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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C231/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C231/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B59/00—Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se
  • C07B59/001—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds
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  • C07B59/002—Heterocyclic compounds
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C221/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C223/00—Compounds containing amino and —CHO groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C223/02—Compounds containing amino and —CHO groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
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  • C07C233/16—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
  • C07C233/17—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
  • C07C233/18—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to a hydrogen atom or to a carbon atom of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
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  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
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  • C07D217/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems
  • C07D217/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring; Alkylene-bis-isoquinolines
  • C07D217/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring; Alkylene-bis-isoquinolines with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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  • C07D455/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine
  • C07D455/03—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine containing quinolizine ring systems directly condensed with at least one six-membered carbocyclic ring, e.g. protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine
  • C07D455/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine containing quinolizine ring systems directly condensed with at least one six-membered carbocyclic ring, e.g. protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine containing a quinolizine ring system condensed with only one six-membered carbocyclic ring, e.g. julolidine
  • C07D455/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinolizine ring systems, e.g. emetine alkaloids, protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine containing quinolizine ring systems directly condensed with at least one six-membered carbocyclic ring, e.g. protoberberine; Alkylenedioxy derivatives of dibenzo [a, g] quinolizines, e.g. berberine containing a quinolizine ring system condensed with only one six-membered carbocyclic ring, e.g. julolidine containing benzo [a] quinolizine ring systems
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  • C07B2200/05—Isotopically modified compounds, e.g. labelled

Definitions

• Tetrabenazine (Nitoman, Xenazine, Ro 1-9569), 1,3,4,6,7,11b-Hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-benzo[a]quinoline, is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor. Tetrabenazine is commonly prescribed for the treatment of Huntington's disease (Savani et al., Neurology 2007, 68(10), 797; and Kenney et al., Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2006, 6(1), 7-17).
• d 6 -Tetrabenazine is a deuterated analog of tetrabenazine which has improved pharmacokinetic properties when compared to the non-deuterated drug and is currently under clinical development.
• Tetrabenazine is a VMAT2 inhibitor.
• the carbon-hydrogen bonds of tetrabenazine contain a naturally occurring distribution of hydrogen isotopes, namely 1 H or protium (about 99.9844%), 2 H or deuterium (about 0.0156%), and 3 H or tritium (in the range between about 0.5 and 67 tritium atoms per 10 18 protium atoms).
• Increased levels of deuterium incorporation may produce a detectable Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect (DKIE) that could affect the pharmacokinetic, pharmacologic and/or toxicologic profiles of tetrabenazine in comparison with tetrabenazine having naturally occurring levels of deuterium.
• DKIE Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect
• tetrabenazine is metabolized in humans at the isobutyl and methoxy groups.
• the current approach reduces metabolism at some or all of these sites.
• Limiting the production of these metabolites has the potential to decrease the danger of the administration of such drugs and may even allow increased dosage and/or increased efficacy.
• All of these transformations can occur through polymorphically-expressed enzymes, exacerbating interpatient variability. Further, some disorders are best treated when the subject is medicated around the clock or for an extended period of time. For all of the foregoing reasons, a medicine with a longer half-life may result in greater efficacy and cost savings.
• Various deuteration patterns can be used to (a) reduce or eliminate unwanted metabolites, (b) increase the half-life of the parent drug, (c) decrease the number of doses needed to achieve a desired effect, (d) decrease the amount of a dose needed to achieve a desired effect, (e) increase the formation of active metabolites, if any are formed, (f) decrease the production of deleterious metabolites in specific tissues, and/or (g) create a more effective drug and/or a safer drug for polypharmacy, whether the polypharmacy be intentional or not.
• the deuteration approach has demonstrated the ability to slow the metabolism of tetrabenazine and attenuate interpatient variability.
• Novel methods of manufacturing benzoquinoline compounds including tetrabenazine and deuterated tetrabenazine analogs such as d 6 -tetrabenazine are disclosed herein.
• R 7 -R 12 and R 15 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium;
• Y 1 is selected from the group consisting of acetoxy, alkoxy, halogen, haloalkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, heteroalkoxy, and aryloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• Y 1 is acetoxy
• Y 1 is C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
• Y 1 is ethoxy
• Y 1 is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
• said base is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal alkoxides, alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal hydrides, alkali metal carbonates, and trialkylamines.
• said base is an alkali metal alkoxide.
• said base is sodium tert-butoxide.
• Y 1 is ethoxy
• R 1 -R 12 and R 15 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium;
• Y 2 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl sulfate, alkyl sulfonate, halosulfonate, perhaloalkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, alkylaryl sulfonate, dialkyloxonium, alkylphosphate, and alkylcarbonate, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• Y 2 is iodide or methylsulfate.
• Y 2 is iodide
• said base is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, alkali metal alkoxides, alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal hydrides, and trialkylamines.
• said base is an alkali metal carbonate.
• said base is potassium carbonate.
• said solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydrofuran.
• said solvent is acetone.
• the volume of said solvent is between about 5 to about 15 times the mass of the compound of Formula IV.
• the volume of said solvent is between about 6 to about 10 times the mass of the compound of Formula IV.
• the volume of said solvent is about 8 times the mass of the compound of Formula IV.
• said reaction step is carried out in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.
• said phase transfer catalyst is selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium iodide, and 18-crown-6.
• said phase transfer catalyst is tetrabutylammonium bromide.
• R 1 -R 12 and R 15 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium.
• said salt of the compound of Formula I is the hydrochloride salt.
• said dehydrating agent is selected from the group consisting of phosphorous oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, and thionyl chloride.
• the amount of said phosphorous oxychloride is between about 0.5 to about 4 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula VI.
• the amount of said phosphorous oxychloride is between about 1.6 to about 2.0 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula VI.
• the amount of said phosphorous oxychloride is about 1.8 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula VI.
• said reaction solvent is selected from the group consisting of methyl tert-butyl ether, toluene, and acetonitrile.
• said reaction solvent is acetonitrile.
• the volume of said acetonitrile is between about 1 to about 4 times the mass of the compound of Formula VI.
• the volume of said acetonitrile is between about 1.5 to about 2.5 times the mass of the compound of Formula VI.
• the volume of said acetonitrile is about 2 times the mass of the compound of Formula VI.
• said quenching solvent is anprotic solvents selected from the group consisting of water, an alcohol, and a protic acid.
• said quenching solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-methylpropanol, tert-butanol, and 1-pentanol.
• said quenching solvent is 1-butanol.
• the amount of said 1-butanol is between about 2 to about 8 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula VI.
• the amount of said 1-butanol is between about 2.4 to about 6 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula VI.
• the amount of said 1-butanol is between about 3.4 to about 4.2 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula VI.
• the amount of said 1-butanol is about 3.8 molar equivalents relative to the compound of Formula VI.
• said quenching solvent is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
• said antisolvent is selected from the group consisting of methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, toluene, hexane, pentane, and cyclohexane.
• said antisolvent is methyl tert-butyl ether.
• the volume of said methyl tert-butyl ether is between about 1 to about 10 times the mass of the compound of Formula VI.
• the volume of said methyl tert-butyl ether is between about 3 to about 5 times the mass of the compound of Formula VI.
• the volume of said methyl tert-butyl ether is about 4 times the mass of the compound of Formula VI.
• said first reaction step is carried out at reflux.
• said first reaction step is held at a temperature of between about 0° C. to about 100° C.
• said first reaction step is held at a temperature of between about 75° C. to about 95° C.
• said first reaction step is held at a temperature of between about 80° C. to about 85° C.
• said first reaction step is held at a temperature of between about 80° C. to about 85° C. for about 2 hours.
• the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature between about 25° C. to about 35° C.
• said second reaction step is carried out at between about 0° C. to about 100° C.
• said second reaction step is carried out at between about 10° C. to about 50° C.
• said second reaction step is carried out at between about 25° C. to about 35° C.
• the reaction mixture is held at a temperature between about 25° C. to about 35° C. for about 12 hours after the addition of said quenching solvent and said antisolvent.
• said salt of the compound of Formula VII is isolated by filtration.
• R 1 -R 12 and R 15 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium.
• said solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 2-methylpropanol, tert-butanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methyl tert-butyl ether, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
• said solvent is a mixture of ethanol and methyl tert-butyl ether.
• said solvent is a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% methyl tert-butyl ether.
• said first mixing step is carried out at between about 0° C. to about 60° C.
• said first mixing step is carried out at between about 20° C. to about 40° C.
• said first mixing step is carried out at between about 28° C. to about 32° C.
• R 1 -R 27 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium;
• X is selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl sulfate, alkyl sulfonate, halosulfonate, perhaloalkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, alkylaryl sulfonate, dialkyloxonium, alkylphosphate, and alkylcarbonate, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• said solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, and ethanol.
• said solvent is a mixture of methanol and water.
• said methanol and water mixture is between about five parts methanol to one part water and about one part methanol to one part water.
• said methanol and water mixture is between about four parts methanol to one part water and about two parts methanol to one part water.
• said methanol and water mixture is about three parts methanol to one part water.
• the volume of said mixture of methanol and water is between about 2 and about 10 times the mass of the compound of Formula VII.
• the volume of said mixture of methanol and water is between about 4 and about 8 times the mass of the compound of Formula VII.
• the volume of said mixture of methanol and water is about 6 times the mass of the compound of Formula VII.
• said solvent is a mixture of ethanol and water.
• said ethanol and water mixture is between about five parts ethanol to one part water and about one part ethanol to one part water.
• said ethanol and water mixture is between about four parts ethanol to one part water and about two parts ethanol to one part water.
• said ethanol and water mixture is about three parts ethanol to one part water.
• the volume of said mixture of ethanol and water is between about 2 and about 10 times the mass of the compound of Formula VII.
• the volume of said mixture of ethanol and water is between about 4 and about 8 times the mass of the compound of Formula VII.
• the volume of said mixture of ethanol and water is about 6 times the mass of the compound of Formula VII.
• said reaction step is held at a temperature of between about 0° C. to about 100° C.
• said reaction step is held at a temperature of between about 25° C. to about 70° C.
• said reaction step is held at a temperature of between about 40° C. to about 60° C.
• said reaction step is held at a temperature of between about 45° C. to about 50° C.
• said reaction step is carried out for about 1 to about 96 hours.
• said reaction step is carried out for about 24 to about 72 hours.
• said reaction step is carried out for about 48 hours.
• the compound of Formula VII is the hydrochloride salt and a base is added during the reaction step.
• said base is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, alkali metal alkoxides, alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal hydrides, and trialkylamines.
• said base is an alkali metal carbonate.
• said base is potassium carbonate.
• R 16 -R 27 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and deuterium.
• the base used in the first hydrolysis step or the fifth pH adjustment step is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal carbonates and alkali metal hydroxides.
• said base is an alkali metal hydroxide.
• said base is potassium hydroxide.
• said dimethylamine is dimethylamine hydrochloride.
• said formaldehyde equivalent is selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde, aqueous formaldehyde solution, paraformaldehyde, and trioxane.
• said formaldehyde equivalent is aqueous formaldehyde solution.
• the acid used in the second pH adjustment step or the fourth pH adjustment step is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and methanesulfonic acid.
• said acid is hydrochloric acid.
• a phase transfer catalyst is added during the third reaction step.
• said phase transfer catalyst is tetrabutylammonium bromide.
• the amount of said tetrabutylammonium bromide is about 0.1 molar equivalents relative to said compound of Formula X.
• said solvent is water.
• the first hydrolysis step is carried out by the addition of about 1 to about 2 molar equivalents of potassium hydroxide relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the first hydrolysis step is carried out by the addition of about 1 to about 1.2 molar equivalents of potassium hydroxide relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the first hydrolysis step is carried out by the addition of about 1.1 molar equivalents of potassium hydroxide relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the first hydrolysis step is carried out at a temperature of between about 0° C. to about 100° C.
• the first hydrolysis step is carried out at a temperature of between about 20° C. to about 40° C.
• the second pH adjustment step results in a pH of about 6 to about 8.
• the second pH adjustment step results in a pH of about 6.8 to about 7.2.
• the second pH adjustment step is carried out at a temperature of between about 10° C. to about 60° C.
• the third addition step is carried out by the addition of about 1 to about 2 molar equivalents of dimethylamine and formaldehyde equivalents relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the third addition step is carried out by the addition of about 1.25 to about 1.75 molar equivalents of dimethylamine and about 1.25 to about 1.75 molar equivalents of formaldehyde equivalents relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the third addition step is carried out by the addition of about 1.5 molar equivalents of dimethylamine and about 1.68 molar equivalents of formaldehyde equivalents relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the third addition step is carried out at a temperature of between about 10° C. to about 60° C.
• the third addition step is carried out at a temperature of between about 25° C. to about 35° C.
• reaction temperature is maintained for about 1 to about 24 hours after third addition step.
• the reaction temperature is maintained for about 9 to about 15 hours after third addition step.
• reaction temperature is maintained for about 12 hours after third addition step.
• the fourth pH adjustment step results in a pH of less than 3.
• the fourth pH adjustment step results in a pH of less than 1.
• the fourth pH adjustment step is carried out at a temperature of between about 10° C. to about 60° C.
• the fourth pH adjustment step is carried out at a temperature of between about 25° C. to about 35° C.
• the fifth pH adjustment step results in a pH of greater than 10.
• the fifth pH adjustment step results in a pH of about 12 to about 13.
• the fifth pH adjustment step is carried out at a temperature of between about 10° C. to about 60° C.
• the fifth pH adjustment step is carried out at a temperature of between about 25° C. to about 35° C.
• the sixth addition step is carried out by the addition of about 1 to about 2 molar equivalents of dimethylamine relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the sixth addition step is carried out by the addition of about 1.25 to about 1.75 molar equivalents of dimethylamine relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the sixth addition step is carried out by the addition of about 1.5 molar equivalents of dimethylamine relative to said compound of Formula X.
• the sixth addition step is carried out at a temperature of between about 10° C. to about 60° C.
• the sixth addition step is carried out at a temperature of between about 25° C. to about 35° C.
• reaction temperature is maintained for about 1 to about 96 hours after third addition step.
• the reaction temperature is maintained for about 24 to about 48 hours after third addition step.
• reaction temperature is maintained for about 36 hours after third addition step.
• the compounds as disclosed herein may also contain less prevalent isotopes for other elements, including, but not limited to, 13 C or 14 C for carbon, 33 S, 34 S, or 36 S for sulfur, 15 N for nitrogen, and 17 O or 18 O for oxygen.
• deuterium enrichment refers to the percentage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position in a molecule in the place of hydrogen. For example, deuterium enrichment of 1% at a given position means that 1% of molecules in a given sample contain deuterium at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium is about 0.0156%, deuterium enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 0.0156%. The deuterium enrichment can be determined using conventional analytical methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
• deuterium when used to describe a given position in a molecule such as R 1 -R 27 or the symbol “D”, when used to represent a given position in a drawing of a molecular structure, means that the specified position is enriched with deuterium above the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium.
• deuterium enrichment is no less than about 1%, in another no less than about 5%, in another no less than about 10%, in another no less than about 20%, in another no less than about 50%, in another no less than about 70%, in another no less than about 80%, in another no less than about 90%, or in another no less than about 98% of deuterium at the specified position.
• isotopic enrichment refers to the percentage of incorporation of a less prevalent isotope of an element at a given position in a molecule in the place of the more prevalent isotope of the element.
• non-isotopically enriched refers to a molecule in which the percentages of the various isotopes are substantially the same as the naturally occurring percentages.
• 3S,11bS enantiomer or the term “3R,11bR enantiomer” refers to either of the d 6 -tetrabenazine stereoisomers having the structural formulas shown below:
• a chemical structure may be drawn as either the 3S,11bS enantiomer or the 3R,11bR enantiomer, but the text of the specification may indicate that the 3S,11bS enantiomer, the 3R,11bR enantiomer, a racemic mixture thereof (which may be described as (RR, SS)-d6-tetrabenazine), or all of the foregoing may be intended to be described.
• bonds refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
• a bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwise specified.
• a dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of a molecule indicates that an additional bond may be present or absent at that position.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below.
• suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.
• alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, noyl and the like.
• alkylene refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at two or more positions, such as methylene (—CH 2 —). Unless otherwise specified, the term “alkyl” may include “alkylene” groups.
• alkylamino refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an amino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated, forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-ethylmethylamino and the like.
• amino refers to NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may themselves be optionally substituted. Additionally, R and R′ may combine to form heterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.
• aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such polycyclic ring systems are fused together.
• aryl embraces aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthryl.
• halo or halogen, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
• haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced are monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals.
• a monohaloalkyl radical for one example, may have an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the radical.
• Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals.
• haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
• Haloalkylene refers to a haloalkyl group attached at two or more positions. Examples include fluoromethylene (—CFH—), difluoromethylene (—CF 2 —), chloromethylene (—CHCl—) and the like.
• perhaloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
• perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
• sulfonate refers the —SO 3 H group and its anion or the —SO 3 — group.
• sulfate refers the HOS( ⁇ O) 2 OH group and its mono- or dianion or the —SO 4 — group.
• phosphate phosphoric acid
• phosphoric phosphoric
• carbonate as used herein, alone or in combination, refer the —OC( ⁇ O)O— group.
• VMAT2 refers to vesicular monoamine transporter 2, an integral membrane protein that acts to transport monoamines—particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine—from cellular cytosol into synaptic vesicles.
• VMAT2-mediated disorder refers to a disorder that is characterized by abnormal VMAT2 activity.
• a VMAT2-mediated disorder may be completely or partially mediated by modulating VMAT2.
• a VMAT2-mediated disorder is one in which inhibition of VMAT2 results in some effect on the underlying disorder e.g., administration of a VMAT2 inhibitor results in some improvement in at least some of the patients being treated.
• VMAT2 inhibitor refers to the ability of a compound disclosed herein to alter the function of VMAT2.
• a VMAT2 inhibitor may block or reduce the activity of VMAT2 by forming a reversible or irreversible covalent bond between the inhibitor and VMAT2 or through formation of a noncovalently bound complex. Such inhibition may be manifest only in particular cell types or may be contingent on a particular biological event.
• VMAT2 inhibitor also refers to altering the function of VMAT2 by decreasing the probability that a complex forms between a VMAT2 and a natural substrate
• VMAT2-mediated disorders include, but are not limited to chronic hyperkinetic movement disorders, which can be psychogenic (e.g., tics), idiopathic (as in, e.g., Tourette's syndrome and Parkinson's Disease, genetic (as in, e.g., the chorea characteristic of Huntington's Disease), infectious (as in, e.g., Sydenham's Chorea), or, drug induced, as in tardive dyskinesia.
• chronic hyperkinetic movement disorders refers to and includes all psychogenic, idiopathic, genetic, and drug-induced movement disorders.
• VMAT2 disorders also include disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder.
• the compounds disclosed herein can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts.
• the term “therapeutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which are therapeutically acceptable as defined herein.
• the salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound with a suitable acid or base.
• Therapeutically acceptable salts include acid and basic addition salts.
• Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid,
• Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts including, but not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl
• compositions which comprise one or more of certain compounds disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, or solvates thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
• pharmaceutical compositions which comprise one or more of certain compounds disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, or solvates thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
• Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used as suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
• compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in any manner known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated as a modified release dosage form, including delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-, pulsatile-, controlled-, accelerated- and fast-, targeted-, programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms.
• dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art (see, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy , supra; Modified - Release Drug Deliver Technology , Rathbone et al., Eds., Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Science, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 2002; Vol. 126).
• Isotopic hydrogen can be introduced into a compound as disclosed herein by synthetic techniques that employ deuterated reagents, whereby incorporation rates are pre-determined; and/or by exchange techniques, wherein incorporation rates are determined by equilibrium conditions, and may be highly variable depending on the reaction conditions.
• Synthetic techniques where tritium or deuterium is directly and specifically inserted by tritiated or deuterated reagents of known isotopic content, may yield high tritium or deuterium abundance, but can be limited by the chemistry required.
• Exchange techniques on the other hand, may yield lower tritium or deuterium incorporation, often with the isotope being distributed over many sites on the molecule.
• the compounds as disclosed herein can be prepared by methods known to one of skill in the art and routine modifications thereof, and/or following procedures similar to those described in the Example section herein and routine modifications thereof, and/or procedures found in WO 2005077946; WO 2008/058261; EP 1716145; Lee et al., J. Med. Chem., 1996, (39), 191-196; Kilbourn et al., Chirality, 1997, (9), 59-62; Boldt et al., Synth. Commun., 2009, (39), 3574-3585; Rishel et al., J. Org. Chem., 2009, (74), 4001-4004; DaSilva et al., Appl. Radiat.
• Compound 1 is reacted with compound 2, wherein Y 1 is as defined in paragraph [0008], in the presence of an appropriate basic catalyst, such as sodium tert-butoxide, at an elevated temperature to give compound 3.
• Compound 3 is reacted with compound 4 in the presence of an appropriate base, such as potassium carbonate, in an appropriate solvent, such as acetone, to afford compound 5.
• Compound 5 is reacted with an appropriate dehydrating agent, such as phosphorous oxychloride, in an appropriate solvent, such as acetonitrile, at an elevated temperature to give compound 6.
• Compound 7 is reacted with an appropriate methylating agent, such as methyl iodide, in an appropriate solvent, such as methyl tert-butyl ether, at an elevated temperature to give compound 8.
• Compound 6 is reacted with compound 8, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as potassium carbonate, in an appropriate solvent, such as a mixture of methanol and water, at an elevated temperature to afford compound 9 of Formula I.
• an appropriate base such as potassium carbonate
• an appropriate solvent such as a mixture of methanol and water
• Compound 9 may be optionally purified by recrystallization from an appropriate solvent, such as ethanol.
• Deuterium can be incorporated to different positions synthetically, according to the synthetic procedures as shown in Scheme I, by using appropriate deuterated intermediates.
• compound 1 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used.
• compound 2 with the corresponding deuterium substitution can be used.
• compound 4 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used.
• compound 7 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used.
• Deuterium can also be incorporated to various positions having an exchangeable proton, via proton-deuterium equilibrium exchange.
• Compound 10 is reacted with compound 11, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as potassium carbonate, an optional alkylation catalyst, such as potassium iodide, and an optional phase transfer catalyst, such as tetrabutylammonium bromide, in an appropriate solvent, such as dimethylformamide, at an elevated temperature to give compound 12.
• an appropriate base such as potassium carbonate
• an optional alkylation catalyst such as potassium iodide
• an optional phase transfer catalyst such as tetrabutylammonium bromide
• Compound 12 is reacted with an appropriate base, such as potassium hydroxide, in an appropriate solvent, such as water, to afford an intermediate carboxylic acid which is further reacted with an appropriate secondary amine or salt thereof, such as dimethylamine hydrochloride, and an appropriate formaldehyde equivalent, such as aqueous formaldehyde solution, in the presence of an appropriate acid, such as hydrochloric acid, and an optional phase transfer catalyst, such as tetrabutylammonium bromide, to give a mixture of compound 7 and compound 13.
• the mixture of compound 7 and compound 13 is further reacted with an appropriate secondary amine or salt thereof, such as dimethylamine hydrochloride, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as potassium hydroxide, in an appropriate solvent, such as water, to give compound 7.
• an appropriate base such as potassium hydroxide
• Deuterium can be incorporated to different positions synthetically, according to the synthetic procedures as shown in Scheme I, by using appropriate deuterated intermediates.
• compound 10 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used.
• compound 11 with the corresponding deuterium substitutions can be used.
• Deuterium can also be incorporated to various positions having an exchangeable proton, via proton-deuterium equilibrium exchange.
• Dopamine hydrochloride is suspended in ethyl formate at 25-30° C. The suspension is cooled to 10-15° C. and sodium tert-butoxide is added portionwise maintaining the same temperature. The reaction mixture is warmed to 50-55° C. for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, ethanol is added to the reaction mass and the temperature is maintained for 2 hours. The reaction mass is filtered and washed with 2 volumes of ethanol. The filtrate is concentrated under vacuum and water (0.5 volumes) is added to the residue and stirred for 1 hour at 25-30° C. The solid is filtered and washed with water (0.25 volumes) and dried in an hot air oven at 55-60° C. for 8 hours.
• Dopamine hydrochloride (250.0 g, 1.323 mol, 1.0 eq) was suspended in ethyl formate (2.5 L, 10.0 vol) at 25-30° C. The suspension was cooled to 10-15° C. and sodium tert-butoxide (202 g, 2.12 mol, 1.60 eq) was added portionwise maintaining the same temperature. The reaction mixture was warmed to 55-60° C. for 12 hours and then concentrated under reduced pressure. To the remaining residue, water (125 mL, 0.5 vol) was added and stirred for 15 minutes. The volatile organic solvents were distilled under vacuum whereupon the product precipitated. The suspension was cooled to 25-30° C. and purified water (500 mL, 2.0 vol) was added.
• N-(2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl)-formamide is charged with solvent, base, phase transfer catalyst if any, and d 3 -methyl iodide (CD 3 I) at 25-30° C.
• the reaction temperature is set and maintained for the specified time.
• the reaction is filtered, the filtrate distilled under reduced pressure, and the crude product partitioned between dichloromethane (6.0 vol) and water (4.0 vol).
• the layers are separated and the organic layer is washed twice with 3% aqueous NaOH solution (2 ⁇ 4.0 vol) followed by water (4.0 vol).
• the organic layer is distilled under reduced pressure to give crude d 6 -N-(2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl)-formamide.
• N-(2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl)-formamide (190 g, 1.049 mol, 1.00 eq) was charged with acetone (1.52 L, 8.0 vol), followed by K 2 CO 3 (434 g, 3.149 mol, 3.00 eq) at 25-30° C.
• CD 3 I (334 g, 2.309 mol, 2.20 eq) was added to the reaction mixture over 1 hour at 25-30° C. The reaction temperature was maintained for 36 hours at 25-35° C. The reaction was filtered, the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure, and the crude product was partitioned between dichloromethane (1.14 L, 6.0 vol) and water (760 mL, 4.0 vol).
• N-(2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl)-formamide is charged with solvent and POCl 3 at 10-15° C.
• the mixture is heated to an elevated temperature for 1 or 2 hours and then is cooled to ambient temperature, after which a quenching solvent (for example, a protic solvent such as an alcohol) is added and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour followed by addition of an anti-solvent if applicable.
• a quenching solvent for example, a protic solvent such as an alcohol
• d 6 -6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline hydrochloride precipitates in the form of a salt directly from the reaction mixture.
• d 6 -6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline is isolated after acid-base workup.
• the precipitated product was filtered, washed with ethyl acetate (632 mL, 4.0 vol), and dried under vacuum.
• 2-acetyl-N,N,N,4-tetramethyl-1-pentanaminium iodide is charged to a suspension containing d 6 -6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (hydrochloride or freebase, 1.00 eq) and solvent. If d 6 -6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline hydrochloride is used, a base is added to the reaction mixture at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred at the appropriate temperature, cooled, and water is added. The reaction mass is filtered and the solids are washed with water and dried to afford the title compound [The (RR, SS)-diastereomer of d 6 -tetrabenazine is the desired product].
• the 2-acetyl-N,N,N,4-tetramethyl-1-pentanaminium iodide from step 1 (146 g) was charged to a suspension containing d 6 -6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (90 g, 0.385 mol, 1.00 eq), methanol (405 mL, 4.5 vol) and water (135 mL, 1.5 vol) at 25-30° C.
• K 2 CO 3 54 g, 0.385 mol, 1.00 eq
• the reaction mixture was cooled and water (270 mL, 3.0 vol) was added.
• the ester was hydrolyzed using potassium hydroxide (212 g, 3.78 mol, 1.1 eq) in water (3.84 L, 6.0 vol). After the hydrolysis, the reaction mixture was washed with methyl tert-butyl ether (2 ⁇ 2.56 L, 2 ⁇ 4.0 vol) and the pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 6.8-7.2 using concentrated HCl (96 mL, 0.15 vol).
• Dimethylamine hydrochloride solution (420 g, 5.16 mol, 1.50 eq dissolved in 0.224 L, 0.35 vol of purified water), and formaldehyde solution (0.428 L, 5.763 mol, 1.675 eq) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (110 g, 0.344 mol, 0.10 eq) were added to the reaction mixture, and the pH was adjusted to below 1 using concentrated HCl (0.352 L, 0.55 vol) over 1 hour at 25-35° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 hours at 25-35° C. and the pH was adjusted to 12.0-13.0 using 20% aqueous KOH (3.20 L, 5.0 vol) solution at 25-35° C.
• dimethylamine hydrochloride (420 g, 5.16 mol, 1.5 eq) was added.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 36 hours at 25-35° C. and the pH of the reaction mixture was adjust to below 1 using concentrated HCl (0.84 L, 0.13 vol) at 25-35° C. over 1 h.
• the reaction mixture was washed with methyl tert-butyl ether (2 ⁇ 2.56 L, 2 ⁇ 4.0 vol) and the pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 9-10 by using 20% aqueous KOH solution (1.72 L, 2.68 vol) at 25-35° C.
• the product was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 2.56 L, 2 ⁇ 4.0 vol and 1 ⁇ 1.28 L, 1 ⁇ 2.0 vol) and the combined organic layers were washed sequentially with purified water (2 ⁇ 1.92 L, 2 ⁇ 3.0 vol) and 10% ammonium chloride solution (2 ⁇ 3.2 L, 2 ⁇ 5.0 vol).
• Activated carbon 32 g, 0.05% w/w was added to the organic layer and the mixture was stirred for 30-45 minutes at 25-35° C.

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