US20140083608A1 - Method for increasing the adhesive properties of pressure-sensitive adhesive compounds on substrates by way of plasma treatment - Google Patents

Method for increasing the adhesive properties of pressure-sensitive adhesive compounds on substrates by way of plasma treatment Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140083608A1
US20140083608A1 US14/114,964 US201214114964A US2014083608A1 US 20140083608 A1 US20140083608 A1 US 20140083608A1 US 201214114964 A US201214114964 A US 201214114964A US 2014083608 A1 US2014083608 A1 US 2014083608A1
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Prior art keywords
treatment
adhesive
pressure
substrate
process according
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Abandoned
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US14/114,964
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English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Schubert
Arne Koops
Sarah Reich
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Tesa SE
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Tesa SE
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=46026826&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20140083608(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from DE201110075470 external-priority patent/DE102011075470A1/de
Application filed by Tesa SE filed Critical Tesa SE
Assigned to TESA SE reassignment TESA SE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SCHUBERT, THOMAS, KOOPS, ARNE, REICH, SARAH
Publication of US20140083608A1 publication Critical patent/US20140083608A1/en
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Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C09J7/0217—
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    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • C09J7/10—Adhesives in the form of films or foils without carriers
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    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
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    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J2475/00—Presence of polyurethane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/28—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and having an adhesive outermost layer
    • Y10T428/2813—Heat or solvent activated or sealable
    • Y10T428/2817—Heat sealable
    • Y10T428/2826—Synthetic resin or polymer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for enhancing the adhesive properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives on substrates by means of plasma treatment.
  • Pressure-sensitive adhesives are in principle subject to the problem of simultaneous requirement for volume optimization and surface optimization, i.e. cohesion and adhesion. In many instances, the weakness of an adhesive bond is found at the surface, i.e. the adhesion.
  • adhesion usually means the physical effect by which two phases brought into contact with one another are held together at their interface by virtue of intermolecular interactions arising there.
  • the adhesion therefore determines the extent of bonding of the adhesive on the substrate surface, and can be determined in the form of what is known as “tack” and in the form of bond strength.
  • Plasticizers and/or “tackifies” resins are often added to the adhesive in order to exert a controlled effect on its adhesion.
  • Adhesion can be defined in simple terms as “the interaction energy per unit of area” [in mN/m], but this is not measurable because of experimental restrictions, for example lack of knowledge of the actual contact areas.
  • Surface energy (SE) is also often described by using “polar” and “nonpolar” components. This simplified model is now well accepted for practical purposes. This energy and its components are often measured by measuring the static contact angle of various test liquids. The surface tensions of these liquids are divided into polar and nonpolar components. The polar and nonpolar components of the surface energy of the test surface are determined from the observed contact angles of the droplets on the test surface.
  • the OWKR approach can by way of example be used here.
  • An alternative method conventionally used in industry is determination by means of test solutions in accordance with DIN ISO 8296.
  • polar and “high-energy” are often treated as equivalent, as also are the terms “nonpolar” and “low-energy”. This derives from the fact that polar dipole forces are large in comparison with what are known as “disperse” or nonpolar interactions, which do not involve permanent molecular dipoles.
  • the basis for this approach to surface energy and surface interactions is the assumption that polar components interact only with polar components and nonpolar components only with nonpolar components.
  • a guideline that can be used is: as soon as the polar component of the SE is greater than 3 mN/m the surface is to be designated “polar” for the purposes of this invention. This corresponds approximately to the practical detection limit.
  • polar pressure-sensitive adhesives such as the acrylates class exhibit satisfactory behavior on high-energy substrates, but often fail on very low-energy substrates.
  • compositions for example based on natural or synthetic rubber which provide improved adhesive bonds on both low- and high-energy substrates.
  • Acrylates in particular moreover also exhibit the typical “delayed maturity” behavior, i.e. a process which often takes some days to establish “flow-contact” with the substrate before the adhesive bond achieves its final strength. In most instances this behavior is undesirable.
  • Adhesive bonding of different substrates to one another (polar to nonpolar), for example in the case of double-sided adhesive tapes, in particular requires optimization specifically on different substrates.
  • carrierless, viscoelastic adhesive tapes there are carrierless, viscoelastic adhesive tapes.
  • carrierless means that there is no layer that is necessary merely for structural integrity, and therefore that the adhesive tape has sufficient intrinsic cohesion for the specified use. There is no need to use a carrier foil or the like, for example nonwoven or textile.
  • These adhesive tapes too, are mostly based on highly crosslinked acrylate adhesives.
  • These pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are moreover mostly relatively thick, typically thicker than 300 ⁇ m.
  • Such a “viscoelastic” polymer layer can be regarded as a very high-viscosity liquid which when subjected to pressure exhibits flow behavior (also termed “creep”).
  • flow behavior also termed “creep”.
  • these viscoelastic polymers are exposed to a slow-acting force they have a particular ability to provide relaxation of the forces to which they are exposed, and the same applies to a polymer layer of this type: they are able to dissipate the forces into vibration phenomena and/or deformation phenomena (which can also in particular—at least to some extent—be reversible), thus providing a “protective buffer” against the forces to which they are exposed and preferably avoiding any mechanical destruction by said forces, but advantageously at least mitigating same, or else at least delaying the occurrence of the destruction.
  • viscoelastic polymers When exposed to a very fast-acting force, viscoelastic polymers usually exhibit elastic behavior, i.e. fully reversible deformation, and forces which extend beyond the elastic capability of the polymers here can cause fracture. Contrasting with this are elastic materials, which exhibit the elastic behavior described even on exposure to slow-acting forces.
  • the properties of these viscoelastic adhesives can also be varied greatly by using admixtures, fillers, foaming or the like.
  • the relaxation capacity of viscoelastic carrier layers is typically more than 50%.
  • any adhesive is viscoelastic, for high-performance carrierless adhesive tapes it is preferable to use adhesives which exhibit these particular relaxation properties.
  • a problem that is particularly difficult to solve is the simultaneous optimization of adhesion and cohesion for single-layer carrierless self-adhesive tapes, there is no possibility here of specific coating of the sides of the adhesive tape for the respective substrates.
  • a pressure-sensitive adhesive for example a viscoelastic thick-layer product, fails both at high and at low temperatures.
  • a typical reason for failure at low temperatures is that the glass transition point has been reached and that resultant hardening occurs. In that case, fracture is often caused by adhesive failure.
  • the product can also soften at high temperatures with resultant inadequate strength or durability in shear tests again with fracture caused by adhesive failure.
  • the physical pretreatment of substrates is especially customary with liquid reactive adhesives.
  • One function of this physical pretreatment can also be cleaning of the substrate, for example to remove oils, or roughening to enlarge the effective area.
  • activation of the surface. This mostly implies a non-specific interaction, contrasting by way of example with a chemical reaction using the key-in-lock principle. Activation mostly implies an improvement in wettability, printability, or anchoring of a coating.
  • a process for improving the adhesion of pressure-sensitive adhesives is therefore desirable, where the process:
  • the main object is to achieve a high level of anchoring between the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and the substrate.
  • the invention provides a process for increasing the adhesion between a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive which has a surface facing away from the substrate and which has a surface facing toward the substrate and the surface of a substrate, where that surface of the layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive that faces toward the substrate and the substrate surface covered with the layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive are respectively treated with atmospheric-pressure plasma.
  • a surprising feature of the process of the invention is that a significant increase both of bond strength and of shear resistance and of other adhesion properties is observed for very many adhesive-tape-substrate combinations. In particular, this is also true for low-energy substrates. This improvement is obtained irrespective of whether the substrate is very smooth or rough, or even structured/textured.
  • the process of the invention is robust and easy to use.
  • the plasma is preferably applied by means of one or more nozzles, preferably operating with compressed air or N 2 .
  • the plasma is applied by means of a rotary nozzle, particularly preferably operating with compressed air.
  • Modern indirect plasma techniques are often based on a nozzle system. These nozzles can be of round or linear design and, without any intention of introducing a restriction here, rotary nozzles are sometimes used.
  • This type of nozzle system is advantageous because it is flexible and inherently suitable for single-side treatment. Nozzles of this type, for example from Plasmatreat, are widely used in industry for the pretreatment of substrates prior to adhesive bonding. Disadvantages are the indirect treatment, which is less efficient because it is discharge-free, and the resultant reduced web speeds.
  • the customary design of a round nozzle is especially suitable for treating narrow webs of product, for example an adhesive tape which is a few cm in width.
  • Plasma treatment can take place in a variety of atmospheres, and this atmosphere can also comprise air.
  • the treatment atmosphere can be a mixture of various gases selected inter alia from N 2 , O 2 , H 2 , CO 2 , Ar, He, and ammonia, where water vapor or other constituents may also have been admixed. This list of examples does not constitute any restriction.
  • the following pure, or mixtures of, process gases form a treatment atmosphere: N 2 , compressed air, O 2 , H 2 , CO 2 , Ar, He, ammonia, ethylene, where water vapor or other volatile constituents may also have been added. Preference is given to N 2 and compressed air.
  • the plasma jet then passes in a circle across the substrate at a predetermined angle and advantageously provides a good treatment width for adhesive tapes. Given an appropriate advance rate, the rotation causes the treatment jet to pass repeatedly across the same locations, and therefore implicitly to achieve repeated treatment.
  • a fixed plasma jet is used without any rotary nozzle.
  • a lateral arrangement of a plurality of nozzles, offset if necessary, is used to provide treatment over an adequate width with no gaps and with some overlaps.
  • a disadvantage here is the necessary number of nozzles, and typically it is necessary to use from two to four non-rotating round nozzles instead of one rotary nozzle.
  • the treatment distance is from 1 to 100 mm, preferably from 3 to 50 mm, particularly preferably from 4 to 20 mm.
  • the treatment velocity is from 0. to 200 m/min, preferably from 1 to 50 m/min, particularly preferably from 2 to 20 m/min.
  • the treatment must, of course, take place within a range within which the gas is reactive or, respectively, within a distance (for example from a nozzle) within which the gas remains reactive.
  • said range comprises the effective range of the plasma jet.
  • the plasma treatment of the surfaces can also be repeated.
  • a treatment can be repeated in order to achieve the desired intensity. This always occurs in the case of the preferred rotary treatment or in the case of nozzle arrangements which overlap to some extent.
  • the required treatment intensity can by way of example be achieved via a plurality of passes under a nozzle or via arrangement of a plurality of nozzles in series.
  • the repeated treatment can also be utilized in order to refresh the treatment.
  • Division of at least one of the treatments into a plurality of individual treatments is another possibility.
  • both surfaces are treated, i.e. adhesive tape and substrate.
  • adhesive tape In the case of double-sided adhesive tapes this can be true for both sides.
  • the chronological separation from the adhesive bonding can be ⁇ 1 s
  • in-line treatment prior to the adhesive bonding it can be in the range from seconds to minutes
  • off-line treatment it can be in the range from hours to days
  • in the case of treatment in the production process of the adhesive tape it can be in the range from days to many months.
  • Plasma treatment can, like most physical treatments, become less effective over the course of time. However, this phenomenon can be greatly dependent on the details of the treatment and of the substrate and of the adhesive tape. During any possible decrease of effectiveness, adhesion obviously remains improved in comparison with the untreated condition. The improved adhesion during said period is in principle also part of this teaching.
  • a repeated treatment can in principle be used to supplement or refresh a treatment.
  • the chronological separation between the multiple treatments can therefore vary from about 0.1 s (during the rotation of the nozzle) up to about 1 year (when a product is treated before delivery and there is a refreshment treatment prior to use).
  • the treatments of the two surfaces are in principle independent of one another, spatially and chronologically.
  • One or both of said treatments can take place in-line with the adhesive bonding.
  • the surface could also have been flame- or corona-pretreated before it is treated with the process taught here.
  • foils or plastics parts are sometimes provided with a physical pretreatment by the producer.
  • the plasma is applied by a plasma nozzle unit with additional introduction of a precursor material into the operating gas stream or into the plasma jet.
  • contact can take place at different times or simultaneously.
  • An atmospheric-pressure plasma differs substantially from a corona discharge (and surface treatment by means of same).
  • Corona treatment is defined as a surface treatment which uses filamental discharges and which is generated via high alternating voltage between two electrodes, whereupon the discrete discharge channels come into contact with the surface requiring treatment, in which connection see also Wagner et al., Vacuum, 71 (2003), pp. 417 to 436.
  • the process gas can be assumed to be ambient air unless otherwise stated.
  • the substrate is almost always placed within or passed through the discharge space between an electrode and an opposing electrode, this being defined as “direct” physical treatment.
  • Substrates in the form of webs here are typically passed between an electrode and a grounded roll.
  • corona mostly means a “dielectric barrier discharge” (DBD).
  • DBD dielectric barrier discharge
  • At least one of the electrodes here is composed of a dielectric, i.e. of an insulator, or has a coating or covering of same.
  • the substrate is almost always placed within, or passed through the discharge space between an electrode and an opposing electrode, this being defined as “direct” physical treatment.
  • Substrates in web form here are typically passed between an electrode and a grounded roll.
  • Another term that is also sometimes used is “ejected corona” or “single-side corona”. This is not comparable with an atmospheric-pressure plasma, since very irregular discharge filaments are “ejected” together with a process gas, and it is impossible to achieve stable, well-defined, efficient treatment.
  • “Atmospheric-pressure plasma” is defined as an electrically activated, homogeneous, reactive gas which is not in thermal equilibrium, with a pressure close to ambient pressure. Electrical discharges and ionizing processes in the electrical field activate the gas and generate highly excited states in the gas constituents.
  • the gas used or the gas mixture is termed process gas. In principle, it is also possible to admix coating constituents or polymerizing constituents in the form of gas or aerosol with the plasma atmosphere.
  • homogeneous indicates that there are no discrete, inhomogeneous discharge channels encountering the surface of the substrate requiring treatment (even though these may be present in the generation space).
  • the “not in thermal equilibrium” restriction means that the ion temperature can differ from the electron temperature. In a thermally generated plasma these would be in equilibrium (in which connection see also by way of example Akishev et al., Plasmas and Polymers, Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2002).
  • the electrical discharge mostly takes place in a space separate from the surface.
  • the process gas is then passed through said space and electrically activated, and then in the form of plasma mostly passed through a nozzle onto the surface.
  • the reactivity of the plasma jet mostly decreases rapidly with time after discharge: in spatial terms typically after millimeters to centimeters.
  • An English term often used for the decreasing reactivity of the plasma as it is discharged is “afterglow”.
  • the lifetime of the plasma discharged, and the distance over which it remains effective, depend on molecular details and on the precise method of plasma generation.
  • This type of physical treatment is termed “indirect” when the treatment is not undertaken at the location of generation of the electrical discharges.
  • the treatment of the surface takes place at or in the vicinity of atmospheric pressure, but there may be increased pressure in the electrical discharge space.
  • Constituents of the atmospheric-pressure plasma can be:
  • the electrical discharges can take place between metal electrodes, or else between metal dielectric, or else are generated via piezoelectric discharge or other methods.
  • Some examples of commercial systems are Plasma-Jet (Plasmatreat GmbH, Germany), Plasma-Blaster (Tigres GmbH, Germany), Plasmabrush and Piezobrush (Reinhausen, Germany), Plasmaline (VITO, Belgium), or ApJet (ApJet, Inc., USA).
  • the systems mentioned operate with different process gases, for example air, nitrogen or helium, and different resultant gas temperatures.
  • the plasma jet can also be characterized via the high electron temperature, the low ion temperature, and the high gas velocity.”
  • the high voltage applied causes formation of filamental discharge channels with accelerated electrons and ions.
  • the low-mass electrons in particular encounter the surface at high velocity with energies that are sufficient to break most of the molecular bonds.
  • the reactivity of the other reactive gas constituents produced is mostly a subordinate effect.
  • the broken bond sites then react further with constituents of the air or of the process gas.
  • An effect of decisive importance is the formation of short-chain degradation products via electron bombardment. Treatments of higher intensity also cause significant ablation of material.
  • the reaction of a plasma with the substrate surface promotes the direct “incorporation” of the plasma constituents.
  • an excited state or an open bond site is produced on the surface and that these then undergo secondary further reaction, for example with atmospheric oxygen.
  • some gases such as noble gases
  • no chemical bonding of the process gas atoms or process gas molecules to the substrate is to be expected.
  • the activation of the substrate here takes place exclusively by way of secondary reactions.
  • the plasma treatment is therefore less destructive than a corona treatment, since no discrete discharge channels encounter the surfaces. Amounts produced of short-chain degradation products are smaller, where these can form a layer with adverse effect on the surface. Better wettability values can therefore often be achieved after plasma treatment than after corona treatment, with longer-lasting effect.
  • the adhesive of the invention is a pressure-sensitive adhesive, i.e. an adhesive which can give a durable bond with almost all adhesion substrates even when the pressure applied is relatively weak, and after use can in essence in turn be peeled from the adhesion substrate to leave no residue.
  • a pressure-sensitive adhesive has a permanent pressure-sensitive adhesive effect at room temperature, i.e. because its viscosity is sufficiently low and its tack is high it wets the surface of the respective adhesion substrate even when the pressure applied is low.
  • the adhesive bonding capability of the adhesive derives from its adhesive properties, and the peelability derives from its cohesive properties.
  • the layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive is based on natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or polyurethanes, and the layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive here is preferably composed exclusively of acrylate or mostly of acrylate (hotmelt or UV), in particular being viscoelastic, or else blends and copolymers.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive can have been blended with tackifiers in order to improve adhesive properties.
  • Suitable tackifiers are in principle any of the known classes of substance.
  • tackifiers are hydrocarbon resins (for example polymers based on unsaturated C 5 - or C 9 -monomers), terpene-phenolic resins, polyterpene resins based on raw materials such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -pinene, aromatic resins such as coumarone-indene resins or resins based on styrene or ⁇ -methylstyrene, for example colophony and its downstream products, e.g. disproportionated, dimerized or esterified colophony, e.g.
  • reaction products with glycol, glycerol, or pentaerythritol to mention just a few.
  • resins without readily oxidizable double bonds for example terpene-phenolic resins, aromatic resins, and particularly preferably resins produced via hydrogenation, for example hydrogenated aromatic resins, hydrogenated polycyclopentadiene resins, hydrogenated colophony derivatives, or hydrogenated polyterpene resins.
  • resins based on terpene-phenolics and on colophony esters with softening point above 90° C. in accordance with ASTM E28-99 (2009).
  • Typical amounts used are from 10 to 100 parts by weight, based on polymers of the adhesive.
  • the adhesive formulation can optionally have been blended with light stabilizers or primary and/or secondary antioxidants.
  • Antioxidants that can be used are UV absorbers, sterically hindered amines, thiosynergists, phosphites, or products based on sterically hindered phenols.
  • primary antioxidants such as Irganox 1010 (tetrakis(methylene (3,5-di(tert)butyl-4-hydrocinnamate))methane; CAS No. 6683-19-8 (sterically hindered phenol), BASF) or Irganox 254, alone or in combination with secondary antioxidants such as Irgafos TNPP or Irgafos 168.
  • primary antioxidants such as Irganox 1010 (tetrakis(methylene (3,5-di(tert)butyl-4-hydrocinnamate))methane; CAS No. 6683-19-8 (sterically hindered phenol), BASF) or Irganox 254, alone or in combination with secondary antioxidants such as Irgafos TNPP or Irgafos 168.
  • the antioxidants here can be used in any desired combination with one another, and mixtures that exhibit particularly good antioxidant effect here are those of primary and secondary antioxidants in combination with light stabilizers such as Tinuvin 213.
  • Antioxidants that have proven very particularly advantageous are those in which a primary antioxidant has been combined with a secondary antioxidant in one molecule. These antioxidants involve cresol derivatives whose aromatic ring has substitution by thioalkyl chains at any desired two different sites, preferably in ortho- and meta-position with respect to the OH group, where the bonding of the sulfur atom on the aromatic ring of the cresol unit can also be by way of one or more alkyl chains.
  • the number of carbon atoms between the aromatic system and the sulfur atom can be from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 4.
  • the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl side chain can be from 1 to 25, preferably from 6 to 16.
  • the amount of the antioxidant or antioxidant package added should be in the range from 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.2 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 to 3% by weight, based on total solids content.
  • the adhesive formulation can moreover have been blended with conventional processing aids such as antifoams, deaerators, wetting agents, or flow control agents.
  • processing aids such as antifoams, deaerators, wetting agents, or flow control agents.
  • concentrations are in the range from 0.1 up to 5 parts by weight, based on solids.
  • Fillers such as silicon dioxides (spherical, acicular, lamellar, or irregular, for example the fumed silicas), glass in the form of solid or hollow beads, non-expandable, organic microspheres made of in particular phenolic resins, chalk, calcium carbonates, zinc oxides, titanium dioxides, aluminum oxides, or aluminum oxide hydroxides, carbon blacks, fibers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), can serve to improve processability or adhesion properties. Suitable concentrations are in the range from 0.1 to 70 parts by weight, based on solids, in particular up to 40 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 1 to 20 parts by weight.
  • Fibers that can be used are (chemically derived) fibers (staple fibers or continuous filaments made of synthetic polymers, also known as synthetic fibers, made of polyester, polyamide, polyimide, aramid, polyolefin, polyacrylonitrile, or glass, (chemically derived) fibers made of natural polymers, for example cellulosic fibers (viscose, modal, lyocell, cupro, acetate, triacetate, Cellulon), or for example rubber fibers, or for example vegetable-protein fibers and/or for example animal-protein fibers and/or natural fibers made of cotton, sisal, flax, silk, hemp, linen, coconut, or wool. Yarns manufactured from the stated fibers are moreover equally suitable. Staple fibers are individual fibers of restricted length. Filaments (continuous fibers) are the opposite of staple fibers. Preference is given to stable pressure-resistant hollow microspheres of which the shell is not based on polymers.
  • addition of resin and of a filler can permit high maximal force in peel tests, at the same time as high shear resistance in terms of good holding power and a small value for shear under static load.
  • low-flammability fillers such as ammonium polyphosphates
  • electrically conductive fillers such as conductive carbon black, carbon fibers and/or silver-coated beads
  • ferromagnetic additives such as iron(III) oxides, antioxidants, light stabilizers, antiozonants, before or after increasing the concentration of the polyacrylate.
  • Microballoons involve resilient hollow spheres which have a thermoplastic polymer shell. Said spheres have a filling of low-boiling-point liquids or liquefied gas.
  • Shell material used is in particular polyacrylonitrile, PVDC, PVC or polyacrylates.
  • Particularly suitable as low-boiling-point liquid are hydrocarbons of the lower alkanes, such as isobutane or isopentane, enclosed in the form of liquefied gas under pressure within the polymer shell.
  • Exposure of the microballoons, in particular exposure to heat, firstly softens the exterior polymer shell. At the same time, the liquid blowing gas present in the shell is converted to its gaseous state. During this process, the microballoons expand irreversibly and three-dimensionally. The expansion ends when the internal and external pressures are equal. The polymeric shell is retained, and the result here is therefore a closed-cell foam.
  • microballoon A wide variety of types of microballoon is available commercially, for example the Expancel DU products (dry unexpanded) from Akzo Nobel, which differ in essence in their size (from 6 to 45 ⁇ m diameter in the unexpanded state) and in the temperature at which they begin to expand (from 75 to 220° C.). If the type of microballoon and, respectively, the foaming temperature have been adjusted appropriately for the temperature profile required for the compounding of the material and the machine parameters, compounding of the material and foaming can also take place simultaneously in a single step.
  • Expancel DU products dry unexpanded
  • the temperature at which they begin to expand from 75 to 220° C.
  • Unexpanded types of microballoon are moreover also available in the form of aqueous dispersion with about 40 to 45% by weight content of solids or of microballoons, and also moreover in the form of polymer-bound microballoons (masterbatches), for example in ethyl-vinyl acetate with about 65% by weight microballoon concentration.
  • the microballoon dispersions and the masterbatches are as suitable as the DU products for the foaming of adhesives in accordance with the process of the invention.
  • expandable microballoons in preexpanded form (expanded by the producer, and sometimes also further expandable subsequently, for example the DE products from Expancel), in incipiently expanded form (partially expanded in the process of production of the adhesive tape), or in unexpanded form.
  • foaming of the adhesive tape is initiated or continued after adhesive bonding.
  • foaming of the adhesive can be chemical foaming with substances that cleave to give a gas, or the physical foaming that is known from the literature, via mechanical incorporation of gases such as air or nitrogen.
  • a complex mixed fracture with components of adhesive and cohesive failure can generate a high force in the peel test. If adhesion is improved by the treatment taught, the force measured in the peel test can fall, because by way of example the type of fracture changes to pure cohesive fracture. The improved adhesion could be demonstrated in such cases by way of example via the increased amount of residues of the composition on the substrate.
  • the decisive factor for ability to increase the practical performance capability of the adhesive tape via increased adhesion is the combined effect of pressure-sensitive adhesive and carrier.
  • a suitable filler for example using hollow glass beads, can markedly increase the pressure- and shear-resistance of a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
  • this favorable bulk property cannot be utilized until adhesion is sufficiently high.
  • Very many different ideas have been disclosed and described for the filling of pressure-sensitive adhesives. Most of them improve aspects of cohesion, but not of adhesion. Because of the poor adhesion, the maximal performance capability of the products is often not fully utilized (or even known).
  • the invention is therefore particularly suitable for these filled pressure-sensitive adhesives, in particular highly filled pressure-sensitive adhesives, in particular syntactic foams.
  • the adhesive treated in the invention can have been applied on a carrier material, in particular a foil carrier (made of PE, PP, PS, or polyester, such as PET), foam carrier, textile carrier, nonwoven carrier, or paper carrier, or a composite carrier.
  • a foil carrier made of PE, PP, PS, or polyester, such as PET
  • foam carrier foam carrier
  • textile carrier nonwoven carrier
  • paper carrier or a composite carrier.
  • the carrier can comprise one or more layers of foils or of foam carriers.
  • the adhesive tape formed from carrier and adhesive can moreover comprise one or more functional layers such as barrier layers, layers of material that can form a hotmelt, or other functional layers.
  • the carrier preferably has viscoelastic properties.
  • a second adhesive present which does not have to be identical with the first, and which can have been treated but has not necessarily been treated by the process of the invention.
  • the uncovered side of the second adhesive layer can have been treated with atmospheric-pressure plasma. This also applies to the “second” substrate on which the second adhesive is adhesive-bonded.
  • Advantageous embodiments of the invention comprise the adhesive tapes K1 to K8 described in the examples.
  • the thickness of the layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive or of the adhesive tape formed thereby is ⁇ 20 ⁇ m, preferably ⁇ 100 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably ⁇ 300 ⁇ m, and/or at most ⁇ 1500 ⁇ m, preferably ⁇ 1000 ⁇ m.
  • a suitable substrate is any of the substrates that can actually be treated with the selected plasma.
  • the substantial exceptions in the case of most atmospheric plasma treatments are fluoropolymer-based plastics, and among these primarily the fully fluorinated plastics. However, even these materials can be treated with suitable intensive plasmas.
  • the concept underlying the invention includes not only high-energy materials but also low-energy materials, or polar and nonpolar materials.
  • Treatment with atmospheric-pressure plasma therefore differs—as already mentioned—essentially from corona treatment.
  • Indirect treatment with atmospheric-pressure plasma by means of nozzles is particularly suitable here for the process taught.
  • a plasma nozzle with a stable plasma jet can still achieve a homogeneous effect from a distance of some cm.
  • a typical traditional corona gap has a maximal aperture of from 2 to 3 mm, and at greater distances either discharge becomes impossible or the discharges become very inhomogeneous. Treatment giving good results from thick irregularly shaped substrates or components is therefore possible only by using a plasma nozzle.
  • a plasma nozzle is particularly suitable for treatments of narrow materials with the width of an adhesive tape.
  • Plasma nozzles are available with various geometries: round, linear, etc.
  • the design of a round nozzle is generally suitable for treatment of narrow adhesive tapes.
  • linear nozzles are also suitable.
  • the plasma has low potential and can be rendered practically potential free by taking an appropriate measure. It is therefore also possible to treat sensitive electronic components by the process taught.
  • Plasma treatment in air can be ozone-free (TÜV Nord, Report No. 34 268 8, for a plasma generator from Plasmatreat GmbH). Another price advantage is obtained when no ozone destructor is required.
  • Indirect plasma treatment by means of nozzles does not damage the reverse side of the substrate or adhesive tape, because no reverse opposing electrode is used.
  • Self-adhesive tapes typically have a release liner or release coating (e.g. siliconized) which would be damaged by unintended corona discharges on the reverse side.
  • a potential-free plasma-nozzle treatment is very particularly suitable for preventing reverse-side discharges.
  • the process can achieve an increase not only in bond strength but also in shear strength, over a wide range of pressure-sensitive adhesives and substrates.
  • the surface energy of the substrate prior to treatment is of no significance.
  • the process is robust and not dependent on optimized treatment for each composition and/or on optimized treatment for each substrate.
  • the process can generate a comparable final bond strength with a given adhesive tape across a plurality of classes of substrate, frequently via cohesive fracture.
  • This “universal tape” provides particular advantages, for example in the design of adhesive bond with different adhesive-bonding partners.
  • the invention can combine the following desirable properties in a single adhesive tape (with the precondition of suitable bulk properties):
  • the process taught can therefore be a “universal treatment”. This is a particular feature of the invention.
  • the invention permits equivalent adhesive bonding on different substrates: it is particularly desirable to avoid any necessity of developing a specific pretreatment method for each substrate and each adhesive in order to obtain an adequate adhesive bond.
  • the process also generates good resistance to nonpolar solvents.
  • the bond strength tests were carried out by methods based on PSTC-101 by peeling the adhesive tapes from the substrates at 300 mm/min at an angle of 90° between peel direction and substrate.
  • the substrates were inserted into a specific holder which permits perpendicular upward peeling of the sample at an angle of 90°.
  • a Zwick tensile tester was used to measure the bond strength.
  • the test results have been averaged over a peel distance of at least 75 mm, are stated in N/cm after standardization for the width of the adhesive tape, and have been averaged from three tests.
  • the double-sided carrierless adhesive tapes were laminated to a 36 ⁇ m etched PET foil, which gives a very good bond to the surface of the adhesive.
  • the other adhesive tapes have a carrier with good tensile strength.
  • bond strength in this invention is used for the parameters mentioned here, in particular peel angle 90° and peel velocity 300 mm/min.
  • the aging time of three days at 23° C. and 50% +/ ⁇ 5% rel. humidity after adhesive bonding and prior to the test is also included here.
  • Holding power gives the strength of the adhesive bond for a loading force acting parallel to the adhesive-bonded tape. It is the time required for shear load to remove an adhesive tape completely from a steel plate.
  • a double-sided adhesive tape is adhesive-bonded between two polished steel plates with an adhesive-bonding area of 25 mm ⁇ 20 mm.
  • the steel plates have holes suitable for the suspension of the test sample and for attachment of a suspended weight.
  • pressure is applied for one minute to the test samples by using a force of 600 N.
  • the test samples are aged for 14 days at 23° C. and 50% +/ ⁇ 5% rel. humidity after adhesive bonding and prior to testing.
  • the test samples are tested at constant 70° C. in a temperature-controlled chamber and with static loading with a weight of 1 kg. The time to failure in minutes [min] is stated as result.
  • Static glass transition temperature was determined by dynamic scanning calorimetry in accordance with DIN 53765. Unless otherwise stated in any individual case, the glass transition temperature T g information relates to the glass transition temperature T g in accordance with DIN 53765:1994-03.
  • Average molecular weight M W and polydispersity D were determined by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). THF was used as eluent with 0.1% by volume of trifluoroacetic acid. The measurement was made at 25° C.
  • the precolumn used was PSS-SDV, 5 ⁇ m, 103 ⁇ (10-7 m), ID 8.0 mm ⁇ 50 mm.
  • the separation columns used were PSS-SDV, 5 ⁇ m, 103 ⁇ (10-7 m), 105 ⁇ (10-5 m) and 106 ⁇ (10-4 m) with in each case ID 8.0 mm ⁇ 300 mm. Sample concentration was 4 g/l, and flow rate was 1.0 ml per minute. Measurements were made against PMMA standards.
  • Solids content is a measure of the proportion of constituents that cannot be vaporized in a polymer solution. It is determined gravimetrically by weighing the solution, then removing the vaporizable fractions in a drying oven at 120° C. for 2 hours, and weighing the residue.
  • the K value is a measure of the average molecular size of highly polymeric substances. It is measured by producing one percent (1 g/100 ml) polymer solutions in toluene and determining their kinematic viscosities with the aid of a VOGEL-OSSAG viscometer. After standardization to the viscosity of toluene, the relative viscosity is obtained, and the K value can be calculated from this by the method of Fikentscher (Polymer 8/1967, 381 ff.).
  • the principle of measurement is based on the displacement of the liquid present in the pyknometer.
  • the empty pyknometer and the liquid-filled pyknometer are first weighed, and then the body on which the measurement is to be made is placed in the vessel.
  • the density of the body is calculated from the weight differences:
  • the density of the solid is then given by:
  • ⁇ F ( m 2 - m 0 ) ( m 1 - m 0 ) - ( m 3 - m 2 ) ⁇ ⁇ W
  • Plasma process PV1 used a RD1004 plasma generator with an FG5001 plasma generator from Plasmatreat GmbH (Steinhagen, Germany).
  • the plasma jet generated was passed out at a slightly oblique angle through a nozzle tip rotating at 2800/min, so that the treatment describes a circle.
  • the nozzle here had been attached fixedly and vertically at an angle of 90° to the substrate, and a moving table on which the samples (substrates) had been placed was passed under the nozzle.
  • the treatment is carried out over a width corresponding to the diameter of the plasma cone at the given distance.
  • this diameter is greater than the diameter of the plasma jet itself. In the case of the distance selected here between nozzle and substrate, this corresponds to a treatment width of about 25 mm.
  • the distance of 12 mm from the moving table gives a different distance between nozzle and treated surface, depending on substrate thickness.
  • the distance of nozzle from the substrate surface can be calculated from the stated data for the substrates (substrates and adhesive tapes). If the distance between nozzle and substrate surface was adjusted to a particular value, this has been explicitly noted.
  • Adhesive tapes used Thickness of Adhesive Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape adhesive Structure tape K1 acrylate (hotmelt), viscoelastic 905 ⁇ m syntactic foam with single-layer microballoons product K2 acrylate (hotmelt), viscoelastic 900 ⁇ m pure acrylate single-layer product K3 acrylate (hotmelt), viscoelastic 1105 ⁇ m syntactic foam with single-layer microballoons and product with added resin K4 acrylate (hotmelt), viscoelastic 990 ⁇ m syntactic foam with single-layer hollow glass product microbeads and with added resin K5 acrylate (UV viscoelastic 800 ⁇ m technology), single-layer syntactic foam with product hollow glass microbeads K6 natural rubber adhesive on 280 ⁇ m textile carrier K7 synthetic rubber adhesive on foil 100 ⁇ m carrier K8 polyurethane, viscoelastic 1000 ⁇ m syntactic foam with single-layer micro
  • TMA density [kg/m 3 ] (Stare Thermal Analysis System from Mettler Toledo; heating rate 20° C./min).
  • TMA density here is the minimal achievable density at a certain temperature T max under atmospheric pressure prior to collapse of the microballoons.
  • Adhesive M1 and Adhesive tape K1 Adhesive tape
  • the acrylate copolymers (main polymers M1 and M2) are very substantially freed from the solvent by means of single-screw extruders (vented extruders, BERSTORFF GmbH, Germany) (residual solvent content ⁇ 0.3% by weight; cf. the individual examples).
  • the parameters for concentration-increase of main polymer M1 are shown here by way of example.
  • the rotation rate of the screw was 150 rpm, the motor current was 15 A and the liquid output achieved was 60.0 kg/h.
  • Concentration was increased by applying a vacuum at three domes. The reduced pressures were in each case from 20 mbar to 300 mbar.
  • the discharge temperature of the concentrated hotmelt is about 115° C. Solids content after this step to increase concentration was 99.8%.
  • Foaming is carried out in an experimental system corresponding to the depiction in FIG. 2 .
  • the appropriate main polymer K (M1 to M5) is melted in a feed extruder 1 (single-screw conveying extruder from Troester GmbH & Co KG, Germany) and conveyed thereby in the form of polymer melt by way of a heatable hose 11 into a planetary-gear extruder 2 (PGE) from ENTEX (Bochum); (in particular, a PGE with four modules T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 that could be heated independently of one another was used).
  • PGE planetary-gear extruder 2
  • the molten resin is then added.
  • additional additives or fillers for example color pastes, by way of other feed locations that are present.
  • the crosslinking agent is introduced. All of the components are mixed to give a homogeneous polymer melt.
  • the polymer melt is transferred into a twin-screw extruder 3 (BERSTORFF) (input position 33 ).
  • BERSTORFF twin-screw extruder 3
  • the accelerator component is added.
  • the entire mixture is then freed from all gas inclusions in a vacuum dome V at a pressure of 175 mbar; (see above for criterion for freedom from gas).
  • the vacuum zone is followed by a blister B, permitting pressure increase in the subsequent segment S.
  • a pressure greater than 8 bar is generated in the segment S between blister B and melt pump 37 a , and the microballoon mixture (microballoons embedded into the dispersion aid in accordance with the data in the series of experiments) is added at the feed point 35 and incorporated homogeneously into the premix by means of a mixing element.
  • the resultant melt mixture is transferred into a die 5 .
  • microballoons expand after leaving the die 5 , i.e. after pressure reduction, and by virtue of the pressure reduction here the polymer composition is cooled under low-shear conditions, in particular without shear.
  • Adhesive tape K5 is GT6008, which is a filled single-layer acrylate foam without resin addition from 3M with density 700 kg/m 3 and thickness 800 ⁇ m. It comprises hollow glass microbeads (HGM) as filler in order to provide a syntactic foam.
  • the adhesive tape is produced by UV-polymerization, the process being based by way of example on DE 40 02 834 A1.
  • Adhesive M6 is a natural rubber composition:
  • Powder premix 3 is composed of 50% by weight of chalk, 25% by weight of TiO 2 , and 25% by weight of antioxidants.
  • HIKO RES involves a C 5 -based hydrocarbon resin.
  • This natural rubber composition is applied at 50 g/m 2 to a textile carrier equipped with a reverse-side release system.
  • Adhesive M7 in accordance with this formulation was applied at a layer thickness of 50 g/m 2 to an MOPP foil (thickness 85 ⁇ m) (adhesive tape K7).
  • the polyurethane-based polymer M8 and the adhesive tape K8 were produced in accordance with WO 2009/138402 A1, and specifically in accordance with example 4 in that document. Furthermore, reference may also be made to EP 2 325 220 A1 in connection with the production process. It is a viscoelastic syntactic foam using preexpanded microballoons as filler. The product was produced with a thickness of 1000 ⁇ m.
  • bond strength on a substrate with high surface energy for example steel
  • a possibility that cannot be excluded in individual cases is that the adhesive bond on a substrate does not achieve the maximum possible bond strength with every treatment setting after aging for three days at 23° C. This can be compensated by adjusting treatment parameters appropriately or by using a longer maturing time.
  • Adhesive bonding of K1 on PE can be taken as an example:
  • CFC carbon fiber composite
  • CEC cathodic electrocoat
  • EPDM is a typical material for seals
  • CEC and coating materials 1 and 2 are used for coatings on bodywork
  • CFC is a material with future relevance for lightweight construction.
  • the improvement of adhesion for the adhesive tapes based on the polymer M2 is demonstrated by improved holding power (HP) at 70° C.
  • the adhesive tapes K2 to K4 used are based on the main polymer M2 and differ in resin addition and filler addition. Without the plasma treatment taught, the values for HP at 70° C. are unsatisfactory, but after treatment they are fully satisfactory.
  • the combination of use of hollow microspheres as filler and addition of resin exhibits good holding power with a small value for shear under load, and also with high bond strength (see table above).
  • the bond strengths always reach at least 14 N/cm after 5 min.
  • the values reached by the bond strengths due to treatment by PV1 in the examples are already higher after 5 min than those after three days of maturing time without treatment.
  • Particularly suitable adhesives reach >40 N/cm after 5 min.
  • the bond strength achieved after 5 min. on steel by the adhesive tape K3 by virtue of our invention was 90 N/cm, an exceptionally high value.
  • the treatment distance available when operating with N2 is greater than that when operating with air.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Adhesive Tapes (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
US14/114,964 2011-05-06 2012-05-04 Method for increasing the adhesive properties of pressure-sensitive adhesive compounds on substrates by way of plasma treatment Abandoned US20140083608A1 (en)

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DE102011075468 2011-05-06
DE102011075468.7 2011-05-06
DE201110075470 DE102011075470A1 (de) 2011-05-06 2011-05-06 Klebeband, bevorzugt Selbstklebeband, bestehend aus mindestens zwei direkt aufeinander laminierten Schichten A und B, wobei mindestens eine oder beide Schichten A oder B eine Klebmasse ist
DE102011075470.9 2011-05-06
PCT/EP2012/058286 WO2012152714A1 (de) 2011-05-06 2012-05-04 Verfahren zur erhöhung der adhäsiven eigenschaften von haftklebemassen auf untergründen mittels plasmabehandlung

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US20180044553A1 (en) * 2015-03-17 2018-02-15 Tesa Se Low-temperature plasma treatment
JP2018513237A (ja) * 2015-03-17 2018-05-24 テーザ・ソシエタス・ヨーロピア 低温プラズマ処理
US11186011B2 (en) * 2017-02-24 2021-11-30 Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh Method for producing thermally crosslinkable polymers in a planetary roller extruder
US10927277B2 (en) 2017-08-25 2021-02-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Adhesive articles permitting damage free removal
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US9493680B2 (en) 2016-11-15
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