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Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds useful in the inhibition of metalloproteinases and in particular to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these, as well as their use.
• the compounds of this invention are inhibitors of one or more metalloproteinase enzymes.
• Metalloproteinases are a superfamily of proteinases (enzymes) whose numbers in recent years have increased dramatically. Based on structural and functional considerations these enzymes have been classified into families and subfamilies as described in N. M. Hooper (1994) FEBS Letters 354:1-6.
• metalloproteinases examples include the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as the collagenases (MMP1, MMP8, MMP13), the gelatinases (MMP2, MMP9), the stromelysins (MMP3, MMP10, MMP11), matrilysin (MMP7), metalloelastase (MMP12), enamelysin (MMP19), the MT-MMPs (MMP14, MMP15, MMP16, MMP17); the reprolysin or adamalysin or MDC family which includes the secretases and sheddases such as TNF converting enzymes (ADAM10 and TACE); the astacin family which include enzymes such as procollagen processing proteinase (PCP); and other metalloproteinases such as aggrecanase, the endothelin converting enzyme family and the angiotensin converting enzyme family.
• MMPs matrix metalloproteinases
• Metalloproteinases are believed to be important in a plethora of physiological disease processes that involve tissue remodelling such as embryonic development, bone formation and uterine remodelling during menstruation. This is based on the ability of the metalloproteinases to cleave a broad range of matrix substrates such as collagen, proteoglycan and fibronectin. Metalloproteinases are also believed to be important in the processing, or secretion, of biological important cell mediators, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF); and the post translational proteolysis processing, or shedding, of biologically important membrane proteins, such as the low affinity IgE receptor CD23 (for a more complete list see N. M. Hooper et al., (1997) Biochem J. 321:265-279).
• TNF tumour necrosis factor
• Metalloproteinases have been associated with many diseases or conditions. Inhibition of the activity of one or more metalloproteinases may well be of benefit in these diseases or conditions, for example: various inflammatory and allergic diseases such as, inflammation of the joint (especially rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and gout), inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract (especially inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and gastritis), inflammation of the skin (especially psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis); in tumour metastasis or invasion; in disease associated with uncontrolled degradation of the extracellular matrix such as osteoarthritis; in bone resorptive disease (such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease); in diseases associated with aberrant angiogenesis; the enhanced collagen remodelling associated with diabetes, periodontal disease (such as gingivitis), corneal ulceration, ulceration of the skin, post-operative conditions (such as colonic anastomosis) and dermal wound healing; demyelina
• MMP12 also known as macrophage elastase or metalloelastase
• MMP-12 was initially cloned in the mouse by Shapiro et al [1992, Journal of Biological Chemistry 267: 4664] and in man by the same group in 1995.
• MMP-12 is preferentially expressed in activated macrophages, and has been shown to be secreted from alveolar macrophages from smokers [Shapiro et al, 1993, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268: 23824] as well as in foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions [Matsumoto et al, 1998, Am J Pathol 153: 109].
• a mouse model of COPD is based on challenge of mice with cigarette smoke for six months, two cigarettes a day six days a week. Wildtype mice developed pulmonary emphysema after this treatment. When MMP12 knock-out mice were tested in this model they developed no significant emphysema, strongly indicating that MMP-12 is a key enzyme in the COPD pathogenesis.
• MMPs such as MMP12 in COPD (emphysema and bronchitis) is discussed in Anderson and Shinagawa, 1999, Current Opinion in Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Investigational Drugs 1(1): 29-38.
• MMP13 or collagenase 3 was initially cloned from a cDNA library derived from a breast tumour [J. M. P. Freije et al. (1994) Journal of Biological Chemistry 269(24):16766-16773].
• MMP13 plays a role in the turnover of other connective tissues.
• MMP13's substrate specificity and preference for degrading type II collagen [P. G. Mitchell et al., (1996) J. Clin. Invest. 97(3):761-768; V. Knauper et al., (1996) The Biochemical Journal 271:1544-1550]
• MMP13 has been hypothesised to serve a role during primary ossification and skeletal remodelling [M. Stahle-Backdahl et al., (1997) Lab. Invest. 76(5):717-728; N. Johansson et al., (1997) Dev. Dyn.
• MMP13 has also been implicated in chronic adult periodontitis as it has been localised to the epithelium of chronically inflamed mucosa human gingival tissue [V. J. Uitto et al., (1998) Am. J. Pathol 152(6):1489-1499] and in remodelling of the collagenous matrix in chronic wounds [M. Vaalamo et al., (1997) J. Invest. Dermatol. 109(1):96-101].
• MMP9 (Gelatinase B; 92 kDa TypeIV Collagenase; 92 kDa Gelatinase) is a secreted protein which was first purified, then cloned and sequenced, in 1989 [S. M. Wilhelm et al (1989) J. Biol Chem. 264 (29): 17213-17221; published erratum in J. Biol Chem. (1990) 265 (36): 22570].
• a recent review of MMP9 provides an excellent source for detailed information and references on this protease: T. H. Vu & Z. Werb (1998) (In: Matrix Metalloproteinases. 1998. Edited by W. C. Parks & R. P. Mecham. pp115-148. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-545090-7). The following points are drawn from that review by T. H. Vu & Z. Werb (1998).
• MMP9 The expression of MMP9 is restricted normally to a few cell types, including trophoblasts, osteoclasts, neutrophils and macrophages. However, it's expression can be induced in these same cells and in other cell types by several mediators, including exposure of the cells to growth factors or cytokines. These are the same mediators often implicated in initiating an inflammatory response. As with other secreted MMPs, MMP9 is released as an inactive Pro-enzyme which is subsequently cleaved to form the enzymatically active enzyme. The proteases required for this activation in vivo are not known.
• TIMP-1 tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1
• TIMP-1 binds to the C-terminal region of MMP9, leading to inhibition of the catalytic domain of MMP9.
• the balance of induced expression of ProMMP9, cleavage of Pro- to active MMP9 and the presence of TIMP-1 combine to determine the amount of catalytically active MMP9 which is present at a local site.
• Proteolytically active MMP9 attacks substrates which include gelatin, elastin, and native Type IV and Type V collagens; it has no activity against native Type I collagen, proteoglycans or laminins.
• MMP-9 release was significantly enhanced in fluids and in AM supernantants from untreated asthmatics compared with those from other populations [Am. J. Resp. Cell & Mol. Biol., November 1997, 17 (5):583-591]. Also, increased MMP9 expression has been observed in certain other pathological conditions, thereby implicating MMP9 in disease processes such as COPD, arthritis, tumour metastasis, Alzheimer's, Multiple Sclerosis, and plaque rupture in atherosclerosis leading to acute coronary conditions such as Myocardial Infarction.
• MMP-8 (collagenase-2, neutrophil collagenase) is a 53 kD enzyme of the matrix metalloproteinase family that is preferentially expressed in neutrophils. Later studies indicate MMP-8 is expressed also in other cells, such as osteoarthritic chondrocytes [Shlopov et al, 1997, Arthritis Rheum, 40:2065]. MMPs produced by neutrophils can cause tissue remodelling, and hence blocking MMP-8 should have a positive effect in fibrotic diseases of for instance the lung, and in degradative diseases like pulmonary emphysema. MMP-8 was also found to be up-regulated in osteoarthritis, indicating that blocking MMP-8 many also be beneficial in this disease.
• MMP-3 stromelysin-1
• stromelysin-1 is a 53 kD enzyme of the matrix metalloproteinase enzyme family. MMP-3 activity has been demonstrated in fibroblasts isolated from inflamed gingiva [Uitto V. J. et al, 1981, J. Periodontal Res., 16:417-424], and enzyme levels have been correlated to the severity of gum disease [Overall C. M. et al, 1987, J. Periodontal Res., 22:81-88]. MMP-3 is also produced by basal keratinocytes in a variety of chronic ulcers [Saarialho-Kere U. K. et al, 1994, J. Clin. Invest., 94:79-88].
• MMP-3 mRNA and protein were detected in basal keratinocytes adjacent to but distal from the wound edge in what probably represents the sites of proliferating epidermis. MMP-3 may thus prevent the epidermis from healing.
• Several investigators have demonstrated consistent elevation of MMP-3 in synovial fluids from rheumatoid and osteoarthritis patients as compared to controls [Walakovits L. A. et al, 1992, Arthritis Rheum., 35:35-42; Zafarullah M. et al, 1993, J. Rheumatol., 20:693-697]. These studies provided the basis for the belief that an inhibitor of MMP-3 will treat diseases involving disruption of extracellular matrix resulting in inflammation due to lymphocytic infiltration, or loss of structural integrity necessary for organ function.
• metalloproteinase inhibitors are known (see for example the review of MMP inhibitors by Beckett R. P. and Whittaker M., 1998, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents, 8(3):259-282]. Different classes of compounds may have different degrees of potency and selectivity for inhibiting various metalloproteinases.
• Zinc binding groups in known MMP inhibitors include carboxylic acid groups, hydroxamic acid groups, sulfhydryl or mercapto, etc.
• Whittaker M. et al discuss the following MMP inhibitors:
• the above compound entered clinical development. It has a mercaptoacyl zinc binding group, a trimethylhydantoinylethyl group at the P1 position and a leucinyl-tert-butyllglycinyl backbone.
• the above compound has a mercaptoacyl zinc binding group and an imide group at the P1 position.
• the above compound was developed for the treatment of arthritis. It has a non-peptidic succinyl hydroxamate zinc binding group and a trimethylhydantoinylethyl group at the P1 position.
• the above compound is a phthalimido derivative that inhibits collagenases. It has a non-peptidic succinyl hydroxamate zinc binding group and a cyclic imide group at P1. Whitaker M. et al also discuss other MMP inhibitors having a P1 cyclic imido group and various zinc binding groups (succinyl hydroxamate, carboxylic acid, thiol group, phosphorous-based group).
• MMP inhibitors [0021] The following compounds are not known as MMP inhibitors:
• R 4-NO2, 4-OMe, 2-NO2,
• PCT patent application number WO 00/09103 describes compounds useful for treating a vision disorder, including the following (compounds 81 and 83, Table A, page 47):
• the compounds are metalloproteinase inhibitors having a metal binding group that is not found in known metalloproteinase inhibitors.
• the compounds of this invention have beneficial potency, selectivity and/or pharmacokinetic properties.
• the metalloproteinase inhibitor compounds of the invention comprise a metal binding group and one or more other functional groups or side chains characterised in that the metal binding group has the formula (k)
• X is selected from NR1, O, S;
• Y1 and Y2 are independently selected from O, S;
• R1 is selected from H, alkyl, haloalkyl
• Any alkyl groups outlined above may be straight chain or branched; any alkyl group outlined above is preferably (C1-7)alkyl and most preferably (C1-6)alkyl.
• a metalloproteinase inhibitor compound is a compound that inhibits the activity of a metalloproteinase enzyme (for example, an MMP):
• a metalloproteinase enzyme for example, an MMP
• the inhibitor compound may show IC50s in vitro in the range of 0.1-10000 nanomolar, preferably in the range of 0.1-1000 nanomolar.
• a metal binding group is a functional group capable of binding the metal ion within the active site of the enzyme.
• the metal binding group will be a zinc binding group in MMP inhibitors, chelating the active site zinc(II) ion.
• the metal binding group of formula (k) is based on a five-membered ring structure and is preferably a hydantoin group, most preferably a -5 substituted 1-H,3-H-imidazolidine-2,4-dione.
• X is selected from NR1, O, S;
• Y1 and Y2 are independently selected from O, S;
• Z is selected from O, S;
• A is selected from a direct bond, (C1-6)alkyl, (C1-6)haloalkyl, or (C1-6)heteroalkyl containing a hetero group selected from N, O, S, SO, SO2 or containing two hetero groups selected from N, O, S, SO, SO2 and separated by at least two carbon atoms;
• R1 is selected from H, (C1-3)alkyl, haloalkyl
• R2 and R3 are independently selected from H, halogen (preferably fluorine), alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, heteroalkyl-aryl, heteroalkyl-heteroaryl, aryl-alkyl, aryl-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-alkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, aryl-aryl, aryl-heteroaryl, heteroaryl-aryl, heteroaryl-heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-heterocycloalkyl;
• R4 is selected from H, halogen (preferably fluorine), (C1-3)alkyl or haloalkyl;
• Each of the R2 and R3 radicals may be independently optionally substituted with one or more (preferably one) groups selected from alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, thiol, alkylthiol, arylthiol, alkylsulfon, haloalkylsulfon, arylsulfon, aminosulfon, N-alkylaminosulfon, N,N-dialkylaminosulfon, arylaminosulfon, amino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, amido, N-alkylamido, N,N-dialkylamido, cyano, sulfonamino, alkylsulfonamino, arylsulfonamino, amidino, N-aminosulfon-amidino, guanidin
• R2 and R3 may join to form a ring comprising up to 7 ring atoms, or R2 and R4 may join to form a ring comprising up to 7 ring atoms, or R3 and R4 may join to form a ring comprising up to 7 ring atoms;
• R5 is a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic group comprising one, two or three ring structures each of up to 7 ring atoms independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, with each ring structure being independently optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, amino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, alkylsulfonamino, alkylcarboxyamino, cyano, nitro, thiol, alkylthiol, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, carboxylate, alkylcarboxylate, aminocarboxy, N-alkylamino-carboxy, N,N-dialkylamino-carboxy, wherein any alkyl radical within any
• each ring structure is joined to the next ring structure by a direct bond, by —O—, by (C1-6)alkyl, by (C1-6)haloalkyl, by (C1-6)heteroalkyl, by (C1-6)alkenyl, by (C1-6)alkynyl, by sulfone, by CO, by S, or is fused to the next ring structure;
• Any heteroalkyl group outlined above is a hetero atom-substituted alkyl containing one or more hetero groups independently selected from N, O, S, SO, SO2, (a hetero group being a hetero atom or group of atoms);
• Any heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group outlined above contains one or more hetero groups independently selected from N, O, S, SO, SO2;
• any alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups outlined above may be straight chain or branched; unless otherwise stated, any alkyl group outlined above is preferably (C1-7)alkyl and most preferably (C1-6)alkyl;
• R5 is not p-chloro-phenyl, o-methoxyphenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, o-nitrophenyl, p-nitrophenyl, 2-methoxy-4-aminophenyl, 2-methoxy-5-fluorophenyl or p-benzyloxyphenyl;
• Preferred compounds of the formula I are those wherein any one or more of the following apply:
• X is NR1
• At least one of Y1 and Y2 is O; especially both Y1 and Y2 are O;
• R1 is H, (C1-3) alkyl, (C1-3) haloalkyl; especially R1 is H;
• R2 is H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxy alkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl-alkyl, heteroalkyl-aryl; especially R2 is alkyl, aminoalkyl, alkyl-heteroaryl, alkyl-heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl-alkyl.
• R3 and/or R4 is H
• R3 and/or R4 is methyl
• R5 comprises one, two or three optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl 5 or 6 membered rings
• R5 is a bicyclic or tricyclic group comprising two or three optionally substituted ring structures.
• Particularly preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein R5 is a bicyclic or tricyclic group comprising two or three optionally substituted ring structures.
• each of G1 and G2 is a monocyclic ring structure comprising each of up to 7 ring atoms independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, with each ring structure being independently optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, amino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cyano, nitro, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl sulfone, haloalkyl sulfone, alkylcarbamate, alkylamide, wherein any alkyl radical within any substituent may itself be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, carbamate;
• Z is O or S
• B is selected from a direct bond, O, (C1-6)alkyl, (C1-6)heteroalkyl;
• R2 is selected from H, (C1-6)alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, (N-alkylamino)alkyl, (N,N-dialkylamino)alkyl, amidoalkyl, thioalkyl, or R2 is a group of formula III
• C and D are independently selected from a direct bond, H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C1-C6)haloalkyl, or (C1-C6)heteroalkyl containing one or two hetero atoms selected from N, O or S such that when two hetero atoms are present they are separated by at least two carbon atoms;
• R2 is substituted with halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, (N4-alkylamino)alkyl, (N,N-dialkylamino)alkyl, alkylsulfone, aminosulfone, N-alkylamino-sulfone, N,N-dialkylaminosulfone, amido, N-alkylamido, N,N-dialkylamido, cyano, sulfonamino, alkyl-sulfonamino, amidino, N-aminosulfone-amidino, guanidino, N-cyano-guanidino, thioguanidino, 2-nitroguanidino, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbamate;
• R2 and R3 may join to form a ring comprising up to 7 ring atoms, or R2 and R4 may join to form a ring comprising up to 7 ring atoms, or R3 and R4 may join to form a ring comprising up to 7 ring atoms;
• Any heteroalkyl group outlined above is a hetero atom-substituted alkyl containing one or more hetero groups independently selected from N, O, S, SO, SO2, (a hetero group being a hetero atom or group of atoms);
• Any heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group outlined above contains one or more hetero groups independently selected from N, O, S, SO, SO2;
• any alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups outlined above may be straight chain or branched;.unless otherwise stated, any alkyl group outlined above is preferably (C1-7)alkyl and most preferably (C1-6)alkyl.
• Preferred compounds of the formula II are those wherein one or more of the following apply:
• B is a direct bond or O
• R3 and R4 are H;
• Each of G1 and G2 is an optionally substituted monocyclic group with each ring structure comprising up to 6 ring atoms independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl; preferably G1 is substituted with halogen, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, amido, amino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, wherein any alkyl radical within any substituent may itself be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, cyano, carbamate.
• particular compounds of the invention include compounds of formula II wherein B is a direct bond or O; and Z is O or S; and R2 is selected from H, (C1-6)alkyl, aryl-(C1-6)alkyl or heteroaryl-(C1-6)alkyl optionally substituted with halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino and each of R3 and R4 is H; and each of G1 and G2 is a monocyclic group with each ring structure comprising up to 6 ring atoms independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl; preferably G1 is substituted with halogen, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, amido, amino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, wherein any alkyl radical within any substituent
• Suitable values for R2 include the following:
• Suitable values for R5 include the following:
• R F, Cl, Br, CF3, CF3O, CH3O, OH, CF3CH2, CN, NCOMe
• optically active centres exist in the compounds of formula I, we disclose all individual optically active forms and combinations of these as individual specific embodiments of the invention, as well as their corresponding racemates. Racemates may be separated into individual optically active forms using known procedures (cf. Advanced Organic Chemistry: 3rd Edition: author J March, p104-107) including for example the formation of diastereomeric derivatives having convenient optically active auxiliary species followed by separation and then cleavage of the auxiliary species.
• the compounds according to the invention may contain one or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms.
• the presence of one or more of these asymmetric centres (chiral centres) in a compound of formula I can give rise to stereoisomers, and in each case the invention is to be understood to extend to all such stereoisomers, including enantiomers and diastereomers, and mixtures including racemic mixtures thereof.
• the compounds of the invention are metalloproteinase inhibitors, in particular they are inhibitors of MMP12.
• MMP12 metalloproteinase inhibitors
• Certain compounds of the invention are of particular use as inhibitors of MMP13 and/or MMP9 and/or MMP8 and/or MMP3.
• the compounds of the invention may be provided as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. These include acid addition salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, citrate and maleate salts and salts formed with phosphoric and sulphuric acid.
• suitable salts are base salts such as an alkali metal salt for example sodium or potassium, an alkaline earth metal salt for example calcium or magnesium, or organic amine salt for example triethylamine.
• esters may also be provided as in vivo hydrolysable esters. These are pharmaceutically acceptable esters that hydrolyse in the human body to produce the parent compound. Such esters can be identified by administering, for example intravenously to a test animal, the compound under test and subsequently examining the test animal's body fluids.
• Suitable in vivo hydrolysable esters for carboxy include methoxymethyl and for hydroxy include formyl and acetyl, especially acetyl.
• a metalloproteinase inhibitor compound of the invention (a compound of the formula I or II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof for the therapeutic treatment (including prophylactic treatment) of mammals including humans, it is normally formulated in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice as a pharmaceutical composition.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of the invention (a compound of the formula I or II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• compositions of this invention may be administered in standard manner for the disease or condition that it is desired to treat, for example by oral, topical, parenteral, buccal, nasal, vaginal or rectal adminstration or by inhalation.
• the compounds of this invention may be formulated by means known in the art into the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, gels, nasal sprays, suppositories, finely divided powders or aerosols for inhalation, and for parenteral use (including intravenous, intramuscular or infusion) sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions or sterile emulsions.
• composition of this invention may also contain, or be co-administered (simultaneously or sequentially) with, one or more pharmacological agents of value in treating one or more diseases or conditions referred to hereinabove.
• compositions of this invention will normally be administered to humans so that, for example, a daily dose of 0.5 to 75 mg/kg body weight (and preferably of 0.5 to 30 mg/kg body weight) is received.
• This daily dose may be given in divided doses as necessary, the precise amount of the compound received and the route of administration depending on the weight, age and sex of the patient being treated and on the particular disease or condition being treated according to principles known in the art.
• unit dosage forms will contain about 1 mg to 500 mg of a compound of this invention.
• a compound of the formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof for use in a method of therapeutic treatment of the human or animal body or for use as a therapeutic agent.
• a disease or condition mediated by MMP12 and/or MMP13 and/or MMP9 and/or MMP8 and/or MMP3 especially use in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by MMP12 or MMP9; most especially use in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by MMP12.
• a compound of the formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof for use in a method of therapeutic treatment of the human or animal body or for use as a therapeutic agent (such as use in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by MMP12 and/or MMP13 and/or MMP9 and/or MMP8 and/or MMP3; especially MMP12 or MMP9; most especially MMP12).
• a method of treating a metalloproteinase mediated disease or condition which comprises administering to a warm-blooded animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the forumal I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof.
• a compound of the formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable precursor thereof in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by one or more metalloproteinase enzymes.
• a method of treating a metalloproteinase mediated disease or condition which comprises administering to a warm-blooded animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula II (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof).
• a compound of the formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable precursor thereof
• a compound of the formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable precursor thereof
• Metalloproteinase mediated diseases or conditions include asthma, rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis), atherosclerosis and restenosis, cancer, invasion and metastasis, diseases involving tissue destruction, loosening of hip joint replacements, periodontal disease, fibrotic disease, infarction and heart disease, liver and renal fibrosis, endometriosis, diseases related to the weakening of the extracellular matrix, heart failure, aortic aneurysms, CNS related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), hematological disorders.
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
• arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
• atherosclerosis and restenosis cancer
• invasion and metastasis diseases involving tissue destruction, loosening of hip joint replacements, periodontal disease, fibrotic disease, infarction and heart disease, liver and renal
• the present invention provides a process for preparing a compound of the formula I or II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, as described below. It will be appreciated that many of the relevant starting materials are commercially or otherwise available or may be synthesised by known methods or may be found in the scientific literature.
• the compounds may be prepared in the same manner by reacting the compounds of formula VI and VII, but in which K in compound VI is the sulfhydryl (SH) or a hydroxyl group and G in formula VIII represents a leaving group.
• ketones of formula VIII are conveniently prepared by treating alkohols or thiols of formula IX, in which R5 and A are as described in formula I, with haloketones of formula X, in which R2 is as described for formula I, and excess base.
• Matrix Metalloproteinase Family Including for Example MMP12, MMP13.
• Recombinant human MMP12 catalytic domain may be expressed and purified as described by Parkar A. A. et al, (2000), Protein Expression and Purification, 20:152.
• the purified enzyme can be used to monitor inhibitors of activity as follows: MMP12 (50 ng/ml final concentration) is incubated for 30 minutes at RT in assay buffer (0.1M Tris-HCl, pH 7.3 containing 0.1M NaCl, 20 mM CaCl 2 , 0.040 mM ZnCl and 0.05% (w/v) Brij 35) using the synthetic substrate Mac-Pro-Cha-Gly-Nva-His-Ala-Dpa-NH2 in the presence or absence of inhibitors.
• assay buffer 0.1M Tris-HCl, pH 7.3 containing 0.1M NaCl, 20 mM CaCl 2 , 0.040 mM ZnCl and 0.05% (w/v) Brij 35
• Activity is determined by measuring the fluorescence at ⁇ ex 328 nm and ⁇ em 393 nm. Percent inhibition is calculated as follows: % Inhibition is equal to the [Fluorescence plus inhibitor ⁇ Fluorescence background ] divided by the [Fluorescence minus inhibitor ⁇ Fluorescence background ].
• Recombinant human proMMP13 may be expressed and purified as described by Knauper et al. [V. Knauper et al., (1996) The Biochemical Journal 271: 1544-1550 (1996)].
• the purified enzyme can be used to monitor inhibitors of activity as follows: purified proMMP13 is activated using 1 mM amino phenyl mercuric acid (APMA), 20 hours at 21° C.; the activated MMP13 (11.25 ng per assay) is incubated for 4-5 hours at 35° C.
• APMA 1 mM amino phenyl mercuric acid
• the ability of the compounds to inhibit proTNF ⁇ convertase enzyme may be assessed using a partially purified, isolated enzyme assay, the enzyme being obtained from the membranes of TBP-1 as described by K. M. Mohler et al., (1994) Nature 370:218-220.
• the purified enzyme activity and inhibition thereof is determined by incubating the partially purified enzyme in the presence or absence of test compounds using the substrate 4′,5′-Dimethoxy-fluoresceinyl Ser.Pro.Leu.Ala.Gln.Ala.Val.Arg.Ser.Ser.Ser.Arg.Cys(4-(3-succinimid-1-yl)-fluorescein)-NH 2 in assay buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.4 containing 0.1% (w/v) Triton X-100 and 2 mM CaCl 2 ), at 26° C. for 18 hours.
• assay buffer 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.4 containing 0.1% (w/v) Triton X-100 and 2 mM CaCl 2
• the amount of inhibition is determined as for MMP13 except ⁇ ex 490 nm and ⁇ em 530 nm were used.
• the substrate was synthesised as follows. The peptidic part of the substrate was assembled on Fmoc-NH-Rink-MBHA-polystyrene resin either manually or on an automated peptide synthesiser by standard methods involving the use of Fmoc-amino acids and O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) as coupling agent with at least a 4- or 5-fold excess of Fmoc-amino acid and HBTU. Ser 1 and Pro 2 were double-coupled.
• the dimethoxyfluoresceinyl-peptide was then simultaneously deprotected and cleaved from the resin by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid containing 5% each of water and triethylsilane.
• the dimethoxyfluoresceinyl-peptide was isolated by evaporation, trituration with diethyl ether and filtration.
• the isolated peptide was reacted with 4-(N-maleimido)-fluorescein in DMF containing diisopropylethylamine, the product purified by RP-HPLC and finally isolated by freeze-drying from aqueous acetic acid.
• the product was characterised by MALDI-TOF MS and amino acid analysis.
• the activity of the compounds of the invention as inhibitors of aggrecan degradation may be assayed using methods for example based on the disclosures of E. C. Arner et al., (1998) Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 6:214-228; (1999) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274 (10), 6594-6601 and the antibodies described therein.
• the potency of compounds to act as inhibitors against collagenases can be determined as described by T. Cawston and A. Barrett (1979) Anal. Biochem. 99:340-345.
• the ability of the compounds of this invention to inhibit the cellular processing of TNF ⁇ production may be assessed in THP-1 cells using an ELISA to detect released TNF essentially as described K. M. Mohler et al., (1994) Nature 370:218-220. In a similar fashion the processing or shedding of other membrane molecules such as those described in N. M. Hooper et al., (1997) Biochem. J. 321:265-279 may be tested using appropriate cell lines and with suitable antibodies to detect the shed protein.
• the ability of the compounds of this invention to inhibit TNF ⁇ production is assessed in a human whole blood assay where LPS is used to stimulate the release of TNF ⁇ .
• Heparinized (10 Units/ml) human blood obtained from volunteers is diluted 1:5 with medium (RPMI1640+bicarbonate, penicillin, streptomycin and glutamine) and incubated (160 ⁇ l) with 20 ⁇ l of test compound (triplicates), in DMSO or appropriate vehicle, for 30 min at 37° C. in a humidified (5% CO 2 /95% air) incubator, prior to addition of 20 ⁇ l LPS ( E. coli. 0111 :B4; final concentration 10 ⁇ g/ml).
• Each assay includes, controls of diluted blood incubated with medium alone (6 wells/plate) or a known TNF ⁇ inhibitor as standard. The plates are then incubated for 6 hours at 37° C. (humidified incubator), centrifuged (2000 rpm for 10 min; 4° C.), plasma harvested (50-100 ⁇ l) and stored in 96 well plates at ⁇ 70° C. before subsequent analysis for TNF ⁇ concentration by ELISA.
• an ex vivo pharmacodynamic test is employed which utilises the synthetic substrate assays above or alternatively HPLC or Mass spectrometric analysis.
• This is a generic test which can be used to estimate the clearance rate of compounds across a range of species.
• Animals e,g. rats, marmosets
• a soluble formulation of compound such as 20% w/v DMSO, 60% w/v PEG400
• time points e.g. 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 720, 1220 mins
• Plasma fractions are obtained following centrifugation and the plasma proteins precipitated with acetonitrile (80% w/v final concentration). After 30 mins at ⁇ 20° C. the plasma proteins are sedimented by centrifugation and the supernatant fraction is evaporated to dryness using a Savant speed vac. The sediment is reconstituted in assay buffer and subsequently analysed for compound content using the synthetic substrate assay. Briefly, a compound concentration-response curve is constructed for the compound undergoing evaluation. Serial dilutions of the reconstituted plasma extracts are assessed for activity and the amount of compound present in the original plasma sample is calculated using the concentration-response curve taking into account the total plasma dilution factor.
• rat plasma samples are thawed and 175 ⁇ l of each sample are added to a set format pattern in a 96U well plate. Fifty ⁇ l of heparinized human blood is then added to each well, mixed and the plate is incubated for 30 min at 37° C. (humidified incubator). LPS (25 ⁇ l; final concentration 10 ⁇ g/ml) is added to the wells and incubation continued for a further 5.5 hours. Control wells are incubated with 25 ⁇ l of medium alone. Plates are then centrifuged for 10 min at 2000 rpm and 200 ⁇ l of the supernatants are transferred to a 96 well plate and frozen at ⁇ 20° C. for subsequent analysis of TNF concentration by ELISA.
• LPS 25 ⁇ l; final concentration 10 ⁇ g/ml
• Activity of a compound as an anti-cancer agent may be assessed essentially as described in I. J. Fidler (1978) Methods in Cancer Research 15:399-439, using for example the B16 cell line (described in B. Hibner et al., Abstract 283 p75 10th NCI-EORTC Symposium, Amsterdam Jun. 16-19 1998).
• Activity of a compound as an anti-emphysema agent may be assessed essentially as described in Hautamaki et al (1997) Science, 277: 2002.
• the starting material was prepared as follows:

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