TWI508946B - 製造酯的方法與結合劑系統 - Google Patents

製造酯的方法與結合劑系統 Download PDF

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TWI508946B
TWI508946B TW098142686A TW98142686A TWI508946B TW I508946 B TWI508946 B TW I508946B TW 098142686 A TW098142686 A TW 098142686A TW 98142686 A TW98142686 A TW 98142686A TW I508946 B TWI508946 B TW I508946B
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ester
hydroxybenzoic acid
fatty alcohol
weight
alcohol
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Eberhard Grath
Wilfried Aichele
Jochen Rager
Josef Arnold
Klaus Czerwinski
Eva Weisser
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Bosch Gmbh Robert
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Description

製造酯的方法與結合劑系統
本發明關於申請專利範圍第1項的一種由一羥基苯甲酸及一種脂肪醇製造一種酯(為了更明確,詳細稱為「羥基苯甲醇脂肪酯」)以用於粉末射出成形的結合劑系統中,以及一種依申請專利範圍第11項引文的射出成形方法用的結合劑系統。
用於粉末射出成形中的結合劑系統一般包含一和聚合物結合劑成份、另一種結合劑成份、一種所謂的「共結合劑」(Co-Binder)(它可與該聚合物結合劑成份相容)以及可能還有一種分散劑(用於將金屬或陶瓷粉末粒子在熔融的結合劑中保持分散的狀態)。此另一結合劑與該聚合物結合劑成份「相容」表示:該二結合劑成份在熔融物中形成單一的液相,且即使在固體狀態也主要呈單一結合劑相(固體溶液)存在,其中該另外的結合劑系統須可在其熔點以下從該共同固相除去,例如利用萃取,其中該聚合物結合劑成份不得有較大的量的膨脹或形成裂痕的情事。
人們往往使用聚醯胺當作聚合物結合劑成份,適用於聚醯胺的共結合劑的例子,在歐洲專利EP-B 0 809 556或美專利US 5,002,988中係為N,N’-二乙醯基哌吖嗪,或在德專利DE-C 4 129 952中為烷基酚。如果使用烷基酚,則它一般為具有C1 ~C20 烷基者。
具有聚醯胺之結合劑系統用之適合作聚合物結合劑成份用的其他的共結合劑還有一種各種不同的化合物的混合物,它還含有對-羥基苯甲酸與各種不同的脂肪醇形成的酯(對-羥基苯甲基酸脂肪酯)。這種混合物,舉例而言,由廠商Cognis以Loxiol名稱上市。但在這種混合物中也含雜質,例如酚。酚在生理上係歸類成毒物,且在25℃的溫度已有41hPa的蒸氣壓。這點會使酚在連續操作中釋出且因此危害用者的健康。各種不同的化合物的混合物的其他缺點為,在一結合產物內的組成非為單一者。這點可由於充入容器的熔融物很慢地從外往內凝固,其中個別的成份會分段地結晶。這種分段結晶的結果,使產物的組成和在結合物(Gebinde)中取出位置有關。由於組成會隨取出位置而改變,故在該共結合物原料處理(Feedstock-Aufarbeitung)、射出成形、及溶劑萃取的步驟中,粉末射出成型程序序列的可重現性會受影響。另一缺點在於:在射出成形的構件中,共結合劑的成份會析出。不論這種析出物在萃取時能否溶出來,在燒結後在析出的位置都會形成孔隙。
特別是在使用不同化合物的混合物時(它還含對-羥基苯甲酸與各種不同脂肪醇形成的其他酯)事實顯示會使射出成形的部件容易粘在射出成形模具上。
這些缺點特別要歸因於:脂肪醇由天然產品得到,且一般該原料本身已呈混合物形式產生。此外,在習知之由羥基苯甲酸與一脂肪醇製造羥基苯甲酸脂肪酯的合成方法會產生副產物--酚。
本發明的目的在提供一種製造羥基苯甲酸脂肪酯(HO-Ar-COO-Fat)的方法,該酯由羥基苯甲酸(HO-Ar-COOH)及一種脂肪醇(Fat-OH)製成,用於粉末射出鑄造用的結合劑系統中,藉由將由該羥基苯甲酸及一種低醇(Low-OH)構成的酯(羥基苯甲酸低酯)與該脂肪醇轉酯化(Umesterisierung,英:trans-esterization)而製造該酯(羥基苯甲酸脂肪酯),其中該脂肪醇與該由羥基苯甲酸與該低醇構成的羥基苯甲酸低酯形成一種反應混合物,且二者所使用之量大致為等莫耳者,其中該轉酯化作用在一種溫度進行,在此溫度時,該由羥基苯甲酸與該低醇形成的羥基苯甲酸低酯和該脂肪醇在此溫度呈均勻的熔融物方式存在。
在本發明的意義「大致等莫耳」一詞表示該由羥基苯甲酸與低醇形成的羥基苯甲酸低酯與脂肪醇的莫耳比例最大為40:60,且宜最大45:55,尤宜最大48:52,其中該二成分之一可呈過量(超過50)存在(但宜為脂肪醇呈過量)。
與習知羥基苯甲酸和脂肪醇直接反應生成羥基苯甲酸脂肪酯的方式不同者,依本發明係先由羥基苯甲酸和低醇形成的羥基苯甲酸低酯再將該低酯與脂肪醇起轉酯化作用,這種轉酯化作用可在較低溫度進行。由於反應溫度較低,故可避免該羥基苯甲酸受高溫脫除羧基變成酚的情事()。用此方式可大大減少甚至避免酚的形成。依本發明可在比該用羥基苯甲酸直接與一脂肪醇反應更低的溫度進行此反應的原因要歸功於:該由羥基苯甲酸(HO-Ar-COOH)與一低醇(Low-OH)形成的羥基苯甲酸低酯(HO-Ar-COO-Low)以及脂肪族酯(Fat-OH)在較低溫度已形成一共同的液相。這種溫度(在此溫度時,舉例而言,對-羥基苯甲酸乙酯與一等莫耳量的1-廿二烷醇(Docosanol)形成一種均勻液相)一般在100℃已達到。反之,羥基苯甲酸與脂肪醇在高於195℃的溫度才形成均勻液相。但在此溫度時,對-基苯甲酸已發生去羧基作用。
在本發明的意義中,「脂肪醇」(Fettalkohol,英:fatty alcohol)(Fat-OH)係指具有至少16個碳原子的第一醇。典型之用之脂肪醇的例子為1-廿二烷醇(C22 H45 OH)、1-廿烷醇(C20 H41 OH)或1-十八烷醇(C18 H37 OH)及其混合物,脂肪烷大多由天然產品(如蜂蠟)得到,一般它們呈混合物方式產生。
一般,要合成技術產品例如酯,係使用由天然產品產生脂肪醇混合物,其中,其組成變化很大。在這些脂肪醇混合物化學作用時,得不到純產物,而是得到混合產物。但這類產物的混合物的熔融物在冷卻時可分段地(fraktioniert,英:fractioned)凝固。因此在結合物(Gebinde)中的固體產物的組成在各部位置各不同。這點造成變動的組成及變動性質的原料(Feedstock),如此在粉末射出成形程序會造成干擾。因此為了避免這種不均勻,宜使製造酯所用的脂肪醇至少含90重量%的一種一定的脂肪醇成份,具有不同純度的一定的脂肪醇在市面可購得。
依本發明,「羥基苯甲酸」(HO-Ar-COOH)指鄰-羥基苯甲酸、對-羥基苯甲酸、或鄰-羥基苯甲酸與對-羥基苯甲酸的混合物。對應地「由羥基苯甲酸與一低醇形成的低酯」(HO-Ar-COO-Low)或「由羥基苯甲酸與一脂肪醇製的脂肪酯」(HO-Ar-COO-Fat)係指對羥基苯甲酸的酯、鄰羥基苯甲酸的酯,或其混合物。
依本發明,「低醇」一詞指C1 ~C4 醇。低醇宜指甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇及1-丁醇。特宜的低醇為甲醇和乙醇。因此由羥基苯甲酸和低醇構成的低酯特別是指羥基苯甲酸甲酯、對對羥基苯甲酸甲酯、對羥基苯甲酸乙酯、及鄰羥基苯甲酸乙酯,這些相關的低酯的混合物也可用。
為了在由該羥基苯甲酸和脂肪醇製造脂肪酯時提高轉酯化程度,宜將該低醇(它在轉酯化時分解出來)利用蒸餾從反應平衡式的系統中除去。由於在反應時所需的溫度,該低醇隨著游離而蒸發,且因此已呈蒸氣從反應混合物抽離,這點另外還有一好處,即該低醇不會呈雜質方式存在產物(即由羥基苯甲酸與脂肪醇構成的脂肪酯)中。
在一較佳實施例中,轉酯化作用係在有一催化劑存在下進行。適用之催化劑特別是含錫的有機金屬化合物。使用催化劑可避免產生中間產物形式的游離之對羥基苯甲酸或鄰羥基苯甲酸。如此不會有由於羥基苯甲酸的去羧基作用不當地形成酚的情事。
特宜使用的含錫有機化合物為:二丁基氧化錫、二丁基月桂酸錫或二丁基氧化錫氫氧化物(丁基錫酸)。使用之催化劑量(相對於反應混合物的量)宜在0.1~1重量%,特宜之使用之催化劑量為0.2~0.5重量%(相對於反應混合物的質量)。
為了避免離析物(Educkt)(即:該由羥基苯甲酸與低醇構成的低酯與該脂肪醇)或產物(亦即:由羥基苯甲酸與脂肪醇構成的脂肪酯)氧化,以及進一步將低醇從反應混合物除去,俾使該使用之由羥基苯甲酸與低醇構成的低酯能近乎完全地轉酯化成該由羥基苯甲酸與脂肪醇構成的脂肪酯,因此在一較佳實施例將一保護氣體流導經反應熔融物,該氣體流更將形成之低醇從熔融物帶走,保護氣體流宜隨低醇導入一冷凝器。
導經反應混合物之保護氣體適用的例子為氮、氬、及/或二氧化碳。其中尤宜用二氧化碳,因為它可壓抑羥基苯甲酸之脫羥基的作用。
如使用催化劑,則催化劑宜在轉酯化過程時一份份地(portionwise)加入。隨著催化劑加入,可將少量氧加入反應混合物。為了避免由於加入氧使離析物或產物氧化,宜將少量還原劑加入反應混合物。還原劑的比例(相對於反應混合物的質量)宜在0.01~1重量%範圍。適用之還原劑的例子為氫醌、n-第三丁基酚、或安息香(亦稱為二苯乙醇酮,苯偶因)(Benzoin),其中氫醌特別適合,因為,舉例而言,其褐色氧化產物可利用活性碳從該產物的溶液(例如在丙酮中的溶液)除去。
由於還原劑量很少,故它在產物中不會造成干擾,則在需要時可藉產物之轉結晶(Umkristallisieren,英:trans-crystallize)除去。
用本發明方法製造之由羥基苯甲酸與一脂肪醇構成的脂肪酯在反應溫度時為無色澄清液體,它不含游離酚。由於所用之脂肪醇純度(亦即脂肪醇成分比例)大於90重量%,因此這些酯更組合成單一相,不需作附加之純化,且在凝固時不會形成不同的產物分段的情事,在必要時可藉著在一適當的溶劑(例如丙酮)中轉結晶,以將離析物、催化劑及還原劑純化。
由對羥基苯甲酸或鄰羥基苯甲酸與一脂肪醇構成的脂肪酯在48℃的溫度時有多於99%可溶在丙酮中。只有在酯中所含的催化劑會造成殘留物,此外,形成的酯對生理無毒害。
此外本發明還關於一種粉末射出成形方法用的結合劑系統,含有80~98重量%的一種金屬粉末及/或一種陶瓷粉末以及1~19重量%的一種聚合物結合劑成份,其特徵在:更含有1~19重量%的至少一種酯,其係由羥基苯甲酸和脂肪醇依上述的方法製造者。
結合劑系統中所用的聚合物結合物成份,一般為一種聚醯胺。適當之聚醯的例子為:共聚醯胺612[由己內醯胺及月桂精內醯胺(Laurinlactam)製造]、由聚醯胺11及聚醯胺12構成之混合物,或聚醚嵌段醯胺(PEBA)。
一般用於粉末射出成形方法的金屬粉末為只含一種金屬、或含由二種或金屬的混合物的粉末或由合金構成的粉末。
所用陶瓷粉末的例子為:由氧化鋁、氧化鋯、氮化矽或碳化矽構成的粉末。也可使用上述陶瓷的二種或數種構成混合物,此外同樣可使用含金屬粉末及陶瓷粉末的混物。
如上述,該製造酯用的羥基苯甲酸係為鄰羥基苯甲酸、或對羥基苯甲酸或其混合物。
此外為了得到均均的熔融物,宜使該由一定脂肪醇成分製造的比例至少為90重量%(相對於酯的質量)。
此結合劑系統(它具有利用本發明的方法由羥基苯甲酸和一脂肪醇製造的脂肪酯,當作共結合劑)與一醯胺(當作聚合物結合劑)形成一種具有共同熔點的液相。此由共結合劑及聚合物結合劑成分構成之共同相在凝固後具有高度可拉伸性。本發明的結合劑系統另一優點在於:該共結合劑可用一適當的溶液,例如丙醇,從凝固之共同熔融物萃取出,而不會使留下之聚合物結合劑成分(例如聚醯胺)明顯膨脹或生裂縫。
此外,使用由羥基苯甲酸與脂肪醇構成的酯還有一好處:該酯本伸為分散劑,因此金屬粉粒子或陶瓷粉粒子在由聚合物結合劑成分與共結合劑構成的熔融物中呈分散液方式保持住,因此可不須另外加分散劑如脂肪酸、由聚合物結合劑成分和共結合劑構成的共同相此外有一優點,即該複合物有足夠拉伸性,因此在射出成形模具中可將鑄造物做成隧道鑄物形式。此外事實顯示,依本發明的方法由羥基苯甲酸與脂肪醇製造的酯在射出成形模具中在凝固時不會析出,因此可避免燒結組織中有孔隙。且共結合劑具蠟狀性質,因此呈脫模劑作用,如此可避免射出成形的構件與鑄造物附著在模具上。

Claims (15)

  1. 一種製造酯的方法,該酯由羥基苯甲酸及一種脂肪醇製成,用於粉末射出鑄造用的結合劑系統中,將由該羥基苯甲酸及一種低醇構成的低酯與該脂肪醇轉酯化而製造該酯,其中該脂肪醇與該由羥基苯甲酸與該低醇構成的低酯形成一種反應混合物且二者所使用之量大致為等莫耳者,其中在一第一步驟中該轉酯化作用在一種溫度進行,在此溫度時,該由羥基苯甲酸與該低醇形成的低酯和該脂肪醇在此溫度呈均勻的熔融物方式存在,且將該產生之酯以1~19重量%的量與80~98重量%的一種金屬粉、陶瓷粉或其混合物,以及1~19重量%的聚合物結合劑成分混合。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中:該脂肪醇包含1-廿二烷醇、1-廿烷醇、1-十八烷醇或其混合物。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1或第2項之方法,其中:該脂肪醇包含至少90重量%的至少一種一定的脂肪醇成份,此重量百分比係以上述使用之脂肪醇100重量%計算者,該使用之脂肪醇當作起始化合物且可為數種的脂肪醇的混合物。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1或第2項之方法,其中:該在轉酯化時分解的低醇利用蒸餾而從反應混合物除去。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1或第2項之方法,其中:該轉酯化作用在有一催化劑存在的場合進行。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第5項之方法,其中:該催化劑為一種含錫的有機金屬化合物。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第6項之方法,其中:該含錫的有機金屬化合物為:二丁基氧化錫、二丁基-双月桂酸錫、或丁基-氧化錫-氫氧化物。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第5項之方法,其中:所用的催化劑的量(相對於反應混合物的質量)為0.1~1重量%。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1或第2項之方法,其中:將一股保護氣體流通過該反應混合物導入。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1或第2項之方法,其中:將一還原劑加到該反應混合物。
  11. 一種粉末射出成形方法用的結合劑系統,含有80%~98重量%的一種金屬粉末及/或一種陶瓷粉末以及1~19重量%的一種聚合物結合劑成份,其特徵在:更含有1~19重量%的至少一種酯,其係由羥基苯甲酸和脂肪醇依申請專利範圍第1項的方法製造者。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第11項之結合劑系統,其中:該聚合物結合劑成分為一種聚醯胺。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第12項之結合劑系統,其中:該聚醯胺為一種共聚醯胺612、一種聚醯胺11與聚醯胺12構成的混合物、或一種聚醇-嵌段醯胺。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第11或第12項之結合劑系統,其中: 該羥基苯甲酸為鄰-羥基苯甲酸或對-羥基苯甲酸。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第11或第12項之結合劑系統,其中;該由一定之脂肪醇成分製造的脂肪酯的比例至少90重量%(相對於該酯的質量)。
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