TWI410427B - 甲矽烷基乙炔基化雜環並化合物及利用其所製之電子裝置 - Google Patents
甲矽烷基乙炔基化雜環並化合物及利用其所製之電子裝置 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI410427B TWI410427B TW097107508A TW97107508A TWI410427B TW I410427 B TWI410427 B TW I410427B TW 097107508 A TW097107508 A TW 097107508A TW 97107508 A TW97107508 A TW 97107508A TW I410427 B TWI410427 B TW I410427B
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- semiconductor
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/0803—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages
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Description
本發明係有關有機半導體領域,且尤其有關甲矽烷基乙炔基化雜環並以及利用這些化合物所製得之調和物及電子裝置。
顯示器技術被預期將是未來高科技工業的一個優勢領域。亦預期有機半導體的使用將改革平面顯示器技術,而得以製造不會明顯限制尺寸的便宜、適用、質輕、完全可攜式平面顯示器。由於較低的製造成本,一般預測以有機半導體為基礎的顯示器最終將超越以非晶形矽為基礎的相對應物,且至2007年個別市場佔有率將成長至160億美元。然而為實現這些目標,必須在有機半導體材料領域和裝置處理上有重要突破。
對於可能使用有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT)於顯示器、感應器和其他大面積電子應用的關注已迅速地增加。已有報導有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT)裝置的表現為相當於或超過經氫化非晶形矽的裝置,且低的OTFT加工溫度可令其在多種表面上(包括布料、紙或低溫聚合基材)製造。
使用於OTFT的有機半導體可粗略地分為高和低遷移率材料二種族群。高遷移率材料具有>0.1 cm2
/V-s之遷移率,有用的高載子能帶寬(>0.1eV),和弱或有時不具有之遷移率活化溫度。目前,多數的高遷移率有機半導體為
小分子材料(最值得注意的例子為五),且大部分係在轉換步驟以高溫(>150℃)真空昇華沈積或形成溶液前驅物。低遷移率材料具有由約10-5
~10-1
cm2
/V-s之遷移率,典型地藉由跳躍傳輸載子,和具有強的遷移率活化溫度。大多數的聚合性有機半導體屬於此族群且多數具有可由溶液沈積的潛在優點。
目前對具有高遷移率之經低溫溶液處理之有機半導體鮮少報導。此外即使對低遷移率材料,當前的溶液沈積技術相較於真空沈積技術仍無法掌握材料結構、厚度和性質之控制。
本發明的一個目標係提供一種新的有機半導體化合物,其具有優異性質,尤其是具有相當低的OTFT加工溫度和相當高之遷移率。本發明的另一個目標係將熟於此藝者可得到的有機半導體化合物範圍延伸。本發明的其他目標可由下列詳細敘述而使熟於此藝者立即了解。
經發現,這些目標可藉由本發明所宣稱之新穎甲矽烷基乙炔基化雜環並化合物之提供而達成。
M.Payne,S.Odom,R.Parkin,J.Anthony,Org.Lett.2004,vol.6,No.19,p.3325-3328,揭示了甲矽烷基乙炔基化雜環並化合物,但並未揭示本發明化合物。
本發明係有關於一種式I之化合物
其中Y1
和Y2
之其一代表-CH=或=CH-且另一個代表-X-,Y3
和Y4
之其一代表-CH=或=CH-且另一個代表-X-,X為-O-、-S-、-Se-或NR"'-,R為具有1至20個C-原子(較佳1至8個C-原子)之環狀、直鏈或枝鏈的烷基或烷氧基,或具有2-30個C-原子的芳基,它們均可隨意地經氟化或全氟化,其中SiR3
較佳為三烷基甲烷基,R'為H、F、Cl、Br、I、CN、具有1至20個C-原子(較佳1至8個C-原子)之直鏈或枝鏈的烷基或烷氧基且可隨意地經氟化或全氟化、具有6至30個C-原子之可隨意地經氟化或全氟化的芳基(較佳為C6
H5
)、或CO2
R",其中R"為H、具有1至20個C-原子之可隨意地經氟化的烷基、或具有2至30個C-原子(較佳5至20個C-原子)之可隨意地經氟化的芳基,R"'為H或具有1至10個C-原子之環狀、直鏈或枝鏈的烷基,較佳為H,m為0或1,n為0或1。
本發明進一步係有關於一種調合物,其包含一或多種式I化合物,且較佳另包含一或多種有機溶劑。
本發明進一步係有關於一種電子裝置,尤其為電晶體、有機場效電晶體(OFET)、有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT)、有機光伏打(OPV)裝置、積體電路(IC)、感應器、射頻識別(RFID)標籤和太陽電池,其包含一或多種式I化合物或包含彼等之調合物。
本發明新穎化合物可廣泛地以甲矽烷基乙炔基化雜環並化合物(蒽(二雜環)、四(二雜環)和五(二雜環)化合物)稱之。
較佳之式I化合物為其中Y1
=Y3
且Y2
=Y4
,和其中Y1
=Y4
且Y2
=Y3
者。
較佳之式I化合物係選自下列結構式:
其中R、R'和X如上文中所定義者。
本發明的另一個態樣係提供一種調合物,其包含一或多種式I之新穎化合物、A1、A2、B1、B2、C1或C2和一或多種溶劑。該等溶劑較佳為有機溶劑,更佳係選自烷
基化及/或氟化或氯化之苯類(如甲苯、二甲苯和相似者),苯甲醚或其烷基化及/或氟化之衍生物,四氫萘,二氫茚,十氫萘,N,N-二甲基苯胺,N-甲基吡咯烷酮,N,N-二甲基甲醯胺或吡啶。
本發明的另一個態樣係提供一種電晶體。該電晶體較佳包含閘電極,由本發明新穎化合物或調合物所組成之半導體,在該閘電極與該半導體之間的絕緣體,源電極及汲電極。
本發明的另一個態樣係提供一種光伏打裝置。該光伏打裝置較佳包含透明陽極,由本發明新穎化合物或調合物所組成之半導體,n-型材料,及陰極。
用於製備電子裝置(如電晶體和光電伏打裝置)和彼等元件(如閘、源或汲電極,陰極,陽極或n-型材料(電子傳遞者))的適當方法和材料為熟於此藝者所習知者並述於文獻中(例如WO 02/45184 A1、WO 03/052841 A1、WO 2004/013922 A2及於其中引用之參考資料)。
極佳者為式I、A1、A2、B1、B2、C1和C2之化合物,其中-X為-O-、-Se-或-NH-,-X為-S-,-R'非為H,-R'為F、Cl、Br或COOH,較佳為F、Cl或Br,更佳為F,-R為具有1至8個C-原子之直鏈或枝鏈的烷基,較
佳為甲基,乙基,丙基(其為正丙基或異丙基),或丁基(其為正丁基、次丁基、異丁基或三級丁基),-R"'為H,-m=n=0,-若X為S,則R'非為H,-若m=n=0且X為S,則R'係選自具有6至30個C-原子之可隨意地經氟化或全氟化的芳基,較佳為C6
F5
、F、Cl、Br、I、CN和CO2
R",更佳為F、Cl和Br。
該等甲矽烷基乙炔基化雜環並化合物通常係以異構物的混合物製備。因此式I涵蓋異構體對(isomer pair),其中於第一異構物中Y1
=Y3
且Y2
=Y4
,且於第二異構物中Y1
=Y4
且Y2
=Y3
。
式A1
和A2
代表蒽(二雜環)的二個異構物。
式B1
和B2
代表四(二雜環)的二個異構物。
式C1
和C2
代表五(二雜環)的二個異構物。
本發明的新穎化合物包括式A1
和A2
;B1
和B2
;或C1
和C2
異構物的混合物,和A1
、A2
、B1
、B2
、C1
或C2
之純異構物。
該等異構物A1
、A2
、B1
、B2
、C1
或C2
可使用熟於此藝者所習知之方法由式A1
、A2
;B1
、B2
;或C1
、C2
異構物的混合物純化,其非限制性地包括高效液相色層分析(HPLC)。
本發明新穎化合物可藉由相當簡單且直接的方法製備。特而言之,甲矽烷基乙炔基化雜環並化合物可簡易地
製備自將炔基鋰加至相對應之醌,接著以HI或氯化錫(Ⅱ)還原性處理:
此類型反應已完整地述於:Miller,G.P.;Mack,J.;Briggs,J.,Org.Lett.2000,2,3983,Anthony,J.E.;Eaton,D.L.;Parkin,S.R.,Org.Lett.2002,4,15,Anthony,J.E.;Brooks,J.S.;Eaton,D.L.;Parkin,S.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2001,123,9482,Payne,M.M.;Odom,S.A.;Parkin,S.R.;Anthony,J.E.,Org.Lett.2004,6,3325。
醌可極簡易地由二醇與商用1,4-環己二酮之間的4重醛醇縮合作用製備:
該縮合作用已完整地述於:De la Cruz,P.;Martin,N.;Miguel,F.;Seoane,C;
Albert,A.;Cano,H.;Gonzalez,A.;Pingarron,J.M.,J.Org.Chem.1992,57,6192。
這些二醛類的「R」基典型地藉由下列順序導入:
此步驟係用於製備噻吩二醛且詳述於:Laquindanura,J.G.;Katz,H.E.;Lovinger,A.J.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.1998,120,664。
其中R'為鹵素(例如F或Br)之本發明化合物可根據反應示意圖1和2或相似者製備:
因此所有該等材料之「基質單元」為雜環二醛。大部份之該等雜環二醛已習知於文獻,且有一些甚至為商用者。
噻吩2,3-二醛為商用且可購自Aldrich和Acros chemical。
呋喃2,3-二醛的製備係述於Zaluski,M.C;Robba,M;Bonhomme,M.,Bull.Chim.Soc.Fr.1970,4,1445。
硒吩2,3-二醛的製備係述於Paulmier,C;Morel,J.;Pastour,P.;Scmard,D.,Bull.Chim.Soc.Fr.1969,7,2511。
其他雜環二醛可藉由概述之合成呋喃和硒吩化合物的相同方法製備。下列的合成和例子係預備進一步說明本發明,但並非視為對其限制。
多種有用的電子裝置可由本發明新穎化合物構成。本發明的典型場效電晶體(FET)(10)於圖1a說明。該
FET(10)係由該技藝所習知類型的閘電極(12)、亦於該技藝所習知類型的絕緣體或閘介電體(14)和本發明化合物之薄層或膜形式之半導體(16)所組成。除此之外,該FET(10)包括同時與半導體(16)操作性連接的傳導性源電極(18)和汲電極(20)。
該絕緣體(14)可例如為介電體或金屬氧化物或甚至絕緣聚合物(如聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯))。源和汲電極(18)、(20)的傳導可為於本技藝中習知且可有用地作為電極之金屬,經高量摻雜之半導體(例如矽)或甚至傳導聚合物。
於圖1a說明之FET習知為底部閘極(bottom-gate),頂部接觸(top-contact)結構。本發明FET(10)的另一個具體實例說明於圖1b。此結構習知為底部閘極,底部接觸的結構。
本發明FET(10)的另一個具體實例說明於圖1c。此結構習知為頂部閘極結構,且係由該技藝所習知類型的基材(22)、同時與本發明化合物之薄層或膜形式之半導體(16)操作性連接的傳導性源電極(18)和汲電極(20)、於該技藝所習知類型的絕緣體或閘介電體(14)、和亦於該技藝所習知類型的閘電極(12)所組成。
閘電極(12)、源電極(18)和汲電極(20)再次地可為任何種類的導體:金、銀、鋁、鉑、經高量摻雜之矽或有機傳導聚合物。該絕緣體或閘介電體(14)可為氧化物,例如氧化鋁或氧化矽或絕緣聚合物(如聚(甲基丙烯
酸甲酯))。本發明化合物之任一結構可藉由溶液或是蒸汽方法施用以形成半導體(16)。
選擇性地,該半導體(16)包含一或多種有機黏合劑(較佳為例如於WO 2005/055248 A1中所述之聚合性黏合劑)以調整流變性質,較佳為黏合劑對半導體的比例以重量計為由20:1至1:20,較佳為10:1至1:10,更佳為5:1至1:5。該黏合劑聚合物亦可為半傳導。
本發明的典型光伏打裝置(22)於圖2a說明。該光伏打裝置(22)包含透明傳導性電極或陽極(24)、本發明化合物之薄層或膜形式之半導體(26)、和底部電極或陰極(28)。
於圖2a說明之光伏打裝置具體實例中,n-型材料層(30)係於半導體(26)與陰極(28)之間。於圖2b說明之光伏打裝置(22)中,該半導體(26)包含與n-型材料摻合的本發明化合物。
在有機太陽電池的情況,本發明化合物典型地作為電洞傳輸物(「p-型」材料)。此材料必須與定義為接受電子化合物的n-型材料共用(亦即作為摻合物)。n-型或受體材料的適當和較佳例子為富樂烯(fullerenes)(如C60),或彼等之經溶解衍生物,或苝二醯亞胺(如PTCBI,3,4,9,10-苝四羧酸雙苯並咪唑)。
光電伏打裝置(22)可典型地以於圖2a和2b說明的二種方法組成。如圖2a說明者,p-型化合物和n-型化合物均在順序步驟中由蒸汽或溶液沈積,導致單一的異質接
面界面。或者,如圖2b說明者,p-型材料和n-型材料經混合,及在陰極材料沈積之前由溶液沈積於陽極上。在此具體實例中,p-型和n-型材料相分離,導致混摻體(bulk)中之多重異質接面。在此兩種情形中,陽極材料典型地具有高的工作函數且為透明(在玻璃或塑膠上之ITO或(10)氧化物)。相對地,陰極(28)為低的工作函數導體,及典型地反射以改善效率(鋁、銀或銦-鎵共熔合金)。在任一種情況下,陽極層可使用商用的傳導性聚合物(如PEDOT,聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩))或PEDOT:PSS(聚(苯乙烯磺酸酯))的摻合物預塗佈以改良電荷注入效率。
下列實施例係意圖用以解釋本發明而非限制它。後文所述及之方法、結構和性質亦可應用或轉移至於本發明宣稱但未於前述說明書或實施例中明確述及之材料。
除非另外陳述,上和下文之百分率為重量百分率且所示溫度為攝氏度。
5,11-雙(三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔基)蒽[2,3-b:6,7-b']二噻吩和5,11-雙(三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔基)蒽[2,3-b:7,6-b']二噻吩
在裝置有攪拌棒並在N2
冷卻的經烘乾250毫升圓底燒瓶中加入己烷(20毫升)和0.38毫升之三乙基甲矽烷
基乙炔(2.0毫莫耳),接著逐滴加入0.73毫升之n-BuLi(1.8毫莫耳,於己烷中之2.46M溶液)。該混合物攪拌1小時,然後加入己烷(80毫升)和蒽二噻吩醌(藉由如De la Cruz,P.等人於J.Org.Chem.1992,57,6192中所述之方法製備)(0.16克,0.34毫莫耳)。該混合物在60℃加熱隔夜,然後以0.5毫升之水驟冷。加入在10%水性HCl(1毫升)之SnCl2
.2H2
O(0.50克,2.2毫莫耳),且混合物在60℃攪拌2小時。溶液經MgSO4
乾燥,然後裝填在二氧化矽的厚墊上。該二氧化矽以己烷(500毫升)沖洗,然後產物使用己烷:DCM(5:1)沖提。移除溶劑以生成0.18克(0.31毫莫耳,91%)之紅色粉末。由己烷再結晶以生成厚的暗紅色片狀物。由己烷再結晶3次。產率:91%。MP:151℃。1
H-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3
)δ=9.18(s,2H),9.13(s,2H),7.57(d,J=5.6Hz,2H,順式異構物),7.57(d,J=5.2Hz,2H,反式異構物),7.47(d,J=5.6Hz,2H),1.27(tt,J=8.0Hz,1.6Hz,18H),0.94(q,J=8.0Hz,1.2H)。13
C-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3
)δ=140.27,140.18,139.82,139.68,133.70,130.11(2C),130.01(2C),129.92(2C),129.81,129.17,123.95,121.50,121.44,120.20,118.05,117.69,8.04(2C),7.82,4.93(2C),4.50。元素分析理論值%C:72.02,% H:6.75。實驗值%C:71.68,%H:6.75。
為製備具有另一「R」基之系統,於上述製備中不同的乙炔將取代三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔。為製備「R」非為「H
」之系統,所需之醌類前驅物係如Laquindanum,J.G.等人於J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1998,120,664所述者製備。
四[2,3-b:8,9-b']二噻吩-5,13-二酮和四[2,3-b:9,8-b']二噻吩-5,13-二酮
將2,3-噻吩二羧醛(0.85克,6.07毫莫耳)和苯並[1,2-b]噻吩-4,5-二羧醛(1.66克,8.70毫莫耳)之1:2混合物溶解於在裝置有攪拌棒之500毫升圓底燒瓶的THF(200毫升),然後加入1,4-環己二酮(0.83克,7.40毫莫耳)且溶液被攪拌至均勻。在加入15%之KOH(2毫升)之後,沈澱物立即開始形成,劇烈攪拌持續整夜。過濾該溶液以生成3.87克由未溶解醌類組成的淺棕色粉末,其將直接使用於下一步驟:MS(70eV,EI)m/z 370(100%,M+
)。
5,13-雙(參(三乙基甲矽烷基)甲矽烷基乙炔基)四[2,3-b:8,9-b']二噻吩和5,13-雙(參(三乙基甲矽烷基)甲矽烷基乙炔基)四[2,3-b:9,8-b']二噻吩
在裝置有攪拌棒並在N2
冷卻的經烘乾500毫升圓底燒瓶中加入己烷(150毫升)和參(三乙基甲矽烷基)甲矽烷基乙炔(14克,51.1毫莫耳)。逐滴加入n-BuLi(19.5毫升,47.9毫莫耳,2.6M於己烷中),及該混合物攪拌2小時。將上述之醌混合物(3.87克)加入且攪拌持續整夜,然後加入無水THF(20毫升)且額外攪拌2天。
加入水(2毫升)和在10%HCl(20毫升)之SnCl2
.H2
O(10.0克,44毫莫耳)溶液,且攪拌該溶液2小時。然後加入DCM(100毫升)並分離出有機層,經MgSO4
乾燥,然後經由二氧化矽薄層(DCM)清洗。溶劑經濃縮至10毫升的體積,然後以己烷(200毫升)稀釋,及在二氧化矽厚層上清洗。該二氧化矽以己烷(600毫升)清洗,然後產物混合物使用己烷:DCM(1:1)沖提,且該溶劑由第二餾分中移除。使用管柱色層分析法(己烷:乙酸乙酯(9:1)),分離出0.82克所需的四(二噻吩)。該四(二塞吩)由丙酮再結晶以生成深藍色針狀物。1
H-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3
)δ=9.53(s,1H),9.45(s,1H),9.16(s,1H),9.13(s,1H),8.53(s,1H),8.49(s,1H),7.54(d,J=5.6Hz,1H),7.50(d,J=6.2Hz,1H),7.41(s,1H),7.40(s,1H),1.08(s,54H)。13
C-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3
)δ=140.49,140.46,140.20,140.19,139.92,139.86,138.98,138.90,130.27,129.74,129.61,126.84,125.35,124.02,123.72,122.34,122.29,121.64,121.04,120.99,120.29,107.05,106.72,105.64,104.85,104.76,11.5。UV-VIS(DCM):λabs
(ε):244(18700),300(32400),328(61800),372(6940),392(5610),465(2110),528(766),555(1340),599(2810),653(4960)。IR(KBr)vmax
:(cm-1
):2956(m),2945(m),2860(s),2129(m),1460(m),1400(m),1366
(s),1061(m),997(w),882(s),752(s),720(vs),661(s),586(m)。
五[2,3-b:9,10-b']二噻吩-6,14-二酮和五[2,3-b:10,9-b]二噻吩-6,14-二酮
在裝置有攪拌棒的500毫升圓底燒瓶中將苯並[1,2-b]噻吩-4,5-二羧醛(2.35克,12.4毫莫耳)溶解於THF(200毫升)。加入1,4-環己二酮(0.70克,6.2毫莫耳)且溶液攪拌至均勻,然後加入15%之KOH(2毫升)。劇烈攪拌持續整夜,然後過瀘該溶液並以乙醚(20毫升)和DCM(20毫升)清洗。將棕色固體在DMF(400毫升)中加熱至迴流2小時,經冷卻且過濾以得到1.6克(3.8毫莫耳)所需之醌且為淺棕色不可溶粉末。MS(70eV,EI)m/z 420(42%,M+
)。
6,14-雙(參(正丁基)甲矽烷基乙炔基)-五[2,3-b:9,10-b']二噻吩和6,14-雙(參(正乙基)甲矽烷基乙炔基)-五[2,5-b:10,9-b']二噻吩(6b)
在裝置有攪拌棒並在N2
冷卻的經烘乾250毫升圓底燒瓶中加入無水THF(40毫升)和參(正丁基)甲矽烷基乙炔(3.59克,16.0毫莫耳)。逐滴加入n-BuLi(5.7毫升,14毫莫耳,2.6M於己烷中),且該溶液攪拌1小時,之後加入上述之醌(1.6克,3.8毫莫耳)。攪拌24小時之後,加入額外之無水THF(40毫升)且持續攪拌3天
。加入水(2毫升)和在10%HCl(2毫升)之SnCl2
.H2
O(1.0克,4.4毫莫耳)溶液,且攪拌該溶液2小時。加入DCM(200毫升)並分離出有機層,經MgSO4
乾燥,然後經由二氧化矽薄層(DCM)清洗。溶劑經濃縮至10毫升的體積,然後以己烷(200毫升)稀釋。將該溶液倒至二氧化矽厚層上並以己烷(500毫升)清洗,然後以己烷:DCM(1:1)沖提該產物。移除溶劑以生成0.44克(0.53毫莫耳,14%)之產物為微溶性綠色粉末。由甲苯再結晶,然後由CS2
生成6b,其為細的暗綠色針狀物。1
H-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3
)δ=9.49(s,2H),9.41(s,2H),8.41(s,2H),8.38(s,2H),7.46(d,J=5.6Hz,2H),7.36(s,J=5.6Hz,2H),1.50(s,54H)。13
C-NMR(400MHz,CS2
/C6
D6
)δ=140.52,138.91,130,98,130.86,130.67,130.55,129.57,128.92,128.88,128.78,128.75,128.26,127.96,127.94,127.59,126.11,124.08,122.94,121.61,109.10,106.70,97.94,31.12,30.81,28.89,22.73。UV-VIS(DCM):λabs
,(ε):277(42500),342(69500),373(6350),398(2770),416(2740),441(2220),475(1730),577(145),623(474),690(1170),762(2600)。IR(KBr)vmax
:(cm-1
):(cmol):3400(w),2972(m),2935(m),2859(5),2133(5),1648(w),1385(s),1115(m),1032(w),890(s),820(s),748(s),619(s)。C54
H66
S2
Si2
.H2
O元素分析理
論值%C:75.99,%H:8.03。實驗值%C:75.61,%H:7.93。MS(70eV,EI)m/z 834(100%,M+
),777(63%,M+
-C4
H9
)。MP:268℃(dec)。
2,8-二溴-5,11-雙(三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔基)蒽[2,3-b:6,7-b']二噻吩和2,8-二溴-5,11-雙(三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔基)蒽[2,3-b:7,6-b']二噻吩
步驟1:5-溴-噻吩-2,3-二甲醛
將2,3-雙(1,3-二氧戊環-2-基)噻吩(13.51克,59.2毫莫耳)溶解於THF(200毫升),然後加入N-溴丁二醯亞胺(11.0克,61.2毫莫耳)。該混合物在無光線下攪拌隔夜(~15h),然後加入水(300毫升)且產物以乙醚萃取(3x200毫升)。合併有機相且以飽和NaHCO3
水溶液和鹽水清洗,然後經Na2
SO4
乾燥。溶劑在減壓下移除。殘餘物溶解於THF(150毫升)然後加入2N HCl溶液(40毫升)。混合物在迴流下加熱1小時。冷卻至室溫之後,將反應混合物倒入水中(300毫升)並以乙醚萃取(3x200毫升)。合併萃取液且以飽和NaHCO3
水溶液、水和鹽水清洗,然後經Na2
SO4
乾燥。溶劑在減壓下移除。殘餘物藉由管柱色層分析法純化,經石油醚/乙酸乙酯沖提(10:0至7:3),得到棕色固體(1.43克,11%)。1
H-NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
):δ(ppm)10.38(s,1H,CHO),10.26(s,1H,CHO),7.60(s,1H,Ar-H);13
C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3
):δ(ppm)183.3,181.4,148.4,143.6,132.4,123.9;MS(m/e):220(M+
),218(M+
),191,189,161,163,111,82,57,39。
步驟2:2,8-二溴蒽[2,3-b:6,7-b']二噻吩-5,11-二酮和2,8-二溴蒽[2,3-b:7,6-b']二噻吩-5,11-二酮
將5-溴-噻吩-2,3-二甲醛(0.91克,4.2毫莫耳)溶解於EtOH(150毫升),然後加入1,4-環己烷二酮(0.24克,2.1毫莫耳)。在劇烈攪拌下加入15%之KOH溶液(5毫升)時沈澱物立即開始形成。該混合物額外攪拌1小時。收集沈澱物並以水和乙醇清洗,然後在真空下乾燥以得到低溶解度之黃色固體(0.85克,86%)。IR(cm-1
):1668(C=O),1574,1488,1317,1253。
步驟3:2,8-二溴-5,11-雙(三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔基)蒽[2,3-b:6,7-b']二噻吩和2,8-二溴-5,11-雙(三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔基)蒽[2,3-b:7,6-b']二噻吩
在室溫下於三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔(1.20克,8.55毫莫耳)在二噁烷(70毫升)的溶液中逐滴加入BuLi(1.6M於己烷中,5.3毫升,8.48毫莫耳)。攪拌該溶液30分鐘,接著加入2,8-二溴蒽[2,3-b:6,7-b']二噻吩-5,11-二酮(0.80克,1.67毫莫耳)。所得到之混合物在迴流下加熱3小時。冷卻後加入固態SnCl2
(5克)以及濃HCl溶液(10毫升),然後該混合物攪拌30分鐘。藉由過濾收
集沈澱物然後以水和丙酮清洗以得到深紫色固體,其經丙酮/THF再結晶以得到紫色結晶(0.59克,49%)。1
H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
):δ(ppm)8.93(m,4H,Ar-H),7.45(s,1H,Ar-H),7.46(s,1H,Ar-H),1.23(m,18H,CH3
),0.91(m,12H,CH2
);13
C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3
):δ(ppm)140.7,140.6,139.8,139.7,130.0,129.9,129.6,129.5,126.4,120.3,120.2,119.64,119.59,119.12,119.06,117.7,107.3,102.9,7.85,4.70;IR:2126 cm-1
(C≡C)。
2,8-二氟-5,11-雙(三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔基)蒽[2,3-b:6,7-b']二噻吩和2,8-二氟-5,11-雙(三乙基甲矽烷基乙炔基)蒽[2,3-b:7,6-b']二噻吩
該合成如於實施例4所述者施行,但使用相對應之氟化合物替代溴化合物。
1
H-NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
):δ(ppm)8.91(s,2H),8.84(s,2H),6.81(d,2H),1.22(m,18H),0.90(m,12H);13
C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3
):δ(ppm)167.83,163.86,136.66,136.61,136.57,133.89,130.14,129.94,129.58,129.40,120.80(CH),120.68(CH),120.59(CH),120.46(CH),120.36(CH),102.75(CH),102.60(CH),7.82(CH3),4.67(CH2);IR:2133 cm-1
(C≡C)。MS(m/e):602(M+
)
。
本發明化合物顯示出顯著的物理和電子性質。在內芳族環上取代之甲矽烷基乙炔單元具有兩個重要目的。首先其賦予該分子可溶性,因而容許以簡單之以溶液為基礎的方法處理。其次且也許更重要地為該官能基導致分子自組成為對裝置表現具關鍵改良的π-堆積排列。更明確者為,該分子重組導致改良的導電性、降低的帶間隙和場效電晶體(FET)裝置具有0.001至高於1.0 cm2
/Vs的電洞遷移率。
得到示於圖1a的場效電晶體。用於場效電晶體之基材係由具有熱成長氧化層(370繩段(ran))之經高量摻雜之Si晶圓所組成,其作為閘電極和介電體。金的源和汲接點經蒸發以生成具有通道長為22 μm和通道寬為340 μm的裝置。然後該金電極經五氟苯硫醇處理以改良電極界面。使用塑膠刮力將實施例1之三乙基甲矽烷基蒽二噻吩衍生物在甲苯中之1-2重量%溶液塗抹該裝置的表面,且蒸發溶劑。然後該裝置在90℃的空氣中加熱2分鐘以移除殘餘溶劑。
實施例1之三乙基甲矽烷基蒽二噻吩衍生物所形成之極佳品質均勻膜可得到1.0 cm2
/Vs的電洞遷移率,其具有極佳之開/關電流比(107
)。該材料的表現似乎係由於結晶中相接近的π-堆積作用。該三乙基甲矽烷基蒽二噻吩
衍生物採用2D的π-堆積排列,其具有約3.25的π-面分離。該三乙基甲矽烷基蒽二噻吩衍生物的特徵亦為1.57 2
的π-重疊和2.75,1.76之側向滑動。所有的測量係在室溫的空氣中進行且遷移率係由飽和電流計算。
示於圖1c的場效電晶體係如下得到:藉由遮罩形成置有Au的源和汲電極之玻璃基材。將五氟苯硫醇(電極注入層)的自組單層旋轉塗佈至Au電極上,及以IPA清洗。半導體調合物之製備係藉由將實施例5的二氟三乙基甲矽烷基蒽二噻吩衍生物以2重量%之濃度溶解於4-甲基苯甲醚。然後將半導體溶液在室溫的空氣中以500 rpm為時18秒接著以2000 rpm為時60秒旋轉塗佈於基材上,及蒸發溶劑。絕緣材料(Cytop809M,購自Asahi Glass)與3份至2份之全氟溶劑(FC75,Acros目錄12380號)混合,然後旋轉塗佈在半導體上以得到約1 μm之厚度及蒸發溶劑。經由遮罩蒸發使金的閘接點界定在裝置通道上。
對於電測量,該電晶體試樣組裝在試樣架。使用Karl Suss PH100小規模探針頭製得與閘、汲和源電極的微探頭連接。其等與Hewlett-Packard 4155B參數分析器相連。在1V步驟中將汲電壓設定為-5V,及閘電壓由+20至-60V掃描且回到+20V。由線性區域(Lin mob)與飽和區域(Sat mob)取得之ISD
(源-汲電流)對VG
(閘電壓)的度
計算場效遷移率。所有測量係進行於室溫的空氣中。結果簡述如下:Lin mob=1.7 cm2
/Vs Sat mob=2.2 cm2
/Vs ON/OFF比103
10‧‧‧場效電晶體
12‧‧‧閘電極
14‧‧‧閘介電體
16‧‧‧半導體
18‧‧‧源電極
20‧‧‧汲電極
22‧‧‧基材
22‧‧‧光伏打裝置
24‧‧‧透明陽極
26‧‧‧本發明半導體、本發明半導體/n-型材料摻合物
28‧‧‧陰極
30‧‧‧n-型材料
併入並形成本說明書一部份之隨附圖式係說明本發明的數種態樣,而且連同敘述共同用於解釋本發明的特定原則。於該圖式中:圖1a、1b和1c係本發明場效電晶體三種可能性具體實例的圖示說明;及圖2a和2b係顯示本發明光伏打裝置二種可能性具體實例的代表圖。現在當以所隨附的圖式說明時將更詳細地提及本發明較佳具體實例。
22‧‧‧基材
24‧‧‧透明陽極
26‧‧‧本發明半導體、本發明半導體/n-型材料摻合物
28‧‧‧陰極
30‧‧‧n-型材料
Claims (16)
- 一種式I之化合物
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物,其係選自下列結構式:
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之化合物,其為具下列結構式之異構物的混合物:
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之化合物,其為具下列結構式之異構物的混合物:
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之化合物,其為具下列結構式之異構物的混合物:
- 如申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項之化合物或異構物混合物,其中R'為具有1-8個C-原子之烷基、全氟烷基或烷氧基,具有6-30個C-原子之可隨意地經氟化的芳基,F,Cl,Br,I,CN,CO2 R"或全氟芳基,其中R"為H、C1-20 烷基或C6-30 芳基。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之化合物或異構物混合物,其中R'為F,Cl,Br,COOH或C6 F5 。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項之化合物或異構物混合物,其中R'為F,Cl,Br,COOH或C6 F5 。
- 一種調合物,其包含一或多種申請專利範圍第1至8項中一或多項之化合物或異構物混合物,且另包含一或多種有機溶劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之調合物,其包含一或多 種有機黏合劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之調合物,其中該黏合劑為聚合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之調合物,其中黏合劑對半導體的比例為由20:1至1:20。
- 如申請專利範圍第10至12項中任一項之調合物,其中該黏合劑為半導體性聚合物。
- 一種電子裝置,其包含一或多種申請專利範圍第1至13項中一或多項之化合物、異構物混合物或調合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項之電子裝置,其為包含下列之電晶體:閘電極;包含一或多種申請專利範圍第1至13項中一或多項之化合物、混合物或調合物之半導體;在該閘電極與該半導體之間的絕緣體;源電極;及汲電極。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項之電子裝置,其為包含下列之光伏打裝置:透明陽極;包含一或多種申請專利範圍第1至13項中一或多項之化合物、混合物或調合物之半導體;n-型材料;及陰極。
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EP2132213B1 (en) | 2013-05-15 |
HK1140768A1 (zh) | 2010-10-22 |
GB0917170D0 (en) | 2009-11-11 |
EP2132213A1 (en) | 2009-12-16 |
GB2460579A (en) | 2009-12-09 |
JP2010520241A (ja) | 2010-06-10 |
CN101657458B (zh) | 2014-07-02 |
JP5562652B2 (ja) | 2014-07-30 |
KR101591101B1 (ko) | 2016-02-03 |
JP2014193861A (ja) | 2014-10-09 |
KR20100015372A (ko) | 2010-02-12 |
CN101657458A (zh) | 2010-02-24 |
WO2008107089A1 (en) | 2008-09-12 |
GB2460579B (en) | 2011-11-02 |
TW200904821A (en) | 2009-02-01 |
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