US20140213580A1 - Therapeutically active compositions and their methods of use - Google Patents

Therapeutically active compositions and their methods of use Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140213580A1
US20140213580A1 US14/126,763 US201214126763A US2014213580A1 US 20140213580 A1 US20140213580 A1 US 20140213580A1 US 201214126763 A US201214126763 A US 201214126763A US 2014213580 A1 US2014213580 A1 US 2014213580A1
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Prior art keywords
alkyl
alkylene
heteroaryl
aryl
optionally substituted
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Inventor
Sheldon Cao
Janeta Popovici-Muller
Francesco G. Salituro
Jeffrey O. Saunders
Xuefei Tan
Jeremy Travins
Shunqi Yan
Zhixiong Ye
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Servier Pharmaceuticals LLC
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Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Assigned to AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC reassignment AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SALITURO, FRANCESCO G., POPOVICI-MULLER, JANETA, TRAVINS, JEREMY M., SAUNDERS, JEFFREY O.
Assigned to VIVA BIOTECH LTD reassignment VIVA BIOTECH LTD ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CAO, SHELDON, TAN, XUEFEI, YE, ZHIXIONG
Assigned to SCHRODINGER, LLC reassignment SCHRODINGER, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: YAN, SHUNQI
Assigned to AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC reassignment AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SCHRODINGER, LLC
Assigned to AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VIVA BIOTECH LTD
Assigned to AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC reassignment AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VIVA BIOTECH LTD
Assigned to SERVIER PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC reassignment SERVIER PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Assigned to SERVIER PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC reassignment SERVIER PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE APPLICATION NO. 10,172,864 TO THE CORRECT APP NO. 61/160,253 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 056179 FRAME 0417. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Assigned to SERVIER PHARMACEUTICALS LLC reassignment SERVIER PHARMACEUTICALS LLC CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE NAME SERVIER PHARMACEUTICALS LLC BY REMOVAL OF COMMA AND UPDATING ZIP CODE TO 02210 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 056224 FRAME 0921. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: AGIOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
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    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
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    • C07F9/645—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6509—Six-membered rings
    • C07F9/650952—Six-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in the positions 1 and 4
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    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
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    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
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    • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
    • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
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    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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Definitions

  • Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate (i.e., ⁇ -ketoglutarate). These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+).
  • NAD(+) the electron acceptor
  • NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. Each NADP(+)-dependent isozyme is a homodimer.
  • IDH1 isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), cytosolic
  • IDP isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
  • IDCD isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
  • PICD protein encoded by this gene
  • the protein encoded by this gene is the NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase found in the cytoplasm and peroxisomes. It contains the PTS-1 peroxisomal targeting signal sequence.
  • the presence of this enzyme in peroxisomes suggests roles in the regeneration of NADPH for intraperoxisomal reductions, such as the conversion of 2,4-dienoyl-CoAs to 3-enoyl-CoAs, as well as in peroxisomal reactions that consume 2-oxoglutarate, namely the alpha-hydroxylation of phytanic acid.
  • the cytoplasmic enzyme serves a significant role in cytoplasmic NADPH production.
  • the human IDH1 gene encodes a protein of 414 amino acids.
  • the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for human IDH1 can be found as GenBank entries NM — 005896.2 and NP — 005887.2 respectively.
  • the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for IDH1 are also described in, e.g., Nekrutenko et al., Mol. Biol. Evol. 15:1674-1684 (1998); Geisbrecht et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:30527-30533 (1999); Wiemann et al., Genome Res. 11:422-435 (2001); The MGC Project Team, Genome Res.
  • Non-mutant e.g., wild type, IDH1 catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate thereby reducing NAD + (NADP + ) to NADP (NADPH), e.g., in the forward reaction:
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—, —N(R 5 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(R 5 )—, or —CH(R 5 )—;
  • each R 1a and R 1b is independently hydrogen, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —N(R 7 )(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-N(R 7 )(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C(O)N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )C(O)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heterocyclyl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-carbocyclyl, —N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )
  • R 1a and R 1b are not hydrogen or methyl; any alkylene moiety present in R 1a or R 1 is optionally substituted with OH or F;
  • each R 7 is independently selected from hydrogen and C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • any aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of R 1a or R 1b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from -G-L-M, halo, —NO 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C ⁇ N, ⁇ O, —CF 3 and —OCF 3 ;
  • G is a bond or a bivalent C 1 -C 6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain wherein optionally one, two or three methylene units of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced by —NR 8 —, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —C( ⁇ S)—, —C( ⁇ NR 8 )—, —N ⁇ N—, or —C( ⁇ N 2 )—;
  • L is a covalent bond or a bivalent C 1-8 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one, two, or three methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —NR 8 —, —N(R 8 )C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 8 )—, —N(R 8 )SO 2 —, SO 2 N(R 8 )—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —C( ⁇ S)—, —C( ⁇ NR 8 )—, —N ⁇ N—, or —C( ⁇ N 2 )—;
  • M is E, or a 3-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and wherein said ring is substituted with at 1-4 groups independently selected from -D-E, oxo, NO 2 , halogen, CN, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • D is a covalent bond or a bivalent C 1 -C 6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or two methylene units of D are optionally and independently replaced by —NR 8 —, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —SO—, or —SO 2 —;
  • E is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, or CN; and
  • each R 8 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, —S(O) 2 —C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, —C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, or an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • R 2 is selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkyl, or CF 3 , wherein the phenyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from methyl or fluoro;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from halo, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, —C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), -phenyl, -heteroaryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , C(O)—N—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , —C(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo or —OH, or two R 3 s are taken together to form a 3-8 saturated ring or a fused phenyl wherein said saturated ring or fused phenyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 methyl;
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, —CN, halo, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, —CH 2 NH(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, C(O)—N—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , —C(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—OH, —S(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), and a 5-membered heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is selected from: —C(O)—(C 1 -C 5 alkyl), —C(O)—(C 2 -C 6 alkenyl), —C(O)—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkenylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-N(R 6 )—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—O—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 2 alkylene)-O—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—C(O)-Q, —S(O) 2 -Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-O—C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C
  • each R 6 is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl
  • Q is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl, wherein Q is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with —OH, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, —C(O)O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-(C 1 -C 4 alkoxy), —CN, —OH, fluoro, chloro, and bromo;
  • R 9 is selected from aryl and heteroaryl, wherein each aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from -G-L-M, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C ⁇ N, ⁇ O, —CF 3 and —OCF 3 ; and
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3.
  • the compound of formula I inhibits mutant IDH1, particularly mutant IDH1 having alpha hydroxyl neoactivity. Also described herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I or a salt thereof and methods of using such compositions to treat cancers characterized by the presence of a mutant IDH1.
  • halo or halogen refers to any radical of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • alkyl refers to a hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C 1 -C 12 alkyl indicates that the group may have from 1 to 12 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halo, and includes alkyl moieties in which all hydrogens have been replaced by halo (e.g., perfluoroalkyl).
  • arylalkyl or “aralkyl” refer to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group.
  • Aralkyl includes groups in which more than one hydrogen atom has been replaced by an aryl group.
  • arylalkyl or “aralkyl” include benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 9-fluorenyl, benzhydryl, and trityl groups.
  • alkylene refers to a divalent alkyl, e.g., —CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — and —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-12 carbon atoms and having one or more double bonds.
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, allyl, propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-hexenyl and 3-octenyl groups.
  • One of the double bond carbons may optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl substituent.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-12 carbon atoms and characterized in having one or more triple bonds.
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propargyl, and 3-hexynyl.
  • One of the triple bond carbons may optionally be the point of attachment of the alkynyl substituent.
  • alkoxy refers to an —O-alkyl radical.
  • haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halo, and includes alkoxy moieties in which all hydrogens have been replaced by halo (e.g., perfluoroalkoxy).
  • aryl refers to a fully aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system. Examples of aryl moieties are phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl. Unless otherwise specified, any ring atom in an aryl can be substituted by one or more substituents.
  • Carbocyclyl refers to a non-aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system.
  • Carbocyclyl groups include fully saturated ring systems (e.g., cycloalkyls), and partially saturated ring systems.
  • cycloalkyl as employed herein includes saturated cyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 12 carbons. Any ring atom can be substituted (e.g., by one or more substituents). Examples of cycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, adamantyl, and norbornyl.
  • heteroaryl refers to a fully aromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (or the oxidized forms such as N + —O ⁇ , S(O) and S(O) 2 ).
  • heterocyclyl refers to a nonaromatic, 3-10 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (or the oxidized forms such as N + —O ⁇ , S(O) and S(O) 2 ).
  • the heteroatom may optionally be the point of attachment of the heterocyclyl substituent.
  • heterocyclyl examples include, but are not limited to, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholino, pyrrolinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrrolidinyl.
  • Heterocyclyl groups include fully saturated ring systems, and partially saturated ring systems.
  • Bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems containing one or more heteroatoms and both aromatic and non-aromatic rings where the point of attachment from the ring system to the rest of the molecule is through a non-aromatic ring are considered to be heterocyclyl groups.
  • Bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems where an aryl or a heteroaryl is fused to a carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl and the point of attachment from the ring system to the rest of the molecule is through an aromatic ring are considered to be aryl or heteroaryl groups.
  • Aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl (including cycloalkyl), and heterocyclyl groups, either alone or a part of a group (e.g., the aryl portion of an aralkyl group), are optionally substituted at one or more substitutable atoms with, unless specified otherwise, substituents independently selected from: halo, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, ⁇ O, —OR b , —OR b′ , —SR b , —SR b′ , —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-N(R b )(R b ), —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-N(R b )(R b′ ), —N(R b )(R b ), —N(R)(R b′ ), —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-N(R b )(R b ), —O—
  • each R b is independently selected from hydrogen, and —C 1 -C 4 alkyl; or
  • R b s are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl optionally comprising one additional heteroatom selected from N, S, and O;
  • each R b′ is independently selected from C 3 -C 7 carbocylyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, wherein one or more substitutable positions on said phenyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycle substituent is optionally further substituted with one or more of —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —(C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl), —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —O—(C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl), halo, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), or —N(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 .
  • Heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted on one or more any substitutable nitrogen atom with oxo, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or fluoro-substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • substituted refers to the replacement of a hydrogen atom by another group.
  • the term “elevated levels of 2HG” means 10%, 20% 30%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 500% or more 2HG then is present in a subject that does not carry a mutant IDH1 allele.
  • the term “elevated levels of 2HG” may refer to the amount of 2HG within a cell, within a tumor, within an organ comprising a tumor, or within a bodily fluid.
  • the term “bodily fluid” includes one or more of amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus, aqueous humour, blood (e.g., blood plasma), serum, Cerebrospinal fluid, cerumen, chyme, Cowper's fluid, female ejaculate, interstitial fluid, lymph, breast milk, mucus (e.g., nasal drainage or phlegm), pleural fluid, pus, saliva, sebum, semen, serum, sweat, tears, urine, vaginal secretion, or vomit.
  • blood e.g., blood plasma
  • serum Cerebrospinal fluid
  • cerumen cerumen
  • chyme chyme
  • Cowper's fluid female ejaculate
  • interstitial fluid lymph
  • breast milk mucus (e.g., nasal drainage or phlegm)
  • mucus e.g., nasal drainage or phlegm
  • pleural fluid pus, saliva, sebum, semen, serum
  • inhibitor or “prevent” include both complete and partial inhibition and prevention.
  • An inhibitor may completely or partially inhibit the intended target.
  • treat means decrease, suppress, attenuate, diminish, arrest, or stabilize the development or progression of a disease/disorder (e.g., a cancer), lessen the severity of the disease/disorder (e.g., a cancer) or improve the symptoms associated with the disease/disorder (e.g., a cancer).
  • a disease/disorder e.g., a cancer
  • lessen the severity of the disease/disorder e.g., a cancer
  • improve the symptoms associated with the disease/disorder e.g., a cancer
  • an amount of a compound effective to treat a disorder refers to an amount of the compound which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a subject, in treating a cell, or in curing, alleviating, relieving or improving a subject with a disorder beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment.
  • the term “subject” is intended to include human and non-human animals.
  • exemplary human subjects include a human patient (referred to as a patient) having a disorder, e.g., a disorder described herein or a normal subject.
  • non-human animals of the invention includes all vertebrates, e.g., non-mammals (such as chickens, amphibians, reptiles) and mammals, such as non-human primates, domesticated and/or agriculturally useful animals, e.g., sheep, dog, cat, cow, pig, etc.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—, —N(R 5 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(R 5 )—, or —CH(R 5 )—;
  • each R 1a and R 1b is independently hydrogen, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —N(R 7 )(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-N(R 7 )(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C(O)N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )C(O)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heterocyclyl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-carbocyclyl, —N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )
  • R 1a and R 1b are not hydrogen or methyl
  • any alkylene moiety present in R 1a or R 1b is optionally substituted with OH or F;
  • each R 7 is independently selected from hydrogen and C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • any aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of R 1a or R 1b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from -G-L-M, halo, —NO 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C ⁇ N, ⁇ O, —CF 3 and —OCF 3 ;
  • G is a bond or a bivalent C 1 -C 6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain wherein optionally one, two or three methylene units of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced by —NR 8 —, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —C( ⁇ S)—, —C( ⁇ NR 8 )—, —N ⁇ N—, or —C( ⁇ N 2 )—;
  • L is a covalent bond or a bivalent C 1-8 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one, two, or three methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —NR 8 —, —N(R 8 )C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 8 )—, —N(R 8 )SO 2 —, SO 2 N(R 8 )—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —C( ⁇ S)—, —C( ⁇ NR 8 )—, —N ⁇ N—, or —C( ⁇ N 2 )—;
  • M is E, or a 3-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and wherein said ring is substituted with at 1-4 groups independently selected from -D-E, oxo, NO 2 , halogen, CN, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • D is a covalent bond or a bivalent C 1 -C 6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or two methylene units of D are optionally and independently replaced by —NR 8 —, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —SO—, or —SO 2 —;
  • E is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, or CN; and
  • each R 8 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, —C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —S(O) 2 —C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • R 2 is selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkyl, or CF 3 , wherein the phenyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from methyl or fluoro;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from halo, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, —C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), -phenyl, -heteroaryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , C(O)—N—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , —C(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo or —OH, or two R 5 are taken together to form a 3-8 saturated ring or a fused phenyl wherein said saturated ring or fused phenyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 methyl;
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, —CN, halo, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, —CH 2 NH(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, C(O)—N—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , —C(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—OH, —S(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), and a 5-membered heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is selected from: —C(O)—(C 1 -C 5 alkyl), —C(O)—(C 2 -C 6 alkenyl), —C(O)—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkenylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-N(R 6 )—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—O—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 2 alkylene)-O—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—C(O)-Q, —S(O) 2 -Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-O—C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C
  • each R 6 is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl
  • Q is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl, wherein Q is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with —OH, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, —C(O)O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-(C 1 -C 4 alkoxy), —CN, —OH, fluoro, chloro, and bromo;
  • R 9 is selected from aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from -G-L-M, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C ⁇ N, ⁇ O, —CF 3 and —OCF 3 ; and
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— or —CH(R 5 )—;
  • each R 1a and R 1b is independently hydrogen, —C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —N(R 7 )(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-N(R 7 )(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C(O)N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )C(O)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heterocyclyl, —N(R 7 )-aryl, or —N(R 7 )-heteroaryl, wherein:
  • G is a bond or a bivalent C 1 -C 6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain wherein optionally one, two or three methylene units of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced by —NR 8 —, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —C( ⁇ S)—, —C( ⁇ NR 8 )—, —N ⁇ N—, or —C( ⁇ N 2 )—;
  • D is a covalent bond or a bivalent C 1 -C 6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or two methylene units of D are optionally and independently replaced by —NR 8 —, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —SO—, or —SO 2 —;
  • E is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, or CN; and
  • each R 8 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • R 2 is selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, and C 2 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the phenyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from methyl or fluoro;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from —C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, —C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), -phenyl, -heteroaryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , C(O)—N—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , and —C(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), or
  • R 3 s are taken together to form a 3-8 saturated ring or a fused phenyl wherein said saturated ring or fused phenyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 methyl groups;
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, —CN, halo, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, —CH 2 NH(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, C(O)—N—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 , —C(O)—NH—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—OH, —S(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), and a 5-membered heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is selected from: —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—(CH 2 ) 0-2 -Q, —C(O)—(CH 2 ) 0-2 —N(R 6 )—(CH 2 ) 0-2 -Q, —C(O)—O—(CH 2 ) 1-2 -Q, —C(O)—(CH 2 ) 1-2 —O—(CH 2 ) 0-2 -Q, —C(O)—C(O)-Q, —S(O) 2 -Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-O—C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—N(R 6 )—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-
  • each R 6 is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl
  • Q is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl, wherein Q is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents independently selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, —CN, fluoro, chloro, and bromo; and
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3.
  • m is 0, 1 or 2; and each R 3 , if present, is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, CF 3 , isopropyl, cyclopropyl and phenyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is methyl or cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is cyclopropyl.
  • n is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2.
  • m is 1 and R 3 is C 3-7 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl). In some embodiments, m is 1 and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 (alkyl) (e.g., methyl or isopropyl). In some embodiments, m is 1 and R 3 is haloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl, e.g., CF 3 ). In some embodiments, m is 2, one R 3 is C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl) and the other R 3 is halo (e.g., fluoro).
  • R 4 is —CN or —C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 4 is CN.
  • R 4 is:
  • R 4 is
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—CH 2 — or —CH 2 —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)-Q and Q is cyclopropyl.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)R 10 ; and R 10 is selected from heteroaryl, aryl, —CH 2 -aryl, —CH 2 -heteroaryl, and —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , wherein any aryl or heteroaryl portion of R 8 is optionally substituted with methyl.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—;
  • R 5 is selected from selected from: —C(O)—(C 1 -C 5 alkyl), —C(O)—(C 2 -C 6 alkenyl), —C(O)—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkenylene)-Q, —C(O)-(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-N(R 6 )—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 2 alkylene)-O—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-O—C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alky
  • each R 6 is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; and R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl)-O—(C 1 -C 2 alkyl), —C(O)-Q, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 5 alkyl), —C(O)—(C 1 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, —C(O)—(C 2 -C 4 alkenyl), —C(O)O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), or —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkenylene)-Q; wherein: any alkylene moiety present in R 5 is optionally substituted with OH; any terminal methyl moiety present in R 5 is optionally replaced with —OH, CF 3 , OCH 3 , —C(O)H, OP(O)(C 1 -C 4 alkoxy) 2 , or —OP(O)(OH) 2 (or —OP(O
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; and R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl)-O—(C 1 -C 2 alkyl). In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )—; and R 5 is —C(O)—(CH 2 ) 2 —OCH 3 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl)-CF 3 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 —CF 3 .
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)-Q and Q is cyclopropyl, oxetanyl or furanyl.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 —CH 2 OH.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)-Q where Q is substituted with C 1-4 alkoxy.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)-cyclopropyl substituted with C 1-4 alkoxy (e.g., ethoxy).
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—OCH 3 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)-Q where Q is substituted with (C 1-4 alkylene)-OCH 3 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)-cyclopropyl substituted with CH 2 OCH 3 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)-Q where Q is substituted with C 1-4 alkyl wherein alkyl is optionally substituted with —OH.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)-cyclopropyl substituted with CH 2 OH.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)-Q where Q is substituted with OH.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)-cyclopropyl substituted with OH.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1-4 alkyl)-OH.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 C(OH)(CH 3 ) 2 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH. In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 OH. In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )—; and R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; and R 5 is —C(O)—CH 3 .
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1-4 alkyl)-(OCH 3 ) 2 .
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 C(H)(OCH 3 ) 2 .
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1-4 alkyl)-C(O)H.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 C(O)H. In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—C(cyclopropyl)(OH). In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1-4 alkyl)-C(O)OCH 3 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 C(O)OCH 3 .
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q. In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—(C 0 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, where Q is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, oxetanyl, furanyl, azetidinonyl, pyrrolidinonyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranonyl, or cyclopentyl.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—CH 2 -oxetanyl, —C(O)—CH 2 -azetidinonyl, —C(O)—CH 2 -pyrrolidinonyl, —C(O)—CH 2 -cyclobutyl, —C(O)—CH 2 -cyclopropyl, —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 -cyclopropyl, —C(O)—CH 2 -tetrahydrofuranyl, —C(O)—CH 2 -dihydrofuranone, —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 -oxetanyl, —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 -furanyl, —C(O)—CH 2 -ietrahydrofuranyl, —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 -tetrahydrofuranyl or —C(O)
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—(C 2 -C 4 alkenyl)-OH. In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 is —C(O)—CH ⁇ CH—CH 2 CH 2 OH. In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-C(O)—O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl). In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)—O-(t-butyl).
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-OP(O)(C 1 -C 4 alkoxy) 2 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —OP(O)(t-butoxy) 2 . In some embodiments, Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-OP(O)(OH) 2 or a salt thereof, such as a sodium salt.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )— and R 5 —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 —OP(O)(t-butoxy) 2 .
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; and R 5 is —C(O)—(C 1 -C 5 alkyl).
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; and R 5 is —C(O)-pentyl.
  • Y is —N(R 5 )—; and R 5 —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 alkenylene)-Q.
  • one of R 1a or R 1b is selected from hydrogen and methyl; and the other of R 1a or R 1b is selected from isopropyl, —N(CH 3 )—(CH 2 ) 2 —NH—CH 3 , aryl, heteroaryl, —CH 2 -aryl, —CH 2 -heteroaryl, —O—CH 2 -aryl, and —O—CH 2 -heteroaryl; wherein any aryl or heteroaryl of R 1a or R 1b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, OH, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —CF 3 , CN, —OC(O)CH 3 , and —OCF 3 .
  • one of R 1a or R 1b is selected from hydrogen and methyl; and the other of R 1a or R 1b is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )heteroaryl, —N(R 9 )-aryl, or —N(R 9 )-heteroaryl, wherein said aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with -G-L-M, CH 3 , CN, alkoxy, OH, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —CF 3 , —OC(O)CH 3 ,
  • one of R 1a or R 1b is selected from hydrogen and methyl; and the other of R 1a or R 1b is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )heteroaryl, —N(R 9 )-aryl, or —N(R 9 )-heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl is substituted with -G-L-M, CH 3 , or CN.
  • R 1a is H and R 1b is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, or —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )heteroaryl, —N(R 9 )-aryl, —N(R 9 )-heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl is substituted with -G-L-M, CH 3 , or CN.
  • R 1a is H and R 1b is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —CH 2 -aryl, —CH 2 -heteroaryl, -D-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O—(CH 2 )-aryl, —O—CH(CH 3 )-aryl, —O(CH)(C(CH 3 ) 2 )-aryl, —O—CH(CH 2 CH 3 )-aryl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —N(CH 3 )-aryl, —N(CH 3 )-heteroaryl, —N(aryl)-aryl, —N(heteroaryl)-heteroaryl, —O—(CH 2 )-heteroaryl or —O—CH(CH 3 )-heteroaryl, wherein aryl is phenyl, heteroaryl is phenyl, heteroaryl is
  • R 1a is methyl and R 1b is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, or —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl is substituted with -G-L-M, CH 3 , or CN.
  • R 1a is methyl or H and R 1b is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —O—(CH 2 )-aryl, —O—CH(CH 3 )-aryl, —O—(CH 2 )-heteroaryl or —O—CH(CH 3 )-heteroaryl, wherein aryl is phenyl or naphthyl and heteroaryl is quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, or pyrazolyl, and heterocyclyl is tetrahydropyridinyl and said phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, or pyrazolyl is substituted with -G-L-M, halo (e.g., chloro or fluoro), CH 3 , or CN.
  • aryl is phenyl or naphth
  • -G-L-M is:
  • R 2 is selected from isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is isopropyl.
  • R 4 is CN; Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)R 10 ; and the compound has Structural Formula II:
  • R 1a or R 1b is selected from hydrogen and methyl
  • R 1a or R 1b is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )heteroaryl, —N(R 9 )-aryl, or —N(R 9 )-heteroaryl, wherein said aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with -G-L-M, CH 3 , CN, alkoxy, OH, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —CF 3 , —OC(O)CH 3 , or —OCF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl;
  • each R 3 if present, is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, CF 3 , cyclopropyl and phenyl;
  • R 10 is selected from —(C 1 -C 3 alkyl)-O—(C 1 -C 2 alkyl), Q, (C 1 -C 5 alkyl), C 1 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, (C 2 -C 4 alkenyl), —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), or —(C 1 -C 4 alkenylene)-Q; wherein: any alkylene moiety present in R 10 is optionally substituted with OH; any terminal methyl moiety present in R 10 is optionally replaced with —OH, CF 3 , OCH 3 , —C(O)H, —OP(O)(C 1 -C 4 alkoxy) 2 , or —OP(O)(OH) 2 (or a salt thereof, such as a sodium salt); Q is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, oxetanyl, furanyl, azetidinonyl, pyrrolidinonyl,
  • n 0, 1, or 2.
  • m 1; and the compound has Structural Formula IIa:
  • R 1a is hydrogen or methyl
  • R 1b is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, —O—(C 0 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, —N(R 7 )-aryl, —N(R 7 )heteroaryl, —N(R 9 )-aryl, or —N(R 9 )-heteroaryl, wherein said aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with -G-L-M, CH 3 , CN, alkoxy, OH, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —CF 3 , —OC(O)CH 3 , or —OCF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl;
  • each R 3 if present, is selected from methyl, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl;
  • R 10 is selected from —(C 1 -C 3 alkyl)-O—(C 1 -C 2 alkyl), Q, (C 1 -C 5 alkyl), C 1 -C 2 alkylene)-Q, (C 2 -C 4 alkenyl), —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), or —(C 1 -C 4 alkenylene)-Q; wherein: any alkylene moiety present in R 10 is optionally substituted with OH; any terminal methyl moiety present in R 10 is optionally replaced with —OH, CF 3 , OCH 3 , —C(O)H, —OP(O)(C 1 -C 4 alkoxy) 2 , or —OP(O)(OH) 2 (or a salt thereof, such as a sodium salt); Q is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, oxetanyl, furanyl, azetidinonyl, pyrrolidinonyl,
  • n 0, 1, or 2.
  • R 4 is CN; Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)R 10 ; and the compound has Structural Formula II:
  • R 1a or R 1b is selected from hydrogen and methyl
  • R 1a or R 1b is selected from isopropyl, —N(CH 3 )—(CH 2 ) 2 —NH—CH 3 , aryl, heteroaryl, —CH 2 -aryl, —CH 2 -heteroaryl, —O—CH 2 -aryl, and —O—CH 2 -heteroaryl; wherein any aryl or heteroaryl portion of R 1a or R 1b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —CF 3 , —OC(O)CH 3 , and —OCF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl;
  • each R 3 if present, is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl and phenyl;
  • R 10 is selected from heteroaryl, aryl, —CH 2 -aryl, —CH 2 -heteroaryl, and —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , wherein any aryl or heteroaryl portion of R 10 is optionally substituted with methyl; and
  • n 0, 1, or 2.
  • m 1; and the compound has Structural Formula IIa:
  • R 1a is selected from hydrogen and methyl
  • R 1b is selected from aryl, and heteroaryl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from methoxy, fluoro, chloro, methyl, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from isopropyl and cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and cyclopropyl
  • R 10 is selected from —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , furan-3-yl, 2-methylfuran-3-yl and thien-2-yl.
  • R 4 is CN; Y is —N(R 5 )—; R 5 is —C(O)R 10 ; and the compound has Structural Formula II:
  • R 1a is H
  • R 1b is aryl, heteroaryl, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-aryl, or —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkylene)-heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl is substituted with -G-L-M, CH 3 , or CN;
  • R 2 is selected from isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl;
  • each R 3 if present, is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl and phenyl;
  • R 10 is selected from heteroaryl, aryl, —CH 2 -aryl, —CH 2 -heteroaryl, and —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , wherein any aryl or heteroaryl portion of R 10 is optionally substituted with methyl; and
  • n 0, 1, or 2.
  • m 1; and the compound has Structural Formula IIa:
  • R 1a is H
  • R 1b is aryl, heteroaryl, —O—(CH 2 )-aryl, —O—CH(CH 3 )-aryl, —O—(CH 2 )-heteroaryl or —O—CH(CH 3 )-heteroaryl, wherein aryl is phenyl and heteroaryl is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, or pyrazolyl, and said phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl or pyrazolyl is substituted with -G-L-M, CH 3 , or CN;
  • R 2 is selected from isopropyl and cyclopropyl
  • R 3 is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and cyclopropyl
  • R 10 is selected from —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , furan-3-yl, 2-methylfuran-3-yl and thien-2-yl.
  • the compound is selected from any one of the compounds set forth in Table 1, below.
  • the compound is selected from any one of the compounds set forth in Table 5, below.
  • the compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, scalemic mixtures, and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as single enantiomers or individual stereoisomers that are substantially free from another possible enantiomer or stereoisomer.
  • substantially free of other stereoisomers means a preparation enriched in a compound having a selected stereochemistry at one or more selected stereocenters by at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
  • enriched means that at least the designated percentage of a preparation is the compound having a selected stereochemistry at one or more selected stereocenters.
  • the compounds of Formula I, II and IIa may also comprise one or more isotopic substitutions.
  • H may be in any isotopic form, including 1 H, 2 H (D or deuterium), and 3 H (T or tritium); C may be in any isotopic form, including 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C; O may be in any isotopic form, including 16 O and 18 O; and the like.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein, even though only a single tautomeric form may be represented (e.g., alkylation of a ring system may result in alkylation at multiple sites, the invention expressly includes all such reaction products). All such isomeric forms of such compounds are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms of the compounds described herein are expressly included in the present invention.
  • a corresponding salt of the active compound for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt.
  • a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge et al., 1977, “Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts.” J. Pharm. Sci. Vol. 66, pp. 1-19.
  • a salt may be formed with a suitable cation.
  • suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na + and K + , alkaline earth cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and other cations such as Al 3+ .
  • suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion (i.e., NH 4 + ) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g., NH 3 R + , NH 2 R 2+ , NHR 3+ , NR + ).
  • Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine.
  • An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH 3 ) 4 + .
  • a salt may be formed with a suitable anion.
  • suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.
  • Suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and valeric.
  • a reference to a particular compound also includes salt forms thereof.
  • compositions may be formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant into pharmaceutically acceptable compositions prior to be administered to a subject.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable compositions further comprise additional therapeutic agents in amounts effective for achieving a modulation of disease or disease symptoms, including those described herein.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant refers to a carrier or adjuvant that may be administered to a subject, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic when administered in doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic amount of the compound.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d- ⁇ -tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-
  • Cyclodextrins such as ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of compounds of the formulae described herein.
  • compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vCompound AGInally or via an implanted reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by injection.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles.
  • the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleCompound AGlnous suspension.
  • This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms such as emulsions and or suspensions.
  • surfactants such as Tweens or Spans and/or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
  • compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions and solutions.
  • carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
  • Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention is useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application.
  • the pharmaceutical composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier.
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier with suitable emulsifying agents.
  • Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches are also included in this invention.
  • compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
  • Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
  • the compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of the formulae described herein and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents
  • both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
  • the additional agents may be administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the compounds of this invention in a single composition.
  • the compounds described herein can, for example, be administered by injection, intravenously, intraarterially, subdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; or orally, buccally, nasally, transmucosally, topically, in an ophthalmic preparation, or by inhalation, with a dosage ranging from about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight, alternatively dosages between 1 mg and 1000 mg/dose, every 4 to 120 hours, or according to the requirements of the particular drug.
  • the methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated effect.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 6 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion.
  • Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy.
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • a typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w).
  • such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.
  • a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level. Subjects may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.
  • compositions described above comprising a compound of Structural Formula I, II or IIa or a compound described in any one of the embodiments herein, may further comprise another therapeutic agent useful for treating cancer.
  • the cancer to be treated is characterized by a mutant allele of IDH1 wherein the IDH1 mutation result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NAPH-dependent reduction of ⁇ -ketoglutarate to R( ⁇ )-2-hydroxyglutarate in a subject.
  • the mutant IDH1 has an R132X mutation.
  • the R132X mutation is selected from R132H, R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S and R132G. In another aspect, the R132X mutation is R132H or R132C. In yet another aspect, the R132X mutation is R132H.
  • Also provided are methods of treating a cancer characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDH1 comprising the step of administering to subject in need thereof (a) a compound of Structural Formula I, II or IIa, a compound described in any one of the embodiments herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or (b) a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the cancer to be treated is characterized by a mutant allele of IDH1 wherein the IDH1 mutation result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NAPH-dependent reduction of ⁇ -ketoglutarate to R( ⁇ )-2-hydroxyglutarate in a patient.
  • the IDH1 mutation is an R132X mutation.
  • the R132X mutation is selected from R132H, R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S and R132G.
  • the R132X mutation is R132H or R132C.
  • a cancer can be analyzed by sequencing cell samples to determine the presence and specific nature of (e.g., the changed amino acid present at) a mutation at amino acid 132 of IDH1.
  • mutant alleles of IDH1 wherein the IDH1 mutation result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NAPH-dependent reduction of ⁇ -ketoglutarate to R( ⁇ )-2-hydroxyglutarate, and in particular R132H mutations of IDH1, characterize a subset of all types of cancers, without regard to their cellular nature or location in the body.
  • the compounds and methods of this invention are useful to treat any type of cancer that is characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDH1 imparting such activity and in particular an IDH1 R132H or R132C mutation.
  • the efficacy of cancer treatment is monitored by measuring the levels of 2HG in the subject. Typically levels of 2HG are measured prior to treatment, wherein an elevated level is indicative of the use of the compound of Formula I to treat the cancer. Once the elevated levels are established, the level of 2HG is determined during the course of and/or following termination of treatment to establish efficacy. In certain embodiments, the level of 2HG is only determined during the course of and/or following termination of treatment. A reduction of 2HG levels during the course of treatment and following treatment is indicative of efficacy. Similarly, a determination that 2HG levels are not elevated during the course of or following treatment is also indicative of efficacy.
  • the these 2HG measurements will be utilized together with other well-known determinations of efficacy of cancer treatment, such as reduction in number and size of tumors and/or other cancer-associated lesions, improvement in the general health of the subject, and alterations in other biomarkers that are associated with cancer treatment efficacy.
  • 2HG can be detected in a sample by LC/MS.
  • the sample is mixed 80:20 with methanol, and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius.
  • the resulting supernatant can be collected and stored at ⁇ 80 degrees Celsius prior to LC-MS/MS to assess 2-hydroxyglutarate levels.
  • LC liquid chromatography
  • Each method can be coupled by negative electrospray ionization (ESI, ⁇ 3.0 kV) to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with MS parameters optimized on infused metabolite standard solutions.
  • ESI negative electrospray ionization
  • MRM multiple reaction monitoring
  • Metabolites can be separated by reversed phase chromatography using 10 mM tributyl-amine as an ion pairing agent in the aqueous mobile phase, according to a variant of a previously reported method (Luo et al. J Chromatogr A 1147, 153-64, 2007).
  • Another method is specific for 2-hydroxyglutarate, running a fast linear gradient from 50%-95% B (buffers as defined above) over 5 minutes.
  • a Synergi Hydro-RP, 100 mm ⁇ 2 mm, 2.1 ⁇ m particle size (Phenomonex) can be used as the column, as described above.
  • Metabolites can be quantified by comparison of peak areas with pure metabolite standards at known concentration.
  • Metabolite flux studies from 13 C-glutamine can be performed as described, e.g., in Munger et al. Nat Biotechnol 26, 1179-86, 2008.
  • 2HG is directly evaluated.
  • a derivative of 2HG formed in process of performing the analytic method is evaluated.
  • a derivative can be a derivative formed in MS analysis.
  • Derivatives can include a salt adduct, e.g., a Na adduct, a hydration variant, or a hydration variant which is also a salt adduct, e.g., a Na adduct, e.g., as formed in MS analysis.
  • a metabolic derivative of 2HG is evaluated.
  • examples include species that build up or are elevated, or reduced, as a result of the presence of 2HG, such as glutarate or glutamate that will be correlated to 2HG, e.g., R-2HG.
  • Exemplary 2HG derivatives include dehydrated derivatives such as the compounds provided below or a salt adduct thereof:
  • the cancer is a tumor wherein at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% of the tumor cells carry an IDH1 mutation, and in particular an IDH1 R132H or R132C mutation, at the time of diagnosis or treatment.
  • IDH1 R132X mutations are known to occur in certain types of cancers as indicated in Table 2, below.
  • IDH1 R132H mutations have been identified in glioblastoma, acute myelogenous leukemia, sarcoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, cholangiocarcinomas, chondrosarcoma, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), colon cancer, and angio-immunoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
  • the methods described herein are used to treat glioma (glioblastoma), acute myelogenous leukemia, sarcoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or eholangiocarcinomas, chondrosarcoma, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) or colon cancer in a patient.
  • glioma glioblastoma
  • NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
  • MDS myelodysplastic syndromes
  • MPN myeloproliferative neoplasm
  • the cancer is a cancer selected from any one of the cancer types listed in Table 2, and the IDH R132X mutation is one or more of the IDH1 R132X mutations listed in Table 2 for that particular cancer type.
  • Treatment methods described herein can additionally comprise various evaluation steps prior to and/or following treatment with a compound of Structural Formula I, II or IIa or a compound described in any one of the embodiments described herein.
  • the method further comprises the step of evaluating the growth, size, weight, invasiveness, stage and/or other phenotype of the cancer.
  • the method further comprises the step of evaluating the IDH1 genotype of the cancer. This may be achieved by ordinary methods in the art, such as DNA sequencing, immuno analysis, and/or evaluation of the presence, distribution or level of 2HG.
  • the method further comprises the step of determining the 2HG level in the subject.
  • This may be achieved by pectroscopic analysis, e.g., magnetic resonance-based analysis, e.g., MRI and/or MRS measurement, sample analysis of bodily fluid, such as serum or spinal cord fluid analysis, or by analysis of surgical material, e.g., by mass-spectroscopy.
  • the methods described herein comprise the additional step of co-administering to a subject in need thereof a second therapy e.g., an additional cancer therapeutic agent or an additional cancer treatment.
  • additional cancer therapeutic agents include for example, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, antibody therapies, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy.
  • Additional cancer treatments include, for example: surgery, and radiation therapy. Examples of each of these treatments are provided below.
  • co-administering means that the additional cancer therapeutic agent may be administered together with a compound of this invention as part of a single dosage form (such as a composition of this invention comprising a compound of the invention and an second therapeutic agent as described above) or as separate, multiple dosage forms.
  • the additional cancer therapeutic agent may be administered prior to, consecutively with, or following the administration of a compound of this invention.
  • both the compounds of this invention and the second therapeutic agent(s) are administered by conventional methods.
  • composition of this invention comprising both a compound of the invention and a second therapeutic agent
  • administration of a composition of this invention does not preclude the separate administration of that same therapeutic agent, any other second therapeutic agent or any compound of this invention to said subject at another time during a course of treatment.
  • co-administering as used herein with respect to an additional cancer treatment means that the additional cancer treatment may occur prior to, consecutively with, concurrently with or following the administration of a compound of this invention.
  • the additional cancer therapeutic agent is a chemotherapy agent.
  • chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer therapy include, for example, antimetabolites (e.g., folic acid, purine, and pyrimidine derivatives), alkylating agents (e.g., nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, platinum, alkyl sulfonates, hydrazines, triazenes, aziridines, spindle poison, cytotoxic agents, topoisomerase inhibitors and others) and hypomethylating agents (e.g., decitabine (5-aza-deoxycytidine), zebularine, isothiocyanates, azacitidine (5-azacytidine), 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine, 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine and others).
  • antimetabolites e.g., folic acid, purine, and pyrimidine derivatives
  • alkylating agents e.g., nitrogen mustards, nitrosoure
  • agents include Aclarubicin, Actinomycin, Alitretinoin, Altretamine, Aminopterin, Aminolevulinic acid, Amrubicin, Amsacrine, Anagrelide, Arsenic trioxide, AsparCompound AGlnase, Atrasentan, Belotecan, Bexarotene, bendamustine, Bleomycin, Bortezomib, Busulfan, Camptothecin, Capecitabine, Carboplatin, Carboquone, Carmofur, Carmustine, Celecoxib, Chlorambucil, Chlormethine, Cisplatin, Cladribine, Clofarabine, Crisantaspase, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, dacarbazine, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, Decitabine, Demecolcine, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Efaproxiral, Elesclomol, Elsamit
  • two or more drugs are often given at the same time.
  • two or more chemotherapy agents are used as combination chemotherapy.
  • the additional cancer therapeutic agent is a differentiation agent.
  • Such differentiation agent includes retinoids (such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), 9-cis retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA) and 4-hydroxy-phenretinamide (4-HPR)); arsenic trioxide; histone deacetylase inhibitors HDACs (such as azacytidine (Vidaza) and butyrates (e.g., sodium phenylbutyrate)); hybrid polar compounds (such as hexamethylene bisacetamide ((HMBA)); vitamin D; and cytokines (such as colony-stimulating factors including G-CSF and GM-CSF, and interferons).
  • retinoids such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), 9-cis retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA) and 4-hydroxy-phenretinamide (4-HPR)
  • the additional cancer therapeutic agent is a targeted therapy agent.
  • Targeted therapy constitutes the use of agents specific for the deregulated proteins of cancer cells.
  • Small molecule targeted therapy drugs are generally inhibitors of enzymatic domains on mutated, overexpressed, or otherwise critical proteins within the cancer cell.
  • Prominent examples are the tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as Axitinib, Bosutinib, Cediranib, aasatinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, lapatinib, Lestaurtinib, Nilotinib, Semaxanib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, and Vandetanib, and also cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as Alvocidib and Seliciclib.
  • Monoclonal antibody therapy is another strategy in which the therapeutic agent is an antibody which specifically binds to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells.
  • Examples include the anti-HER2/neu antibody trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®) typically used in breast cancer, and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab and Tositumomab typically used in a variety of B-cell malignancies.
  • Other exemplary antibodies include Cetuximab, Panitumumab, Trastuzumab, Alemtuzumab, Bevacizumab, Edrecolomab, and Gemtuzumab.
  • Exemplary fusion proteins include Aflibercept and Denileukin diftitox.
  • the targeted therapy can be used in combination with a compound described herein, e.g., a biguanide such as metformin or phenformin, preferably phenformin.
  • Targeted therapy can also involve small peptides as “homing devices” which can bind to cell surface receptors or affected extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor. Radionuclides which are attached to these peptides (e.g., RGDs) eventually kill the cancer cell if the nuclide decays in the vicinity of the cell.
  • RGDs Radionuclides which are attached to these peptides
  • An example of such therapy includes BEXXAR®.
  • the additional cancer therapeutic agent is an immunotherapy agent.
  • Cancer immunotherapy refers to a diverse set of therapeutic strategies designed to induce the subject's own immune system to fight the tumor. Contemporary methods for generating an immune response against tumors include intravesicular BCG immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, and use of interferons and other cytokines to induce an immune response in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma subjects.
  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be considered a form of immunotherapy, since the donor's immune cells will often attack the tumor in a graft-versus-tumor effect.
  • the immunotherapy agents can be used in combination with a compound or composition described herein.
  • the additional cancer therapeutic agent is a hormonal therapy agent.
  • the growth of some cancers can be inhibited by providing or blocking certain hormones.
  • hormone-sensitive tumors include certain types of breast and prostate cancers. Removing or blocking estrogen or testosterone is often an important additional treatment.
  • administration of hormone agonists, such as progestogens may be therapeutically beneficial.
  • the hormonal therapy agents can be used in combination with a compound or a composition described herein.
  • Other possible additional therapeutic modalities include imatinib, gene therapy, peptide and dendritic cell vaccines, synthetic chlorotoxins, and radiolabeled drugs and antibodies.
  • reagents were purchased from commercial sources (including Alfa, Acros, Sigma Aldrich, TCI and Shanghai Chemical Reagent Company), and used without further purification. Flash chromatography was performed on an Ez Purifier III using a column with silica gel particles of 200-300 mesh. Analytical and preparative thin layer chromatography plates (TLC) were HSGF 254 (0.15-0.2 mm thickness, Shanghai Anbang Company, China). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained on a Brucker AMX-400 NMR (Brucker, Switzerland). Chemical shifts were reported in parts per million (ppm, ⁇ ) downfield from tetramethylsilane.
  • TLC Analytical and preparative thin layer chromatography plates
  • NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
  • a stereoisomer e.g., an (R) or (S) stereoisomer
  • a preparation of that compound such that the compound is enriched at the specified stereocenter by at least about 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
  • Step B 6-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (3)
  • Step C 5-bromo-6-isopropyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (4)
  • Step D 5-bromo-3-cyano-6-isopropylpyridin-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (5)
  • Step E (R)-5-bromo-6-isopropyl-2-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinonitrile (6)
  • Step F (R)-5-bromo-6-isopropyl-2-(4-(3-methoxypropanoyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinonitrile (7)
  • Step L 1-cyclopropyl-3-(dimethylamino)prop-2-en-1-one (12)
  • Step P (R)-5-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinonitrile (16)
  • Step Q (R)-5-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-(4-(3-methoxypropanoyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinonitrile (17)
  • Step Aa 6-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxy-4-methylnicotinonitrile (24)
  • Step Bb 5-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxy-4-methylnicotinonitrile (25)
  • Step Cc 5-bromo-3-cyano-6-cyclopropyl-4-methylpyridin-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (26)
  • Step Ee (R)-5-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-(4-(3-methoxypropanoyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-methylnicotinonitrile (28)
  • R c is —CH 2 -aryl or —CH 2 -heteroaryl.
  • Step K-1 (R)-5-hydroxy-6-isopropyl-2-(3-isopropyl-4-(3-methoxypropanoyl)piperazin-1-yl)nicotinonitrile
  • Step K-2 (R)-5-(benzyloxy)-6-isopropyl-2-(4-(3-methoxypropanoyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinonitrile (Compound 254)
  • Step V (R)-6-isopropyl-2-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylfuran-3-carbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-5-phenylnicotinonitrile (Compound 164)
  • Compound 118 was synthesized using 1,2-diphenylethanone as starting material.
  • Compound 122 was synthesized using 1,2-diphenylethanone as starting material.
  • Compound 161 was synthesized using 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methylbutan-2-one as starting material.
  • Compound 175 was synthesized using 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-2-one as starting material.
  • Compound 176 was synthesized using 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-2-one as starting material.
  • Compound 178 was synthesized using 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-2-one as starting material.
  • Compound 180 was synthesized using 3-methyl-1-p-tolylbutan-2-one as starting material.
  • Compound 181 was synthesized using 3-methyl-1-p-tolylbutan-2-one as starting material.
  • Compound 182 was synthesized using 3-methyl-1-p-tolylbutan-2-one as starting material.
  • Compound 198 was synthesized using 3-methyl-1-p-tolylbutan-2-one as starting material.
  • Step X 2-chloro-6-isopropyl-4-phenylnicotinonitrile (53)
  • Step Y (R)-6-isopropyl-2-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-phenylnicotinonitrile (54)
  • Step Z (R)-2-(4-(furan-3-carbonyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-isopropyl-4-phenylnicotinonitrile (Compound 130)
  • Compound 103 was synthesized using isobutyraldehyde and acetophenone as starting materials.
  • Compound 104 was synthesized using 2-methoxybenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 106 was synthesized using 2-methoxybenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 108 was synthesized using benzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 116 was synthesized using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 127 was synthesized using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 128 was synthesized using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 129 was synthesized using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 135 was synthesized using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 136 was synthesized using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 137 was synthesized using benzaldehyde and 1-cyclohexylethanone as starting materials.
  • Compound 138 was synthesized using benzaldehyde and 1-cyclohexylethanone as starting materials.
  • Compound 142 was synthesized using benzaldehyde and 1-cyclohexylethanone as starting materials.
  • Compound 146 was synthesized using 2-methoxybenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 148 was synthesized using 2-methoxybenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 151 was synthesized using 3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 152 was synthesized using 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 156 was synthesized using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 158 was synthesized using 2-methylbenzaldehyde and 3-methylbutan-2-one as starting materials.
  • Compound 162 was synthesized from (R)-2-(4-(furan-3-carbonyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-isopropylnicotinonitrile (Compound 157) by reaction with acetyl chloride.
  • Compound 163 was synthesized from (R)-2-(4-(furan-3-carbonyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-isopropylnicotinonitrile (Compound 157) by treatment with NaH/DMF followed by ethyl bromide quench.
  • Step 1 (R)-5-bromo-6-isopropyl-2-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinonitrile (58)
  • Step 2 (R)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinonitrile (59)
  • Step 3 (R)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinic acid (60)
  • Step 4 (R)-methyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinate (61)
  • Step 5 (R)-methyl 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinate (62)
  • Step 6 (R)-methyl 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(4-(3-methoxypropanoyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)nicotinate (Compound 244)
  • Assays were conducted in a volume of 76 ⁇ l assay buffer (150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.03% bovine serum albumin) as follows in a standard 384-well plate: To 25 ul of substrate mix (8 uM NADPH, 2 mM aKG), 1 ⁇ l of test compound was added in DMSO. The plate was centrifuged briefly, and then 25 ⁇ l of enzyme mix was added (0.2 ⁇ g/ml IDH1 R132H) followed by a brief centrifugation and shake at 100 RPM.
  • assay buffer 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.03% bovine serum albumin
  • reaction was incubated for 50 minutes at room temperature, then 25 ⁇ l of detection mix (30 ⁇ M resazurin, 36 ⁇ g/ml) was added and the mixture further incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.
  • detection mix (30 ⁇ M resazurin, 36 ⁇ g/ml) was added and the mixture further incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.
  • the conversion of resazurin to resorufin was detected by fluorescent spectroscopy at Ex544 Em590 c/o 590.
  • A1 refers to an inhibitory activity against IDH1 R132H with an IC 50 ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ M or an IC 50 for inhibition of 2-HG production ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ M
  • B1 refers to an inhibitory activity against IDH1 R132H with an IC 50 greater than 0.5 ⁇ M and ⁇ 1 ⁇ M or an IC 50 for inhibition of 2-HG production greater than 0.5 ⁇ M and ⁇ 1 ⁇ M
  • C1 refers to an inhibitory activity against IDH1 R132H with an IC 50 greater than 1 ⁇ M and ⁇ 10 ⁇ M or an IC 50 for inhibition of 2-HG production greater than 1 ⁇ M and ⁇ 10 ⁇ M
  • D1 refers to an inhibitory activity against IDH1 R132H with an IC 50 greater than 10 ⁇ M or an IC 50 for inhibition of 2-HG production greater than 10
  • the invention provides a compound selected from any one of compound numbers 182, 187, 191, 207, 212, 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 234, 235, 236, 241, 242, 243, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, and 262.
  • the invention provides a compound selected from any one of compound numbers 263, 265, 266, 269, 271, 275, 276, 277, 280, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 307, 308, 309, 312, 313, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 325, 326, 328, 330, 331, 333, 335, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 351, 352, 353, 356, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 372, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 396, 397, 398, 402, 403, 405, 406, 407,
  • Cells e.g., HT1080 or U87MG
  • DMEM fetal bovine serum
  • penicillin/streptomycin 500 ug/mL G418. They are harvested by trypsin and seeded into 96 well white bottom plates at a density of 5000 cell/well in 100 ul/well in DMEM with 10% FBS. No cells are plates in columns 1 and 12. Cells are incubated overnight at 37° C. in 5% CO2. The next day compounds are made up at 2 ⁇ concentration and 100 ul are added to each cell well. The final concentration of DMSO is 0.2% and the DMSO control wells are plated in row G. The plates are then placed in the incubator for 48 hours.
  • the IC 50 for inhibition of 2-HG production (concentration of test compound to reduce 2HG production by 50% compared to control) in these two cell lines for various compounds of formula I is set forth in Table 4 above.
  • Step A 1-cyclopropyl-3-(dimethylamino)prop-2-en-1-one (2)
  • Step C 5-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxynicotinonitrile (4)
  • Step D 5-bromo-3-cyano-6-cyclopropylpyridin-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (5)
  • Step H Exemplified by (R)-6-cyclopropyl-2-(4-(3-methoxypropanoyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)nicotinonitrile (Compound 273)
  • Step I Exemplified by(R)-6-cyclopropyl-2-(4-(3-methoxypropanoyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-(2-vinylquinazolin-5-yl)nicotinonitrile (Compound 603)
  • Step M Exemplified by (R)-2-cyclopropyl-6-(3-cyclopropyl-4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropanoyl)piperazin-1-yl)-[3,3′-bipyridine]-5-carbonitrile (Compound 524)
  • Step P Exemplified by 6-cyclopropyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxynicotinonitrile (1H)
  • step E except using 12-1 as the starting material instead of 5 and the suitable building blocks described in the “building block” section.
  • step G The same procedure as General procedure 1, step G except using the suitable building blocks described in the “building block” section.
  • Step T Exemplified by (R)-tert-butyl 4-(2′-chloro-5-cyano-2-cyclopropyl-3,4′-bipyridin-6-yl)-2-cyclopropylpiperazine-1-carboxylate
  • Step U Exemplified by (R)-tert-butyl-4-(5-cyano-2-cyclopropyl-2′-vinyl-3,4′-bipyridin-6-yl)-2-cyclopropyl piperazine-1-carboxylate
  • Step V (R)-2-cyclopropyl-6-(3-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-2′-vinyl-3,4′-bipyridine-5-carbonitrile

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