made.
  • cysteines in the antibody which may be chemically reactive, are substituted with another residue, such as, without limitation, alanine or serine.
  • the substitution is at a non-canonical cysteine.
  • the substitution can be made in a CDR or framework region of a variable domain or in the constant domain of an antibody.
  • the cysteine is canonical.
  • an amino acid substitution is made to eliminate potential proteolytic sites in the antibody. Such sites may occur in a CDR or framework region of a variable domain or in the constant domain of an antibody. Substitution of cysteine residues and removal of proteolytic sites may decrease the heterogeneity in the antibody product. In some embodiments, asparagine-glycine pairs, which form potential deamidation sites, are eliminated by altering one or both of the residues. In some embodiments, an amino acid substitution is made to add or to remove potential glycosylation sites in the variable region of an antibody of the disclosure.
  • the C-terminal lysine of the heavy chain of the anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure is cleaved.
  • the heavy and light chains of the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may optionally include a signal sequence.
  • the disclosure provides twelve inhibitory human anti-MAdCAM monoclonal antibodies and the hybridoma cell lines that produce them.
  • Table 1 lists the sequence identifiers (SEQ ID NO:) of the nucleic acids encoding the full-length heavy and light chains (including signal sequence), and the corresponding full-length deduced amino acid sequences.
  • the disclosure provides a modified version of certain of the above-identified human anti-MAdCAM monoclonal antibodies.
  • Table 2 lists the sequence identifiers for the DNA and protein sequences of the modified antibodies.
  • the antibody may be an IgG, an IgM, an IgE, an IgA or an IgD molecule.
  • the antibody is an IgG class and is an IgG 1 , IgG 2 , IgG 3 or IgG 4 subclass.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody is subclass IgG 2 or IgG 4 .
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody is the same class and subclass as antibody 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod which is IgG2, or 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1 or 9.8.2, which is IgG4.
  • the class and subclass of anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be determined by any method known in the art.
  • the class and subclass of an antibody may be determined using antibodies that are specific for a particular class and subclass of antibody. Such antibodies are available commercially. ELISA, Western Blot as well as other techniques can determine the class and subclass.
  • the class and subclass may be determined by sequencing all or a portion of the constant domains of the heavy and/or light chains of the antibodies, comparing their amino acid sequences to the known amino acid sequences of various classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins, and determining the class and subclass of the antibodies as the class showing the highest sequence identity.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody demonstrates both species and molecule selectivity.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody binds to human, cynomolgus or dog MAdCAM.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody does not bind to a New World monkey species such as a marmoset.
  • an anti-MAdCAM antibody that specifically binds MAdCAM has selectivity for MAdCAM over VCAM, fibronectin or any other antigen that is at least 10 fold, preferably at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 fold, most preferably at least 100 fold.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody does not exhibit any appreciable binding to VCAM, fibronectin or any other antigen other than MAdCAM.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies specifically bind to MAdCAM with high affinity.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody specifically binds to MAdCAM with a K d of 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 M or less, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, such as BIAcore.
  • the antibody specifically binds to MAdCAM with a K d of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 or less or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 M or less.
  • the antibody specifically binds to MAdCAM with a K d or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 M or less.
  • an antibody of the disclosure specifically binds to MAdCAM with a K d of 2.66 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 M or less, 2.35 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 11 M or less or 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12 M or less. In another preferred embodiment, the antibody specifically binds to MAdCAM with a K d or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 11 M or less.
  • the antibody specifically binds to MAdCAM with substantially the same K d as an antibody selected from 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • An antibody with “substantially the same IQ” as a reference antibody has a K d that is ⁇ 100 pM, preferably ⁇ 50 pM, more preferably ⁇ 20 pM, still more preferably ⁇ 10 pM, ⁇ 5 pM or ⁇ 2 pM, compared to the IQ of the reference antibody in the same experiment.
  • the antibody binds to MAdCAM with substantially the same K d as an antibody that comprises one or more variable domains or one or more CDRs from an antibody selected from 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the antibody binds to MAdCAM with substantially the same K d as an antibody that comprises one of the amino acid sequences selected from SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 148 or 450 (with or without the signal sequence), or the variable domain thereof.
  • the antibody binds to MAdCAM with substantially the same K d as an antibody that comprises one or more CDRs from an antibody that comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 148 or 450.
  • the binding affinity of an anti-MAdCAM antibody to MAdCAM may be determined by any method known in the art.
  • the binding affinity can be measured by competitive ELISAs, RIAs or surface plasmon resonance, such as BIAcore.
  • the binding affinity is measured by surface plasmon resonance.
  • the binding affinity and dissociation rate is measured using a BIAcore. An example of determining binding affinity is described below in Example II.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody has a half-life of at least one day in vitro or in vivo.
  • the antibody or portion thereof has a half-life of at least three days.
  • the antibody or portion thereof has a half-life of four days or longer.
  • the antibody or portion thereof has a half-life of eight days or longer.
  • the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is derivatized or modified such that it has a longer half-life, as discussed below.
  • the antibody may contain point mutations to increase serum half life, such as described WO 00/09560, published Feb. 24, 2000.
  • the antibody half-life may be measured by any means known to one having ordinary skill in the art. For instance, the antibody half life may be measured by Western blot, ELISA or RIA over an appropriate period of time. The antibody half-life may be measured in any appropriate animal, such as a primate, e.g., cynomolgus monkey, or a human.
  • a primate e.g., cynomolgus monkey
  • the disclosure also provides a human anti-MAdCAM antibody that binds the same antigen or epitope as a human anti-MAdCAM antibody provided herein. Further, the disclosure provides a human anti-MAdCAM antibody that competes or cross-competes with a human anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the human anti-MAdCAM antibody is 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the human anti-MAdCAM antibody comprises one or more variable domains or one or more CDRs from an antibody selected from 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the human anti-MAdCAM antibody comprises one of the amino acid sequences selected from SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 148 or 150 (with or without the signal sequence), or a variable domain thereof.
  • the human anti-MAdCAM antibody comprises one or more CDRs from an antibody that comprises one of the amino acid sequences selected from SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 148 or 150.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody is another human antibody.
  • test antibody If the test antibody is able to bind to the MAdCAM at the same time as the anti-MAdCAM antibody, then the test antibody binds to a different epitope than the anti-MAdCAM antibody. However, if the test antibody is not able to bind to the MAdCAM at the same time, then the test antibody competes with the human anti-MAdCAM antibody. This experiment may be performed using ELISA, or surface plasmon resonance or, preferably, BIAcore. To test whether an anti-MAdCAM antibody cross-competes with another anti-MAdCAM antibody, one may use the competition method described above in two directions, i.e. determining if the known antibody blocks the test antibody and vice versa.
  • the disclosure also provides an anti-MAdCAM antibody that comprises a light chain variable region encoded by a human ⁇ gene.
  • the light chain variable region is encoded by a human V ⁇ A2, A3, A26, B3, O12 or O18 gene family.
  • the light chain comprises no more than eleven, no more than six or no more than three amino acid substitutions from the germline human V ⁇ A2, A3, A26, B3, O12 or O18 sequence.
  • the amino acid substitutions are conservative substitutions.
  • SEQ ID NOS: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 and 150 provide the amino acid sequences of the full-length kappa light chains of thirteen anti-MAdCAM antibodies, 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4 and 9.8.2 and X481.2.
  • FIGS. 1K-1T are alignments of the amino acid sequences of the light chain variable domains of twelve anti-MAdCAM antibodies with the germline sequences from which they are derived.
  • FIG. 2A shows an alignment of the amino acid sequences of the light chain variable domains of the kappa light chains of twelve anti-MAdCAM antibodies to each other.
  • SEQ ID NOS: 54, 58, 62, 66 or 68 provide the amino acid sequences of the full length kappa light chains of five additional anti-MAdCAM antibodies, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod and 7.26.4-mod, modified by amino acid substitution from their parent anti-MAdCAM antibodies, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.77.1 or 7.26.4, respectively.
  • the VL of the anti-MAdCAM antibody contains the same mutations, relative to the germline amino acid sequence, as any one or more of the VL of antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the disclosure includes an anti-MAdCAM antibody that utilizes the same human V ⁇ and human Jk genes as an exemplified antibody.
  • the antibody comprises one or more of the same mutations from germline as one or more exemplified antibodies.
  • the antibody comprises different substitutions at one or more of the same positions as one or more of the exemplified antibodies.
  • the VL of the anti-MAdCAM antibody may contain one or more amino acid substitutions that are the same as those present in antibody 7.16.6, and another amino acid substitution that is the same as antibody 7.26.4. In this manner, one can mix and match different features of antibody binding in order to alter, e.g., the affinity of the antibody for MAdCAM or its dissociation rate from the antigen.
  • the mutations are made in the same position as those found in any one or more of the VL of antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod, but conservative amino acid substitutions are made rather than using the same amino acid.
  • amino acid substitution compared to the germline in one of the antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod is glutamate, one may conservatively substitute aspartate.
  • amino acid substitution is serine, one may conservatively substitute threonine.
  • the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is the same as the amino acid sequence of the VL of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the light chain comprises amino acid sequences that are the same as the CDR regions of the light chain of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence with at least one CDR region of the light chain of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the light chain comprises amino acid sequences with CDRs from different light chains that use the same V K and J K genes.
  • the CDRs from different light chains are obtained from 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, or 150 with or without the signal sequence.
  • the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 53, 57, 61, 65 or 67 (with or without the signal sequence), or a nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence having 1-11 amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions therefrom.
  • the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • the antibody or portion thereof comprises a lambda light chain.
  • the present disclosure also provides an anti-MAdCAM antibody or portion thereof that comprises a human VH gene sequence or a sequence derived from a human VH gene.
  • the heavy chain amino acid sequence is derived from a human VH 1-18, 3-15, 3-21, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33 or 4-4 gene family.
  • the heavy chain comprises no more than fifteen, no more than six or no more than three amino acid changes from germline human VH 1-18, 3-15, 3-21, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33 or 4-4 gene sequence.
  • SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, and 148 provide the amino acid sequences of the full-length heavy chains of thirteen anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • FIGS. 1A-1J are alignments of the amino acid sequences of the heavy chain variable regions of twelve anti-MAdCAM antibodies with the germline sequences from which they are derived.
  • FIG. 2B shows the alignments of the amino acid sequences of the heavy chain variable regions of twelve anti-MAdCAM antibodies to each other.
  • SEQ ID NOS: 52, 56, 60 and 64 provide the amino acid sequences of the full length heavy chains of anti-MAdCAM antibodies, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod and 6.67.1-mod, modified by amino acid substitution from their parent anti-MAdCAM antibodies, 6.22.2, 6.34.2 and 6.67.1 respectively.
  • One further modified anti-MAdCAM antibody, 7.26.4-mod has a full length heavy chain amino acid sequence which is SEQ ID NO: 42.
  • the VH of the anti-MAdCAM antibody contains the same mutations, relative to the germline amino acid sequence, as any one or more of the VH of antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the antibody comprises one or more of the same mutations from germline as one or more exemplified antibodies.
  • the antibody comprises different substitutions at one or more of the same positions as one or more of the exemplified antibodies.
  • the VH of the anti-MAdCAM antibody may contain one or more amino acid substitutions that are the same as those present in antibody 7.16.6, and another amino acid substitution that is the same as antibody 7.26.4. In this manner, one can mix and match different features of antibody binding in order to alter, e.g., the affinity of the antibody for MAdCAM or its dissociation rate from the antigen.
  • an amino acid substitution compared to germline is made at the same position as a substitution from germline as found in any one or more of the VH of reference antibody 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod, but the position is substituted with a different residue, which is a conservative substitution compared to the reference antibody.
  • the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is the same as the amino acid sequence of the VH of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the heavy chain comprises amino acid sequences that are the same as the CDR regions of the heavy chain of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence from at least one CDR region of the heavy chain of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.4, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the heavy chain comprises amino acid sequences with CDRs from different heavy chains.
  • the CDRs from different heavy chains are obtained from 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 52, 56, 60, 64 or 148 with or without the signal sequence.
  • the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 51, 55, 59, 63 or 149 or a nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence having 1-15 amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions therefrom.
  • the substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • human antibodies are produced by immunizing a non-human animal comprising some or all of the human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain loci with an MAdCAM antigen.
  • the non-human animal is a XENOMOUSETM animal, which is an engineered mouse strain that comprises large fragments of the human immunoglobulin loci and is deficient in mouse antibody production. See, e.g., Green et al., Nature Genetics 7:13-21 (1994) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,916,771, 5,939,598, 5,985,615, 5,998,209, 6,075,181, 6,091,001, 6,114,598 and 6,130,364.
  • the XENOMOUSETM animal produces an adult-like human repertoire of fully human antibodies and generates antigen-specific human mAbs.
  • a second generation XENOMOUSETM animal contains approximately 80% of the human antibody V gene repertoire through introduction of megabase sized, germline configuration YAC fragments of the human heavy chain loci and ⁇ light chain loci.
  • XENOMOUSETM mice contain approximately all of the human heavy chain and ⁇ light chain locus. See Mendez et al., Nature Genetics 15:146-156 (1997), Green and Jakobovits, J. Exp. Med. 188:483-495 (1998), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the disclosure also provides a method for making anti-MAdCAM antibodies from non-human, non-mouse animals by immunizing non-human transgenic animals that comprise human immunoglobulin loci.
  • One may produce such animals using the methods described immediately above.
  • the methods disclosed in these documents can be modified as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,619 (the “'619 patent”), which is here in incorporated by reference.
  • the '619 patent describes methods for producing novel cultured inner cell mass (CICM) cells and cell lines, derived from pigs and cows, and transgenic CICM cells into which heterologous DNA has been inserted.
  • CICM transgenic cells can be used to produce cloned transgenic embryos, fetuses, and offspring.
  • the '619 patent also describes methods of producing transgenic animals that are capable of transmitting the heterologous DNA to their progeny.
  • the non-human animals may be rats, sheep, pigs, goats, cattle or horses.
  • the non-human animal comprising human immunoglobulin loci are animals that have a “minilocus” of human immunoglobulins.
  • minilocus an exogenous Ig locus is mimicked through the inclusion of individual genes from the Ig locus.
  • one or more VH genes, one or more DH genes, one or more JH genes, a ⁇ constant domain(s), and a second constant-domain(s) are formed into a construct for insertion into an animal. This approach is described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • minilocus approach is the rapidity with which constructs including portions of the Ig locus can be generated and introduced into animals.
  • a potential disadvantage of the minilocus approach is that there may not be sufficient immunoglobulin diversity to support full B-cell development, such that there may be lower antibody production.
  • a non-human animal comprising some or all of the human immunoglobulin loci is immunized with a MAdCAM antigen and an antibody or the antibody-producing cell is isolated from the animal.
  • the MAdCAM antigen may be isolated and/or purified MAdCAM and is preferably a human MAdCAM.
  • the MAdCAM antigen is a fragment of MAdCAM, preferably the extracellular domain of MAdCAM.
  • the MAdCAM antigen is a fragment that comprises at least one epitope of MAdCAM.
  • the MAdCAM antigen is a cell that expresses MAdCAM on its cell surface, preferably a cell that overexpresses MAdCAM on its cell surface.
  • Immunization of animals may be done by any method known in the art. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press (1990). Methods for immunizing non-human animals such as mice, rats, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle and horses are well known in the art. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane and U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,619.
  • the MAdCAM antigen is administered with an adjuvant to stimulate the immune response.
  • adjuvants include complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant, RIBI (muramyl dipeptides) or ISCOM (immunostimulating complexes).
  • Such adjuvants may protect the polypeptide from rapid dispersal by sequestering it in a local deposit, or they may contain substances that stimulate the host to secrete factors that are chemotactic for macrophages and other components of the immune system.
  • the immunization schedule will involve two or more administrations of the polypeptide, spread out over several weeks.
  • Example I provides a protocol for immunizing a XENOMOUSETM animal with full-length human MAdCAM in phosphate-buffered saline.
  • antibodies and/or antibody-producing cells may be obtained from the animal.
  • An anti-MAdCAM antibody-containing serum is obtained from the animal by bleeding or sacrificing the animal.
  • the serum may be used as it is obtained from the animal, an immunoglobulin fraction may be obtained from the serum, or the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be purified from the serum.
  • antibody-producing immortalized cell lines may be prepared from the immunized animal. After immunization, the animal is sacrificed and B cells are immortalized using methods well-known in the art. Methods of immortalizing cells include, but are not limited to, transfecting them with oncogenes, infecting them with an oncogenic virus and cultivating them under conditions that select for immortalized cells, subjecting them to carcinogenic or mutating compounds, fusing them with an immortalized cell, e.g., a myeloma cell, and inactivating a tumor suppressor gene. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane, supra.
  • the myeloma cells do not secrete immunoglobulin polypeptides (a non-secretory cell line).
  • the immortalized cells, or culture supernatants thereof are screened using MAdCAM, a portion thereof, or a cell expressing MAdCAM.
  • the initial screening is performed using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) or a radioimmunoassay (RIA), preferably an ELISA.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunoassay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • antibody-producing cells may be prepared from a human who has an autoimmune disorder and who expresses anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • Cells expressing the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be isolated by isolating white blood cells and subjecting them to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or by panning on plates coated with MAdCAM or a portion thereof. These cells may be fused with a human non-secretory myeloma to produce human hybridomas expressing human anti-MAdCAM antibodies. In general, this is a less preferred embodiment because it is likely that the anti-MAdCAM antibodies will have a low affinity for MAdCAM.
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • Anti-MAdCAM antibody-producing cells e.g., hybridomas are selected, cloned and further screened for desirable characteristics, including robust cell growth, high antibody production and desirable antibody characteristics, as discussed further below.
  • Hybridomas may be cultured and expanded in vivo in syngeneic animals, in animals that lack an immune system, e.g., nude mice, or in cell culture in vitro. Methods of selecting, cloning and expanding hybridomas are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the immunized animal is a non-human animal that expresses human immunoglobulin genes and the splenic B cells are fused to a myeloma derived from the same species as the non-human animal. More preferably, the immunized animal is a XENOMOUSETM animal and the myeloma cell line is a non-secretory mouse myeloma, such as the myeloma cell line is P3-X63-AG8-653 (ATCC). See, e.g., Example I.
  • the disclosure provides methods for producing a cell line that produces a human monoclonal antibody or a fragment thereof directed to MAdCAM comprising (a) immunizing a non-human transgenic animal described herein with MAdCAM, a portion of MAdCAM or a cell or tissue expressing MAdCAM; (b) allowing the transgenic animal to mount an immune response to MAdCAM; (c) isolating antibody-producing cells from transgenic animal; (d) immortalizing the antibody-producing cells; (e) creating individual monoclonal populations of the immortalized antibody-producing cells; and (f) screening the immortalized antibody-producing cells or culture supernatants thereof to identify an antibody directed to MAdCAM.
  • the disclosure provides hybridomas that produce human anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • the hybridomas are mouse hybridomas, as described above.
  • the hybridomas are produced in a non-human, non-mouse species such as rats, sheep, pigs, goats, cattle or horses.
  • the hybridomas are human hybridomas, in which a human non-secretory myeloma is fused with a human cell expressing an anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the disclosure are provided.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy and/or light chain of an anti-MAdCAM immunoglobulin.
  • a single nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain of an anti-MAdCAM immunoglobulin and another nucleic acid molecule encodes the light chain of an anti-MAdCAM immunoglobulin.
  • the encoded immunoglobulin is a human immunoglobulin, preferably a human IgG.
  • the encoded light chain may be a ⁇ chain or a ⁇ chain, preferably a ⁇ chain.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the variable region of the light chain comprises the germline sequence of a human V ⁇ the A2, A3, A26, B3, O12 or O18 gene or a variant of said sequence.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain comprises a sequence derived from a human J ⁇ 4 or J ⁇ 5 gene.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain encodes no more than eleven amino acid changes from the germline A2, A3, A26, B3, O12 or O18 V ⁇ gene, preferably no more than six amino acid changes, and even more preferably no more than three amino acid changes.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the light chain is the germline sequence.
  • the disclosure provides a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a variable region of the light chain (VL) containing up to eleven amino acid changes compared to the germline sequence, wherein the amino acid changes are identical to amino acid changes from the germline sequence from the VL of one of the antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • VL variable region of the light chain
  • the disclosure also provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of the variable region of the light chain of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the disclosure also provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of one or more of the CDRs of any one of the light chains of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of all of the CDRs of any one of the light chains of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 150 or comprises a nucleotide sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 53, 57, 61, 65 or 67.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of one or more of the CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 150 or comprises a nucleotide sequence of one or more of the CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 53, 57, 61, 65, or 67.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of all of the CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 150 or comprises a the nucleotide sequence of all the CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 53, 57, 61, 65, or 67.
  • the disclosure also provides a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an amino acid sequence of a VL that has an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a VL described above, particularly to a VL that comprises an amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68 or 150.
  • the disclosure also provides a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a nucleotide sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 53, 57, 61, 65 or 67.
  • the disclosure provides a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a VL as described above, particularly a nucleic acid molecule that comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 150.
  • the disclosure also provides a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 53, 57, 61, 65 or 67.
  • the disclosure also provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heavy chain variable region (VH) that utilizes a human VH 1-18, 3-15, 3-21, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33 or 4-4 VH gene.
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the VH gene further utilizes a human JH4 or JH6 family gene.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the VH gene utilize the human JH4b or JH6b gene.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence derived from a human D 3-10, 4-23, 5-5, 6-6 or 6-19 gene.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the VH contains no more than fifteen amino acid changes from the germline VH 1-18, 3-15, 3-21, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33 or 4-4 genes, preferably no more than six amino acid changes, and even more preferably no more than three amino acid changes.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the VH contains at least one amino acid change compared to the germline sequence, wherein the amino acid change is identical to an amino acid change from the germline sequence from the heavy chain of one of the antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the VH contains no more than fifteen amino acid changes compared to the germline sequences, wherein the changes are identical to those changes from the germline sequence from the VH of one of the antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of the VH of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of one or more of the CDRs of the heavy chain of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises nucleotide sequences that encode the amino acid sequences of all of the CDRs of the heavy chain of 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 52, 56, 60, 64 or 148 or that comprises a nucleotide sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 51, 55, 59, 63, or 149.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of one or more of the CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 52, 56, 60, 64 or 148 or comprises a nucleotide sequence of one or more of the CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 51, 55, 59, 63 or 149.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequences of all of the CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 52, 56, 60, 64, 148 or comprises a nucleotide sequence of all of the CDRs of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41 45, 51, 55, 59, 63 or 149.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a contiguous region from the beginning of CDR1 to the end of CDR3 of a heavy or light chain of any of the above-mentioned anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encodes an amino acid sequence of a VH that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to one of the amino acid sequences encoding a VH as described immediately above, particularly to a VH that comprises an amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 52, 56, 60 or 64.
  • the disclosure also provides a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a nucleotide sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 51, 55, 59, 63 or 149.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding a VH is one that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to a nucleotide sequence encoding a VH as described above, particularly to a VH that comprises an amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 52, 56, 60, 64 or 148.
  • the disclosure also provides a nucleotide sequence encoding a VH that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of one of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 51, 55, 59, 63, 149.
  • the nucleotide sequence encoding either or both of the entire heavy and light chains of an anti-MAdCAM antibody or the variable regions thereof may be obtained from any source that produces an anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • Methods of isolating mRNA encoding an antibody are well-known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989).
  • the mRNA may be used to produce cDNA for use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or cDNA cloning of antibody genes.
  • the nucleic acid molecules may be obtained from a hybridoma that expresses an anti-MAdCAM antibody, as described above, preferably a hybridoma that has as one of its fusion partners a transgenic animal cell that expresses human immunoglobulin genes, such as a XENOMOUSETM animal, a non-human mouse transgenic animal or a non-human, non-mouse transgenic animal.
  • the hybridoma is derived from a non-human, non-transgenic animal, which may be used, e.g., for humanized antibodies.
  • a nucleic acid molecule encoding the entire heavy chain of an anti-MAdCAM antibody may be constructed by fusing a nucleic acid molecule encoding the entire variable domain of a heavy chain or an antigen-binding domain thereof with a constant domain of a heavy chain.
  • a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain of an anti-MAdCAM antibody may be constructed by fusing a nucleic acid molecule encoding the variable domain of a light chain or an antigen-binding domain thereof with a constant domain of a light chain.
  • Nucleic acid molecules encoding the VH and VL regions may be converted to full-length antibody genes by inserting them into expression vectors already encoding heavy chain constant and light chain constant regions, respectively, such that the VH segment is operatively linked to the heavy chain constant region (CH) segment(s) within the vector and the VL segment is operatively linked to the light chain constant region (CL) segment within the vector.
  • the nucleic acid molecules encoding the VH or VL chains are converted into full-length antibody genes by linking, e.g., ligating, the nucleic acid molecule encoding a VH chain to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CH chain using standard molecular biological techniques.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding VL and CL chains may be expressed from a cell into which they have been introduced and the anti-MAdCAM antibody isolated.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the variable region of the heavy chain encodes the variable region of amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 52, 56, 60, 64 or 148
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the variable region of the light chains encodes the variable region of amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68 or 150.
  • a nucleic acid molecule encoding either the heavy chain of an anti-MAdCAM antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof, or the light chain of an anti-MAdCAM antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof may be isolated from a non-human, non-mouse animal that expresses human immunoglobulin genes and has been immunized with a MAdCAM antigen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule may be isolated from an anti-MAdCAM antibody-producing cell derived from a non-transgenic animal or from a human patient who produces anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • mRNA from the anti-MAdCAM antibody-producing cells may be isolated by standard techniques, cloned and/or amplified using PCR and library construction techniques, and screened using standard protocols to obtain nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-MAdCAM heavy and light chains.
  • the nucleic acid molecules may be used to recombinantly express large quantities of anti-MAdCAM antibodies, as described below.
  • the nucleic acid molecules may also be used to produce chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, immunoadhesins, diabodies, mutated antibodies and antibody derivatives, as described further below. If the nucleic acid molecules are derived from a non-human, non-transgenic animal, the nucleic acid molecules may be used for antibody humanization, also as described below.
  • the nucleic acid molecules of the disclosure may be used as probes or PCR primers for specific antibody sequences.
  • a nucleic acid molecule probe may be used in diagnostic methods or a nucleic acid molecule PCR primer may be used to amplify regions of DNA that could be used, inter alia, to isolate nucleotide sequences for use in producing variable domains of anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are oligonucleotides.
  • the oligonucleotides are from highly variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody of interest.
  • the oligonucleotides encode all or a part of one or more of the CDRs.
  • the disclosure provides vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules of the disclosure that encode the heavy chain or the antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • the disclosure also provides vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules of the disclosure that encode the light chain or antigen-binding portion thereof.
  • the disclosure also provides vectors comprising nucleic acid molecules encoding fusion proteins, modified antibodies, antibody fragments, and probes thereof.
  • DNAs encoding partial or full-length light and heavy chains, obtained as described above, are inserted into expression vectors such that the genes are operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences.
  • Expression vectors include plasmids, retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses (AAV), plant viruses such as cauliflower mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, cosmids, YACs, EBV derived episomes, and the like.
  • the antibody gene is ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the antibody gene.
  • the expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used.
  • the antibody light chain gene and the antibody heavy chain gene can be inserted into separate vector. In a preferred embodiment, both genes are inserted into the same expression vector.
  • the antibody genes are inserted into the expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on the antibody gene fragment and vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are present).
  • a convenient vector is one that encodes a functionally complete human CH or CL immunoglobulin sequence, with appropriate restriction sites engineered so that any VH or VL sequence can be easily inserted and expressed, as described above.
  • splicing usually occurs between the splice donor site in the inserted J region and the splice acceptor site preceding the human C region, and also at the splice regions that occur within the human CH exons. Polyadenylation and transcription termination occur at native chromosomal sites downstream of the coding regions.
  • the recombinant expression vector can also encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the antibody chain from a host cell.
  • the antibody chain gene may be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the antibody chain gene.
  • the signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).
  • the recombinant expression vectors of the disclosure carry regulatory sequences that control the expression of the antibody chain genes in a host cell. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc.
  • Preferred regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from retroviral LTRs, cytomegalovirus (CMV) (such as the CMV promoter/enhancer), Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (such as the SV40 promoter/enhancer), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)), polyoma and strong mammalian promoters such as native immunoglobulin and actin promoters.
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • SV40 Simian Virus 40
  • AdMLP adenovirus major late promoter
  • polyoma such as native immunoglobulin and actin promoters.
  • the recombinant expression vectors of the disclosure may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes.
  • the selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017).
  • the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced.
  • Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr ⁇ host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection), and the glutamate synthetase gene.
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • neo for G418 selection
  • Nucleic acid molecules encoding the heavy chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof and/or the light chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof of an anti-MAdCAM antibody, and vectors comprising these nucleic acid molecules can be used for transformation of a suitable mammalian plant, bacterial or yeast host cell. Transformation can be by any known method for introducing polynucleotides into a host cell.
  • Methods for introduction of heterologous polynucleotides into mammalian cells include dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene-mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, encapsulation of the polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, biolistic injection and direct microinjection of the DNA into nuclei.
  • nucleic acid molecules may be introduced into mammalian cells by viral vectors. Methods of transforming cells are well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Mammalian cell lines available as hosts for expression are well known in the art and include many immortalized cell lines available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). These include, inter alia, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NS0, SP2 cells, HEK-293T cells, NIH-3T3 cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, monkey kidney cells (COS), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (e.g., Hep G2), A549 cells, 3T3 cells, and a number of other cell lines.
  • Mammalian host cells include human, mouse, rat, dog, monkey, pig, goat, bovine, horse and hamster cells. Cell lines of particular preference are selected through determining which cell lines have high expression levels.
  • insect cell lines such as Sf9 cells, amphibian cells, bacterial cells, plant cells and fungal cells.
  • the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or, more preferably, secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown.
  • Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods.
  • Plant host cells include, e.g., Nicotiana, Arabidopsis , duckweed, corn, wheat, potato, etc.
  • Bacterial host cells include E. coli and Streptomyces species.
  • Yeast host cells include Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris.
  • the glutamine synthetase gene expression system (the GS system) is a common approach for enhancing expression under certain conditions.
  • the GS system is discussed in whole or part in connection with European Patent Nos. 0 216 846, 0 256 055, 0 338 841 and 0 323 997.
  • the disclosure also provides transgenic non-human animals and transgenic plants comprising one or more nucleic acid molecules of the disclosure that may be used to produce antibodies of the disclosure.
  • Antibodies can be produced in and recovered from tissue or bodily fluids, such as milk, blood or urine, of goats, cows, horses, pigs, rats, mice, rabbits, hamsters or other mammals. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,827,690, 5,756,687, 5,750,172, and 5,741,957.
  • non-human transgenic animals that comprise human immunoglobulin loci can be immunized with MAdCAM or a portion thereof. Methods for making antibodies in plants are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,046,037 and 5,959,177, incorporated herein by reference.
  • non-human transgenic animals and transgenic plants are produced by introducing one or more nucleic acid molecules of the disclosure into the animal or plant by standard transgenic techniques. See Hogan, supra.
  • the transgenic cells used for making the transgenic animal can be embryonic stem cells, somatic cells or fertilized egg cells.
  • the transgenic non-human organisms can be chimeric, nonchimeric heterozygotes, and nonchimeric homozygotes.
  • the transgenic non-human organisms may have a targeted disruption and replacement that encodes a heavy chain and/or a light chain of interest.
  • the transgenic animals or plants comprise and express nucleic acid molecules encoding heavy and light chains that combine to bind specifically to MAdCAM, preferably human MAdCAM.
  • the transgenic animals or plants comprise nucleic acid molecules encoding a modified antibody such as a single-chain antibody, a chimeric antibody or a humanized antibody.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be made in any transgenic animal.
  • the non-human animals are mice, rats, sheep, pigs, goats, cattle or horses.
  • the non-human transgenic animal expresses said encoded polypeptides in blood, milk, urine, saliva, tears, mucus and other bodily fluids.
  • the disclosure provides a method for producing an anti-MAdCAM antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprising the steps of synthesizing a library of human antibodies on phage, screening the library with a MAdCAM or a portion thereof, isolating phage that bind MAdCAM, and obtaining the antibody from the phage.
  • One method to prepare the library of antibodies comprises the steps of immunizing a non-human host animal comprising a human immunoglobulin locus with MAdCAM or an antigenic portion thereof to create an immune response, extracting cells from the host animal the cells that are responsible for production of antibodies; isolating RNA from the extracted cells, reverse transcribing the RNA to produce cDNA, amplifying the cDNA using a primer, and inserting the cDNA into phage display vector such that antibodies are expressed on the phage.
  • Recombinant anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the disclosure may be obtained in this way.
  • Recombinant anti-MAdCAM human antibodies of the disclosure in addition to the anti-MAdCAM antibodies disclosed herein can be isolated by screening of a recombinant combinatorial antibody library, preferably a scFv phage display library, prepared using human VL and VH cDNAs prepared from mRNA isolated from human lymphocytes. Methodologies for preparing and screening such libraries are known in the art. There are commercially available kits for generating phage display libraries (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, catalog no. 27-9400-01; and the Stratagene SurfZAPTM phage display kit, catalog no. 240612).
  • Hybridomas 3:81-85 (1992); Huse et al., Science, 246:1275-1281 (1989); McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-554 (1990); Griffiths et al., EMBO J, 12:725-734 (1993); Hawkins et al., J. Mol. Biol., 226:889-896 (1992); Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991); Gram et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • a human anti-MAdCAM antibody as described herein is first used to select human heavy and light chain sequences having similar binding activity toward MAdCAM, using the epitope imprinting methods described in Hoogenboom et al., PCT Publication No. WO 93/06213.
  • the antibody libraries used in this method are preferably scFv libraries prepared and screened as described in McCafferty et al., PCT Publication No. WO 92/01047, McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-554 (1990); and Griffiths et al., EMBO J, 12:725-734 (1993).
  • the scFv antibody libraries preferably are screened using human MAdCAM as the antigen.
  • VL and VH segments of the preferred VL/VH pair(s) can be randomly mutated, preferably within the CDR3 region of VH and/or VL, in a process analogous to the in vivo somatic mutation process responsible for affinity maturation of antibodies during a natural immune response.
  • This in vitro affinity maturation can be accomplished by amplifying VH and VL regions using PCR primers complimentary to the VH CDR3 or VL CDR3, respectively, which primers have been “spiked” with a random mixture of the four nucleotide bases at certain positions such that the resultant PCR products encode VH and VL segments into which random mutations have been introduced into the VH and/or VL CDR3 regions. These randomly mutated VH and VL segments can be rescreened for binding to MAdCAM.
  • nucleic acid encoding the selected antibody can be recovered from the display package (e.g., from the phage genome) and subcloned into other expression vectors by standard recombinant DNA techniques. If desired, the nucleic acid can be further manipulated to create other antibody forms of the disclosure, as described below.
  • the DNA encoding the antibody is cloned into a recombinant expression vector and introduced into a mammalian host cells, as described above.
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding VL or VH is isolated using methods well-known in the art such that it does not include any nucleotide sequences encoding CL or CH.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding VL or VH is then operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a CL or CH from a different class of immunoglobulin molecule. This may be achieved using a vector or nucleic acid molecule that comprises a CL or CH encoding sequence, as described above.
  • an anti-MAdCAM antibody that was originally IgM may be class switched to an IgG.
  • a preferred method for producing an antibody of the disclosure comprising a desired isotype or antibody subclass comprises the steps of isolating a nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain of an anti-MAdCAM antibody and a nucleic acid encoding the light chain of an anti-MAdCAM antibody, obtaining the variable region of the heavy chain, ligating the variable region of the heavy chain with the constant domain of a heavy chain of the desired isotype, expressing the light chain and the ligated heavy chain in a cell, and collecting the anti-MAdCAM antibody with the desired isotype.
  • nucleic acid molecules described above may be used to generate antibody derivatives using techniques and methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the immunogenicity of non-human antibodies can be reduced to some extent using techniques of humanization, potentially employing display techniques using appropriate libraries. It will be appreciated that murine antibodies or antibodies from other species can be humanized or primatized using techniques well known in the art. See, e.g., Winter and Harris, Immunol Today, 14:43-46 (1993) and Wright et al., Crit. Reviews in Immunol., 12125-168 (1992).
  • the antibody of interest may be engineered by recombinant DNA techniques to substitute the C H 1, C H 2, C H 3, hinge domains, and/or the framework domain with the corresponding human sequence (see WO 92/02190 and U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • a non-human anti-MAdCAM antibody can be humanized by substituting the C H 1, hinge domain, C H 2, C H 3, and/or the framework domains with the corresponding human sequence of a anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure.
  • the nucleic acid molecules, vectors and host cells may be used to make mutated anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • the antibodies may be mutated in the variable domains of the heavy and/or light chains to alter a binding property of the antibody.
  • a mutation may be made in one or more of the CDR regions to increase or decrease the K d of the antibody for MAdCAM.
  • Techniques in site-directed mutagenesis are well-known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., and Ausubel et al., supra.
  • mutations are made at an amino acid residue that is known to be changed compared to germline in a variable region of an anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • one or more mutations are made at an amino acid residue that is known to be changed compared to the germline in a variable region or CDR region of one of the anti-MAdCAM antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • one or more mutations are made at an amino acid residue that is known to be changed compared to the germline in a variable region or CDR region whose amino acid sequence is presented in SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68 148 or 150 or whose nucleotide sequence is presented in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 61, 63, 65, 67 or 149.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are mutated in one or more of the framework regions.
  • a mutation may be made in a framework region or constant domain to increase the half-life of the anti-MAdCAM antibody. See, e.g., WO 00/09560, published Feb. 24, 2000, herein incorporated by reference. In one embodiment, there may be one, three or five or ten point mutations and no more than fifteen point mutations.
  • a mutation in a framework region or constant domain may also be made to alter the immunogenicity of the antibody, to provide a site for covalent or non-covalent binding to another molecule, or to alter such properties as complement fixation. Mutations may be made in each of the framework regions, the constant domain and the variable regions in a single mutated antibody. Alternatively, mutations may be made in only one of the framework regions, the variable regions or the constant domain in a single mutated antibody.
  • there is no more than ten amino acid changes in either the VH or VL regions of the mutated anti-MAdCAM antibody more preferably no more than five amino acid changes, or even more preferably no more than three amino acid changes.
  • there are no more than fifteen amino acid changes in the constant domains more preferably, no more than ten amino acid changes, even more preferably, no more than five amino acid changes.
  • a fusion antibody or immunoadhesin may be made which comprises all or a portion of an anti-MAdCAM antibody linked to another polypeptide.
  • only the variable regions of the anti-MAdCAM antibody are linked to the polypeptide.
  • the VH domain of an anti-MAdCAM antibody are linked to a first polypeptide, while the VL domain of an anti-MAdCAM antibody are linked to a second polypeptide that associates with the first polypeptide in a manner in which the VH and VL domains can interact with one another to form an antibody binding site.
  • the VH domain is separated from the VL domain by a linker such that the VH and VL domains can interact with one another (see below under Single Chain Antibodies).
  • the VH-linker-VL antibody is then linked to the polypeptide of interest.
  • the fusion antibody is useful to directing a polypeptide to a MAdCAM-expressing cell or tissue.
  • the polypeptide may be a therapeutic agent, such as a toxin, growth factor or other regulatory protein, or may be a diagnostic agent, such as an enzyme that may be easily visualized, such as horseradish peroxidase.
  • fusion antibodies can be created in which two (or more) single-chain antibodies are linked to one another. This is useful if one wants to create a divalent or polyvalent antibody on a single polypeptide chain, or if one wants to create a bispecific antibody.
  • the VH- and VL-encoding DNA fragments are operatively linked to another fragment encoding a flexible linker, e.g., encoding the amino acid sequence (Gly 4 -Ser) 3 , such that the VH and VL sequences can be expressed as a contiguous single-chain protein, with the VL and VH regions joined by the flexible linker (see, e.g., Bird et al., Science, 242:423-426 (1988); Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:5879-5883 (1988); McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-554 (1990)).
  • the single chain antibody may be monovalent, if only a single VH and VL are used, bivalent, if two VH and VL are used, or polyvalent, if more than two VH and VL are used.
  • modified antibodies may be prepared using anti-MAdCAM-encoding nucleic acid molecules.
  • “Kappa bodies” Ill et al., Protein Eng, 10: 949-57(1997)
  • “Minibodies” Martin et al., EMBO J, 13: 5303-9(1994)
  • “Diabodies” Holliger et al., PNAS USA, 90: 6444-6448(1993)
  • “Janusins” Traunecker et al., EMBO J, 10:3655-3659 (1991) and Traunecker et al., “Janusin: new molecular design for bispecific reagents,” Int J Cancer Suppl, 7:51-52 (1992)
  • chimeric and bispecific antibodies can be generated.
  • a chimeric antibody may be made that comprises CDRs and framework regions from different antibodies.
  • the CDRs of the chimeric antibody comprises all of the CDRs of the variable region of a light chain or heavy chain of a human anti-MAdCAM antibody, while the framework regions are derived from one or more different antibodies.
  • the CDRs of the chimeric antibody comprise all of the CDRs of the variable regions of the light chain and the heavy chain of a human anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the framework regions may be from another species and may, in a preferred embodiment, be humanized. Alternatively, the framework regions may be from another human antibody.
  • a bispecific antibody can be generated that binds specifically to MAdCAM through one binding domain and to a second molecule through a second binding domain.
  • the bispecific antibody can be produced through recombinant molecular biological techniques, or may be physically conjugated together.
  • a single chain antibody containing more than one VH and VL may be generated that binds specifically to MAdCAM and to another molecule.
  • Such bispecific antibodies can be generated using techniques that are well known for example, in connection with (i) and (ii) see, e.g., Fanger et al., Immunol Methods 4: 72-81 (1994) and Wright and Harris, supra. and in connection with (iii) see, e.g., Traunecker et al., Int. J.
  • the bispecific antibody binds to MAdCAM and to another molecule expressed at high level on endothelial cells.
  • the other molecule is VCAM, ICAM or L-selectin.
  • the modified antibodies described above are prepared using one or more of the variable regions or one or more CDR regions from one of the antibodies selected from 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, X481.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod or 7.26.4-mod.
  • the modified antibodies are prepared using one or more of the variable regions or one or more CDR regions whose amino acid sequence is presented in SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 148 or 150 or whose nucleotide sequence is presented in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 61, 63, 65, 67 or 149.
  • an antibody or antibody portion of the disclosure can be derivatized or linked to another molecule (e.g., another peptide or protein).
  • the antibodies or portions thereof are derivatized such that the MAdCAM binding is not affected adversely by the derivatization or labeling. Accordingly, the antibodies and antibody portions of the disclosure are intended to include both intact and modified forms of the human anti-MAdCAM antibodies described herein.
  • an antibody or antibody portion of the disclosure can be functionally linked (by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody or a diabody), a detection agent, a cytotoxic agent, a pharmaceutical agent, and/or a protein or peptide that can mediate association of the antibody or antibody portion with another molecule (such as a streptavidin core region or a polyhistidine tag).
  • another antibody e.g., a bispecific antibody or a diabody
  • a detection agent e.g., a cytotoxic agent, a pharmaceutical agent, and/or a protein or peptide that can mediate association of the antibody or antibody portion with another molecule (such as a streptavidin core region or a polyhistidine tag).
  • One type of derivatized antibody is produced by crosslinking two or more antibodies (of the same type or of different types, e.g., to create bispecific antibodies).
  • Suitable crosslinkers include those that are heterobifunctional, having two distinctly reactive groups separated by an appropriate spacer (e.g., m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) or homobifunctional (e.g., disuccinimidyl suberate).
  • Such linkers are available from Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.
  • Another type of derivatized antibody is a labeled antibody.
  • Useful detection agents with which an antibody or antibody portion of the disclosure may be derivatized include fluorescent compounds, including fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, 5-dimethylamine-1-napthalenesulfonyl chloride, phycoerythrin, lanthanide phosphors and the like.
  • An antibody may also be labeled with enzymes that are useful for detection, such as horseradish peroxidase, ⁇ -galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase and the like.
  • an antibody When an antibody is labeled with a detectable enzyme, it is detected by adding additional reagents that the enzyme uses to produce a reaction product that can be discerned. For example, when the agent horseradish peroxidase is present, the addition of hydrogen peroxide and diaminobenzidine leads to a colored reaction product, which is detectable.
  • An antibody may also be labeled with biotin, and detected through indirect measurement of avidin or streptavidin binding.
  • An antibody may be labeled with a magnetic agent, such as gadolinium.
  • An antibody may also be labeled with a predetermined polypeptide epitope recognized by a secondary reporter (e.g., leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal binding domains, epitope tags). In some embodiments, labels are attached by spacer arms of various lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance.
  • An anti-MAdCAM antibody may also be labeled with a radiolabeled amino acid.
  • the radiolabel may be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
  • the radiolabel may be used to detect MAdCAM-expressing tissues by x-ray or other diagnostic techniques.
  • the radiolabel may be used therapeutically as a toxin for diseased tissue or MAdCAM expressing tumors.
  • labels for polypeptides include, but are not limited to, the following radioisotopes or radionuclides— 3 H, 14 C, 15 N, 35 S, 90 Y, 99 Tc, 111 In, 125 I, 131 I.
  • An anti-MAdCAM antibody may also be derivatized with a chemical group such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), a methyl or ethyl group, or a carbohydrate group. These groups may be useful to improve the biological characteristics of the antibody, e.g., to increase serum half-life or to increase tissue binding. This methodology would also apply to any antigen-binding fragments or versions of anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • compositions comprising an inhibitory human anti-MAdCAM antibody and methods for treating subjects with such compositions.
  • the subject of treatment is human.
  • the subject is a veterinary subject.
  • the veterinary subject is a dog or a non-human primate.
  • Treatment may involve administration of one or more inhibitory anti-MAdCAM monoclonal antibodies of the disclosure, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, alone or with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Inhibitory anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the disclosure and compositions comprising them can be administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic agents.
  • Additional therapeutic agents include anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory agents.
  • agents include, but are not limited to, the topical and oral corticosteroids such as prednisolone, methylprednisolone, NCX-1015 or budesonide; the aminosalicylates such as mesalazine, olsalazine, balsalazide or NCX-456; the class of immunomodulators such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, cyclosporin, FK506, IL-10 (Ilodecakin), IL-11 (Oprelevkin), IL-12, MIF/CD74 antagonists, CD40 antagonists, such as TNX-100/5-D12, OX40L antagonists, GM-CSF, pimecrolimus or rapamycin; the class of anti-TNF ⁇ agents such as infliximab, adalimumab, CDP-870, onercept, etanercept; the class of anti-inflammatory agents, such as PDE-4 inhibitors
  • one or more inhibitory anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the disclosure can be used as a vaccine or as adjuvants to a vaccine.
  • vaccine antigens can be advantageously targeted to lymphoid tissue by conjugating the antigen to an anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption enhancing or delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
  • Some examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, acetate buffer with sodium chloride, dextrose, glycerol, Polyethylene glycol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition.
  • additional examples of pharmaceutically acceptable substances are surfectants, wetting agents or minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the antibody.
  • compositions of this disclosure may be in a variety of forms, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, lyophilized cake, dry powders, liposomes and suppositories.
  • liquid solutions e.g., injectable and infusible solutions
  • dispersions or suspensions tablets, pills, lyophilized cake, dry powders, liposomes and suppositories.
  • the preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application. Typical preferred compositions are in the form of injectable or infusible solutions, such as compositions similar to those used for passive immunization of humans.
  • the preferred mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intradermal).
  • the antibody is administered by intravenous infusion or injection.
  • the antibody is administered by intramuscular, intradermal or subcutaneous injection.
  • compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
  • the composition can be formulated as a solution, lyophilized cake, dry powder, microemulsion, dispersion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the anti-MAdCAM antibody in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile solution thereof.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the desired characteristics of a solution can be maintained, for example, by the use of surfactants and the required particle size in the case of dispersion by the use of surfactants, phospholipids and polymers.
  • Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts, polymeric materials, oils and gelatin.
  • the antibodies of the present disclosure can be administered by a variety of methods known in the art, although for many therapeutic applications, the preferred route/mode of administration is subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal or intravenous infusion. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results.
  • the antibody compositions may be prepared with a carrier that will protect the antibody against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems (J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1978)).
  • an anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure can be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier.
  • the compound (and other ingredients, if desired) can also be enclosed in a hard or soft shell gelatin capsule, compressed into tablets, or incorporated directly into the subject's diet.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like.
  • compositions of the disclosure may include a “therapeutically effective amount” or a “prophylactically effective amount” of an antibody or antigen-binding portion of the disclosure.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antibody portion may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the antibody or antibody portion to elicit a desired response in the individual.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the antibody or antibody portion are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
  • prophylactically effective amount refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount may be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
  • Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic or prophylactic response). For example, a single bolus can be administered, several divided doses can be administered over time or the dose can be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated; each unit containing a pre-determined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • An exemplary, non-limiting range for a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody or antibody portion of the disclosure is 0.025 to 50 mg/kg, more preferably 0.1 to 50 mg/kg, more preferably 0.1-25, 0.1 to 10 or 0.1 to 3 mg/kg.
  • a formulation contains 5 mg/mL of antibody in a buffer of 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5, 140 mM NaCl, and 0.2 mg/mL polysorbate 80. It is to be noted that dosage values may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated.
  • kits comprising an anti-MAdCAM antibody or antibody portion of the disclosure or a composition comprising such an antibody.
  • a kit may include, in addition to the antibody or composition, diagnostic or therapeutic agents.
  • a kit can also include instructions for use in a diagnostic or therapeutic method.
  • the kit includes the antibody or a composition comprising it and a diagnostic agent that can be used in a method described below.
  • the kit includes the antibody or a composition comprising it and one or more therapeutic agents that can be used in a method described below.
  • nucleic acid molecules of the instant disclosure can be administered to a patient in need thereof via gene therapy.
  • the therapy may be either in vivo or ex vivo.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding both a heavy chain and a light chain are administered to a patient.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are administered such that they are stably integrated into chromosomes of B cells because these cells are specialized for producing antibodies.
  • precursor B cells are transfected or infected ex vivo and re-transplanted into a patient in need thereof.
  • precursor B cells or other cells are infected in vivo using a recombinant virus known to infect the cell type of interest.
  • Typical vectors used for gene therapy include liposomes, plasmids and viral vectors.
  • Exemplary viral vectors are retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses. After infection either in vivo or ex vivo, levels of antibody expression can be monitored by taking a sample from the treated patient and using any immunoassay known in the art or discussed herein.
  • the gene therapy method comprises the steps of administering an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof of an anti-MAdCAM antibody and expressing the nucleic acid molecule.
  • the gene therapy method comprises the steps of administering an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof of an anti-MAdCAM antibody and expressing the nucleic acid molecule.
  • the gene therapy method comprises the steps of administering of an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain or an antigen-binding portion thereof and an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain or the antigen-binding portion thereof of an anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure and expressing the nucleic acid molecules.
  • the gene therapy method may also comprise the step of administering another anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory agent.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be used to detect MAdCAM in a biological sample in vitro or in vivo.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be used in a conventional immunoassay, including, without limitation, an ELISA, an RIA, FACS, tissue immunohistochemistry, Western blot or immunoprecipitation.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the disclosure may be used to detect MAdCAM from humans.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be used to detect MAdCAM from Old World primates such as cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees and apes.
  • the disclosure provides a method for detecting MAdCAM in a biological sample comprising contacting a biological sample with an anti-MAdCAM antibody of the disclosure and detecting the antibody bound to MAdCAM.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody is directlyderivatized with a detectable label.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody (the first antibody) is unlabeled and a second antibody or other molecule that can bind the anti-MAdCAM antibody is labeled.
  • a second antibody is chosen that is able to specifically bind the specific species and class of the first antibody.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody is a human IgG
  • the secondary antibody may be an anti-human-IgG.
  • Other molecules that can bind to antibodies include, without limitation, Protein A and Protein G, both of which are available commercially, e.g., from Pierce Chemical Co.
  • Suitable labels for the antibody or secondary have been disclosed supra, and include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, magnetic agents and radioactive materials.
  • suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase
  • suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin
  • suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin
  • an example of a luminescent material includes luminol
  • an example of a magnetic agent includes gadolinium
  • suitable radioactive material include 125 I, 131 I, 35 S or 3 H.
  • MAdCAM can be assayed in a biological sample by a competition immunoassay utilizing MAdCAM standards labeled with a detectable substance and an unlabeled anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • a competition immunoassay utilizing MAdCAM standards labeled with a detectable substance and an unlabeled anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the biological sample, the labeled MAdCAM standards and the anti-MAdCAM antibody are combined and the amount of labeled MAdCAM standard bound to the unlabeled antibody is determined.
  • the amount of MAdCAM in the biological sample is inversely proportional to the amount of labeled MAdCAM standard bound to the anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be used to detect MAdCAM in cells in cell culture.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be used to determine the level of cell surface MAdCAM expression after treatment of the cells with various compounds. This method can be used to test compounds that may be used to activate or inhibit MAdCAM. In this method, one sample of cells is treated with a test compound for a period of time while another sample is left untreated, cell surface expression could then be determined by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, ELISA or RIA.
  • the immunoassays may be scaled up for high throughput screening in order to test a large number of compounds for either activation or inhibition of MAdCAM.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the disclosure may also be used to determine the levels of MAdCAM on a tissue or in cells derived from the tissue.
  • the tissue is a diseased tissue.
  • the tissue is inflamed gastrointestinal tract or a biopsy thereof.
  • a tissue or a biopsy thereof is excised from a patient. The tissue or biopsy is then used in an immunoassay to determine, e.g., MAdCAM levels, cell surface levels of MAdCAM, or localization of MAdCAM by the methods discussed above.
  • the method can be used to determine if an inflamed tissue expresses MAdCAM at a high level.
  • the above-described diagnostic method can be used to determine whether a tissue expresses high levels of MAdCAM, which may be indicative that the tissue will respond well to treatment with anti-MAdCAM antibody. Further, the diagnostic method may also be used to determine whether treatment with anti-MAdCAM antibody (see below) is causing a tissue to express lower levels of MAdCAM and thus can be used to determine whether the treatment is successful.
  • the antibodies of the present disclosure may also be used in vivo to localize tissues and organs that express MAdCAM.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies can be used to localize inflamed tissue.
  • the advantage of the anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the present disclosure is that they will not generate an immune response upon administration.
  • the method comprises the steps of administering an anti-MAdCAM antibody or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to a patient in need of such a diagnostic test and subjecting the patient to imaging analysis determine the location of the MAdCAM-expressing tissues.
  • Imaging analysis is well known in the medical art, and includes, without limitation, x-ray analysis, gamma scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography or computed tomography (CT).
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies may be labeled with a detectable agent that can be imaged in a patient.
  • the antibody may be labeled with a contrast agent, such as barium, which can be used for x-ray analysis, or a magnetic contrast agent, such as a gadolinium chelate, which can be used for MRI or CT.
  • a contrast agent such as barium, which can be used for x-ray analysis
  • a magnetic contrast agent such as a gadolinium chelate
  • Other labeling agents include, without limitation, radioisotopes, such as 99 Tc.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody will be unlabeled and will be imaged by administering a second antibody or other molecule that is detectable and that can bind the anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the disclosure may also be used to determine the levels of soluble MAdCAM present in donor blood, serum, plasma, or other biofluid, including, but not limited to, stool, urine, sputum or biopsy sample.
  • the biofluid is plasma.
  • the biofluid is then used in an immunoassay to determine levels of soluble MAdCAM.
  • Soluble MAdCAM could be a surrogate marker for ongoing gastrointestinal inflammation and the method of detection could be used as a diagnostic marker to measure disease severity.
  • the above-described diagnostic method can be used to determine whether an individual expresses high levels of soluble MAdCAM, which may be indicative that the individual will respond well to treatment with an anti-MAdCAM antibody. Further, the diagnostic method may also be used to determine whether treatment with anti-MAdCAM antibody (see below) or other pharmaceutical agent of the disease is causing an individual to express lower levels of MAdCAM and thus can be used to determine whether the treatment is successful.
  • the disclosure provides an anti-MAdCAM antibody that binds MAdCAM and inhibits the binding and adhesion of ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 -integrin bearing cells to MAdCAM or other cognate ligands, such as L-selectin, to MAdCAM.
  • the MAdCAM is human and is either a soluble form, or expressed on the surface of a cell.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody is a human antibody.
  • the antibody or portion thereof inhibits binding between ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 and MAdCAM with an IC 50 value of no more than 50 nM. In a preferred embodiment, the IC 50 value is no more than 5 nM.
  • the IC 50 value is less than 5 nM. In a more preferred embodiment, the IC 50 value is less than 0.05 ⁇ g/mL, 0.04 ⁇ g/mL or 0.03 ⁇ g/mL. In another preferred embodiment the IC 50 value is less than 0.5 ⁇ g/mL, 0.4 ⁇ g/mL or 0.3 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the IC 50 value can be measured by any method known in the art. Typically, an IC 50 value can be measured by ELISA or adhesion assay. In a preferred embodiment, the IC 50 value is measured by adhesion assay using either cells or tissue which natively express MAdCAM or cells or tissue which have been engineered to express MAdCAM.
  • the disclosure provides an anti-MAdCAM antibody that binds natively expressed MAdCAM and inhibits the binding of lymphocytes to specialised gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue.
  • the natively-expressed MAdCAM is human or primate MAdCAM and is either a soluble form, or expressed on the surface of a cell.
  • the anti-MAdCAM antibody is a human antibody.
  • the antibody or portion thereof inhibits the recruitment of gut-trophic ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 + lymphocytes to tissues expressing MAdCAM with an IC 50 value of no more than 5 mg/kg. In a preferred embodiment, the IC 50 value is no more than 1 mg/kg.
  • the IC 50 value is less than 0.1 mg/kg.
  • the IC 50 value can be determined by measuring the dose effect relationship of recruitment of technetium-labeled peripheral blood lymphocytes to the gastrointestinal tract using gamma scintigraphy or single photon emission computed tomography.
  • the IC 50 value can be determined by measuring the increase in gut-trophic ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 + lymphocytes, such as, but not limited to, CD4 + ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 + memory T-cells, in the peripheral circulation using flow cytometry as a function of the dose of anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • Antibodies of the disclosure were prepared, assayed and selected in accordance with the present Example
  • Two immunogens were prepared for immunisation of the XenoMouseTM mice: (i) a MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein and (ii) cell membranes prepared from cells stably transfected with MAdCAM.
  • MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc Fusion Protein (SEQ ID NO: 107) MDFGLALLLAGLLGLLLG QSLQVKPLQVEPPEPVVAVALGASRQLTCRLA CADRGASVQWRGLDTSLGAVQSDTGRSVLTVRNASLSAAGTRVCVGSCGG RTFQHTVQLLVYAFPDQLTVSPAALVPGDPEVACTAHKVTPVDPNALSFS LLVGGQELEGAQALGPEVQEEEEEPQGDEDVLFRVTERWRLPPLGTPVPP ALYCQATMRLPGLELSHRQAIPVLHSPTSPEPPDTTSPESPDTTSPESPD TTSQEPPDTTSQEPPDTTSQEPPDTTSPEPPDKTSPEPAPQQGSTHTPRS PGSTRTRRPEI QPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMIS RTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVS VLTV
  • CHO-DHFR cells were transfected with pCDNA3.1+ vector containing MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein cDNA and stable clones expressing MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein selected in Iscove's media containing 600 ⁇ g/mL G418 and 100 ng/mL methotrexate.
  • a hollow fibre bioreactor was seeded with stably expressing MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc CHO cells in Iscove's media containing 10% low IgG fetal bovine serum (Gibco), non essential amino acids (Gibco), 2 mM glutamine (Gibco), sodium pyruvate (Gibco), 100 ⁇ g/mL G418 and 100 ng/mL methotrexate, and used to generate concentrated media supernatant.
  • the MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein was purified from the harvested supernatant by affinity chromatography.
  • the gel filtration was performed at 0.35 mL/min, collecting a peak of MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein in ca. 3 ⁇ 5 mL fractions. These samples were pooled and applied to a Resource Q (6 mL, Pharmacia) column, pre-equilibrated in 35 mM BisTris pH6.5. The column was washed with 5 column volumes of 35 mM Bis Tris pH 6.5, 150 mM NaCl (6 mL/min) and MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein eluted into a 4-6 mL fraction with 35 mM Bis Tris pH 6.5, 400 mM NaCl.
  • the protein was 90% pure and migrating as a single band at approximately 68 kD by SDS-PAGE.
  • the material was buffer exchanged into 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 100 mM NaCl, 50% glycerol and stored as aliquots at ⁇ 80° C.
  • a SacI/NotI fragment comprising nucleotides 645-1222 of the published MAdCAM sequence (Shyj an A M, et al., J Immunol., 156, 2851-7 (1996)) was PCR amplified from a colon cDNA library and cloned into SacI/NocI sites of pIND-Hygro vector (Invitrogen).
  • a SacI fragment, comprising the additional 5′ coding sequence was sub-cloned into this construct from pCDNA3.1 MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc, to generate the full length MAdCAM cDNA.
  • a KpnI/NotI fragment containing the MAdCAM cDNA was then cloned into corresponding sites in a pEF5FRTV5GWCAT vector (Invitrogen) and replacing the CAT coding sequence.
  • the cDNA insert was sequence verified and used in transfections to generate single stably expressing clones in FlpIn NIH 3T3 cells (Invitrogen) by Flp recombinase technology, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • Stably expressing clones were selected by their ability to support the binding of a ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 + JY human B lymphoblastoid cell line (Chan B M, et al, J. Biol. Chem., 267:8366-70 (1992)), outlined below.
  • Stable clones of CHO cells expressing MAdCAM were prepared in the same way, using FlpIn CHO cells (Invitrogen).
  • MAdCAM-expressing FlpIn NIH-3T3 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagles Medium (Gibco), containing 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% Donor calf serum (Gibco) and 200 ⁇ g/mL Hygromycin B (Invitrogen) and expanded in roller bottles.
  • MAdCAM-expressing FlpIn CHO cells were grown in Ham's F12/Dulbecco's modified Eagles Medium (Gibco), containing 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% Donor calf serum (Gibco) and 350 ⁇ g/mL Hygromycin B (Invitrogen) and expanded in roller bottles.
  • Cells were harvested by use of a non-enzymatic cell dissociation solution (Sigma) and scraping, washing in phosphate buffered saline by centrifugation.
  • Cell membranes were prepared from the cell pellet by two rounds of polytron homogenization in 25 mM Bis Tris pH 8, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.015% (w/v) aprotinin, 100 U/mL bacitracin and centrifugation. The final pellet was resuspended in the same buffer, and 50 ⁇ 10 6 cell equivalents aliquoted into thick-walled eppendorfs and spun at >100,000 g to generate cell membrane pellets for XenoMouse mice immunisations.
  • mice Eight to ten week old XENOMOUSETM mice were immunized intraperitoneally or in their hind footpads with either the purified recombinant MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein (10 ⁇ g/dose/mouse), or cell membranes prepared from either stably expressing MAdCAM-CHO or NIH 3T3 cells (10 ⁇ 10 6 cells/dose/mouse). This dose was repeated five to seven times over a three to eight week period. Four days before fusion, the mice received a final injection of the extracellular domain of human MAdCAM in PBS.
  • Spleen and lymph node lymphocytes from immunized mice were fused with the non-secretory myeloma P3-X63-Ag8.653 cell line and were subjected to HAT selection as previously described (Galfre and Milstein, Methods Enzymol. 73:3-46 (1981)).
  • a panel of hybridomas all secreting MAdCAM specific human IgG 2 ⁇ and Iga 4 ⁇ antibodies were recovered and sub-cloned.
  • a selected clone was further engineered to remove an inadvertent splicing event in the final protein.
  • the inadvertent splicing event resulted in the production of an extended protein. It was discovered that the extension was the result of a read-through that led to the inadvertent splicing event. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the inadvertent splicing event brought together the end of the heavy chain with a region 4244 bp downstream (in the SV40 Derived Sequence Region). A new vector was designed to eliminate this observed extension.
  • the heavy chain region was engineered to replace a nucleotide at the 3′end of the heavy chain (a change from T to A) resulting in the removal of the splice donor sight.
  • the resulting MAdCAM antibody from this reengineered clone is X481.2.
  • Detection of antigen-specific antibodies in mouse serum and hybridoma supernatant was determined by ELISA as described (Coligan et al., Unit 2.1 “Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays,” in Current Protocols Iin Immunology (1994)) using MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein to capture the antibodies.
  • MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein For animals that were immunised with MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein, antibodies were screened for non-specific reactivity against human IgG 1 and for the ability to bind to FlpIn CHO MAdCAM cells by flow cytometry.
  • ELISA plates were coated overnight at 4° C. with 100 ⁇ L/well of MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion (4.5 ⁇ g/mL) in plate containing buffer (100 mM sodium carbonate/bicarbonate buffer pH 9.6). After incubation, coating buffer was removed and the plate blocked with 200 ⁇ L/well blocking buffer (5% BSA, 0.1% Tween 20, in phosphate buffered saline) and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Blocking buffer was removed and 50 ⁇ L/well of hybridoma supernatant or other serum or supernatant (e.g., positive control) added for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • buffer 100 ⁇ L/well of MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion (4.5 ⁇ g/mL) in plate containing buffer (100 mM sodium carbonate/bicarbonate buffer pH 9.6). After incubation, coating buffer was removed and the plate blocked with 200 ⁇ L/well blocking buffer (5% BSA, 0.1% Tween 20, in
  • the plate was washed with PBS (3 ⁇ 100 ⁇ L/well) and the binding of the hybridoma mAb detected with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (i.e. 1:1000 mouse anti-human IgG2-HRP (SB Cat. No. 9060-05) for IgG 2 antibodies or 1:1000 mouse anti-human IgG 4 -HRP (Zymed Cat. No. 3840) for IgG 4 antibodies) diluted in PBS.
  • HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies i.e. 1:1000 mouse anti-human IgG2-HRP (SB Cat. No. 9060-05) for IgG 2 antibodies or 1:1000 mouse anti-human IgG 4 -HRP (Zymed Cat. No. 3840) for IgG 4 antibodies
  • the plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour, washed in PBS (3 ⁇ 100 ⁇ L/well) and finally developed with 100 ⁇ L OPD (o-phenylenediamine (DAKO S2405)+5 ⁇ L 30%
  • JY cells were cultured in RPMI1640 media (Gibco), containing 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies #10108-165) and seeded at 1-2 ⁇ 10 5 /mL every 2-3 days to prevent the culture from differentiating.
  • the cells were washed twice with RPMI 1640 media (Gibco) containing 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco) by centrifugation (240 g), resuspending the final cell pellet at 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL in RPMI 1640 for Calcein AM loading.
  • Calcein AM (Molecular Probes #C-3099) was added to the cells as a 1:200 dilution in DMSO (ca.
  • the antibodies to be tested were diluted as follows: for single dose testing, the antibodies were made up to 3 ⁇ g/mL (1 ⁇ g/mL final) in 0.1 mg/mL BSA (Sigma#A3059) in PBS; for full IC 50 curves, the antibodies were diluted in 0.1 mg/mL BSA/PBS, with 3 ⁇ g/mL (1 ⁇ g/mL final) being the top concentration, then doubling dilutions (1:2 ratio) across the plate. The final well of the row was used for determining total binding, so 0.1 mg/ml BSA in PBS was used.
  • the plates were washed with a Skatron plate washer and fluorescence measured using a Wallac Victor 2 1420 Multilabel Reader (excitation ⁇ 485 nm, emission ⁇ 535 nm count from top, 8 mm from bottom of plate, for 0.1 sec with normal emission aperture).
  • percent adhesion was expressed as a percentage of maximal fluorescence response in the absence of any antibody minus fluorescence associated with non-specific binding.
  • the IC 50 value is defined as the anti-MAdCAM antibody concentration at which the adhesion response is decreased to 50% of the response in the absence of anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • MAdCAM-expressing CHO cells were generated with the pEF5FRT MAdCAM cDNA construct and using the Flp recombinase technology (Invitrogen) as described above. Single stable clones of MAdCAM-expressing CHO cells were selected based on their ability to support the adhesion of JY cells and the binding, by flow cytometry, of the rabbit anti-peptide antibody, raised against the N-terminus of MAdCAM and described above.
  • MAdCAM-expressing CHO cells were cultured in a DMEM/F12 media (Gibco #21331-020) containing 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and 350 ⁇ g/mL Hygromycin B (Invitrogen), splitting 1:5 every 2/3 days.
  • MAdCAM-expressing CHO cells were seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well in 96 well black plates—clear bottom (Costar #3904) in 200 ⁇ L culture medium and cultured overnight at 37° C./5% CO 2 .
  • hybridoma supernatant or purified monoclonal antibody was diluted from a starting concentration of 30 ⁇ g/mL (equivalent to a final concentration of 10 ⁇ g/mL) in 1 mg/mL BSA/PBS, as described above.
  • the plate contents were flicked out and 50 ⁇ L of antibodies/controls were added to each well and the plate incubated at 37° C. for 20 min. The final well of the row was used for determining total binding, so 0.1 mg/mL BSA in PBS was used.
  • Calcein AM-loaded JY cells to a final concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 6 /mL in 1 mg/mL BSA/PBS, were prepared as above, then 100 ⁇ L added to the plate after the 20 min incubation period with the antibody. The plate was then incubated at 37° C. for 45 min, then washed on a Tecan plate washer (PW 384) and fluorescence measured using the Wallac plate reader as described above. For each antibody concentration, percent adhesion was expressed as a percentage of maximal fluorescence response in the absence of any antibody minus fluorescence associated with non-specific binding.
  • Antibodies that were able to inhibit the binding of JY cells to MAdCAM CHO cells with an IC 50 value ⁇ 1 ⁇ g/mL were considered to have potent antagonist activity.
  • the IC 50 value is defined as the anti-MAdCAM antibody concentration at which the adhesion response had decreased to 50% of the response in the absence of anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the IC 50 potencies for 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4 and 9.8.2 in this assay are described below in Table 3.
  • CHO cells expressing MAdCAM were plated in glass microslides (50 ⁇ 4 mm) and allowed to adhere to form a confluent monolayer (ca. 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells). The cells were then incubated with affinity-purified mAb over a range of concentrations (0.1-10 ⁇ g/mL) for 20 mins at 37° C., before being connected to the flow assay system.
  • IgG 2 or IgG4 mAb 10 ⁇ g/mL was used as a negative control.
  • Normal donor peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were perfused over the cell monolayer at a constant shear stress of 0.05 Pa.
  • Experiments were videoed and total adhesion of lymphocytes (rolling+firm adhesion) was calculated. All of the tested monoclonal antibodies were shown to be potent antagonists under the conditions described.
  • biotinylated anti-MAdCAM mAb was generated on 1-2 mg of affinity-purified protein, using a 20 molar excess of biotin-NHS (Pierce) in phosphate buffer saline, according to manufacturer's instructions. The reaction was allowed to sit at room temperature (30 min), and desalted with a PD-10 (Pharmacia) column and the protein concentration determined.
  • Peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from normal donors, were labeled with a mouse anti-human CD2 mAb (DAKO) to allow subsequent visualisation of adherent cells.
  • 5 ⁇ 10 5 PBLs were added to each lymph node section and incubated for 30 mins before being gently rinsed off to avoid detachment of adherent cells. Sections were then re-fixed in acetone, and re-incubated with biotinylated anti-MAdCAM mAb (10 ⁇ g/mL), followed by biotinylated goat-anti-mouse mAb (to recognise CD2 labeled PBLs and unstained MAdCAM vessels) and then streptABcomplex/HRP (DAKO).
  • biotinylated anti-MAdCAM mAb 10 ⁇ g/mL
  • biotinylated goat-anti-mouse mAb to recognise CD2 labeled PBLs and unstained MAdCAM vessels
  • streptABcomplex/HRP streptABcomplex
  • VCAM and fibronectin are close structural and sequence homologues to MAdCAM.
  • Affinity-purified anti-MAdCAM mAbs were assessed for MAdCAM-specificity by determining their ability to block the binding of ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 + / ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 + Jurkat T-cells (ATCC) to their cognate cell adhesion molecule.
  • 100 ⁇ L of a 4.5 ⁇ g/mL solution of Fibronectin cell binding fragment (110 Kd, Europa Bioproducts Ltd, Cat. No. UBF4215-18) or VCAM (Panvera) in Dulbecco's PBS was adsorbed to 96 well Black Microfluor “B” u-bottom (Dynex #7805) plates overnight at 4° C.
  • the coated plates were then inverted and excess liquid blotted off, prior to blocking at 37° C. for at least 1 hour in 10% BSA/PBS.
  • the antibodies to be tested were diluted from a top concentration of 10 ⁇ g/mL in 0.1 mg/ml BSA in PBS.
  • the final well of the row was used for determining total binding, so 0.1 mg/ml BSA in PBS was used.
  • Echistatin (Bachem, Cat. No. H-9010) prepared in PBS was used at a top concentration of 100 nM to block the ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 /Fibronectin interaction.
  • An anti-CD106 mAb (Clone 51-10C9, BD Pharmingen Cat. No. 555645) at a top concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL was used to block the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 /VCAM interaction.
  • the plate contents were flicked out and 50 ⁇ L of antibodies/controls were added to each well and the plate incubated at 37° C. for 20 min Calcein-loaded Jurkat T cells were washed once as before, resuspending the final cell pellet to 1 ⁇ 10 6 /mL in 1 mg/mL BSA/PBS. 100 ⁇ L of cells were added to each well of the U bottomed plate, the plate sealed, briefly centrifuged (1000 rpm for 2 min) and the plate then incubated at 37° C. for 45 min.
  • Hybridomas were deposited in the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), H.P.A at CAMR, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG on 9 Sep. 2003 with the following deposit numbers:
  • a high density mouse anti-human (IgG 2 and IgG 4 ) antibody surface over a CMS BIAcore sensor chip was prepared using routine amine coupling.
  • Hybridoma supernatants were diluted 10, 5, 2-fold in HBS-P (10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% Surfactant P20) running buffer containing 100 ⁇ g/mL BSA and 10 mg/mL carboxymethyldextran or used neat.
  • HBS-P 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% Surfactant P20
  • Each mAb was captured onto a separate surface using a 1 min contact time and a 5 min wash for stabilization of the mAb baseline.
  • MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc (141 nM) fusion protein was then injected at over all surfaces for one minute, followed by a 3 min dissociation.
  • the data were normalized for the amount of antibody captured on each surface and evaluated with global fit Langmuir 1:1, using baseline drift models available on the BIAevaluation software provided by BIAcore.
  • Affinity-purified mAb were immobilized onto the dextran layer of a CMS biosensor chip using amine coupling. Chips were prepared using pH 4.5 acetate buffer as the immobilization buffer and protein densities of 2.5-5.5 kRU were achieved. Samples of MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein in running buffer were prepared at concentrations ranging from 0.2-55 nM (a 0 nM solution comprising running buffer alone was included as a zero reference). Samples were randomized and injected in duplicate for 3 min each across 4 flow cells using HBS-EP (10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.005% Surfactant P20) as running buffer.
  • HBS-EP 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.005% Surfactant P20
  • a flow rate of 100 ⁇ L/min was used to minimize mass transport limitations. Dissociation of MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein was monitored for 180 mins, the surface regenerated by a 6 sec injection of 25 mM H 3 PO 4 (50 ⁇ L/min), or 10 mM (6.22.2), 20 mM (6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1) to 25 mM (6.34.2) and 45 mM NaOH (6.14.2) and the data analysed using the BIAevaluation (v3.1) software package.
  • Table 5 lists affinity measurements for representative anti-MAdCAM antibodies of the present disclosure:
  • the kinetic analyses indicate that the antibodies prepared in accordance with the disclosure possess high affinities and strong binding constants for the extracellular domain of MAdCAM.
  • Antibodies recognize surface-exposed epitopes on antigens as regions of linear (primary) sequence or structural (secondary) sequence.
  • Luminex epitope binning, BIAcore binning and species immunohistochemical analysis were used in concert, in order to define the functional epitope landscape of the anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • Mxh1gG 2,3.4-conjugated beads (Calbiochem M1 1427) were coupled to the primary unknown anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the bead stock was gently vortexed and diluted in supernatant to a concentration of 0.5 ⁇ 10 5 beads/mL.
  • the beads were incubated in the supernatant on a shaker overnight in the dark at 4° C.
  • Each well of a 96-well microtiter filter plate (Millipore # MABVN1250) was pre-wetted by adding 200 ⁇ L wash buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween20) and removed by aspiration. Next, 50 ⁇ L/well of the 0.5 ⁇ 10 5 beads/mL stock was added to the filter plate, and the wells washed with wash buffer (2 ⁇ 100 ⁇ L/well). 60 ⁇ L/well of MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc antigen diluted in hybridoma medium (0.1 ⁇ g/mL) was added. The plates were covered and incubated at room temperature with gentle shaking for one hour. The wells were washed twice by addition of 100 ⁇ L/well wash buffer followed by aspiration.
  • wash buffer PBS containing 0.05% Tween20
  • each well 60 ⁇ L of 1 ⁇ g/mL Mxh1gG 2,3,4 Streptavidin-PE (Pharmacia #554061) diluted in hydridoma medium was added. The plates were shaken at room temperature in the dark for twenty minutes. The wells were washed twice by addition of 100 ⁇ L/well wash buffer followed by aspiration. Next, each well was resuspended in 80 ⁇ L blocking buffer (PBS with 0.5% bovine serum albumin, 0.1% TWEEN and 0.01% Thimerosal) carefully pipetted up and down to resuspend the beads.
  • blocking buffer PBS with 0.5% bovine serum albumin, 0.1% TWEEN and 0.01% Thimerosal
  • Luminex 100 Using Luminex 100 and its accompanying software (Luminex® Corporation) the plates were read to determine luminescence readings. Based on the luminescence data obtained for the various anti-MAdCAM antibodies tested, the anti-MAdCAM antibodies were grouped according to their binding specificities. The anti-MAdCAM antibodies that were tested fall into a series of epitope bins, represented in Table 8.
  • BIAcore can also be used to determine the epitope exclusivity of the anti-MAdCAM antibodies exemplified by this disclosure.
  • the immobilization buffer was either 10 mM acetate buffer pH 4.5 (clones 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 7.20.5, 9.8.2, 1.7.2, 7.26.4 and 7.16.6) or 10 mM acetate buffer pH 5.5 (clones 6.67.1 and 6.77.1).
  • a protein density of approximately 3750 RU was achieved in all cases.
  • Deactivation of unreacted N-hydroxysuccinimide esters was performed using 1 M ethanolamine hydrochloride, pH 8.5.
  • MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein was diluted to a concentration of 1.5 ⁇ g/mL (approximately 25 nM) in HBS-EP running buffer (0.01 M HEPES pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.005% Polysorbate 20). It was then injected across the first flow cell, in a volume of 50 ⁇ L at a rate of 5 ⁇ L/min. After the injection was complete, the first antibody probe was added to the same flow cell. All test antibodies were diluted to a concentration of approximately 20 ⁇ g/mL in HBS-EP, and also injected in a volume of 50 ⁇ L at a flow rate of 5 ⁇ L/min.
  • MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein was bound again and further test antibodies were injected. These procedures were carried out until the entire panel of clones had been injected over the surface of the immobilised antibody, with bound MAdCAM-IgG 1 Fc fusion protein. A new flow cell with a different immobilised antibody and bound MAdCAM was then used for probing with the nine test clones.
  • Anti-MAdCAM antibodies 1.7.2 and 1.8.2 were expected to recognise the same MAdCAM epitope, based on the close primary amino acid sequence homology of their heavy and kappa light chains, SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8 respectively. Accordingly, only 1.7.2 was assessed though the BIAcore response matrix.
  • Antibodies 6.14.2 and 6.73.2 were omitted from this analysis, but all other combinations of anti-MAdCAM antibody pairs were tested in this way.
  • An arbitrary level of 100 RU was chosen as the threshold between binding/non-binding and a response matrix, (Table 7), was created based on whether binding was observed.
  • the matrix diagonal in Table 7 (shaded grey) holds the binding data for identical probe pairs.
  • the antibodies were self-blocking.
  • Antibodies 7.16.6 and 9.8.2 do not cross compete.
  • the lack of self-blocking could be due to a mAb-induced conformational change in the fusion protein that permits additional binding of the mAb to a second site on MAdCAM-IgFc.
  • Grouping the clones that show the same reactivity pattern gives rise to at least six different epitope bins, as shown in the graphical representation, FIG. 5 ).
  • MAdCAM epitope sequences with which an anti-MAdCAM antibody interacts can be determined by any of a number of methods, including, but not limited to, Western analysis of spotted peptide library arrays (Reineke et al., Curr. Topics in Microbiol. and Immunol 243: 23-36 (1999), M. Famulok, E-L Winnacker, C-H Wong eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin), phage or bacterial flagellin/fliC expression library display, or simple MALDI-TOF analysis of bound protein fragments following limited proteolysis.
  • OCT or sucrose-embedded frozen tissue specimens of ileum (Peyer's patches), mesenteric lymph node, spleen, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and colon were used as a positive staining controls for the anti-MAdCAM mAbs.
  • biotinylated derivatives of the anti-MAdCAM mAbs were generated. 10 ⁇ m frozen tissue sections were cut onto poly L-lysine coated slides, placed directly into 100% acetone 4° C. (10 min), then 3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol (10 min), washing between steps with PBS. The slides were blocked with Biotin Blocking System (DAKO Cat. No.
  • Binding affinity was compared for a number of species (mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, pig, cynomolgus and human tissue). There was no reactivity for rat, rabbit and pig tissue by immunohistochemistry and no cross-reactivity of the anti-MAdCAM antibodies for recombinant mouse MAdCAM, when analyzed by ELISA.
  • the data for human, cynomolgus and dog tissue are presented in table form, Table 8 below:
  • Anti-MAdCAM binding to specialised endothelial structures and lymphoid tissue is indicated by the shading, according to the key.
  • the epitope bin based on Luminex epitope analysis and the pattern of MAdCAM cross-reactivity are indicated for each antibody.
  • Luminex epitope binning data for anti-MAdCAM antibodies 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.3 and 6.77.1 (italics) were derived from separate experiments than that for 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4 and 9.8.2 (bold type), as indicated by the difference in font character.
  • All anti-MAdCAM antibodies tested had the ability to recognize a human MAdCAM epitope expressed on vascular endothelial compartments of the gastrointestinal tract. Apart from 1.7.2 and 1.8.2, all other anti-MAdCAM antibodies tested were able to specifically bind the vascular endothelial compartments of the cynomolgus gastrointestinal tract Certain other anti-MAdCAM antibodies, namely 6.14.2 and 6.67.1 also had the ability to specifically recognize the dog MAdCAM orthologue as well as cynomolgus MAdCAM.
  • a proportion of the reverse transcribed product was subjected to PCR with forward 5′-AGC ATG GAT CGG GGC CTG GCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 67) and reverse 5′-GTG CAG GAC CGG GAT GGC CTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 68) primers with GC-2 polymerase in 1M GC melt (Clontech) and at an annealing temperature of 62° C.
  • An RT-PCR product of the appropriate size was excised and purified from a 1% agarose gel after electrophoresis, then TOPO-TA cloned (Invitrogen) between EcoRI sites of pCR2.1. The insert was sequence confirmed.
  • the nucleotide and predicted translated amino acid sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOS 49 and 50, respectively.
  • the predicted human and cynomolgus MAdCAM amino acid sequences for the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 binding domain show a high degree of sequence identity (90.8%) when aligned ( FIG. 3 provides this sequence alignment).
  • a SacI fragment corresponding to the cynomolgus ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 binding domain sequence in pCR2.1 was subcloned directly into the C-terminal human MAdCAM pIND-Hygro construct containing carboxyl-terminal mucin stalk and transmembrane domain, described above.
  • anti-MAdCAM antibody clones The binding of anti-MAdCAM antibody clones to the CHO cells expressing cynomolgus/human MAdCAM chimera was assessed by flow cytometry and the functional activity of anti-MAdCAM antibodies was determined using a very similar JY cell adhesion assay as that described above. The binding and functional activity of anti-MAdCAM antibodies are expressed in Table 9.
  • Anti-MAdCAM antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2 and 6.73.2 demonstrated a consistent lack of binding to cynomolgus tissue and cells expressing a chimeric cynomolgus/human MAdCAM protein.
  • Anti-MAdCAM antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2 and 6.73.2 also did not have the ability to detect functional blocking activity in the cynomolgus/human MAdCAM/JY adhesion assay.
  • Anti-MAdCAM antibodies can be used for the detection of circulating soluble MAdCAM (sMAdCAM). Detection of sMAdCAM in clinical plasma, serum samples or other biofluid, such as, but not limited to, stool, urine, sputum. is likely to be a useful surrogate disease biomarker for underlying disease, including, but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease.
  • sMAdCAM circulating soluble MAdCAM
  • anti-MAdCAM antibodies 1.7.2 and 7.16.6 appear to recognise different epitopes on human MAdCAM.
  • ELISA plates were coated overnight at 4° C. with 100 ⁇ L/well of a 50 ⁇ g/mL solution of 1.7.2 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). After incubation the plate was blocked for 1.5 hours with a PBS blocking buffer containing 10% milk (200 ⁇ L/well).
  • the plate was washed with PBS (2 ⁇ 100 ⁇ L/well) and serial dilutions of MAdCAM-IgG1-Fc fusion protein, from a top concentration of 50 ⁇ g/mL down to approximately 5 ng/mL in PBS, to a final volume of 100 ⁇ L, were added to the plate for incubation of 2 hours at room temperature.
  • the MAdCAM-IgG1-Fc protein can be diluted in plasma or serum, or some other such relevant biofluid and used to determine the expression of soluble MAdCAM in a clinical sample, as described below.
  • As a negative control only buffer was added to the wells containing the primary anti-MAdCAM antibody.
  • the plate was washed with PBS (3 ⁇ 100 ⁇ L/well) and the plate then incubated in the dark with an Alexa488-labelled 7.16.6 (100 ⁇ L, 5 ⁇ g/mL).
  • the Alexa488-labelled 7.16.6 was generated using a commercially available kit (Molecular Probes, A-20181), following Manufacturer's protocols.
  • the plate was washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20, and binding of labeled 7.16.6 to captured soluble MAdCAM determined by measuring the fluorescence (Wallac Victor 2 1420 Multilabel Reader, excitation X485 nm, emission X535 nm count from top, 3 mm from bottom of plate, for 0.1 sec with normal emission aperture).
  • fluorescence is plotted as a function of the concentration of MAdCAM-IgG1-Fc fusion protein, FIG. 6 , it indicates that 1.7.2 and a labeled 7.16.6 can be used for diagnostic purposes to determine the level of circulating soluble MAdCAM expressed in a biofluid or clinical sample.
  • This sandwich ELISA approach is not restricted to the use of 1.7.2 and 7.16.6, but any combination of anti-MAdCAM antibodies that recognise different epitopes on MAdCAM, as outlined by the data and interpretation of table 7 and FIG. 5 . Similar strategies could be applied to the development of similar assays, such as immunohistochemistry and Western Blot, with the other anti-MAdCAM antibodies described, using different partners, variants, labels, etc.
  • Poly(A)+mRNA was isolated from approximately 2 ⁇ 10 5 hybridoma cells derived from immunized XenoMouse mice using Fast-Track kit (Invitrogen). The generation of random primed cDNA was followed by PCR. Human VH or V ⁇ family specific primers (Marks et al., ‘Oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification of human immunoglobulin variable genese and design of family-specific oligonucleotide probes’; Eur. J.
  • MG-30 (5′-CAG GTG CAG CTG GAG CAG TCI GG-3 (SEQ ID NO: 108) was used in conjunction with primers specific for the human C ⁇ 2, MG40-d (5′-GCT GAG GGA GTA GAG TCC TGA GGA-3 (SEQ ID NO: 109) or C ⁇ 4 constant region, MG-40d (5′GCT GAG GGA GTA GAG TCC TGA GGA CTG T-3 (SEQ ID NO: 110), or C ⁇ constant region (h ⁇ P2; as previously described in Green et al., 1994).
  • Sequences of the human mAb-derived heavy and kappa chain transcripts from hybridomas were obtained by direct sequencing of PCR products generated from poly (A+) RNA using the primers described above. PCR products were cloned into pCR2.1 using a TOPO-TA cloning kit (Invitrogen) and both strands were sequenced using Prism dye terminator sequencing kits and an ABI 377 sequencing machine. All sequences were analysed by alignments to the ‘V BASE sequence directory’ (Tomlinson, et al, J. Mol. Biol., 227, 776-798 (1992); Hum. Mol. Genet., 3, 853-860 (1994); EMBO J., 14, 4628-4638 (1995).)
  • each of the antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4, 9.8.2, 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod and 7.26.4-mod, were subjected to full length DNA sequencing.
  • total RNA was isolated from approximately 3-6 ⁇ 10 6 hybridoma cells using an RNeasy kit (Qiagen). The mRNA was reverse transcribed using oligo-dT and an AMV-based reverse transcriptase system (Promega).
  • V BASE was used to design 5′ specific amplification primers, containing an optimal Kozak sequence and ATG start codon (underlined) and 3′ reverse primers for the specific heavy and kappa chains as depicted in Table 10.
  • the primers pairs were used to amplify the cDNAs using Expand High Fidelity Taq polymerase (Roche), and the PCR products cloned into pCR2.1 TOPO-TA (Invitrogen) for subsequent sequencing. Heavy and kappa light chain sequence verified clones were then cloned into pEE6.1 and pEE12.1 vectors (LONZA) using XbaI/EcoRI and HindIII/EcoRI sites respectively.
  • Table 11 displays the heavy and kappa light chain gene utilization for each hybridoma outlined in the disclosure.
  • Sequence identifier numbers (SEQ ID NO:) 1-48 and 51-68 provide the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the heavy and kappa light chains of the anti-MAdCAM antibodies 1.7.2 (SEQ ID NOS 1-4), 1.8.2 (SEQ ID NOS 5-8), 6.14.2 (SEQ ID NOS 9-12), 6.22.2 (SEQ ID NOS 13-16), 6.34.2 (SEQ ID NOS 17-20), 6.67.1 (SEQ ID NOS 21-24), 6.73.2 (SEQ ID NOS 25-28), 6.77.1 (SEQ ID NOS 29-32), 7.16.6 (SEQ ID NOS 33-36), 7.20.5 (SEQ ID NOS 37-40), 7.26.4 (SEQ ID NOS 41-44), 9.8.2 (SEQ ID NOS 45-48) and the modified anti-MAdCAM antibodies 6.22.2-mod (SEQ ID NOS 51-54), 6.34.2-mod (SEQ ID NOS 55-58), 6.67.1-mod (SEQ ID NOS 59-62) and
  • FIGS. 1A-1J provide sequence alignments between the predicted heavy chain amino acid sequences of antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4 and 9.8.2 and the amino acid sequence of the respective germline gene products.
  • the positions of the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of the antibodies are underlined, differences between the expressed sequence the corresponding germline sequence are indicated in bold and where there are additions in the expressed sequence compared to the germline these are indicated as a (-) in the germline sequence.
  • FIGS. 1K-1T provide sequence alignments between the predicted kappa light chain amino acid sequences of the antibodies 1.7.2, 1.8.2, 6.14.2, 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.16.6, 7.20.5, 7.26.4 and 9.8.2 and the amino acid sequence of the respective germline gene products.
  • the positions of the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of the antibodies are underlined, differences between the expressed sequence the corresponding germline they are indicated in bold and where there are additions in the expressed sequence compared to the germline these are indicated as a (-) in the germline sequence.
  • the effect of some of the changes in the expressed anti-MAdCAM antibody sequence, compared with the derived germline sequence, is to introduce residues that potentially could be subject to N-linked glycosylation (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) and/or deamidation (Asn-Gly) (see Table 12).
  • the gel was stained for total protein using SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain and analysed using a fluorescence scanner set at a wavelength of 473 nm.
  • the kappa light chains of anti-MAdCAM antibodies 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.73.2, 6.77.1, 7.26.4 and 9.8.2, all stained positively for the presence of glycosylation.
  • anti-MAdCAM antibody 7.26.4 was subjected to tryptic/chymotrypic digestion, the LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of a modified tryptic peptide and provided additional confirmation of kappa light chain glycosylation.
  • the status of the tryptic/Asp-N peptide SSQSLLQSNGYNYL (SEQ ID NO: 69) (1573.7 Da) was selected for monitoring by LC-MS/MS.
  • Anti-MAdCAM antibody 1.7.2 was reduced in 10 mM DTT, alkylated in 5 mM Na iodoacetate and subsequently buffer exchanged into trypsin digestion buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM CaCl 2 , pH 7.6). The antibody was then mixed with sequencing grade modified trypsin (Promega) in a protease:protein ratio of 1:20.
  • Protein was digested in trypsin for 15 hours at 30° C., and the resulting peptides separated by HPLC using a C-18 RPC on an Ettan LC system.
  • the 33 Asn-containing peptide (4032 Da) was collected from the column and diluted in Asp-N digestion buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0). Endoproteinase Asp-N(Roche) was then added at an approximate peptide:enzyme ratio of 10:1.
  • Acetyl chloride (100 ⁇ L) was added to a sample of methanol (1 mL, ⁇ 20° C.), the mixture warmed to room temperature.
  • the tryptic+Asp-N digest was dried in a Speed-Vac and then 5 ⁇ L of the methanol/acetyl chloride was added (45 min, room temp), then dried again in a Speed-Vac.
  • the resulting residue was re-constituted in 0.1% TFA and peptides were analysed initially on the Voyager-DE STR MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer using either the nitrocellulose thin layer sample preparation method or reverse phase purification using C18 ZipTips (Millipore) followed by droplet mixing with ⁇ -cyano matrix.
  • the methylated peptide mixture was also analysed using LC-MS/MS on a Deca XP Plus Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer as above. The elution was plumbed straight into the Ion Trap MS and peptides were subsequently analysed by MS and MS/MS. The MS was set to analyse all ions between 300 and 2000 Da. The strongest ion in any particular scan was then subjected to MS/MS analysis.
  • the primary amino acid sequence of the anti-MAdCAM antibodies exemplified in this disclosure can be modified, by site-directed mutagenesis, to remove potential sites of post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation, de-amidation) or to alter the isotype background, or to engineer other changes which may improve the therapeutic utility.
  • PCR was used to engineer changes to the anti-MAdCAM antibodies 6.22.2, 6.34.2, 6.67.1, 6.77.1 and 7.26.4, to revert certain framework sequences to germline, to remove potential glycosylation sites and/or to change the isotype background to a human IgG 2 .
  • pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cloned cDNAs (100 ng), corresponding to heavy chain nucleotide SEQ ID NOS: 13, 17, 21 and 29, and kappa light nucleotide SEQ ID NOS: 15, 19, 23, 31 and 43, were used as a template in a series of PCRs using overlap-extension and a panel of primer sets described in Table 10.
  • PCR primer sets 6.22.2_VH_F1 and 6.22.2VH_CS* (1) and VH3-33 and 6.22.2_VH_R1 (2) were used to generate separate PCR products (1) and (2), using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • Products (1) and (2) were purified and combined in a third PCR step (ca. 50 ng each) along with VH3-33 and VK6.22.2_CS* primers, to generate the modified 6.22.2 heavy chain V-domain.
  • This modified version contains a His/Phe mutation in FR1 and introduces an XbaI restriction site to enable in frame cloning into a pEE6.1 derived vector, termed pEE6.1CH, which contains the corresponding human IgG 2 constant domain.
  • the final PCR fragment was cloned into the XbaI site of pEE6.1CH, checked for orientation and the insert full sequence verified.
  • the nucleotide sequence for the modified 6.22.2 heavy chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 51 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 52. The changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • PCR primer sets 6.22.2_VK_F1 and revKappa (1), and A26 and 6.22.2_VK_R1 (2) were used to generate separate PCR products (1) and (2), using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • Products (1) and (2) were purified and combined in a third PCR step (ca. 50 ng each) along with A26 and revKappa primers, to generate the modified 6.22.2 kappa light chain V-domain.
  • This modified version contains Asn/Asp and Gly/Ser changes to the 1-R3 sequence.
  • the resultant PCR product was cloned into pEE12.1 using HindIII/EcoR1 sites and fully sequence verified.
  • the nucleotide sequence for the modified 6.22.2 kappa light chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 53 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 54.
  • the changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • PCR primer sets 6.34.2_VH_F1 and 6.22.2VH_CS* (1) and VH3-30 and 6.34.2_VH_R1 (2) were used to generate separate PCR products (1) and (2), using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 17.
  • Products (1) and (2) were purified and combined in a third PCR step (ca. 50 ng each) along with VH3-30 and VK6.22.2_CS* primers, to generate the modified 6.34.2 heavy chain V-domain.
  • This modified version contains a Ser/Arg mutation in FR3 and introduces an XbaI restriction site to enable in frame cloning into a pEE6.1 derived vector, termed pEE6.1CH, which contains the corresponding human IgG2 constant domain.
  • the final PCR fragment was cloned into the XbaI site of pEE6.1CH, checked for orientation and the insert full sequence verified.
  • the nucleotide sequence for the modified 6.34.2 heavy chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 55 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 56. The changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • PCR primer sets O12 and 6.34.2_VK_R1 (1), 6.34.2_VK_F1 and 6.34.2_VK_R2 (2), as well as 6.34.2_VK_F2 and revKappa (3) were used to generate separate PCR products (1), (2) and (3), using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • Products (1), (2) and (3) were purified and (1) and (2) were combined in a third PCR step (ca. 50 ng each), along with 012 and 6.34.2_VK_R2 primers, to generate the PCR product (4).
  • PCR products (2) and (3) were combined in a fourth PCR step (ca.
  • PCR products (4) and (5) were purified and combined together (ca.50 ng each) with primers 012 and revKappa to generate the modified 6.34.2 kappa light chain V-domain.
  • This modified version contains an Asn/Ser change in CDR1, a Phe/Tyr change in FR2 and Arg-Thr/Ser-Ser, Asp/Glu and Ser/Tyr changes to the FR3 sequence.
  • the resultant PCR product was cloned into pEE12.1 using HindIII/EcoR1 sites and fully sequence verified.
  • nucleotide sequence for the modified 6.34.2 kappa light chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 57 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 58.
  • the changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • PCR primer sets 6.67.1_VH_F1 and 6.67.1VH_CS* (1) and VH4-4 and 6.67.1_VH_R1 (2) were used to generate separate PCR products (1) and (2), using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • Products (1) and (2) were purified and combined in a third PCR step (ca. 50 ng each) along with VH4-4 and VK6.67.1_CS* primers, to generate the modified 6.67.1 heavy chain V-domain.
  • This modified version contains an Ile-Leu-Ala/Met-Ser-Val conversion in FR3 and introduces an XbaI restriction site to enable in frame cloning into a pEE6.1 derived vector, termed pEE6.1CH, which contains the corresponding human IgG2 constant domain.
  • pEE6.1CH pEE6.1 derived vector
  • the final PCR fragment was cloned into the XbaI site of pEE6.1CH, checked for orientation and the insert full sequence verified.
  • the nucleotide sequence for the modified 6.67.1 heavy chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 59 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 60. The changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • PCR primer sets 6.67.1_VK_F1 and revKappa (1), and B3 and 6.67.1_VK_R1 (2) were used to generate separate PCR products (1) and (2), using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 23.
  • Products (1) and (2) were purified and combined in a third PCR step (ca. 50 ng each) along with B3 and revKappa primers, to generate the modified 6.67.1 kappa light chain V-domain.
  • This modified version contains a Thr/Asn change in CDR1 and an Arg/Gly change in FR2.
  • the resultant PCR product was cloned into pEE12.1 using HindIII/EcoR1 sites and fully sequence verified.
  • the nucleotide sequence for the modified 6.67.1 kappa light chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 61 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 62.
  • the changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • PCR primer sets VH 3-21 and 6.22.2VH_CS* were used to generate a single PCR product using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • the PCR products were digested with XbaI, gel purified and cloned into the XbaI site of pEE6.1CH, checking for orientation. The insert was fully sequence verified.
  • the nucleotide sequence for the modified 6.77.1 heavy chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 63 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 64. The changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • PCR primer sets A2 and 6.77.1_VK_R1 (1), 6.77.1_VK_VK_F1 and 6.77.1_R2 (2), as well as 6.77.1_VK_F2 and revKappa (3) were used to generate separate PCR products (1), (2) and (3), using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 31.
  • Products (1), (2) and (3) were purified and, (1) and (2) were combined in a third PCR step (ca. 50 ng each) along with A2 and 6.77.1_VK_R2 primers, to generate PCR product (4).
  • PCR product (2) and (3) were combined in a fourth PCR step (ca.
  • PCR products (4) and (5) were purified and combined together (ca. 50 ng each) with primers A2 and JK2 to generate the modified 6.77.1 kappa light chain V-domain.
  • This modified version contains an Asn/Lys change in CDR1, a Ser/Tyr change in FR3 and a Cys/Ser residue change in CDR3 sequence.
  • the resultant PCR product was cloned into pEE12.1 using HindIII/EcoR1 sites and fully sequence verified.
  • nucleotide sequence for the modified 6.77.1 kappa light chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 65 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 66.
  • the changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • PCR primer sets 7.26.4_VK_F1 and revKappa (1), and A2 and 7.26.4_VK_R1 (2) were used to generate separate PCR products (1) and (2), using an Expand Taq polymerase and a pCR2.1 TOPO-TA cDNA template (100 ng) represented by nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 43.
  • Products (1) and (2) were purified and combined in a third PCR step (ca. 50 ng each) along with A2 and revKappa primers, to generate the modified 7.26.4 kappa light chain V-domain.
  • This modified version contains an Asn/Ser change in CDR1.
  • the resultant PCR product was cloned into pEE12.1 using HindIII/EcoR1 sites and fully sequence verified.
  • nucleotide sequence for the modified 7.26.4 kappa light chain is found in SEQ ID NO: 67 and the corresponding amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 68.
  • the changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with the parent are indicated.
  • HEK 293T cells The sequences of the vectors were confirmed, and purified amounts used in transient transfections with HEK 293T cells. Briefly, 9 ⁇ 10 6 HEK 293T cells, seeded in a T165 flask the day before transfection and washed into Optimem, were transiently transfected with vector cDNAs corresponding to 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod and 7.26.4-mod (40 ⁇ g) using Lipofectamine PLUS (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • the cells were incubated for 3 hrs, then the transfection media replaced with DMEM (Invitrogen 21969-035) media containing 10% ultra-low IgG fetal calf serum (Invitrogen 16250-078) and L-Glutamine (50 mL).
  • DMEM Invitrogen 21969-035
  • media containing 10% ultra-low IgG fetal calf serum (Invitrogen 16250-078) and L-Glutamine (50 mL) The media supernatant was harvested 5 days later, filter sterilised and the anti-MAdCAM antibody purified using protein G sepharose affinity chromatography, in a similar manner as to that described above.
  • the amount of antibody recovered (20-100 ⁇ g) was quantified by a Bradford assay.
  • the anti-MAdCAM activity of affinity purified antibody corresponding to 6.22.2-mod, 6.34.2-mod, 6.67.1-mod, 6.77.1-mod and 7.26.4-mod was assessed in the MAdCAM-IgG1-Fc fusion assay as described previously.
  • the IC 50 values of these anti-MADCAM antibodies compared with the parental anti-MAdCAM antibodies from which they were derived are presented in Table 13. There was minimal effect of the amino acid substitutions described above on the activity of the modified anti-MAdCAM antibodies compared with their parents was minimal.
  • the antibodies also maintained their binding to CHO cells expressing recombinant human MAdCAM or the cynomolgus/human MAdCAM chimera.
  • An assay was developed to identify and correlate a mechanistic effect of an anti-MAdCAM antibody and its circulating level in blood.
  • An inhibitory anti-MAdCAM antibody should have the effect of inhibiting the recruitment of leukocytes expressing the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrin to the gastrointestinal tract. Classes of ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrin-bearing leukocytes should, therefore, be restricted to the peripheral circulation.
  • LPAM specifc antibodies which crossreact with the cynomolgus ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrin, are not commercially available, so an anti- ⁇ 7 antibody (recognising ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 and ⁇ E ⁇ 7 integrin) was used instead.
  • Cytofix buffer (BD #554655), containing w/v paraformaldehyde (100 ⁇ L) was added to the cell pellets from monkey peripheral blood and mixed thoroughly by low/moderate speed of vortexer. The samples were kept at 4° C. in the dark until they acquired on the FACSCalibur. Just prior to acquisition, PBS (100 pt) was added to all tubes immediately before acquisition.
  • CD4 + ⁇ 7 + CD95loCD28 + (na ⁇ ve), CD4 + ⁇ 7 + CD95hiCD28 + (central memory), CD4 + ⁇ 7 -CD95hiCD28 + (central memory), CD4 + ⁇ 7 + CD95hiCD28 ⁇ (effector memory) were acquired by appropriate gating and quandrant analyses.
  • Other T cell subsets for example, CD8 + T central memory cell ( ⁇ 7 + CD8 + CD28 + CD95 + ) and any other leukocytes bearing a MAdCAM ligand, may also be analyzed by this method with the appropriate antibodies.
  • anti-MAdCAM mAb 7.16.6 caused an approximate 3 fold increase in the levels of circulating CD4 + ⁇ 7 + CD95hiCD28 + central memory T cells, as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the effects of anti-MAdCAM mAb 7.16.6, in cynomolgus, on populations of circulating ( ⁇ 4 ) ⁇ 7 + lymphocytes indicates that this is a robust surrogate proof of mechanism biomarker, particularly in the context of practical application in a clinical setting.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1-48,51-68 and 148-150 provide nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the heavy and kappa light chains for thirteen human anti-MAdCAM antibodies, nucleotide and amino acid sequences of cynomolgus MAdCAM ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 binding domain sequences and nucleotide and amino acid sequences of five modified human anti-MAdCAM antibodies.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1-48 and 148-150 provide the heavy and kappa light chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences of thirteen human monoclonal anti-MAdCAM antibodies: 1.7.2 (SEQ ID NO: 1-4), 1.8.2 (SEQ ID NO: 5-8), 6.14.2 (SEQ ID NO: 9-12), 6.22.2 (SEQ ID NO: 13-16), 6.34.2 (SEQ ID NO: 17-20), 6.67.1 (SEQ ID NO: 21-24), 6.73.2 (SEQ ID NO: 25-28), 6.77.1 (SEQ ID NO: 29-32), 7.16.6 (SEQ ID NO: 33-36), 7.20.5 (SEQ ID NO: 37-40), 7.26.4 (SEQ ID NO: 41-44), 9.8.2 (SEQ ID NO: 45-48), X481.2 (SEQ ID NO: 35, 148-150).
  • SEQ ID NO: 49-50 provide the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of a cynomolgus MAdCAM ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 binding domain.
  • SEQ ID NO: 51-68 provide the heavy and kappa light chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences for the modified monoclonal anti-MAdCAM antibodies: 6.22.2 (SEQ ID NO: 51-54), modified 6.34.2 (SEQ ID NO: 55-58), modified 6.67.1 (SEQ ID NO: 59-62), modified 6.77.1 (SEQ ID NO: 63-66) and the kappa light chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences of modified monoclonal anti-MAdCAM antibody: modified 7.26.4 (SEQ ID NO: 67-68).
  • SEQ ID NOS: 70-106 and 108-110 provide various primer sequences.
  • SEQ ID NO. 1 1.7.2 Heavy Chain Nucleotide Sequence 1 atggagtttg ggctgagctg gattttcctt gctgctattt taaaggtgt 51 ccagtgt GAG GTGCAGCTGG TGGAGTCTGG GGGAGGCTTG GTGAAGCCTG 101 GGGGGTCCCT TAGACTCTCC TGTGTAGCCT CTGGATTCAC TTTCACTAAC 151 GCCTGGATGA TCTGGGTCCG CCAGGCTCCA GGGAAGGGGC TGGAGTGGGT 201 TGGCCGTATT AAAAGGAAAA CTGATGGTGG GACAACAGAC TACGCTGCAC 251 CCGTGAAAGG CAGATTCACC ATCTCAAGAG ATGATTCAAA AAACACGCTG 301 TATCTGCAAA TGAACAGCCT GAAAACCGAG GACACAGCCG TGTATTACTG 351 TACCACAGGG GGAGTGGCTG A
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