TWI493706B - Semiconductor element and manufacturing method of semiconductor element - Google Patents

Semiconductor element and manufacturing method of semiconductor element Download PDF

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TWI493706B
TWI493706B TW101126047A TW101126047A TWI493706B TW I493706 B TWI493706 B TW I493706B TW 101126047 A TW101126047 A TW 101126047A TW 101126047 A TW101126047 A TW 101126047A TW I493706 B TWI493706 B TW I493706B
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diffusion preventing
electrode
preventing layer
layer
semiconductor region
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TW201330252A (zh
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Takeaki Maeda
Hiroyuki Okuno
Yoshihiro Yokota
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Kobe Steel Ltd
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Description

半導體元件及半導體元件之製造方法
本發明係有關半導體元件及半導體元件之製造方法。
近年來,絕緣閘極(MOS)型的半導體裝置作為控制大電力之功率裝置而逐漸普及。作為上述MOS型半導體裝置,例如有IGBT(絕緣閘極型雙極電晶體)、或功率MOSFET(功率MOS型場效應電晶體)等。
以下參照圖1,說明上述MOS型半導體裝置中具代表性的IGBT的一般性構造。圖1的IGBT1,具備:p型之集極層2、形成於該集極層2表面的n型之基極層3、分斷形成於該基極層3表面的p型之本體區域4、以及形成於各本體區域4表面的n型之射極層5。該集極層2、基極層3、本體區域4及射極層5,通常為形成於基板內部之部分。在上述集極層2連接有集極電極6。上述基極層3當中,位於2個射極層5間之區域係為通道區域7。此IGBT1還依序具有:形成於通道區域7表面之閘極絕緣膜8及閘極電極膜9。此外,在射極層5的表面,形成有射極電極10。該射極電極10與閘極電極9之間,係藉由層間絕緣膜11而絕緣。集極電極6係透過銲料層來直接固定於電路基板等,而電性連接。在射極電極10的表面,連接有金屬製之打線或引線帶(ribbon),並通過它們與外部端子電性連接。另,在集極電極6等電極,係使用純鋁 或鋁合金所構成之鋁系電極等。
此類IGBT1之n型半導體區域(基極層3或射極層5)及p型半導體區域(集極層2或本體區域4),其形成方法為,例如藉由在矽(Si)等所構成之基板上,將磷(P)、砷(As)、硼(B)等離子植入,其後進行用以活性化之熱處理。另,上述離子植入是針對各區域依決定好的摻雜量、加速電壓、植入角度等來進行,熱處理亦是針對各區域依決定好的溫度、時間等來進行。具體而言,在上述IGBT1的製造程序中,例如是在基板表面形成射極電極10後,從基板的背面對集極層2進行離子植入。接著進行450℃以下的熱處理,藉由進行活性化。此外,以銲料接合時,有時會有加溫至250℃左右之迴焊工程。
在這樣的製造工程中,一般而言,上述熱處理溫度愈高,在彼此接觸的電極與矽(半導體區域)之間,原子的相互擴散會增大。為了防止此一相互擴散,有時會在電極使用含有矽1~數%之Al-Si合金。然而,即使使用這樣的合金,針對450℃以上之熱處理,仍無法完全防止上述相互擴散。另,專利文獻1中雖記載為了將集極層活性化而施以800~950℃之熱處理,但這樣的高溫下熱處理僅限於電極形成前。在已形成電極的狀態下,僅施以450℃以下之熱處理,並未記載以更高溫進行熱處理。
像這樣,在已形成Al系電極的狀態下進行熱處理時,若將熱處理溫度提高到450℃以上,則在彼此接觸的電極與矽之間,原子會發生相互擴散。但,反之若將熱處理 溫度設得較低,那麼集極層的活性化會花費數小時的時間,或者活性化會不充分。
在此課題中,作為抑制上述相互擴散之技術,專利文獻2係揭示在Al系電極與半導體區域之交界面,配置氮化層來作為擴散防止層之方法。然而,上述氮化層係由絕緣性的SiN或AlN等所構成,故會提高交界面電阻,導致電力損失。另,若將上述氮化層做成如10nm以下般非常薄,則電阻會因穿隧效應等而某種程度獲得抑制,但因其本身是絕緣體,故此效果有其限度。此外,上述氮化層愈薄,則相互擴散也愈容易,故擴散防止性能與交界面電阻的減低,是互為權衡的關係。因此,在使用上述方法時,必須精密地將氮化層控制在平衡性良好的厚度,但在實務上是非常困難的。
先前技術文獻 專利文獻
專利文獻1:日本特開2007-242699號公報
專利文獻2:日本特開2008-10801號公報
本發明係有鑑於上述情事而創作者,目的在於提供一種半導體元件以及該種半導體元件之製造方法,其即使在製造工程等當中曝露於高溫下的情形下,仍會抑制半導體區域與電極之間的原子相互擴散,且抑制交界面電阻上昇。
本發明提供以下之半導體元件及半導體元件之製造方法。
(1)含矽之半導體區域、含鋁作為主成份之電極、及介於上述半導體區域與電極之間,且含鍺及矽之擴散防止層;上述擴散防止層及電極,是藉由含0.1原子%以上3原子%以下的鍺之鋁合金膜的熱處理而形成,上述擴散防止層的鍺含有量為20原子%以上50原子%以下,相對於鍺含有量而言矽含有量的比為0.3以上3以下,上述擴散防止層的膜厚為1nm以上5nm以下。
按照該半導體元件,在半導體區域與電極之間介有含規定量鍺之擴散防止層,故能抑制其間的原子相互擴散。此外,按照該半導體元件,上述擴散防止層含有半導體的鍺,故能抑制因該擴散防止層的存在而使得交界面電阻上昇。
將上述擴散防止層的至少一部分的鍺含有量及膜厚設定在上述範圍,藉此,能抑制生產成本,同時使其發揮優良的擴散防止性能。
(2)如(1)之半導體元件,其中,上述擴散防止層的鍺含有量為20原子%以上30原子%以下。
將上述擴散防止層的至少一部分的鍺含有量及膜厚進一步限定在上述範圍,藉此,能進一步提高上述效果。
(3)一種半導體元件之製造方法,其特徵為,在含矽之半導體區域的表面,形成含0.1原子%以上3原子%以下的鍺之鋁合金膜的工程;及對上述形成有鋁合金膜之半導體區域進行熱處理的工程。
按照該製造方法,於上述熱處理時,在半導體區域與鋁合金膜之間,係形成含鍺之擴散防止層,故能抑制在該熱處理時等所導致之半導體區域與鋁合金膜(電極)之間的原子相互擴散。
藉由該製造方法所得到的半導體元件,其半導體區域與鋁合金膜(電極)之間的原子相互擴散會被抑制,此外,雖形成有擴散防止層,仍會抑制交界面電阻上昇。
在此,元素的含有量(原子%),係利用EDX(能量分散型X射線分析)進行元素分析而得之值。此外,上述擴散防止層的「一部分」,係指上述分析時測定之測定區域。上述擴散防止層的膜厚,係使用TEM(穿透型電子顯微鏡)測定任意5點的膜厚之平均值。
如以上說明般,按照本發明之半導體元件,即使在曝露於高溫下的情形下,仍會抑制半導體區域與電極之間的原子相互擴散,且抑制交界面電阻上昇。因此,該半導體元件能適用於MOS型半導體裝置等。此外,按照該製造方法,能有效率地製造上述之半導體元件。
以下詳細說明本發明之半導體元件及半導體元件之製造方法的實施形態。
<半導體元件>
本發明之半導體元件,具備半導體區域、電極、以及介於上述半導體區域與電極之間的擴散防止層。
上述半導體區域含有矽。上述半導體區域,一般是由以含矽為主成分之周知半導體材料(矽基板、碳化矽基板等)所形成。上述半導體區域除了矽以外,亦可含有磷、砷、硼等,在此情形下,磷、砷、硼等之含有量為1016 /cm3 ~1019 /cm3 較佳。
上述電極係隔著上述擴散防止層而與上述半導體區域相接。如後文所詳述,上述擴散防止層並非絕緣性,故上述電極與上述半導體區域電性連接。
上述電極含有鋁作為主成分。作為上述電極,可使用周知之純鋁或鋁合金。該合金成分並未特別限定,例如有矽、銅、氮、稀土類元素(釹、釔等)等。合金元素包含矽 時,其含有量為0.5~1.0原子%較佳。合金元素包含銅時,其含有量為0.1~0.5原子%較佳。合金元素包含稀土類元素時,其含有量為0.2~2.0原子%較佳。
上述擴散防止層,係如上述般介於半導體區域與電極之間。具體而言,例如當半導體區域為集極層,電極為與該集極層電性連接之集極電極時,上述擴散防止層介於上述集極層與集極電極之間。此外,當半導體區域為射極層,電極為與該射極層電性連接之射極電極時,上述擴散防止層介於上述射極層與射極電極之間。
上述擴散防止層含有鍺。按照該半導體元件,由於具有含鍺之擴散防止層,即使施以高溫(例如超過450℃之溫度)下之熱處理,仍能仍制半導體區域的矽與電極的鋁之間的相互擴散。
在此,鍺雖為半導體,但在室溫下其電阻率約為70 μΩ.cm,具有接近金屬的值。因此,即使上述擴散防止層僅以鍺來形成,相較於習知絕緣性的擴散防止層(SiN等)之情形,仍能明顯地降低交界面電阻。此外,在該半導體元件中,由於存在含鍺之擴散防止層,故能以半導體區域中的矽與鍺,形成具有共價性之Si-Ge鍵。Si-Ge亦為半導體,但在受熱時,電極的鋁會自動地作為受體而摻入,上述擴散防止層會變為低電阻化。
像這樣,按照該半導體元件,具有含鍺之擴散防止層,藉此,無論此擴散防止層是僅由鍺來形成,或是含有其他元素(例如矽等),相較於習知擴散防止層,仍能降低交 界面電阻。另,此交界面電阻對上述擴散防止層的膜厚並不敏感。因此,按照該半導體元件,嚴密控制上述擴散防止層膜厚的必要性並不高,故能放寬製造程序的控制條件,可容易地形成擴散防止層。
上述擴散防止層的至少一部分的鍺含有量下限為4原子%,以20原子%為佳。藉由將鍺含有量設成上述下限以上,上述擴散防止層能夠發揮足夠的擴散防止性能。
該鍺含有量的上限並未特別限定,但考量成本面等,以50原子%為佳,30原子%更佳。即使在設成上述上限以下的情形,從化學計量學及實務觀點認為已會形成足夠的Si-Ge鍵,能夠發揮足夠的擴散防止性能,且能謀求低電阻化。
上述擴散防止層中除了鍺以外的成分,可含有矽或鋁。
上述擴散防止層含有矽時,上述擴散防止層的至少一部分的矽含有量下限以4原子%為佳,20原子%更佳。另一方面,其上限以50原子%為佳,30原子%更佳。此外,相對於上述一部分的鍺含有量(原子%),矽含有量(原子%)以0.3以上3以下為佳,0.5以上2以下更佳。藉由將上述擴散防止層的矽含有量設成上述範圍,能夠在擴散防止層中形成足夠的Si-Ge鍵,能提高擴散防止性能,謀求低電阻化。
上述擴散防止層的膜厚下限以0.5nm為佳,1nm更佳。藉由將膜厚設成上述下限以上,上述擴散防止層能夠發 揮足夠的擴散防止性能。
另,當上述擴散防止層的膜厚在1nm以上,且該擴散防止層的至少一部分的鍺含有量在20原子%以上時,例如在500℃ 20分的加熱中,仍能發揮接近100%的擴散防止性能。
該擴散防止層的膜厚上限並未特別限定,但考量成本面等,以100nm為佳,5nm更佳。
像這樣,按照本發明之半導體元件,即使在曝露於高溫下的情形下,仍會抑制半導體區域與電極之間的原子相互擴散,且抑制交界面電阻上昇。其結果,只要應用本發明,例如在IGBT的製造程序中,便能以450℃以上的高溫來進行使集極層的離子活性化等所需之熱處理。只要能以這樣的高溫進行熱處理,便可縮短工程時間,減低製造成本。此外,按照該半導體元件,藉由高溫熱處理,離子植入至集極層等之摻雜物其活性化率會上昇,能夠實現特性提升。又,按照該半導體元件,即使在動作中由於某些原因而有突波性電流流過,其焦耳熱導致局部溫度驟昇時,仍能抑制原子的相互擴散,故不可逆破壞不易產生,可靠性提高。
<半導體元件之製造方法>
該半導體元件之製造方法並未特別限定,例如可使用具有(1)在含矽之半導體區域的表面,形成含鍺之鋁合金膜 的工程;及對上述形成有鋁合金膜之半導體區域進行熱處理的工程之製造方法;或(2)在含矽之半導體區域的表面,藉由濺鍍等形成擴散防止層的工程;及在上述擴散防止層的表面形成鋁膜或鋁合金膜的工程之製造方法等。另,上述鋁膜或鋁合金膜,在所得到的半導體元件中,係作為電極的功能。
該些製造方法當中,以上述(1)的製造方法較佳。上述(1)的製造方法中,藉由熱處理,鍺會從鋁合金膜朝交界面析出或濃化。因此,在熱處理時,半導體區域與鋁合金膜之間會形成含鍺之擴散防止層。是故,能夠抑制在該熱處理時等之半導體區域與鋁合金膜之間的原子相互擴散。此外,按照上述(1)的製造方法,藉由調整鋁合金膜中的鍺含有量等,能夠容易地控制所形成之擴散防止層的膜厚。在此情形下,例如能夠較容易地進行5nm以下的較薄擴散防止層之形成,能夠抑制昂貴的鍺的使用量。
是故,藉由上述製造方法所得到的半導體元件,其半導體區域與鋁合金膜(電極)之間的原子相互擴散會被抑制,此外,雖形成有擴散防止層,仍會抑制交界面電阻上昇。
使上述鋁合金膜成膜之方法並未特別限定,可使用周知方法(濺鍍法、蒸鍍法等)。
上述鋁合金膜中鍺的含有量並未特別限定,例如可設 成0.1原子%以上3原子%以下。
上述熱處理的方法並未特別限定,可使用周知方法。另,上述熱處理,可以和對半導體區域離子植入後用來活性化之熱處理兼用,亦可進行獨立之熱處理。
上述熱處理的溫度或時間亦未特別限定。溫度方面,例如可設為300℃以上600℃以下(較佳為450℃以上550℃以下)。時間方面,例如可設為5分鐘以上1小時以下(較佳為30分鐘以上1小時以下)。
另,在該半導體元件製造時,上述以外之工程(例如離子植入等),可採用周知方法。
實施例
以下藉由實施例進一步詳細說明本發明,但本發明並非由該些實施例所限定。
所得到之半導體元件的擴散防止層當中,各成分的含有量及膜厚係由以下方法測定。
<含有量>
各成分的含有量係由EDX射線分析來進行。該EDX射線分析,係使用電場放射型穿透式電子顯微鏡HF-2000(日立製作所製)及附載其上之EDX分析裝置Sigma(Kevex製)。此時,EDX射線分析約以5nm間隔,藉由測定點取得資料。
另,所使用的上述裝置中,入射電子光束徑為1~ 2nm左右,但因受到電子束在試料內部散亂的影響而會擴散成5nm左右,並取得該資訊。此外,EDX分析半定量計算,會產生10%左右的誤差。是故,在解釋含有量的絕對值時,不應只注意分析點資料的絕對值之面向,而應留意其還具有射線分析資料的相對性意義。
<膜厚>
使用TEM(上述電場放射型穿透式電子顯微鏡HF-2000(日立製作所製)),測定擴散防止膜上的任意5點膜厚,取其平均值。
[實施例1]
在作為半導體區域之單結晶矽基板(結晶方向100)表面,以磁控濺鍍法,使含鍺0.5原子%之鋁合金膜成膜。接著,在惰性氣體(N2 )環境下,進行500℃保持20分鐘之熱處理。如此一來,便在矽基板(半導體區域)與鋁合金膜(電極)之間形成擴散防止層,得到實施例1之半導體元件。
所得到之半導體元件的擴散防止層當中,各成分的含有量及膜厚係由上述方法測定。各成分之含有量如表1所示。此外,所得到的半導體元件之截面TEM照片如圖2所示。另,表1中的「點」,係表示圖2的箭頭位置。此外,膜厚為3.0nm。
如圖2截面TEM照片所示,在電極(Al)21與半導體區域(Si)22之間,可確認形成有擴散防止層23,且並未見到Al與Si的相互擴散。
可以認為,該擴散防止層23,是鋁合金膜所含之Ge從熱處理的相當初期開始,即凝集在半導體區域的交界面,藉由Si-Ge的共價鍵結而形成了強固的層。在熱處理中,即使只是一部分,如果Al與Si存在直接接觸之交界面,由於Al與Si之間的擴散速度非常快,故從該部分應該早已發生擴散。但事實上卻未觀察到此一現象,故可判斷在熱處理的相當初期階段即已形成擴散防止層,熱處理後,Ge在交界面(Al與Si之間)濃化,而由Ge或Ge與Si之間的鍵來擔負其擴散防止的任務。
針對本申請案,以上已詳細地或參照特定之實施態樣進行說明,但所屬技術領域者當然明白,在不脫離本發明精神與範圍之外,可施加種種變更或修正。
本申請案係以2011年7月19日申請之日本專利申請案(特願2011-157571)為基礎,在此援用其內容以作為參照。
產業上利用之可能性
本發明之半導體元件能適用於IGBT或功率MOSFET等MOS型半導體裝置。
1‧‧‧IGBT
2‧‧‧集極層
3‧‧‧基極層
4‧‧‧本體區域
5‧‧‧射極層
6‧‧‧集極電極
7‧‧‧通道區域
8‧‧‧閘極絕緣膜
9‧‧‧閘極電極膜
10‧‧‧射極電極
11‧‧‧層間絕緣膜
21‧‧‧電極(Al)
22‧‧‧半導體區域(Si)
23‧‧‧擴散防止層
[圖1]一般性的IGBT示意模型截面圖。
[圖2]實施例半導體元件之半導體區域與電極之交界面示意截面TEM照片。
21‧‧‧電極(Al)
22‧‧‧半導體區域(Si)
23‧‧‧擴散防止層

Claims (3)

  1. 一種半導體元件,其特徵為:具備:含矽之半導體區域;含鋁作為主成份之電極;及介於上述半導體區域與電極之間,且含鍺及矽之擴散防止層;上述擴散防止層及電極,是藉由含0.1原子%以上3原子%以下的鍺之鋁合金膜的熱處理而形成,上述擴散防止層的鍺含有量為20原子%以上50原子%以下,相對於鍺含有量而言矽含有量的比為0.3以上3以下,上述擴散防止層的膜厚為1nm以上5nm以下。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之半導體元件,其中,上述擴散防止層的鍺含有量為20原子%以上30原子%以下。
  3. 一種半導體元件之製造方法,其特徵為,具有:在含矽之半導體區域的表面,形成含0.1原子%以上3原子%以下的鍺之鋁合金膜的工程;及對上述形成有鋁合金膜之半導體區域進行熱處理的工程。
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