US20110002807A1 - Steel for induction hardening - Google Patents

Steel for induction hardening Download PDF

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US20110002807A1
US20110002807A1 US12/735,897 US73589710A US2011002807A1 US 20110002807 A1 US20110002807 A1 US 20110002807A1 US 73589710 A US73589710 A US 73589710A US 2011002807 A1 US2011002807 A1 US 2011002807A1
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steel
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Hajime Saitoh
Toshiharu Aiso
Masayuki Hashimura
Atsushi Mizuno
Manabu Kubota
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Publication of US20110002807A1 publication Critical patent/US20110002807A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/34—Methods of heating
    • C21D1/42—Induction heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/005—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/008—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a steel for induction hardening (inductive quenching) having excellent machinability. More particularly, the present invention relates to a steel for induction hardening that is used for gear wheels, parts of vehicles, such as a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) and a Constant Velocity Joint (CVJ), and the like.
  • CVT Continuously Variable Transmission
  • CVJ Constant Velocity Joint
  • gear wheels for vehicles are generally subjected to a surface hardening treatment before been used.
  • a surface hardening method carburization, nitriding, and induction hardening (inductive quenching) are employed.
  • “carburization” aims to harden a matrix with a high toughness by performing high carburization on the surface layer of a material, and is mainly applied to materials of gear wheels, parts of vehicles, such as a CVT and a CVJ, and the like for the purpose of improved fatigue strength.
  • the carburization treatment is mainly a batch treatment in a gaseous atmosphere. Massive energy and costs are consumed, since, for example, heating should be performed at around 930° C. and this temperature should be maintained for several hours or more.
  • the treatment of carburized materials or the like is vulnerable to the problem of environmental degradation, and in addition, it is difficult to perform this treatment in-line.
  • Patent Document 1 a proposal about a steel for induction hardening is reported, for example, in Patent Document 1.
  • This is to provide a steel material in which the area fraction of martensite is controlled to be in a range of 70% or more with respect to a microstructure prior to an induction hardening, by limiting the Si content to be in a range of 0.50% or less and the Al content to be in a range of 0.10% or less.
  • the strength is notably improved for a certainty.
  • processability, in particular, machinability is extremely degraded.
  • case hardened steels such as JIS SCr420 and SCM420, in which the amount of C is about 0.2%.
  • the greatest reason to use the steel materials including a small amount of C is to ensure machinability.
  • Patent Document 2 proposed an invention that improves machinability.
  • This is a BN free-cutting steel in which large amounts of B and N are included such as 0.0050% or more of B, and 0.007% or more of N.
  • This technology is applicable to a low-C steel (i.e., a steel that includes C at a low content) such as JIS SUM11 which does not need strength but improves only machinability such as surface roughness.
  • a middle-high-C steel i.e., a steel that includes C at a middle or high content
  • hot brittleness becomes notably worse, and thus the manufacture of the steel materials becomes difficult.
  • the characteristics of the steel material notably degrade in terms of toughness and fatigue strength. Therefore, this is not a suitable steel.
  • Patent Documents 3 and 4 are inventions that have both of machinability and fatigue strength.
  • the total fraction of a ferrite microstructure and a pearlite microstructure is controlled to be in a range of 90% or more by adjusting the composition, and furthermore, the maximum thickness of the ferrite structure is controlled to be in a range of 30 ⁇ m.
  • a steel having both of machinability and fatigue strength is provided.
  • this factor itself the controlling of the fraction of microstructures
  • New improvement based on alloy elements is required.
  • the aspect ratio of MnS is reduced to be in a range of 10 or less, and furthermore, induction heating is performed up to the central portion of the steel material. Thereby, machinability and fatigue strength are improved.
  • This method of improving machinability and fatigue strength by lowering the aspect ratio of MnS is a method that has conventionally been known. However, this method is insufficient, and new improvement based upon alloy elements is required. In addition, this method has the problem of limited practical use, because a limitation is also given to an induction hardening method.
  • the object of the invention is to improve the foregoing drawbacks of the conventional inventions and to provide a steel for induction hardening that has excellent machinability.
  • the object of the invention is to convert a process of manufacturing gear wheels, parts used for vehicles such as a CVT and a CVJ, and the like, from carburizing treatment to induction hardening treatment.
  • the present invention has the following aspects.
  • a steel for induction hardening of the invention includes: in terms of mass %, C, 0.40% or more to 0.75% or less; Si: 0.002% or more to 3.0% or less; Mn: 0.20% or more to 2.0% or less; S: 0.002% or more to 0.1% or less; Al: more than 0.10% to 3.0% or less; P: 0.030% or less; and N: 0.035% or less, with the remainder being Fe and inevitable impurities.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the invention may further include, in terms of mass %, B: 0.0004% or more to 0.005% or less.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the invention may further include, in terms of mass %, Ti: 0.004% or more to 0.10% or less.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the invention may further include, in terms of mass %, either one or both of: Cr: 0.05% or more to 1.50% or less; and Mo: 0.05% or more to 0.6% or less.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the invention may further include, in terms of mass %, either one or both of: Nb: 0.005% or more to 0.2% or less; and V: 0.01% or more to 1.0% or less.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the invention may further include, in terms of mass %, one or more elements selected from the group consisting of: Sb: 0.0005% or more to 0.0150% or less; Sn: 0.005% or more to 2.0% or less; Zn: 0.0005% or more to 0.5% or less; Te: 0.0003% or more to 0.2% or less; Bi: 0.005% or more to 0.5% or less; and Pb: 0.005% or more to 0.5% or less.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the invention may further include, in terms of mass %, one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of: Mg: 0.0002% or more to 0.003% or less; Ca: 0.0003% or more to 0.003% or less; Zr: 0.0003% or more to 0.005% or less; and REM: 0.0003% or more to 0.005% or less.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the invention may further include, in terms of mass %, either one or both of: Ni: 0.05% or more to 2.0% or less; and Cu: 0.01% or more to 2.0% or less.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the present invention it is possible to improve the machinability while maintaining the strength of the steel for induction hardening, because the content of C is in a range of 0.40% or more to 0.75% or less, and the content of Al is in a range of more than 0.10% to 3.0% or less.
  • the present invention provides the steel that makes it possible, in particular, to convert the process of manufacturing gear wheels, parts which are used for a CVT and a CVJ for vehicles, and the like, from carburizing treatment to induction hardening treatment.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the relationship between the Al content and the lifetime of a steel material.
  • the unit % of the content of the component represents % by mass.
  • the content of C serves to ensure a surface hardness after induction hardening and to ensure an intended strength of steel (core part).
  • the content of C is in a range of less than 0.40%, intended effects due to the above action cannot be obtained. Meanwhile, in the case where the content of C exceeds 0.75%, toughness degrades. This causes a manufacturing problem such as the aging cracking of a rolled steel or the like. Therefore, the content of C is set to be in a range of 0.40% or more to or 0.75% or less, and is preferably adjusted to be in a range of 0.50% or more to 0.65% or less in order to more stably ensure the above-described effects.
  • Al is the most important element in the steel of the invention.
  • a plurality of ingots were prepared by adjusting the compositions to include: C, 0.50% or more to 0.60% or less; Si: 0.002% or more to 0.80% or less; Mn: 0.50% or more to 0.9% or less; S: 0.005% or more to 0.1% or less; Al: 0.010% or more to 3.5% or less; N: 0.001% or more to 0.035% or less; and P: 0.030% or less, with the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities.
  • Rolled steels of 50 ⁇ ) were manufactured by using the ingots. The compositions were adjusted in this fashion so that the hardness of the rolled steels becomes in a range approximately from 200 to 220 HV. Disc-like samples of 45 ⁇ 15 mm were manufactured from these materials.
  • the maximum rotation rate i.e., the maximum drilling rate (m/min) at which the total depth of the hole bored by the drill was 1000 mm
  • m/min maximum drilling rate
  • Drill Drilling rate 10 to 90 m/min ⁇ 3 mm Transport: 0.25 mm/rev NACHI (trade name) HSS drill: Shape Water soluble cutting oil No. SD3.0 drill, available from was used NACHI-FUJIKCOSHI CORPORATION
  • the test result is presented in FIG. 1 .
  • the amount of Al exceeds 0.10% and is not greater than 3.0% (in a range of more than 0.1% to 3.0% or less).
  • the amount of Al for improving the tool lifetime is set to be in a range of more than 0.1% to 3.0% or less.
  • the inventors examined the surface of the tool by EPMA or Auger electron spectroscopy after the cutting test. The inventors could confirm that Al 2 O 3 was formed on the surface of the tool after the cutting even though it was not observed on the surface of a new product tool.
  • a hard Al 2 O 3 film was formed through the reaction of Al in the steel, which was attached to the surface of the tool during the cutting, with oxygen in the air, oxygen contained in a cutting oil, or oxygen in a homo-treatment film (Fe 3 O 4 ) on the surface of a High Speed Steel (HSS) drill
  • HSS High Speed Steel
  • the homo-treatment is also referred to as a steam treatment, and is a treatment that forms a steel oxide film having a thickness of several micrometers by heat treatment in the steam or the like to provide corrosion resistance or the like to a tool.
  • HANDBOOK FOR HEAT TREATMENT edited by The Japan Society for Heat Treatment, published by The Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, Ltd., Tokyo, 2000, P. 569).
  • Al 2 O 3 has a hardness of about 3000 HV
  • Al 2 O 3 is harder than a HSS drill steel (having a hardness of about 700 HV), and does not wear easily.
  • a steel material is the same material (steel) as the tool
  • adhesion occurs in the contact portion; and thereby, the tool is vulnerable to abrasion (adhesion abrasion).
  • Al 2 O 3 is interposed between these materials, it is possible to reduce the contact between the same materials (steel); and thereby, the wear of the tool can be suppressed. Therefore, it was surmised that the lifetime of the tool was improved since the Al 2 O 3 film prevented the adhesion abrasion.
  • the first effect is a lubricating action which is created by MnS since MnS is greatly deformed at high temperatures and is attached to the interface between the tool and the cutting scraps.
  • the second effect is a promoting of the ductile fracture attained by the fact that MnS in a portion contacting the blade edge of the tool becomes the fracture starting point.
  • mechanical characteristics such as ductile toughness in a direction perpendicular to the forging direction are degraded.
  • the steel of the present invention has an effect of increasing the lifetime of the tool.
  • the amount of Al is preferably in a range of 0.11% or more to 3.0% or less.
  • the amount of Al is more preferably in a range of 0.15% or more to 2.9% or less, and is even more preferably in a range of 0.2% or more to 1.1% or less.
  • This embodiment relates to a steel for induction hardening, and in general, in the induction hardening, a surface portion of the steel with a thickness of 2 to 3 mm from the surface is heated at a temperature within a range of not less than A 1 point (i.e., a transformation temperature from the ferrite phase ( ⁇ phase) into the austenite phase ( ⁇ phase)), and then the steel is subjected to water-cooling. Due to this, the surface layer becomes martensite (having a hardness of about 600 HV or more).
  • the content of Al increases, the A 1 point rises. If the content of Al exceeds 3.0%, phase transformation does not occur in the induction hardening. Therefore, from the point of the induction hardening, it is necessary to set the content of Al to be in a range of 3.0% or less.
  • Al typically acts as a deoxidizing agent and, as a result, Al 2 O 3 remains in the steel at a content in a range of approximately 0.001% or more to 0.002% or less.
  • the amount of Al in Al 2 O 3 is 27 ⁇ 2/(27 ⁇ 2+16 ⁇ 3).
  • a portion of the remaining Al is bonded with N; and thereby, AlN is formed.
  • Al in MN hardly forms a solid solution and does not easily react with oxygen in the atmosphere, oxygen in the cutting lubricant, or oxygen in the homo-treatment film (Fe 3 O 4 ) on the surface of the HSS drill.
  • the content of solid-solution Al i.e., the amount of Al except for AlN
  • the content of solid-solution Al exceeds 0.1%.
  • bracket [ ] in the relationship indicates the content of an element (by mass percent).
  • the above relationship is a formula that can be obtained on the assumption that all the amount of N in the steel is bonded with Al due to heat treatments or the like performed in the manufacture of the steel.
  • Si equal to or more than 0.002% and equal to or less than 3.0%
  • Si is an element that is added as a deoxidizing agent in steelmaking as well as improving the strength of a steel material, and the content of Si is adjusted according to the required strength.
  • the content of Si is required to be in a range of 0.002% or more in order to effectuate the deoxidizing action.
  • the content of Si exceeds 3.0%, the toughness and the ductility of the steel material are lowered and, at the same time, the machinability of the steel material is lowered because a number of hard inclusions are generated inside the steel material. Therefore, the content of Si is set to be in a range of 0.002% or more to 3.0% or less.
  • the content of Si is preferably in a range of 0.3% or more to 3.0% or less.
  • the amount of Si is more preferably in a range of 0.4% or more to 2.5% or less, and is even more preferably in a range of 0.5% or more to 2.2% or less. If the amount of Si is set to be in a range of 0.6% or more to 2.1% or less, excellent strength is attained. If the amount of Si is set to be in a range of 0.8% or more to 2.0% or less, more excellent strength is attained.
  • Mn equal to or more than 0.20% and equal to or less than 2.0%
  • Mn is an element that improves the strength of the steel material, and the content of Mn is adjusted according to the required strength. Therefore, it is required to ensure the content of Mn in a range of 0.20% or more in order to effectuate this action.
  • the content of Mn exceeds 2.0%, hardenability is raised excessively.
  • the amount of Mn is set to be in a range of 0.20% or more to 2.0% or less.
  • the steel be relatively soft in processes up to the cutting process and the steel be hardened to have an intended hardness by the induction hardening.
  • the content of Mn is set to be, preferably, in a range of 0.40% or more to 1.5% or less and, more preferably, in a range of 0.45% or more to 1.0% or less.
  • the content of S is set to be in a range of 0.002% or more to 0.1% or less.
  • the content of S is, preferably, in a range of 0.005 or more to 0.06% or less and, more preferably, in a range of 0.01 or more to 0.05% or less.
  • the content of P serves to degrade the toughness of a hardened layer.
  • the content of P exceeds 0.030%, toughness is caused to notably degrade. Therefore, the content of P is set to be in a range of 0.030% or less.
  • the content of P is set to be, preferably, in a range of 0.0001% or more to 0.030% or less and, more preferably, in a range of 0.0001% or more to 0.020% or less.
  • the addition amount of N exceeds 0.035%, it leads to notable degradation in terms of hot brittleness, and this makes it extremely difficult to manufacture a rolled steel. Therefore, the content of N is limited to be in a range of 0.035% or less.
  • N reacts with Al to form AlN; and thereby, N has an effect to suppress the coarsening of crystal grains.
  • the content of N be set to be in a range of 0.0001% or more to 0.035% or less. More preferably, N is added at an amount in a range of approximately 0.001% or more to 0.015% or less. In addition, it is even more preferred that the amount of N be set to be in a range of approximately 0.002% or more to 0.007% or less.
  • the steel of the present invention further include the elements, which will be mentioned below, according to the necessity.
  • B is an element that is important in two points.
  • One point relates to an action that provides hardenability to the steel.
  • B sufficiently segregates in austenite grain boundaries; and thereby, hardenability is developed.
  • B is practical in terms of economy, since a very small amount of B can develop the hardenability and the cost of raw materials of B is inexpensive.
  • the other point relates to an action that raises the strength of crystal grain boundaries. If the surface layer is hardened via induction hardening, it becomes brittle and fractures in the crystal grain boundaries. B serves to prevent this embrittlement.
  • the amount of B is set to be in a range of 0.0004% or more to 0.005% or less.
  • the content of B is, preferably, in a range of 0.0005 or more to 0.004% or less and, more preferably, in a range of 0.001% or more to 0.0035% or less.
  • a steel can be realized which has excellent hardenability as well as excellent mechanical characteristics.
  • Ti is an element that is important in two points. One point relates to an action that refines the diameter of crystal grains after induction heating. The other point relates to an action that prevents a decrease in the amount of solid-solution B due to the forming of BN, by segregating N in the form of TiN. Typically, in the latter point, the addition amount of Ti is required to be 3.43 times that of N. However, since the steel of the present invention includes a great amount of Al, such an amount of Ti is not necessary. In the case where the content of Ti is in a range of less than 0.004%, both the effects are insufficient. Meanwhile, in the case where the content of Ti exceeds 0.10%, coarse and large Ti inclusions are formed and act as the starting point of fatigue fracture. Therefore, the content of Ti is set to be in a range of 0.004% or more to 0.10% or less.
  • the content of Ti is, preferably, in a range of 0.005% or more to 0.08% or less and, more preferably, in a range of 0.01% or more to 0.03% or less. In this case, the effect of improving the hardenability due to solid-solution B can be effectively utilized, and in addition, the crystal grains can be refined.
  • Cr and Mo are elements that improve the strength of the steel material, and may be included in a certain amount according to the required strength and the size of parts.
  • the content of Cr is in a range of less than 0.05%, it is impossible to obtain the intended effects of the above-described actions. Meanwhile, in the case where the content of Cr exceeds 1.50%, hardenability is raised excessively. Thus, in the manufacture of a material (steel), the forming of a bainite microstructure or a martensite-austenite constituent is promoted; and thereby, processability is lowered. Therefore, if added, the amount of Cr is set to be in a range of 0.05% or more to 1.50% or less. In particular, in the case where it is required to easily melt cementite during induction heating so as to uniformize solid-solution C, it is preferable that the content of Cr be in a range of 0.05% or more to 0.2% or less.
  • the amount of Mo is in a range of less than 0.05%. Meanwhile, in the case where the content of Mo exceeds 0.6%, hardenability is raised excessively. Thus, in the manufacture of the material (steel), the forming of a bainite structure or a martensite-austenite constituent is promoted; and thereby, processability is lowered. Therefore, if added, the amount of Mo is set to be in a range of 0.05% or more to 0.6% or less.
  • either one or both of Cr and Mo may be added, since Cr and Mo perform the common action.
  • Nb equal to or more than 0.005% and equal to or less than 0.2%
  • V equal to or more than 0.01% and equal to or less than 1.0%
  • the amount of Nb is in a range of less than 0.005%, the amount of precipitates is small; and therefore, the action of suppressing the growth of grains is insufficient. Meanwhile, in the case where the amount of Nb exceeds 0.2%, the hot brittleness of the steel increases, and this makes it difficult to manufacture the steel. Therefore, the amount of Nb is set to be in a range of 0.005% or more to 0.2% or less.
  • the amount of V is in a range of less than 0.01%, the amount of precipitates is small; and therefore, the action of suppressing the growth of grains is insufficient. Meanwhile, in the case where the amount of V exceeds 1.0%, the hot brittleness of the steel increases, and this makes it difficult to manufacture the steel. Therefore, the amount of V is set to be in a range of 0.01% or more to 1.0% or less.
  • Nb and V may be added, since Nb and V perform the same action.
  • Ni equal to or more than 0.05% and equal to or less than 2.0%
  • Cu equal to or more than 0.01% and equal to or less than 2.0%
  • Both of Ni and Cu are elements that improve the strength of the steel material, and may be included in a certain amount according to the required strength and the size of parts.
  • the content of Ni is in a range of less than 0.05%, it is impossible to obtain the intended effects of the above-described actions. Meanwhile, in the case where the content of Ni exceeds 2.0%, hardenability is raised excessively. Thus, in the manufacture of a material (steel), the forming of a bainite structure or a martensite-austenite constituent is promoted; and thereby, processability is lowered. Therefore, the amount of Ni is set to be in a range of 0.05% or more to 2.0% or less.
  • the intended effects of the above-described actions cannot be obtained in the case where the content of Cu is in a range of less than 0.01%. Meanwhile, in the case where the content of Cu exceeds 2.0%, hardenability is raised excessively. Thus, in the manufacture of the material (steel), the forming of a bainite structure or a martensite-austenite constituent is promoted; and thereby, processability is lowered. Therefore, the amount of Cu is set to be in a range of 0.01% or more to 2.0% or less. In addition, in case of including Cu, it is preferred that Ni be also added at an amount half as large as that of Cu, because Cu also has the problem of causing hot brittleness.
  • Sb makes ferrite brittle appropriately; and due to this action, Sb serves to improve machinability.
  • the content of Sb is in a range of less than 0.0005%, the effect cannot be exhibited.
  • the content of Sb exceeds 0.0150%, the macrosegregation of Sb becomes excessive, and this makes it difficult to manufacture the steel. Therefore, if Sb is added, the content of Sb is set to be in a range of 0.0005% or more to 0.0150% or less.
  • Sn makes ferrite brittle; and due to this action, Sn has effects of increasing tool lifetime and improving surface roughness.
  • the content of Sn is in a range of less than 0.005%, those effects cannot be exhibited.
  • the content of Sn exceeds 2.0%, the manufacture of the steel becomes difficult. Therefore, if Sn is added, the content of Sn is set to be in a range of 0.005% or more to 2.0% or less.
  • Zn equal to or more than 0.0005% and equal to or less than 0.5% Zn makes ferrite brittle; and due to this action, Zn has effects of increasing tool lifetime and improving surface roughness. However, in the case where the content of Zn is in a range of less than 0.0005%, those effects cannot be exhibited. In addition, in the case where the content of Zn exceeds 0.5%, the manufacture of the steel becomes difficult. Therefore, if Zn is added, the content of Zn is set to be in a range of 0.0005% or more to 0.5% or less.
  • Te equal to or more than 0.0003% and equal to or less than 0.2%
  • Te is an element that improves machinability.
  • Te forms MnTe, and Te coexists with MnS.
  • Te lowers the deformability of MnS; and due to this action, Te serves to suppress the drawing of a MnS shape.
  • Te is an element that is effective in reducing anisotropy.
  • the content of Te is in a range of less than 0.0003%, those effects cannot be exhibited.
  • the content of Te exceeds 0.2%, not only do those effects become saturated but also the hot ductility is lowered, and this becomes the cause of faults. Therefore, if Te is added, the content of Te is set to be in a range of 0.0003% or more to 0.2% or less.
  • Bi equal to or more than 0.005% and equal to or less than 0.5%
  • Bi is an element that improves machinability.
  • the content of Bi is in a range of less than 0.005%, that effect cannot be obtained.
  • the content of Bi exceeds 0.5%, not only does the effect of improving machinability become saturated but also the hot ductility is lowered, and this becomes the cause of faults. Therefore, if Bi is added, the content of Bi is set to be in a range of 0.005% or more to 0.5% or less.
  • Pb equal to or more than 0.005% and equal to or less than 0.5%
  • Pb is an element that improves machinability. However, in the case where the content of Pb is in a range of less than 0.005%, that effect is not confirmed. In addition, in the case where the content of Pb exceeds 0.5%, not only does the effect of improving machinability become saturated but also hot ductility is lowered, and this becomes the cause of faults. Therefore, if Pb is added, the content of Pb is set to be in a range of 0.005% or more to 0.5% or less.
  • one or more selected from the group consisting of Mg: equal to or more than 0.0002% and equal to or less than 0.003%; Ca: equal to or more than 0.0003% and equal to or less than 0.003%; Zr: equal to or more than 0.0003% and equal to or less than 0.005%; and REM: equal to or more than 0.0003% and equal to or less than 0.005% may be added.
  • Mg equal to or more than 0.0002% to and equal to or less than 0.003%
  • Elongated MnS which is present in a steel part, has a drawback to cause anisotropy in mechanical characteristics of the steel part and a drawback that it becomes a fracture starting point of metal fatigue.
  • Extreme fatigue strength is required depending on parts, and in such cases, the addition of Mg is effective to control the configuration of MnS.
  • Mg forms (Mg, Mn)S in the steel; and thereby, MnS becomes a harder compound. Therefore, drawing does not occur during the rolling, and thus it becomes possible to control the configuration.
  • the content of Mg exceeds 0.003%, Mg coarsens oxides; and thereby, fatigue strength is degraded against the intention. Therefore, if Mg is added, the content of Mg is set to be in a range of 0.0002 or more to 0.003% or less.
  • Ca is an element that also helps the controlling of the configuration of MnS. Ca forms (Ca, Mn)S in the steel; and thereby, MnS becomes a harder compound. Therefore, drawing does not occur during the rolling, and thus it becomes possible to control the configuration.
  • Zr equal to or more than 0.0003% to and equal to or less than 0.005%
  • Zr is also an effective element for controlling the configuration of MnS.
  • Zr forms (Zr, Mn)S in the steel; and thereby, MnS becomes a harder compound. Therefore, drawing does not occur during the rolling, and thus it becomes possible to control the configuration.
  • it is necessary to include Zr at a content in a range of 0.0003% or more. Meanwhile, in the case where the content of Zr exceeds 0.005%, Zr coarsens oxides; and thereby, fatigue strength is degraded instead. Therefore, if Zr is added, the content of Zr is set to be in a range of 0.0003 or more to 0.005% or less.
  • REM is also an effective element for controlling the configuration of MnS.
  • REM forms (REM, Mn)S in the steel; and thereby, MnS becomes a harder compound. Therefore, drawing does not occur during the rolling, and thus it becomes possible to control the configuration.
  • it is necessary to include REM at a content in a range of 0.0003% or more. Meanwhile, in the case where the content of REM exceeds 0.005%, REM coarsens oxides; and thereby, fatigue strength is degraded against the intention. Therefore, if REM is added, the content of REM is set to be in a range of 0.0003% or more to 0.005% or less.
  • REM indicates a rare earth metal element, which is one or more selected from among Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu.
  • the steel of the present invention can realize the above-described actions and effects in the case where it has the above described composition. Therefore, the steel of the present invention is manufactured by known methods, and manufacturing conditions thereof are not specifically limited. Typically, the steel of the present invention is a rolled steel that could be produced by controlling the composition of a slab and subjecting the slab to hot rolling or cold rolling.
  • the steel of the present invention is a steel having extremely excellent machinability
  • examples of utilizing the steel i.e., processes of manufacturing products such as parts and the like using the steel
  • the rolled steels were cut, and cross sections thereof were polished.
  • An average hardness was obtained by measuring the Vickers hardnesses of three points, positioned in a depth of 12.5 mm from the surface, under a load of 10 kg.
  • disc-like samples of 45 ⁇ 15 mm were manufactured from these materials (i.e., the rolled steels). These disc-like samples were subjected to a machinability test under the conditions presented in Table 1. As described above, the machinability was evaluated by obtaining the maximum drilling rate (m/min) by which 1000 mm of the total depth of the hole bored by the drill was achieved. This is a test that evaluates the tool lifetime.
  • cylindrical samples of 17.5 ⁇ 52.5 mm were manufactured from these materials. These cylindrical samples were subjected to induction hardening under conditions by which a portion within a depth of 2 mm became a hardened layer. Afterwards, cross sections of the samples were cut and polished, and an average hardness of the surface layer was obtained by measuring the Vickers hardnesses of 10 points, positioned in a depth of 0.5 mm from the surface layer, under a load of 300 g. This is an index that evaluates the strength of the steel for induction hardening, in particular, when used for a variety of parts, such as a gear wheel.
  • test results of inventive examples are compared with those of comparative examples at every hardness level of the rolled steels. This is because comparison is meaningless unless it is made between the steel materials having substantially the same hardness, since machinability is influenced by hardness.
  • the same numeral in a sample number indicates the same hardness level of the rolled steels.
  • Sample Nos. 1A and 1B are inventive examples.
  • the tool lifetimes thereof are excellent.
  • the hardnesses of surface layer are HV600 or more; and therefore, these are steel materials that realize sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample Nos. 1C and 1D are comparative examples.
  • Sample No. 1C is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 1D is an example of which the tool lifetime is excellent because the amount of Al is within the range of the present invention; however, the hardness of surface layer after induction hardening is lowered because the amount of C is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 2A is an inventive example.
  • the tool lifetime is excellent because the amount of Al is within the range of the present invention and Pb is included.
  • the hardness of surface layer is HV600 or more; and therefore, this is a steel material that realizes sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 2B is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample Nos. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are inventive examples.
  • the tool lifetimes thereof are excellent.
  • the hardnesses of surface layers are HV600 or more; and therefore, these are steel materials that realize sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 3E is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 4A is an inventive example.
  • the tool lifetime is excellent because the amount of Al is within the range of the present invention and Sb is also included.
  • the hardness of surface layer is HV600 or more; and therefore, this is a steel material that realizes sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 4B is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 5A is an inventive example.
  • the tool lifetime is excellent because the amount of Al is within the range of the present invention and Bi is also included.
  • the hardness of surface layer is HV600 or more; and therefore, this is a steel material that realizes sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 5B is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 6A is an inventive example.
  • the tool lifetime thereof is excellent.
  • the hardness of surface layer is HV600 or more; and therefore, this is a steel material that realizes sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 6B is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 7A is an inventive example.
  • the tool lifetime is excellent because the amount of Al is within the range of the present invention and Sn is also included.
  • the hardness of surface layer is HV600 or more; and therefore, this is a steel material that realizes sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 7B is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample Nos. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 8F, 8G, and 8H are inventive examples.
  • the tool lifetimes thereof are excellent, and the hardnesses of surface layers are HV600 or more; and therefore, these are steel materials that realize sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 8i is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 8J is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 9A is an inventive example.
  • the tool lifetime is excellent because the amount of Al is within the range of the present invention and Zn is also included.
  • the hardness of surface layer is HV600 or more; and therefore, this is a steel material that realizes sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 9B is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample Nos. 10A, 10B, and 10C are inventive examples.
  • the tool lifetimes are excellent.
  • the hardnesses of surface layers are HV600 or more; and therefore, these are steel materials that realize sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 10D is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample Nos. 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D, 11E, 11F, and 11G are inventive examples.
  • the tool lifetime is excellent because the amount of Al is within the range of the present invention.
  • the hardnesses of surface layers are HV600 or more; and therefore, these are steel materials that realize sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 11H is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 12A is an inventive example.
  • the tool lifetime is excellent because the amount of Al is within the range of the present invention and Te is also included.
  • the hardness of surface layer is HV600 or more; and therefore, this is a steel material that realizes sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 12B is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample Nos. 13A, 13B, and 13C are inventive examples.
  • the tool lifetimes are excellent.
  • the hardnesses of surface layers are HV600 or more; and therefore, these are steel materials that realize sufficient strength characteristics.
  • Sample No. 13D is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased because the amount of Al is less than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 13E is a comparative example. This is an example of which the tool lifetime is decreased due to the increase of the amount of hard inclusions because the content of Si is more than the range of the present invention.
  • Sample No. 14 is a comparative example. This is an example in which aging cracks are formed after rolling. This is because the toughness is degraded since the content of C is more than the range of the present invention.
  • the steel for induction hardening of the present invention can be very suitably used as a steel material that is applied to a process of manufacturing products, such as parts, in which the steel is subjected to processing treatment such as cutting, and then is subjected to induction hardening.
  • the steel of the present invention can be very suitably used as a steel for the manufacture of parts, which are used for a gear wheel, a CVT or a CVJ for vehicles, or the like, via induction hardening.

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