CN102245557A - 制备酯的方法以及粘结剂体系 - Google Patents

制备酯的方法以及粘结剂体系 Download PDF

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CN102245557A
CN102245557A CN2009801503471A CN200980150347A CN102245557A CN 102245557 A CN102245557 A CN 102245557A CN 2009801503471 A CN2009801503471 A CN 2009801503471A CN 200980150347 A CN200980150347 A CN 200980150347A CN 102245557 A CN102245557 A CN 102245557A
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ester
fatty alcohol
hydroxy
alcohol
benzoic acid
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E·格拉特
W·艾歇勒
J·拉格
J·阿诺德
K·切尔文斯基
E·魏瑟尔
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Abstract

本发明涉及通过使由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯与脂肪醇进行酯交换反应,制备用于粉末注射成型时所使用的粘结剂体系中的由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇所成的酯的方法。其中,脂肪醇和羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯形成反应混合物并且基本上以等摩尔浓度使用,在羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯和脂肪醇呈均质熔液的温度下进行酯交换反应。此外,本发明还涉及一种用于粉末注射成型工艺的粘结剂体系,该粘结剂体系的金属粉末含量和/或陶瓷粉末含量为80-90重量%,聚合的粘结剂组分为1-19重量%,而且还含有1-19重量%的按照本发明的方法从羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇制备的至少一种酯。

Description

制备酯的方法以及粘结剂体系
背景技术
本发明涉及从羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇制备用于粉末注射成型的粘结剂体系中的酯的方法以及按照专利权利要求11的前叙部分所述的用于注射成型工艺的粘结剂体系。
用于粉末注射成型工艺的粘结剂体系通常含有一种聚合的粘结剂组分,另一种粘结剂组分,即所谓的与所述聚合的粘结剂组分相容的共粘结剂,和任选地,为了使熔化的粘结剂中的金属粉末或陶瓷粉末保持分散,还含有解胶剂。另一种粘结剂组分与聚合的粘结剂组分的相容性意味着,熔液中的全部粘结剂组分形成均一的液相,并且即使在固态也主要呈均一的粘结剂相(固溶体),其中,在低于熔点时所述另一粘结剂组分还必须可以从共同的固相中清除(例如通过萃取),在这个过程中,聚合的粘结剂组分既不应发生较大规模的膨胀也不应形成裂纹。
常常把聚酰胺用作聚合的粘结剂组分。适用于聚酰胺的共粘结剂是,例如,在EP-B0 809 556或US 5,002,988中已知的N,N’-二乙酰基哌嗪或者在DE-C 4129 952中已知的烷基酚。如果使用的是烷基酚,通常是含C1-C20-烷基的烷基酚。
对于含聚酰胺作为聚合粘结剂组分的粘结剂体系,也可以例如使用由不同化合物组成并且尤其含有对羟基苯甲酸与不同脂肪醇所成的酯的混合物作为另一种适合的共粘结剂。市场上可以采购到的这种混合物有,例如,Cognis公司生产的Loxiol 2472
Figure BPA00001409025800011
。但是,这种混合物中也含有杂质,比如说,苯酚。在生理学中苯酚属于有毒物质并且在温度25℃时已具有41hPa的蒸气压。这可能会造成在工作过程中释放出苯酚并因而危害使用者的健康。这种不同化合物的混合物的另一个缺点是,可能会在容器内出现不均一的组成。其原因尤其在于,充入容器中的熔液特别缓慢地从外向内硬化,并且出现各成分的分步结晶。分步结晶造成的后果是,产品的组成与在容器中的提取点相关。由于组成依提取点而变化,因此在原料加工、注射成型和共粘结剂的溶剂萃取步骤中粉末注射成型工艺链的可再现性受到损害。另一个缺点是,注射成型元件中的共粘结剂的成分被离析出来。无论在萃取过程中是否造成这种离析,烧结后在离析点都会形成孔隙。
尤其是在使用由不同化合物组成并且尤其含有由对羟基苯甲酸和不同的脂肪醇所成的酯的混合物时,已经表明,注射成型元件容易粘附在注塑模上。
这些缺点尤其要归结于,脂肪醇是从天然产品中获取的并且通常已经成为混合物。此外,在制备由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇所成的酯的已知合成方法中会产生副产品苯酚。
发明内容
在按照本发明的通过使羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯发生酯交换反应,而从羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇制备用于粉末注射成型时所使用的粘结剂体系的酯的方法中,脂肪醇与由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯形成反应混合物,其中脂肪醇与由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯基本上是以等摩尔浓度使用。当由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯和脂肪醇呈均质的熔液时,在这一温度下进行酯交换反应。
“基本上等摩尔浓度”在本发明中是指,由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯和脂肪醇的摩尔比最大为40∶60,优选最大为45∶55,特别是最大48∶52,其中这两种组分中的任一组分,但是优选脂肪醇,可以过量。
与羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇的反应不同,由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯与脂肪醇的酯交换反应可以在较低的温度下进行。由于反应温度较低,避免了羟基苯甲酸被脱去羧基变成苯酚。通过这种方式可以大幅减少或者甚至避免苯酚的形成。在比羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇的反应温度低的温度下进行反应归因于由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯与脂肪醇在较低的温度下就已经形成了共同的液相。例如,对羟基苯甲酸乙酯与等摩尔量1-二十二醇通常在温度100℃时就已经形成了均质的液相。与此相对,羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇在温度超过195℃时才形成均质液相。但是在这些温度下已经开始脱去对羟基苯甲酸的羧基。
本发明中的脂肪醇指的是含有至少16个碳原子的1-链烷醇。典型使用的脂肪醇是,例如,1-二十二醇(C22H45OH),1-二十碳醇(C20H41OH)或1-十八醇(C18H41OH)及它们的混合物。脂肪醇大多数是取自于天然产品,像蜂蜡。这些天然产品通常本身就已经是混合物。
通常,对工业产品例如酯的合成,使用由天然产品产生的脂肪醇混合物,其中这些混合物的组成不稳定。当这些脂肪醇混合物发生化学反应时,得到的不是纯产品而是产品的混合物。但是,这样一种产品混合物的熔液可以在冷却过程中分步硬化,从而固体产品的组成在容器中局部不同。这导致原料的制备及特性波动,从而干扰粉末注射成型过程。因此,为了避免这种不均质性,优选的是用于制备酯的脂肪醇至少含有90重量%规定的脂肪醇组分。在市场上可以买到不同纯度的规定脂肪醇。
按照本发明,“羟基苯甲酸”指的是邻羟基苯甲酸,对羟基苯甲酸或者邻羟基苯甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸的任意混合物。相应地,由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯或者由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇制备的酯是对羟基苯甲酸酯,邻羟基苯甲酸酯或者它们的混合物。
按照本发明低级醇指的是C1-C4-链烷醇。优选低级醇是指甲醇,乙醇,1-丙醇和1-丁醇。特别优选的低级醇是甲醇和乙醇。羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯因此尤其是对羟基苯甲酸甲酯,邻羟基苯甲酸甲酯,对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和邻羟基苯甲酸乙酯。也可以使用相应的酯的混合物。
在由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇制备酯的过程中为了提高酯交换度,优选通过蒸馏作用将在酯交换反应时裂解的低级醇从反应平衡中脱除出去。由于反应时需要一定的温度,因此低级醇通常在脱除后气化,因此可已经从反应混合物中作为蒸气脱除。此外,这样做的优点是,低级醇不会作为杂质包含在产品中,即包含在由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇所成的酯中。
在一个优选的实施方式中,酯交换反应在催化剂存在下进行。尤其是含锡的金属有机化合物适合作催化剂。使用催化剂可以避免出现游离的对羟基苯甲酸或者邻羟基苯甲酸作为中间产品。借此可以排除通过脱去羟基苯甲酸的羧基而不理想地形成苯酚。
特别优选,用作催化剂的含锡的金属有机化合物为二丁基氧化锡,二月桂酸二丁基锡或丁基氧化锡氢氧化物(丁基锡酸)。按反应混合物的质量计,催化剂的用量优选在0.1-1重量%之间。按反应混合物的质量计,催化剂的用量特别优选在0.2-0.5重量%之间。
为了避免反应物(即由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯及脂肪醇)或者产品(即羟基苯甲酸与脂肪醇所成的酯)发生氧化,和为了将低级醇从反应混合物中除去,以便可以将所使用的由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯通过酯交换反应几乎完全地转变成由羟基苯甲酸与脂肪醇所成的酯,在优选实施方式中将一股保护气体流导过反应熔液,该保护气体流尤其可以将形成的低级醇从熔液中带出。优选把带有低级醇的保护气体流导冷凝器。
适合作为被导过反应混合物的保护气体有,例如,氮气,氩气和/或二氧化碳。其中尤其优选二氧化碳,因为二氧化碳阻碍羟基苯甲酸脱去羧基。
如果使用催化剂,优选在酯交换反应过程中逐份加入催化剂。通过加入催化剂可以实现只有少量的氧气输入结合到反应混合物中。为了避免由于氧气的输入而使反应物或产品被氧化,优选向反应混合物中加入少量的还原剂。按反应混合物的质量计,还原剂的含量优选在001-1重量%之间。适合作还原剂的有,例如,氢醌,正-叔-丁基苯酚或者安息香,其中氢醌特别适合,因为其褐色的氧化产品可以通过活性炭从该产品的例如丙酮溶液中除去。
由于含量小,产品中的还原剂不会造成干扰并且必要时可以通过产品的重结晶除去。
按照本发明的方法制备的由羟基苯甲酸与脂肪醇所成的酯在反应温度下是透明无色液体,其不含游离的苯酚。由于使用的脂肪醇的纯度,即脂肪醇组分的含量超过90重量%,所述酯的组成基本均一。不需要额外的净化处理,并且在硬化时不会形成不同的产品馏分。必要时可以通过在合适的溶剂例如丙酮中进行重结晶来净化处理反应物、催化剂和还原剂。
由对羟基苯甲酸或邻羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇所形成的酯在48℃的温度下超过99%可以在丙酮中溶解。只有在该酯中所含的催化剂可形成残留物。另外可以认为,所形成的酯在生理上无害。
本发明此外还涉及一种用于粉末注射成型工艺的粘结剂体系其金属粉末含量和/或陶瓷粉末含量为80-90重量%,聚合的粘结剂组分含量为1-19重量%。按照本发明,还含有1-19重量%的按照上述方法从羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇制备的至少一种酯。
通常使用聚酰胺作为粘结剂体系中的聚合的粘结剂组分。合适的聚酰胺是例如共聚酰胺612(由己内酰胺和月桂内酰胺制成),聚酰胺11和聚酰胺12的混合物或者聚醚嵌段酰胺(PEBA)
用于粉末注射成型工艺的金属粉末通常是只含一种金属或者含两种或两种以上的金属的混合物和/或甚至是合金的粉末。
用作陶瓷粉末的可以是例如氧化铝、二氧化锆、氮化硅或碳化硅粉末。也可以使用由两种或两种以上的上述陶瓷组成的混合物。此外,还可以使用既含有金属粉末又含有陶瓷粉末的混合物。但是,优选的是使用含有金属粉末或陶瓷粉末的粘结剂体系。
前面已经介绍过,用于制备酯的羟基苯甲酸是邻羟基苯甲酸或对羟基苯甲酸或它们的混合物。
为了能够得到均质的熔液,另外优选按酯的质量计,从规定的脂肪醇组分制备的酯的含量为至少90重量%。
含有按照本发明的方法从羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇制备的酯作为共粘结剂的粘结剂体系与作为聚合的粘结剂组分的聚酰胺形成具有共同熔点的液相。聚合的粘结剂组分和共粘结剂所形成的共同相在硬化后具有高延展性。按照本发明的粘结剂体系的另一个优点是,通过使用合适的溶剂,例如丙酮,可以将共粘结剂从硬化的共同熔液中萃取出来,而剩下的聚合的粘结剂组分,例如聚酰胺,基本上不会膨胀或起裂纹。
使用由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇所成的酯还有一个优点,即酯本身就是解胶剂,因此可以使聚合的粘结剂组分和共粘结剂的熔液中的金属粉末粒子或陶瓷粉末粒子保持分散状态,并因此不再需要添加其它的分散剂,例如,脂肪酸。聚合的粘结剂组分和共粘结剂所形成的共相所具有的优点是,化合物的延展性足够高,可以把注塑模里面的浇口设计成隧道式浇口。此外,可看出注塑模里面的按照本发明的方法制备的由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇所成的酯在硬化时不会被离析出去,因此可以避免在烧结的组织中有孔隙。共粘结剂也具有蜡样特性,因此用作脱模剂,从而可以避免注射成型构件和模具上的浇口粘在一起。

Claims (15)

1.通过使由羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯与脂肪醇发生酯交换反应,制备用于粉末注射成型所使用的粘结剂体系中的由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇所成的酯的方法,其中,所述脂肪醇和所述羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯形成反应混合物并且基本上以等摩尔浓度使用,其中在羟基苯甲酸和低级醇所成的酯及脂肪醇呈均质熔液的温度下进行所述酯交换反应。
2.按照权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,脂肪醇包含1-二十二醇,1-二十碳醇,1-十八醇或它们的混合物。
3.按照权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,脂肪醇含有至少90重量%的规定脂肪醇组分。
4.按照权利要求1至3之一的方法,其特征在于,通过蒸馏将在酯交换反应时裂解的低级醇从反应混合物中除去。
5.按照权利要求1至4之一的方法,其特征在于,酯交换反应在催化剂存在下进行。
6.按照权利要求5的方法,其特征在于,催化剂是含锡的金属有机化合物。
7.按照权利要求6的方法,其特征在于,含锡的金属有机化合物为二丁基氧化锡,二月桂二丁基酸锡或丁基氧化锡氢氧化物。
8.按照权利要求5至7之一的方法,其特征在于,按反应混合物的质量计,催化剂的用量是0.1-1重量%。
9.按照权利要求1至8之一的方法,其特征在于,将保护气体流导过反应混合物。
10.按照权利要求1至9之一的方法,其特征在于,向反应混合物中加入还原剂。
11.用于粉末注射成型工艺的粘结剂体系,其含有80-98重量%的金属粉末和/或陶瓷粉末和1-19重量%的聚合的粘结剂组分,其特征在于,还含有1-19重量%的按照权利要求1至8之一的方法由羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇制备的至少一种酯。
12.按照权利要求11的粘结剂体系,其特征在于,聚合的粘结剂组分是聚酰胺。
13.按照权利要求12的粘结剂体系,其特征在于,聚酰胺是共聚酰胺612,聚酰胺11和聚酰胺12的混合物或者聚醚嵌段酰胺。
14.按照权利要求11至13之一的粘结剂体系,其特征在于,羟基苯甲酸是邻羟基苯甲酸或对羟基苯甲酸。
15.按照权利要求11至14之一的粘结剂体系,其特征在于,按酯的质量计,由规定的脂肪醇组分制备的酯的含量为至少90重量%。
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