TW201529632A - 用於有機場效電晶體之二酮基吡咯并吡咯聚合物 - Google Patents
用於有機場效電晶體之二酮基吡咯并吡咯聚合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201529632A TW201529632A TW104104601A TW104104601A TW201529632A TW 201529632 A TW201529632 A TW 201529632A TW 104104601 A TW104104601 A TW 104104601A TW 104104601 A TW104104601 A TW 104104601A TW 201529632 A TW201529632 A TW 201529632A
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/124—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom in the ring
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
- H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
- H10K10/484—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs] characterised by the channel regions
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
- H10K71/15—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating characterised by the solvent used
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/151—Copolymers
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/621—Aromatic anhydride or imide compounds, e.g. perylene tetra-carboxylic dianhydride or perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide
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- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
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Abstract
本發明係關於包含式I或式III之重複單元之聚合物,及其作為有機裝置,尤其有機場效電晶體(OFET)或含有二極體及/或有機場效電晶體之裝置中之有機半導體的用途。本發明聚合物具有於有機溶劑中之優良溶解性及優良成膜性。另外,當本發明聚合物係用於有機場效電晶體時,可觀測到高能量轉換效率、優良場效遷移率、良好開/關電流比及/或卓越穩定性。
Description
本發明係關於包含式I或式III之重複單元之聚合物,及其作為有機裝置、尤其有機場效電晶體(OFET)或含有二極體及/或有機場效電晶體之裝置中有機半導體之用途。本發明聚合物具有於有機溶劑中之優良溶解性及優良成膜性。另外,當本發明聚合物用於有機場效電晶體時,可觀測到高能量轉換效率、優良場效遷移率、良好開/關電流比及/或卓越穩定性。
US-B-6451459(參看B.Tieke等人,Synth.Met.130(2002)115-119;Macromol.Rapid Commun.21(4)(2000)182-189)描述包含以下單元之基於二酮基吡咯并吡咯之聚合物及共聚物:
其中x在0.005至1、較佳0.01至1之範圍內選擇,且y為0.995至0,較佳為0.99至0,且其中x+y=1,且
其中Ar1及Ar2彼此獨立地表示
且m、n為1至10之數,且R1及R2彼此獨立地表示H、C1-C18烷基、-C(O)O-C1-C18烷基、全氟C1-C12烷基、未經取代之C6-C12芳基或經C1-C12烷基、C1-C12烷氧基取代1至3次之C6-C12芳基、或經鹵素取代之C6-C12芳基、C1-C12烷基-C6-C12芳基或C6-C12芳基-C1-C12烷基,R3及R4較佳表示氫、C1-C12烷基、C1-C12烷氧基、未經取代之C6-C12芳基或經C1-C12烷基、C1-C12烷氧基取代1至3次之C6-C12芳基、或經鹵素取代之C6-C12芳基、或全氟C1-C12烷基,且R5較佳表示C1-C12烷基、C1-C12烷氧基、未經取代之C6-C12芳基或經C1-C12烷基、C1-C12烷氧基取代1至3次之C6-C12芳基、或經鹵素取代之C6-C12芳基、或全氟C1-C12烷基,及其在EL裝置中之用途。以下聚合物
明確揭示於Tieke等人,Synth.Met.
130(2002)115-119中。以下聚合物
明確揭示於Macromol.Rapid Commun.21(4)(2000)182-189中。
WO05/049695揭示基於二酮基吡咯并吡咯(DPP)之聚合物,及其在PLED、有機積體電路(O-IC)、有機場效電晶體(OFET)、有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT)、有機太陽電池(O-SC)或有機雷射二極體中之用途,但未揭示式I之基於特定DPP之聚合物。
較佳聚合物包含式之重複單元及重複單元
,其中
R1及R2彼此獨立地為C1-C25烷基,尤其為C4-C12烷基,其可雜有一或多個氧原子,且Ar1及Ar2彼此獨立地為式
或之基團,其中-Ar3-為式
或之基團,其中
R6為氫、C1-C18烷基或C1-C18烷氧基,且R32為甲基、Cl或OMe,且R8為H、C1-C18烷基或經E取代及/或雜有D之C1-C18烷基,尤其為雜有-O-之C1-C18烷基。
實例12中描述以下聚合物之製備:
WO08/000664描述包含式
之(重複)單元之
聚合物。
Ar1與Ar1'較佳相同且為式
、尤其或之基團,且
Ar2、Ar2'、Ar3、Ar3'、Ar4及Ar4'彼此獨立地為式
或之基團,其中
p表示0、1或2,R3在一基團中可相同或不同且選自視情況可經E取代及/或雜有D之C1-C25烷基,或視情況可經E取代及/或雜有D之C1-C18烷氧基;
R4為視情況可經E取代及/或雜有D之C6-C25烷基、視情況可經G取代之C6-C14芳基(諸如苯基、萘基或聯苯基)、視情況可經E取代及/或雜有D之C1-C25烷氧基、或芳基視情況可經G取代之C7-C15芳基烷基,
D為-CO-、-COO-、-S-、-SO-、-SO2-、-O-、-NR25-,其中R25為C1-C12烷基,諸如甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、異丁基或第二丁基;
E為-OR29、-SR29、-NR25R25、-COR28、-COOR27、-CONR25R25或-CN;其中R25、R27、R28及R29彼此獨立地為C1-C12烷基,諸如甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、異丁基、第二丁基、己基、辛基或2-乙基-辛基,或C6-C14芳基,諸如苯基、萘基或聯苯基,
G與E偏好相同,或為C1-C18烷基,尤其為C1-C12烷基,諸如甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、異丁基、第二丁基、己基、辛基或2-乙基-辛基。
實例中揭示以下聚合物:
(實例1,均聚物;Adv.Mat.2008,20,13,
2556-2560);
(實例2,均聚物;Adv.Mat.2008,20,
11,2217-2224);
(實例3,均聚物);
(實例4,均聚物);
(實例5,共聚物);
(實例6,共聚物)。
EP2034537A2(雖然其優先權日(2007年9月6日)比本發明(2008年10月31日)早,但在本發明優先權日之後公開)係針對包含半導體層之薄膜電晶體裝置,該半導體層包含具有由
表示之化學結構的化合物,
其中X各自獨立地選自S、Se、O及NR",R"各自獨立地選自氫、視情況經取代之烴及含有雜原子之基團,Z各自獨立地為視情況經取代之烴、含有雜原子之基團及鹵素中之一者,d為最小為1之數,e為0至2之數;a表示最小為1之數;b表示0至20之數;且n表示最小為1之
數。
明確揭示以下聚合物:
,其中n為重複單元
之數目且可為約2至約5000,R'''及R''''可為相同或不同取代基,且其中取代基係獨立地選自由視情況經取代之烴基及含有雜原子之基團組成之群。
本發明之目標為提供在用於有機場效電晶體時展示高能量轉換效率、優良場效遷移率、良好開/關電流比及/或卓越穩定性之聚合物。
該目標由包含一或多個式
之(重複)單元之聚合物實現,其中a為1至5之整數,b為1至3之整數,c為1至3之整數,d為1、2或3之整數,e為1、2或3之整數,a、b及c之和等於或小於7,
Ar1、Ar1'、Ar3及Ar3'彼此獨立地為式之基團,
或基團-Ar4-Ar5-[Ar6]f-,
Ar4為式之基團,
Ar5及Ar6彼此獨立地具有Ar1之含義,f為0或整數1,Ar2為式
或之基團,
X1與X2中一者為N且另一者為CH,且R1、R2、R1'及R2'可相同或不同且選自氫、C1-C100烷基,尤其C8-C36烷基;C6-C24芳基,尤其苯基或1-萘基或2-萘基,其可經C1-C8烷基、C1-C8硫烷氧基及/或C1-C8烷氧基取代1至3次;或五氟苯基;限制
條件為排除分子量小於10000之式之聚合物,且
另外限制條件為排除分子量小於10000之式
之聚合物。
在本發明之一較佳實施例中,e為2或3。d較佳等於e。
包含式I重複單元之聚合物相較於包含式III重複單元之聚合物較佳。
在一較佳實施例中,本發明係針對包含一或多個式
之(重複)單元之聚合物,其中
a為1至5之整數,Ar1及Ar1'彼此獨立地為式
或之基團,
Ar2為式
或之基團,且
R1及R2可相同或不同且選自氫、C1-C100烷基,尤其C8-C36烷基;C6-C24芳基,尤其苯基或1-萘基或2-萘基,其可經C1-C8烷基、C1-C8硫烷氧基及/或C1-C8烷氧基取代1至3次;或五氟苯基。
本發明聚合物或包含本發明聚合物之有機半導體材料、層或組件宜用於OFET。
Ar1、Ar1'、Ar3及Ar3'可相同或不同,但較佳相同。
Ar1、Ar1'、Ar3及Ar3'可為式或之基團,其中較佳
為式之基團。
Ar2可為式或之基
團,其中較佳為式及之基團且更佳為式
之基團。若a等於或大於2,則Ar2可由式及
之基團組成,亦即可為例如式 或之基團。
如式所示,基團可連接至基於DPP之單
元,或以或之兩種方式排列在聚合物鏈中。
符號應包含兩種可能性。
a較佳為1至5之整數,尤其為1至3之整數。
b為1至3之整數。c為1至3之整數。a、b及c之和等於或小於7。
R1、R2、R1'及R2'可不同,但較佳相同。R1、R2、R1'及R2'可為直鏈,但較佳為分支鏈。R1、R2、R1'及R2'較佳為C8-C36烷基,尤其為C12-C24烷基,諸如正十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、2-乙基-己基、2-丁基-己基、2-丁基-辛基、2-己基癸基、2-癸基-十四烷基、十七烷基、十八烷基、二十烷基、二十一烷基、二十二烷基或二十四烷基。C8-C36烷基及C12-C24烷基可為直鏈或分支鏈,但較佳為分支鏈。在本發明之一尤其較佳實施例中,R1、R2、R1'及R2'為2-己基癸基或2-癸基-十四烷基。
基團R1、R2、R1'及R2'宜由式
表示,其中m1=n1+4且m1+n122。
對掌性側鏈(諸如R1、R2、R1'及R2')可為純對掌性或外消旋的,其
可影響聚合物之形態。
在一較佳實施例中,本發明係針對式
之共聚物,其中R1及R2
為分支鏈C8-C36烷基,尤其為分支鏈C12-C24烷基,諸如2-己基癸基或2-癸基-十四烷基。該等聚合物較佳具有10,000至100,000道爾頓(Dalton)且最佳20,000至60,000道爾頓之重量平均分子量。該等聚合物較佳具有1.1至3.0、最佳1.5至2.5之多分散性。
在一較佳實施例中,本發明係針對式之均聚
物,其中R1'及R2'為分支鏈C8-C36烷基,尤其為分支鏈C12-C24烷基,諸如2-己基癸基或2-癸基-十四烷基。該等聚合物較佳具有10,000至100,000道爾頓且最佳20,000至60,000道爾頓之重量平均分子量。該等聚合物較佳具有1.1至3.0、最佳1.5至2.5之多分散性。該等聚合物可展示雙極性。
在一較佳實施例中,本發明係針對包含一或多個式
及/或
之(重複)單元之聚合物,其中
a為1至5之整數,尤其為1至3,b為2或3之整數,b'為整數2,b"為整數3,X1與X2中一者為N且另一者為CH,且R1及R2可相同或不同且選自氫或C8-C36烷基。
甚至更佳為包含一或多個式
及/或
及/或
之(重複)單元之聚合物,其
中R1及R2可相同或不同且選自C8-C36烷基。
在本發明之一較佳實施例中,聚合物包含兩個或兩個以上不同式I重複單元。重複單元宜選自式IIa、IIb、IIc、IId、IIe、IIf、IIg及IIh之重複單元。包含式IIa'及IIa"之重複單元之聚合物展示例如優良場效遷移率及開/關電流比。
根據本發明,均聚物為衍生自一種(真實、隱含或假設)單體物質之聚合物。許多聚合物由互補單體相互反應製得。可容易地設想此等單體反應產生「隱含單體」,隱含單體均聚產生實際產物,該實際產物可看作均聚物。一些聚合物由其他聚合物之化學改質獲得,使得可認為構成所得聚合物之大分子之結構由假設單體均聚形成。
相應地,共聚物為衍生自一種以上單體物質之聚合物,例如二元共聚物、三元共聚物、四元共聚物等。
術語聚合物包含寡聚物以及聚合物。本發明之寡聚物具有小於
4,000道爾頓之重量平均分子量。本發明聚合物較佳具有4,000道爾頓或4,000道爾頓以上之重量平均分子量,尤其4,000至2,000,000道爾頓,尤其10,000至1,000,000道爾頓,更佳10,000至100,000道爾頓且最佳20,000至60,000道爾頓。根據高溫凝膠滲透層析法(HT-GPC)使用聚苯乙烯標準測定分子量。本發明聚合物較佳具有1.01至10、更佳1.1至3.0、最佳1.5至2.5之多分散性。
在本發明之一較佳實施例中,聚合物為包含式
之重複單元之共聚物,特別言之,其中
A為式之基團,
COM1為式之基團,且
R1、R2、Ar1、Ar1'、Ar2及a如上所定義。
式VII共聚物可由例如鈴木反應(Suzuki reaction)獲得。芳族酸酯與鹵化物(尤其溴化物)之縮合反應通常稱為「鈴木反應」,其容許多種有機官能基之存在,如N.Miyaura及A.Suzuki在Chemical Reviews,第95卷,第457-2483頁(1995)中所報導。較佳催化劑為2-二環己基膦基-2',6'-二-烷氧基聯苯/乙酸鈀(II)、三-烷基-鏻鹽/鈀(0)衍生物及三-烷基膦/鈀(0)衍生物。尤其較佳催化劑為2-二環己基膦基-2',6'-二-甲氧基聯苯(sPhos)/乙酸鈀(II),及四氟硼酸三-第三丁基鏻((t-Bu)3P*HBF4)/參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3),及三-第三丁基膦(t-Bu)3P/參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)。較佳溶劑為四氫呋喃(THF)或THF與甲苯之混合物。較佳鹼為K2CO3水溶液或Na2CO3水溶液。此反應可用於製備高分子量聚合物及共聚物。
為製備對應於式之聚合物,其中
A為式之基團,
COM1為式之基團,a為1至5之整數,
n為產生4,000至2,000,000道爾頓之分子量的數,且
R1、R2、Ar1、Ar1'、Ar2及a如上所定義,使二鹵化物X10-A-X10(諸如二溴化物或二氯化物或二碘化物,尤其對應於式Br-A-Br之二溴
化物)與等莫耳量之對應於式之二酸或二酸酯,或式
之二鹵化物與等莫耳量之對應於式X11-A-X11之二酸或
二酸酯在溶劑中及在催化劑存在下,諸如Pd及三苯基膦之催化作用下反應,其中X10為鹵素,尤其為Br,且X11在每次出現時獨立地為-
B(OH)2、-B(OY1)2、
-BF3Na、-BF3N(Y15)4或-BF3K,其中Y1在每次出現時獨立地為C1-C10烷基且Y2在每次出現時獨立地為C2-C10伸烷基,諸如-CY3Y4-CY5Y6-或-CY7Y8-CY9Y10-CY11Y12-,其中Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8、Y9、Y10、Y11及Y12彼此獨立地為氫或C1-C10烷基,尤其為-C(CH3)2C(CH3)2-或-C(CH3)2CH2C(CH3)2-、-CH2C(CH3)2CH2-,且Y13及Y14彼此獨立地為氫或C1-C10烷基,Y15為H或C1-C25烷基,其視情況可雜有-O-。
反應通常在芳族烴溶劑(諸如甲苯、二甲苯、苯甲醚、氯苯、氟苯)中約0℃至180℃下進行。亦可單獨或以與芳族烴之混合物之形式使用諸如二甲基甲醯胺、二噁烷、二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氫呋喃、環戊基甲基醚及四氫呋喃之其他溶劑。最佳為THF或THF/甲苯。使用
水性鹼(諸如鹼金屬及鹼土金屬氫氧化物、羧酸鹽、碳酸鹽、氟化物及磷酸鹽,諸如鈉及鉀之氫氧化物、乙酸鹽、碳酸鹽、氟化物及磷酸鹽,亦或金屬醇化物),較佳碳酸鈉或碳酸氫鈉、磷酸鉀、碳酸鉀或碳酸氫鉀用作HBr清除劑。聚合反應可耗時0.2至100小時。有機鹼(諸如四烷基銨氫氧化物)及相轉移催化劑(諸如TBAB)可提昇硼之活性(參看例如Leadbeater及Marco;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.42(2003)1407及其中引用之參考文獻)。反應條件之其他變化由T.I.Wallow及B.M.Novak在J.Org.Chem.59(1994)5034-5037中及M.Remmers,M.Schulze及G.Wegner在Macromol.Rapid Commun.17(1996)239-252中給出。可使用過量二溴化物、二酸或二酸酯或鏈終止劑控制分子量。
鈀催化劑以催化量存在於反應混合物中。如本文中使用之術語「催化量」係指明顯少於所用一當量二鹵化物及二酸或二酸酯之量,較佳為以所用二鹵化物及二酸或二酸酯之當量計0.01至5莫耳%,最佳為0.01至1莫耳%。
反應混合物中膦或鏻鹽之量較佳為以所用二鹵化物及二酸或二酯之當量計0.02至10莫耳%,最佳為0.02至2莫耳%。Pd:膦之比率較佳為1:2。較佳地,反應混合物中每官能硼基至少1.5當量該鹼。
對於在單一溶劑或溶劑混合物中進行之聚合,可在聚合一開始及既定時段後添加第二或第三共溶劑。添加此共溶劑之目的在於保持生長之聚合物鏈在聚合過程期間處於溶解狀態。此亦有助於在反應結束時自反應混合物回收聚合物且因此改良聚合物之分離產率。
必要時,可使用單官能芳基鹵化物或芳基酸酯作為該等反應中之鏈終止劑,其將導致末端芳基之形成。
可藉由控制鈴木反應中單體進料之次序及組成來控制所得共聚物中單體單元之排序。
聚合後,較佳例如藉由習知處理方法及純化,自反應混合物中回收聚合物。此可根據專家所知及文獻中所描述之標準方法達成。
亦可藉由斯替雷偶合(Stille coupling)(參看例如Babudri等人,J.Mater.Chem.,2004,14,11-34;J.K.Stille,Angew.Chemie Int.Ed.Engl.1986,25,508)來合成本發明聚合物。為製備對應於式VII之聚合物,使二鹵化物(諸如二溴化物或二氯化物,尤其對應於式Br-A-Br之二溴化物)係與式化合物(其中X21為-SnR207R208R209基)在惰性溶劑中於0℃至200℃範圍內之溫度下在含鈀催化劑之存在下反應,其中R207、R208及R209係相同或不同且為H或C1-C6烷基,其中兩基團視情況形成普通環且此等基團視情況經分支或未分支。此處必須確保所
使用之所有單體全體具有有機錫官能基對鹵素官能基之高平衡比。另外,可證明宜在反應結束時藉由使用單官能試劑封端來移除任何過度反應性基團。為進行此製程,較佳將錫化合物及鹵素化合物引入一或多種惰性有機溶劑中且在0℃至200℃、較佳30℃至170℃之溫度下攪拌1小時至200小時、較佳5小時至150小時之時間。可由熟習此項技術者已知且適用於各別聚合物之方法,例如重複再沈澱或甚至透析純化粗產物。
用於所述製程之適合有機溶劑為例如醚類,例如二乙醚、二甲氧基乙烷、二乙二醇二甲醚、四氫呋喃、二噁烷、二氧戊環、二異丙醚及第三丁基甲醚;烴類,例如己烷、異己烷、庚烷、環己烷、苯、甲苯及二甲苯;醇類,例如甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、乙二醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇及第三丁醇;酮類,例如丙酮、乙基甲基酮及異丁基甲基酮;醯胺類,例如二甲基甲醯胺(DMF)、二甲基乙醯胺及N-甲基吡咯啶酮;腈類,例如乙腈、丙腈及丁腈;及其混合物。
應類似於關於鈴木變數之描述選擇鈀及膦組份。
或者,亦可藉由根岸反應(Negishi reaction)使用鋅試劑(A-(ZnX22)2,其中X22為鹵素)及鹵化物或三氟甲磺酸酯(COM1-(X23)2,其中X23為鹵素或三氟甲磺酸酯基)合成本發明聚合物。參考例如E.Negishi等人,Heterocycles 18(1982)117-22。
可使用保護基獲得R1及/或R2為氫之聚合物,可在聚合後移除保護基(參看例如EP-A-0648770、EP-A-0648817、EP-A-0742255、EP-A-0761772、WO98/32802、WO98/45757、WO98/58027、WO99/01511、WO00/17275、WO00/39221、WO00/63297及EP-A-1086984)。藉助於在已知條件,例如熱條件下視情況在額外催化劑(例如WO00/36210中所描述之催化劑)的存在下斷裂,使顏料前驅物轉變成其顏料形式。
此類保護基之一實例為式之基團,其中L為適於賦予溶解性之任何理想基團。
L較佳為式或
之基團,其中Z1、Z2及Z3彼此獨立地為C1-C6烷基,
Z4及Z8彼此獨立地為C1-C6烷基,雜有氧、硫或N(Z12)2之C1-C6烷基,或未經取代或經C1-C6烷基-、C1-C6烷氧基-、鹵基-、氰基-或硝基-取代之苯基或聯苯基,
Z5、Z6及Z7彼此獨立地為氫或C1-C6烷基,
Z9為氫、C1-C6烷基或式或之基
團,Z10及Z11彼此獨立地為氫、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、鹵素、氰基、硝基、N(Z12)2、或未經取代或經鹵基-、氰基-、硝基-、C1-C6烷基-或C1-C6烷氧基-取代之苯基,Z12及Z13為C1-C6烷基,Z14為氫或C1-C6烷基,且Z15為氫、C1-C6烷基、或未經取代或經C1-C6烷基-取代之苯基,Q為未經取代或經C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6烷硫基或C2-C12二烷基胺基單取代或多取代之p,q-C2-C6伸烷基,其中p及q為不同位置號,X為選自由氮、氧及硫組成之群之雜原子,當X為氧或硫時m'為數字0且當X為氮時m'為數字1,且L1及L2彼此獨立地為未經取代或經-C1-C12烷氧基-、-C1-C12烷硫基-、-C2-C24二烷基胺基-、-C6-C12芳氧基、-C6-C12芳硫基-、-C7-C24烷基芳基胺基-或-C12-C24二芳基胺基-單取代或多取代之C1-C6烷基,或[-(p',q'-C2-C6伸烷基)-Z-]n'-C1-C6烷基,n'為1至1000之數,p'及q'為不同位置號,各Z彼此獨立地為雜原子氧、硫或經C1-C12烷基-取代之
氮,且在重複[-C2-C6伸烷基-Z-]單元中C2-C6伸烷基可能相同或不同,
且L1及L2可為飽和的,或1至10次不飽和,可未經間雜或在任何位置處雜有1至10個選自由-(C=O)-及-C6H4-組成之群之基團,且可不攜帶其他取代基或攜帶1至10個選自由鹵素、氰基及硝基組成之群之
其他取代基。L最佳為式之基團。
式Br-A-Br化合物之合成描述於WO05/049695、WO08/000664及WO09/047104中,或可類似於其中描述之方法進行。可類似於US-A-5,354,869及WO03/022848中描述之方法合成式Br-A-Br之N上經芳基取代之化合物。
在另一實施例中,本發明係針對式III聚合物。
在該實施例中,較佳為包含一或多個式
之(重複)單元之聚合物,其中
R1'及R2'可相同或不同且選自C8-C36烷基。
在另一較佳實施例中,本發明係針對式
之均聚物或式之共聚
物,其中R1、R2、R1'及R2'為分支鏈C8-C36烷基、尤其分支鏈C12-C24烷
基,或式之共聚
物,其具有51'500之Mw及2.0之多分散性(由HT-GPC量測)。
包含式III重複單元之聚合物較佳為均聚物,其可由相應二鹵代芳族化合物(諸如Br-A-Br)與0價Ni錯合物進行脫鹵聚縮合反應(還原偶合)(山本偶合反應(Yamamoto coupling reaction))製得。雙(環辛二
烯)鎳可與聯吡啶、三芳基膦或三烷基膦組合使用作為鎳源。參考例如T.Yamamoto等人,Synthetic Metals(1993),55(2-3),1214-20。
或者,可藉由使二鹵化物X10-A-X10與等莫耳量之對應於式X11-A-X11之二酸或二酸酯反應來製備該等聚合物。
本發明之另一實施例係針對式化合物,其
中
d為1、2或3之整數,
e為1、2或3之整數,
Ar3及Ar3'彼此獨立地為式之基團,或基團-Ar4-
Ar5-[Ar6]f-,
Ar4為式之基團,
Ar5及Ar6彼此獨立地具有Ar3之含義,f為0或整數1,
R1'及R2'如技術方案1中所定義,
X12為-B(OH)2、-B(OY1)2、、-BF3Na、-BF3N(Y15)4或-
BF3K,其中Y1在每次出現時獨立地為C1-C10烷基且Y2在每次出現時獨立地為C2-C10伸烷基,諸如-CY3Y4-CY5Y6-或-CY7Y8-CY9Y10-CY11Y12-,其中Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8、Y9、Y10、Y11及Y12彼此獨立地為氫或C1-C10烷基,尤其-C(CH3)2C(CH3)2-或-C(CH3)2CH2C(CH3)2-,且Y15為H或C1-C25烷基,其視情況可雜有O。
式X化合物表示用於合成本發明聚合物之中間物。該等化合物之特定實例展示如下:
本發明聚合物可用作半導體裝置中之半導體層。因此,本發明亦係關於包含本發明聚合物之半導體裝置或有機半導體材料、層或組件。半導體裝置尤其為有機場效電晶體(OFET)。
存在多種類型之半導體裝置。所有半導體裝置均具有一或多種半導體材料。半導體裝置已由例如S.M.Sze描述於Physics of Semiconductor Devices,第2版,John Wiley and Sons,New York(1981)中。該等裝置包括整流器、電晶體(存在多種類型電晶體,包括p-n-p、n-p-n及薄膜電晶體)、發光半導體裝置(例如,例如液晶顯示器中顯示應用或背光中之有機發光二極體)、光導體、限流器、太陽電池、熱敏電阻、p-n接面、場效二極體、肖特基二極體等。在各半
導體裝置中,半導體材料與一或多種金屬、金屬氧化物(諸如,氧化銦錫(ITO))及/或絕緣體組合,形成裝置。可由已知方法製備或製造半導體裝置,諸如由Peter Van Zant在Microchip Fabrication,第4版,McGraw-Hill,New York(2000)中描述之方法。詳言之,可如由D.R.Gamota等人在Printed Organic and Molecular Electronics,Kluver Academic Publ.,Boston,2004中所描述,製造有機電子組件。
尤其有用類型之電晶體裝置薄膜電晶體(TFT)一般包括閘極、於閘極上之閘極介電、鄰接閘極介電之源極及汲極、及鄰接閘極介電且鄰接源極及汲極之半導體層(參看例如S.M.Sze,Physics of Semiconductor Devices,第2版,John Wiley and Sons,第492頁,New York(1981))。可以各種組態裝配此等組件。更明確言之,OFET具有有機半導體層。
通常,在製造、測試及/或使用期間基板支撐OFET。視情況基板可為OFET提供電功能。有用基板材料包括有機及無機材料。舉例而言,基板可包含包括各種適當形式矽之矽材料、無機玻璃、陶瓷箔、聚合材料(例如丙烯酸類、聚酯、環氧樹脂、聚醯胺、聚碳酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚酮、聚(氧基-1,4-伸苯基氧基-1,4-伸苯基羰基-1,4-伸苯基)(有時稱為聚(醚醚酮)或PEEK)、聚降冰片烯、聚伸苯基氧化物、聚(萘二甲酸乙二酯)(PEN)、聚(對苯二甲酸乙二酯)(PET)、聚(苯硫醚)(PPS))、填充聚合材料(例如纖維增強之塑膠(FRP))及塗布金屬箔。
閘極可為任何有用之導電材料。舉例而言,閘極可包含摻雜矽,或金屬,諸如鋁、鉻、金、銀、鎳、鈀、鉑、鉭及鈦。亦可使用導電氧化物(諸如氧化銦錫),或由碳黑/石墨或膠性銀分散液組成之導電墨水/膏(視情況含有聚合物黏合劑)。亦可使用導電聚合物,例如聚苯胺或聚(3,4-伸乙二氧基噻吩)/聚(苯乙烯磺酸酯)(PEDOT:PSS)。另外,此
等材料之合金、組合及多層可為適用的。在一些OFET中,相同材料可提供閘極功能,且亦提供基板之支撐功能。舉例而言,摻雜矽可充當閘極且支撐OFET。
閘極介電一般提供於閘極上。此閘極介電使閘極與OFET裝置之其餘部分電絕緣。適用於閘極介電之材料可包含例如無機電絕緣材料。
閘極介電(絕緣體)可為諸如氧化物、氮化物之材料,或其可為選自鐵電絕緣體家族之材料(例如有機材料,諸如聚(偏二氟乙烯/三氟乙烯)或聚(己二醯間苯二甲胺)),或其可為有機聚合絕緣體(例如聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(丙烯酸酯)、聚醯亞胺、苯并環丁烯(BCB)、聚對二甲苯基、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯苯酚(PVP)、聚苯乙烯、聚酯、聚碳酸酯),如例如J.Veres等人Chem.Mat.2004,16,4543或A.Facchetti等人Adv.Mat.2005,17,1705中所描述。適用於閘極介電之材料之特定實例包括碳酸鍶礦(strontiate)、鉭酸鹽、鈦酸鹽、鋯酸鹽、氧化鋁、氧化矽、氧化鉭、氧化鈦、氮化矽、鈦酸鋇、鈦酸鍶鋇、鋯鈦酸鋇、硒化鋅及硫化鋅,包括(但不限於)PbZrxTi1-xO3(PZT)、Bi4Ti3O12、BaMgF4、Ba(Zr1-xTix)O3(BZT)。另外,此等材料之合金、混成材料(例如聚矽氧烷,或奈米粒子填充之聚合物)組合及多層可用於閘極介電。介電層之厚度為例如約10至1000nm,更特定厚度為約100至500nm,提供0.1-100毫微法拉(nanofarad,nF)範圍內之電容。
源極及汲極藉由閘極介電而與閘極分離,而有機半導體層可位於源極及汲極上或位於源極及汲極下。源極及汲極可為有利提供與半導體層之低電阻歐姆接觸的任何適用導電材料。適用材料包括上文關於閘極所描述之大部分材料,例如鋁、鋇、鈣、鉻、金、銀、鎳、鈀、鉑、鈦、聚苯胺、PEDOT:PSS、其他導電聚合物、其合金、其組合及其多層。如此項技術中已知,一些此等材料適合與n型半導體材料結
合使用且其他材料適合與p型半導體材料結合使用。
可由任何有效方式,諸如物理氣相沈積(例如熱蒸發或濺鍍)或(噴墨)印刷方法,提供薄膜電極(亦即,閘極、源極及汲極)。可由諸如蔭罩法、加法光微影、減法光微影、印刷、微接觸式印刷及圖案塗布之已知方法將此等電極圖案化。
本發明進一步提供一種有機場效電晶體裝置,其包含:安置於基板上之複數個導電閘極;安置於該等導電閘極上之閘極絕緣體層;複數組導電源極及汲極,其安置於該絕緣體層上,使得該等組源極及汲極中之每一組源極及汲極皆與該等閘極中之每一者對準;有機半導體層,其安置於實質上疊蓋該等閘極之該絕緣體層上之源極與汲極之間的通道中;其中該有機半導體層包含本發明聚合物或含有本發明聚合物之混合物。
本發明進一步提供一種製備薄膜電晶體裝置之方法,其包含以下步驟:在基板上沈積複數個導電閘極;在該等導電閘極上沈積閘極絕緣體層;在該層上沈積複數組導電源極及汲極,使得該等組源極及汲極中之每一組源極及汲極與該等閘極中之每一者對準;在該絕緣體層上沈積本發明聚合物之層,使得本發明化合物之層或含有本發明聚合物之混合物之層實質上疊蓋該等閘極;從而產生薄膜電晶體裝置。
含有本發明聚合物之混合物產生包含本發明聚合物(通常5重量%至99.9999重量%,尤其20重量%至85重量%)及至少另一材料之半導體層。另一材料可為(但不限於)具有不同分子量之相同本發明聚合物之一小部分、另一本發明聚合物、半導電聚合物、有機小分子、碳奈米
管、芙衍生物、無機微粒(量子點、量子棒、量子三腳架、TiO2、ZnO等)、導電微粒(Au、Ag等)、絕緣體材料(如關於閘極介電所描述之絕緣體材料(PET、PS等))。
因此,本發明亦係關於包含本發明聚合物之有機半導體材料、層或組件。
本發明聚合物可摻有例如歐洲專利申請案第09155919.5號、WO09/047104、US6,690,029、WO2007082584及WO2008107089中描述之小分子。
WO2007082584:
WO2008107089:
其中Y1與Y2中一者表示-CH=或=CH-且另一者表示-X-,Y3與Y4中一者表示-CH=或=CH-且另一者表示-X-,X為-O-、-S-、-Se-或-NR'''-,R3為具有1至20個C原子之環狀、直鏈或分支鏈烷基或烷氧基,或具有2-30個C原子之芳基,其均視情況經氟化或全氟化,R'為H、F、Cl、Br、I、CN、具有1至20個C原子且視情況經氟化或全氟化之直鏈或分支鏈烷基或烷氧基、具有6至30個C原子之視情
況經氟化或全氟化之芳基、或CO2R",其中R"為H、具有1至20個C原子之視情況經氟化之烷基或具有2至30個C原子之視情況經氟化之芳基,
R'''為H或具有1至10個C原子之環狀、直鏈或分支鏈烷基,y為0或1,x為0或1。
聚合物可含有小分子,或兩種或兩種以上小分子化合物之混合物。
或者,例如藉由在經熱生長氧化物層覆蓋之高度摻雜矽基板上溶液沈積聚合物,接著真空沈積及圖案化源極及汲極,來製造OFET。
在又一方法中,藉由在經熱生長氧化物覆蓋之高度摻雜矽基板上沈積源極及汲極,且接著溶液沈積聚合物以形成薄膜,來製造OFET。
閘極亦可為基板上之圖案化金屬閘極,或導電材料(諸如導電聚合物),其接著經絕緣體塗布,藉由溶液塗布或真空沈積將絕緣體塗覆於該圖案化閘極上。
可使用任何適合溶劑溶解及/或分散本申請案之聚合物,限制條件為該溶劑為惰性的且可藉由習知乾燥方式(例如施加熱、減壓、氣流等)自基板部分或完全移除。用於處理本發明半導體之適合有機溶劑包括(但不限於)芳族或脂族烴、鹵化(諸如氯化或氟化)烴、酯、醚醯胺,諸如氯仿、四氯乙烷、四氫呋喃、甲苯、萘滿、十氫萘、苯甲醚、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、甲基乙基酮、二甲基甲醯胺、氯仿、氯苯、二氯苯、三氯苯、乙酸丙二醇單甲醚酯(PGMEA)及其混合物。較佳溶劑為二甲苯、甲苯、萘滿、十氫萘、氯化物(諸如氯仿、氯苯、鄰二氯苯、三氯苯)及其混合物。接著藉由諸如旋塗、浸塗、網版印刷、微觸印刷、刀片刮抹或此項技術中已知之其他溶液塗覆技術之方法將溶液及/或分散液塗覆於基板上以獲得半導體材料薄膜。
術語「分散液」涵蓋未完全溶解於溶劑中之包含本發明半導體材料的任何組合物。可選擇至少包括本發明聚合物或含有本發明聚合物之混合物的組合物及溶劑製造分散液,其中該聚合物在室溫下顯示在溶劑中較低溶解度,但在高溫下顯示在溶劑中較大溶解度,其中組合物在無攪動下在高溫降低至第一較低溫度時膠凝;- 在高溫下至少一部分聚合物溶解於溶劑中;將組合物之溫度自高溫降至第一較低溫度;攪動組合物以破壞任何膠凝,其中在將組合物之高溫降至第一較低溫度之前、與之同時或之後的任何時間皆開始攪拌;沈積組合物之
層,其中組合物處於低於高溫之第二較低溫度;及至少部分乾燥層。
分散液亦可由(a)包含溶劑、黏合劑樹脂及視情況選用之分散劑之連續相及(b)包含本發明聚合物或含有本發明聚合物之混合物的分散相組成。本發明聚合物在溶劑中之溶解度可例如在0%至約20%溶解度,尤其0%至約5%溶解度之間變化。
有機半導體層之厚度較佳在約5nm至約1000nm範圍內,厚度尤其在約10nm至約100nm之範圍內。
本發明聚合物可單獨或組合用作半導體裝置之有機半導體層。該層可由任何有效方式,諸如氣相沈積(用於具有相對低分子量之材料)及印刷技術來提供。本發明化合物可充分溶解於有機溶劑中且可經溶液沈積及圖案化(例如藉由旋塗、浸塗、噴墨印刷、凹版印刷、柔性印刷、平版印刷、網版印刷、微觸(波)印刷、滴落塗布或區域澆鑄、或其他已知技術)。
本發明聚合物可用於包含複數個OTFT之積體電路以及各種電子物品中。該等物品包括例如射頻識別(RFID)標籤、可撓性顯示器之底板(用於例如個人電腦、手機或掌上型裝置)、智慧卡、記憶體裝置、感測器(例如光感測器、影像感測器、生命感測器、化學感測器、機械感測器或溫度感測器),尤其光電二極體或安全裝置及其類似物。歸因於固態螢光,該材料亦可用於有機發光電晶體(OLET)。
本發明之另一態樣為包含一或多種本發明聚合物之有機半導體材料、層或組件。另一態樣為本發明之聚合物或材料在有機場效電晶體(OFET)中之用途。另一態樣為包含本發明之聚合物或材料之OFET。
本發明聚合物通常以薄有機層或薄膜形式用作有機半導體,厚度較佳小於30微米。本發明半導體層通常至多1微米(=1μm)厚,不過需要時可更厚。對於各種電子裝置應用,厚度亦可小於約1微米厚。舉例而言,對於用於OFET,層厚度通常可為100nm或小於100nm。精
確層厚度將視例如使用層之電子裝置之需求而定。
舉例而言,OFET中汲極與源極之間的作用半導體通道可包含本發明之層。
本發明之OFET裝置較佳包含:- 源極,- 汲極,- 閘極,- 半導體層,- 一或多個閘極絕緣體層,及- 視情況選用之基板,其中半導體層包含一或多種本發明聚合物。
OFET裝置中之閘極、源極及汲極以及絕緣層及半導體層可以任何順序排列,其限制條件為源極及汲極藉由絕緣層而與閘極分離,閘極與半導體層均接觸絕緣層,且源極與汲極均接觸半導體層。
OFET較佳包含具有第一面及第二面之絕緣體、位於絕緣體第一面上之閘極、位於絕緣體第二面上之包含本發明聚合物之層、及位於聚合物層上之汲極及源極。
OFET裝置可為頂閘極裝置或底閘極裝置。
OFET裝置之適合結構及製造方法為熟習此項技術者所知且描述於文獻例如WO03/052841中。
閘極絕緣體層可包含例如含氟聚合物,例如市售Cytop 809M®或Cytop 107M®(來自Asahi Glass)。較佳自包含絕緣體材料及一或多種具有一或多個氟原子之溶劑(含氟溶劑)、較佳全氟溶劑之調配物由例如旋塗、刀片刮抹、線棒塗布、噴塗或浸塗或其他已知方法沈積閘極絕緣體層。適合全氟溶劑為例如FC75®(可自Acros購得,目錄號12380)。其他適合含氟聚合物及含氟溶劑為先前技術中已知之,例如
全氟聚合物Teflon AF® 1600或2400(來自DuPont),或Fluoropel®(來自Cytonix)或全氟溶劑FC 43®(Acros,第12377號)。
包含本發明聚合物之半導體層可另外包含至少另一材料。另一材料可為(但不限於)另一本發明聚合物、半導聚合物、聚合黏合劑、與本發明聚合物不同之有機小分子、碳奈米管、芙衍生物、無機微粒(量子點、量子棒、量子三腳架、TiO2、ZnO等)、導電微粒(Au、Ag等)及絕緣體材料(如關於閘極介電描述之絕緣體材料(PET、PS等))。
如上所述,半導體層亦可包含一或多種本發明聚合物與聚合黏合劑之混合物。本發明聚合物與聚合黏合劑之比率可在5%至95%之範圍內變化。聚合黏合劑較佳為半晶質聚合物,諸如聚苯乙烯(PS)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、聚丙烯(PP)及聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)。藉由此技術,可避免電效能降級(參看WO2008/001123A1)。
數位電路主要係基於使用p型與n型單極電晶體之互補金屬氧化物(CMOS)結構。CMOS電路之優點在於功率消耗較低、速度較快且電晶體操作特徵之可變性及偏移之容許度較大。可使用具有p型或n型半導體之單極電晶體建構此等CMOS電路。
舉例而言,聚[2-甲氧基-5-(3',7'-二甲基辛氧基)]-對伸苯基伸乙烯基(OC1C10-PPV)p型半導體及[6,6]-苯基C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)n型半導體在各自用作單極電晶體時各展示約10-2cm2/Vs之遷移率。然而在具有OC1C10-PPV與PCBM之混合物的雙極性電晶體中此等半導體之遷移率分別降至10-04cm2/Vs及10-05cm2/Vs(E.J.Meijer等人,Nature Materials,2003,第2卷第678頁)。WO2008/122778揭示一種改良之摻合組合物以實現平衡遷移率,但遷移率仍為低的。在此等程度下遷移率過低而實際上無法用於電子裝置,諸如射頻識別標籤。
大型積體電路通常需要製造具有幾微米橫向尺寸之離散有機n通道電晶體及p通道電晶體,此仍極具挑戰性。為基於可溶液處理之電
晶體設計更有效電路,急需p型與n型操作均以單組份電晶體實現之互補技術。理想地,電晶體應顯示高遷移率、平衡開電流及/或平衡遷移率。
US20080099758及WO20080246095揭示單組份雙極性聚合物及單體,其展示約2×10-4cm2/Vs之電洞及電子遷移率,Adv.Material.
2008,20,2217-2224揭示一種式之均聚物作為
實例,在不同裝置組態中使用底接觸金電極量測到達到0.05cm2/Vs之電洞遷移率最大值,未測定電子遷移率。使用頂接觸金電極測得0.11cm2/Vs之電洞遷移率及0.04-0.09cm2/Vs範圍內之電子遷移率。本發明聚合物在底閘極底接觸裝置結構中可展示高出5至10倍之電洞及電子遷移率。由於此類型聚合物具有低接觸電阻,所以可由用於兩類型載體之單一接觸材料(如金)誘發雙極性,不再依賴於反應性低功函數金屬(諸如Ca、Mg)注入電子。甚至使用Ag及Cu或其合金作為源極及汲極進行注入。
舉例而言,對於實例1之聚合物,使用頂接觸金電極測得0.43cm2/Vs之電洞遷移率及0.35cm2/Vs範圍內之電子遷移率:
因此,本發明亦提供一種包含p型及n型特性之雙極性有機場效電晶體(OFET),尤其包含於基板上之閘極、閘極絕緣層、有機作用層及源極/汲極的有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT),其中有機作用層包括本發明聚合物。作用層較佳包含本發明聚合物。作用(半導體)層之組合物能夠傳送電子與電洞,且電洞遷移率實質上等於電子遷移率,使得電晶體實質上顯示其轉移特徵之雙極性。
雙極性OTFT可包括基板、閘極、閘極絕緣層、源極/汲極及作用層,或可包括基板、閘極、閘極絕緣層、作用層及源極/汲極,但範例實施例可不限於此。
為使用本發明聚合物形成有機作用層,可使用包括氯仿或氯苯之有機作用層組合物。用於有機作用層組合物之溶劑之實例可包括氯仿、氯苯、二氯苯、三氯苯及甲苯。
形成有機作用層之方法之實例可包括(但不限於)網版印刷、印刷、旋塗、浸漬或噴墨。因而,在雙極性OTFT中所包括之閘極絕緣層中,可使用具有高介電常數之任何絕緣體,只要其為此項技術中通常已知者即可。其特定實例可包括(但不限於)鐵電絕緣體,包括Ba0.33Sr0.66TiO3(BST:鈦酸鍶鋇)、Al2O3、Ta2O5、La2O5、Y2O5或TiO2;無機絕緣體,包括PbZr0.33Ti0.66O3(PZT)、Bi4Ti3O12、
BaMgF4、SrBi2(TaNb)2O9、Ba(ZrTi)O3(BZT)、BaTiO3、SrTiO3、Bi4Ti3O12、SiO2、SiNx或AlON;或有機絕緣體,包括聚醯亞胺、苯并環丁烷(BCB)、聚對二甲苯基、聚乙烯醇或聚乙烯苯酚。在本發明之雙極性OTFT中所包括之閘極及源極/汲極中,可使用典型金屬,其特定實例包括(但不限於)金(Au)、銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)、鋁(Al)、鎳(Ni)及氧化銦錫(ITO)。較佳地,閘極、源極及汲極中至少一者之材料係選自Cu、Ag、Au或其合金之群。本發明之雙極性OTFT中基板材料之實例可包括(但不限於)玻璃、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯(PEN)、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚降冰片烯或聚醚碸(PES)。
本發明亦提供一種包含雙極性有機場效電晶體(OFET),尤其本發明之有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT)之電子裝置。因為本發明聚合物係用於改良雙極性有機薄膜電晶體之裝置特徵,所以該聚合物可有效用以製造多種電子裝置,包括液晶顯示器(LCD)裝置、光伏打裝置、有機發光裝置(OLED)、感測器、記憶體裝置及/或積體電路。
製造雙極性有機薄膜電晶體之方法可包括在基板上形成閘極、閘極絕緣層、有機作用層及源極/汲極,其中有機作用層包括本發明聚合物。可經由網版印刷、印刷、旋塗、浸漬或噴墨使有機作用層形成薄膜。可使用選自由鐵電絕緣體(包括Ba0.33Sr0.66TiO3(BST:鈦酸鍶鋇)、Al2O3、Ta2O5、La2O5、Y2O5或TiO2)、無機絕緣體(包括PbZr0.33Ti0.66O3(PZT)、Bi4Ti3O12、BaMgF4、SrBi2(TaNb)2O9、Ba(ZrTi)O3(BZT)、BaTiO3、SrTiO3、Bi4Ti3O12、SiO2、SiNx或AlON)或有機絕緣體(包括聚醯亞胺、苯并環丁烷(BCB)、聚對二甲苯基、聚乙烯醇或聚乙烯苯酚)組成之群之材料形成絕緣層。可使用選自由玻璃、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯(PEN)、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚降冰片烯及聚醚碸(PES)
組成之群之材料形成基板。可使用選自由金(Au)、銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)、鋁(Al)、鎳(Ni)及氧化銦錫(ITO)組成之群之材料形成閘極及源極/汲極。
本發明聚合物亦可用於有機光伏打(PV)裝置(太陽電池)。因此,本發明提供包含本發明聚合物之PV裝置。
PV裝置依序包含:(a)陰極(電極),(b)視情況選用之轉變層,諸如鹼金屬鹵化物,尤其氟化鋰,(c)光敏層,(d)視情況選用之平滑層,(e)陽極(電極),(f)基板。
光敏層包含本發明聚合物。光敏層較佳由本發明之共軛聚合物作為電子供體及受體材料組成,例如芙、尤其官能化芙PCBM作為電子受體。
對於異質接面太陽電池,作用層較佳包含本發明聚合物與芙(諸如[60]PCBM(=6,6-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯)或[70]PCBM)1:1至1:3之重量比的混合物。
進一步較佳為包含本發明場效電晶體之積體電路。
以下實例僅出於說明性目的而包括且不限制申請專利範圍之範
疇。除非另有說明,否則所有份及百分比均以重量計。由熱溫凝膠滲透層析法(HT-GPC)測定重量平均分子量(Mw)及多分散性(Mw/Mn=PD)[設備:來自Polymer實驗室之GPC PL 220(Church Stretton,UK;目前Varian),自折射率(RI)產生回應;層析條件:管柱:來自Polymer實驗室(Church Stretton,UK)之3「PLgel Olexis」管
柱;平均粒度為13μm(尺寸300×8mm內徑);移動相:由真空蒸餾純化且由丁基羥基甲苯(BHT,200mg/l)穩定之1,2,4-三氯苯,層析溫度:150℃;移動相流速:1ml/min;溶質濃度:約1mg/ml;注射體積:200μl;偵測:RI,分子量校準程序;使用自Polymer實驗室(Church Stretton,UK)獲得之一組10個聚苯乙烯校準標準進行相對校準,跨越1,930,000 Da-5,050 Da之分子量範圍,亦即PS 1,930,000、PS 1,460,000、PS 1,075,000、PS 560,000、PS 330,000、PS 96,000、PS 52,000、PS 30,300、PS 10,100、PS 5,050 Da]。使用多項式校準計算分子量。
以下實例中給出之所有聚合物結構為經由所述聚合程序獲得之聚合物產物的理想化代表。若兩種以上組份彼此共聚合,則聚合物中之順序可視聚合條件而交替或為隨機的。
根據WO2008000664之實例2a製備聚合物3之起始物質1。在三頸燒瓶中,溶解於5ml水中之1.45g磷酸鉀(K3PO4)(預先脫氣)添加至2.07g 1、0.74g 2,5-噻吩酸雙(四甲基乙二醇)酯、32.1mg四氟硼酸
三-第三丁基鏻((t-Bu)3P*HBF4)及52.2mg參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)於20ml四氫呋喃中之脫氣溶液中。在回流溫度下加熱反應混合物兩小時。接著添加18mg溴噻吩,且20分鐘後添加24mg噻吩-酸四甲基乙二醇酯,使聚合反應終止。反應混合物冷卻至室溫且在甲醇中沈澱。藉由索氏萃取法(soxhlet extraction)使用戊烷及庚烷純化殘餘物,且接著用環己烷萃取聚合物,得到1.45g黑色粉末。
Mw=39,500,多分散性=2.2(由HT-GPC量測)。
使用具有p-Si閘極(10cm)之底閘極薄膜電晶體(TFT)結構進行所有實驗。300nm厚之高品質熱SiO2層充當閘極絕緣體,每單位面積電容Ci=32.6nF/cm2。藉由直接在閘極氧化物上光微影來圖案化源極及汲極。使用金源極汲極電極,界定寬度W=10mm及變化之長度L=4、8、15、30μm之通道。在沈積有機半導體之前,使用己二甲基矽氮烷(HMDS)藉由曝露於160℃下飽和矽烷蒸氣2小時,或在60℃下使用十八烷基三氯矽烷(OTS)於甲苯中之0.1m溶液處理基板20分鐘,來衍生SiO2表面。用異丙醇清洗後,乾燥基板。
藉由旋塗或滴落塗布實例1中獲得之式3之DPP衍生物於二甲苯中的1%(w/w)溶液製備半導體薄膜。使用前經由0.2m過濾器過濾溶液。在周圍條件下以800rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗約20秒。在評估前於80℃下乾燥裝置1小時。
在自動電晶體探測器(TP-10)上量測電晶體特性。由線性擬合飽和轉移特徵之平方根,可測得2.4×10-1cm2/Vs之場效遷移率以及8.5×105之開/關電流比。臨限電壓為-2.7V。
藉由旋塗或滴落塗布實例1中獲得之式3之DPP衍生物於氯仿中的
0.5%(w/w)溶液製備半導體薄膜。在周圍條件下以3000rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗約20秒。在評估前於120℃下乾燥裝置15分鐘。
在自動電晶體探測器(TP-10)上量測電晶體特性。
由線性擬合飽和轉移特徵之平方根,可測得2.1×10-1cm2/Vs之場效遷移率以及5.7×106之開/關電流比。臨限電壓為2.0V。
在(+-30V)之汲極偏壓下藉由自-60V至60V且自60V至-60V掃描閘極來量測剛剛應用實例1中描述之使用鄰二甲苯作為溶劑的雙極性電晶體。圖1展示轉移曲線,其展示p型區域與n型區域之間非常平衡之比率。p型遷移率為0.43cm2/Vs,而n型遷移率為0.35cm2/Vs。與Adv.Mat.2008,2011,2217-2224中揭示之量測相比,p型遷移率改良10倍,且對於相同源極-汲極電極(Au),可顯示幾乎相等之n型特性效能。
除使用銀接觸電極替代金源極及汲極外,重複應用實例1a(1c)。結果展示於下表中:
1)Adv.Mater.2008,20,2217-2224(表1,類型A)
根據WO2008000664之實例2a使用癸基-十四烷基-碘化物製備起始物質4。使用50ml四氫呋喃中2.0g 4、0.59g 2,5-噻吩酸雙(四甲基乙二醇)酯、24.4mg四氟硼酸三-第三丁基鏻((t-Bu)3P*HBF4)、48.6mg參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)及溶於10ml水中之1.13g磷酸鉀(K3PO4)(預先脫氣)。回流2小時後,添加24mg溴噻吩,且20分鐘後添加31mg噻吩-酸四甲基乙二醇酯,使聚合反應終止。反應混合物冷卻至室溫且在甲醇中沈澱。藉由索氏萃取法使用戊烷純化殘餘物,且接著用環己烷萃取聚合物,得到1.67g黑色粉末。Mw=43,300,多分散性=1.9(由HT-GPC量測)。
使用具有p-Si閘極(10cm)之底閘極薄膜電晶體(TFT)結構進行所有實驗。300nm厚之高品質熱SiO2層充當閘極絕緣體,每單位面積電容Ci=32.6nF/cm2。藉由直接在閘極氧化物上光微影來圖案化源極及汲極。使用金源極汲極電極,界定寬度W=10mm及變化之長度L=4、8、15、30μm之通道。在沈積有機半導體前,使用己二甲基矽氮烷(HMDS)藉由曝露於160℃下飽和矽烷蒸氣2小時,或在60℃下使用十八烷基三氯矽烷(OTS)於甲苯中之0.1m溶液處理基板20分鐘,來衍生SiO2表面。用異丙醇清洗後,乾燥基板。
藉由旋塗或滴落塗布實例2中獲得之式5之DPP衍生物於甲苯中的0.5%(w/w)溶液製備半導體薄膜。在周圍條件下以6000rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗約10秒。在評估前於100℃下乾燥裝置15分鐘。
在自動電晶體探測器(TP-10)上量測電晶體特性。
由線性擬合飽和轉移特徵之平方根,可測得2.8×10-2cm2/Vs之場效遷移率以及4.7×105之開/關電流比。臨限電壓為5.6V。
藉由旋塗或滴落塗布實例2中獲得之式5之DPP衍生物於氯仿中的0.5%(w/w)溶液製備半導體薄膜。在周圍條件下以3000rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗約20秒。沈積後評估裝置。
在自動電晶體探測器(TP-10)上量測電晶體特性。由線性擬合飽和轉移特徵之平方根,可測得1.0×10-2cm2/Vs之場效遷移率以及3.3×104之開/關電流比。臨限電壓為5.4V。
使用7.1g 4、2.62g 2,2'-聯噻吩-5,5'-二酸雙(四甲基乙二醇)酯、86.2mg四氟硼酸三-第三丁基鏻((t-Bu)3P*HBF4)、172.3mg參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)、140ml四氫呋喃及溶於28ml水中之
3.99g磷酸鉀(K3PO4)(預先脫氣)。回流2小時後,添加94mg溴噻吩,且20分鐘後添加110mg噻吩-酸四甲基乙二醇酯,使聚合反應終止。反應混合物冷卻至室溫且在甲醇中沈澱。藉由索氏萃取法使用THF純化殘餘物,且接著用氯仿萃取聚合物,得到5.34g黑色粉末。
Mw=54,500,多分散性=1.7(由HT-GPC量測)。
使用具有p-Si閘極(10cm)之底閘極薄膜電晶體(TFT)結構進行所有實驗。300nm厚之高品質熱SiO2層充當閘極絕緣體,每單位面積電容Ci=32.6nF/cm2。藉由直接在閘極氧化物上光微影來圖案化源極及汲極。使用金源極汲極電極,界定寬度W=10mm及變化之長度L=4、8、15、30μm之通道。在沈積有機半導體前,使用己二甲基矽氮烷(HMDS)藉由曝露於160℃下飽和矽烷蒸氣2小時,或在60℃下使用十八烷基三氯矽烷(OTS)於甲苯中之0.1m溶液處理基板20分鐘,來衍生SiO2表面。用異丙醇清洗後,乾燥基板。
藉由旋塗或滴落塗布實例3中獲得之式7之DPP衍生物於二甲苯中的1%(w/w)溶液製備半導體薄膜。使用前經由0.2m過濾器過濾溶液。在周圍條件下以800rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗約20秒。在評估前於80℃下乾燥裝置1小時。
在自動電晶體探測器(TP-10)上量測電晶體特性。
由線性擬合飽和轉移特徵之平方根,可測得2.5×10-1cm2/Vs之場效遷移率以及8.9×108之開/關電流比。臨限電壓為0.5V。
藉由旋塗或滴落塗布實例1中獲得之式7之DPP衍生物於氯仿中的0.5%(w/w)溶液製備半導體薄膜。在周圍條件下以3000rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗約20秒。在評估前於100℃下乾燥裝置15分鐘。
在自動電晶體探測器(TP-10)上量測電晶體特性。
由線性擬合飽和轉移特徵之平方根,可測得3.0×10-1cm2/Vs之場效遷移率以及9.3×106之開/關電流比。臨限電壓為0.8V。
使用1.0g 4、148mg 2,5-噻吩酸雙(四甲基乙二醇)酯、185mg 2,2'-聯噻吩-5,5'-二酸雙(四甲基乙二醇)酯、12.2mg四氟硼酸三-第三丁基鏻((t-Bu)3P*HBF4)、24.3mg參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)、25ml四氫呋喃及溶於5ml水中之0.56g磷酸鉀(K3PO4)(預先脫氣)。回流2小時後,添加12mg溴噻吩,且20分鐘後添加16mg噻吩-酸四甲基乙二醇酯,使聚合反應終止。反應混合物冷卻至室溫且在甲醇中沈澱。藉由索氏萃取法使用戊烷純化殘餘物,且接著用環己烷萃取聚合物,得到0.83g黑色粉末。Mw=51,500,多分散性=2.0(由HT-GPC量測)。
使用具有p-Si閘極(10cm)之底閘極薄膜電晶體(TFT)結構進行所有實驗。300nm厚之高品質熱SiO2層充當閘極絕緣體,每單位面積電容Ci=32.6nF/cm2。藉由直接在閘極氧化物上光微影來圖案化源極及汲極。使用金源極汲極電極,界定寬度W=10mm及變化之長度L=4、
8、15、30m之通道。在沈積有機半導體前,使用己二甲基矽氮烷(HMDS)藉由曝露於160℃下飽和矽烷蒸氣2小時,或在60℃下使用十八烷基三氯矽烷(OTS)於甲苯中之0.1m溶液處理基板20分鐘,來衍生SiO2表面。用異丙醇清洗後,乾燥基板。
藉由旋塗或滴落塗布實例4中獲得之式8之DPP衍生物於甲苯中的0.5%(w/w)溶液製備半導體薄膜。在周圍條件下以6000rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗約10秒。在評估前於130℃下乾燥裝置15分鐘。
在自動電晶體探測器(TP-10)上量測電晶體特性。
由線性擬合飽和轉移特徵之平方根,可測得2.1×10-1cm2/Vs之場效遷移率以及1.9×107之開/關電流比。臨限電壓為0.4V。
a)228.06g 2-癸基-1-十四醇與484.51g 47%氫碘酸混合且混合物回流隔夜。用第三丁基-甲基醚萃取產物。接著乾燥且濃縮有機相。經矽膠管柱純化產物,得到211.54g所要化合物9(73%)。1H-NMR資料(ppm,CDCl3):3.26 2H d,1.26-1.12 41H m,0.88 6H t。
b)將30mg FeCl3、10.27g鈉及600mL第三戊醇之混合物加熱至110℃,歷時30分鐘,接著逐滴添加30.52g腈與24.83g丁二酸二-第三戊酯之混合物。在110℃下攪拌反應混合物隔夜,接著傾注於水-甲醇混合物中。進行布赫納過濾(Büchner filtration)且用甲醇澈底洗滌,得到33.60g呈深藍色粉末狀之所要化合物10,產率為90%。MS m/z:464。
c)使33.55g化合物10與12.22g K2CO3及74.4g 2-癸基-1-十四烷基碘化物9在1300ml DMF中於110℃下反應隔夜。將反應混合物傾注於冰上且用二氯甲烷萃取。由矽膠管柱層析法純化且得到35.1g所要化合物11(42.7%)。1H-NMR資料(ppm,CDCl3):8.91 2H d,7.35-7.326H m,7.09 2H dxd,4.05 4H d,1.98 2H m,1.35-1.20 80H m,0.89 6H t,0.87 6H t。
d)將10.00g 11及一滴過氯酸溶於200ml氯仿中,冷卻至0℃,且接著經1小時之時段,逐份添加2當量之N-溴代丁二醯亞胺。反應完成後,用水洗滌混合物。萃取有機相,乾燥且濃縮。接著經矽膠管柱純化化合物,得到5.31g式12之深紫色粉末(47%)。1H-NMR資料(ppm,CDCl3):8.85 2H d,7.22 2H d,7.03 4H dxd,4.00 4H d,1.93 2H m,1.29-1.21 80H m,0.87 6H t,0.85 6H t。
e)300mg化合物12、78mg噻吩-二-酸四甲基乙二醇酯、5mg Pd2(dba)3(參(二亞苄基丙酮)-二-鈀)及3mg四氟硼酸三-第三丁基-鏻溶於3ml四氫呋喃中。使用3次凍結/抽汲/解凍(Ar)循環將此溶液脫氣。接著反應混合物加熱至回流溫度。接著149mg K3PO4溶於0.7ml水中且在氬氣下脫氣。添加水溶液至THF溶液且反應混合物回流隔夜。接著添加5mg 2-噻吩-單酸四甲基乙二醇酯,且混合物再回流30分鐘。接著添加4mg 2-溴噻吩,且混合物再回流30分鐘。反應混合物冷卻至室溫且用水稀釋且接著用氯仿萃取。接著使氯仿溶液與NaCN水溶液一起回流1小時。分離水且乾燥氯仿溶液。接著用四氫呋喃索氏萃取殘餘物。蒸發有機相,得到224mg所要聚合物13。
添加0.572g磷酸鉀(K3PO4)溶於1.7ml水中之溶液(預先脫氣)至1.006g 4、0.349g 2,5-噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩二酸雙(四甲基乙二醇)酯(例如由相應二酸(J.Org.Chem.,1978,43(11),第2199頁)與四甲基乙二醇在回流甲苯中酯化製得)、13mg四氟硼酸三-第三丁基鏻((t-Bu)3P*HBF4)、21mg參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)於20ml四氫呋喃中之混合物(在氬氣下脫氣)中。回流2小時後,添加4mg溴噻吩,且20分鐘後添加5mg噻吩酸四甲基乙二醇酯,使聚合反應終止。冷卻反應混合物且用氯仿稀釋。接著添加水。分離層且用水再次洗滌有機層。接著在減壓下濃縮有機層。接著使氯仿溶液與1% NaCN水溶液一起回流隔夜。分離各層,接著用水再次洗滌有機層且在減壓下濃縮。藉由添加甲醇,使粗產物沈澱,且過濾。接著由索氏萃取法分離產物。棄去以四氫呋喃萃取之第一溶離份,且藉由添加甲醇,使以氯仿萃取之第二溶離份沈澱,得到76mg呈黑色粉末狀之所要式A聚合物,Mw=25,800,多分散性=2.0(由HT-GPC量測)。
在舒倫克管(schlenk tube)中,將1.13g Ni(COD)2及0.65g聯吡啶於90ml甲苯中之溶液脫氣15分鐘。添加3g相應二溴化單體1至此溶液中,且接著加熱混合物至80℃,且強力攪拌隔夜。將溶液傾入500ml 3/1/1之甲醇/HCl(4N)/丙酮混合物中且攪拌1小時。接著過濾沈澱,溶於CHCl3中且與乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)四鈉鹽之水溶液一起在60℃下再強力攪拌1小時。用水洗滌有機相,濃縮且在甲醇中沈澱。由索氏萃取法使用甲醇、乙醚、環己烷純化殘餘物,且接著用CHCl3萃取聚合物,得到1.7g黑色粉末。Mw=37,000,多分散性=2.3(由HT-GPC量測)。
使用具有p-Si閘極(10cm)之底閘極薄膜電晶體(TFT)結構進行所有實驗。300nm厚之高品質熱SiO2層充當閘極絕緣體,每單位面積電容Ci=32.6nF/cm2。藉由直接在閘極氧化物上光微影來圖案化源極及汲極。使用金源極汲極電極,界定寬度W=10mm及變化之長度L=4、8、15、30μm之通道。在沈積有機半導體前,使用己二甲基矽氮烷(HMDS)藉由曝露於160℃下飽和矽烷蒸氣2小時,藉由以800rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗HMDS約1分鐘,或在60℃下使用十八烷基三氯矽烷(OTS)於甲苯中之0.1M溶液處理基板20分鐘,來衍生SiO2表面。
用異丙醇清洗後,乾燥基板。
藉由旋塗或滴落塗布實例7中獲得之式15之DPP衍生物於氯仿中的0.5%(w/w)溶液製備半導體薄膜。在周圍條件下以3000rpm(轉/分鐘)之旋轉速度旋塗約20秒。在沈積時以及在120℃下乾燥15分鐘後評估裝置。
在自動電晶體探測器(TP-10)上量測電晶體特性。式15之DPP衍生物在標準裝置組態中展示優良雙極性特性。
a)在氮氣下於-25℃下經15分鐘逐滴添加新近製備之LDA溶液(來自於20ml THF中之5.4ml丁基鋰、2.7M及2.2ml二異丙胺)至5.0g二噻吩基-DPP(16)及3.73g 2-異丙氧基-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼於30ml THF中之溶液中。在0℃下攪拌所得反應混合物1小時且接著用100ml 1M HCl使反應中止。用2×50ml TBME萃取產物,且用鹽水洗滌經合併之有機層2次,且經硫酸鈉乾燥。在蒸發溶劑後,殘餘物溶於20ml二氯甲烷中且接著緩慢添加至200ml經強烈攪拌之丙酮中。藉由過濾收集沈澱,用丙酮洗滌若干次且在真空烘箱中於40℃下
乾燥,得到6.3g微粉色-紫色粉末。1H-NMR(ppm,CDCl3):8.90 2H,d,3J=3.9Hz;7.71 2H,d,3J=3.9Hz;4.05 4H d,3J=7.7Hz;1.84 2H m;1.37 24H m;1.35-1.2 48,m;0.9-0.8 12H m。
b)根據實例1中描述之合成聚合物3之程序,使0.91g 1與1.004g 17反應,得到聚合物15。反應後,將混合物傾入甲醇中且用丙酮洗滌,得到1.2g聚合物15。
根據實例1中描述之合成聚合物3之程序,使0.5g 17與0.12g二溴噻吩反應,得到聚合物3。反應後,將混合物傾入甲醇中且用丙酮洗滌,得到0.380g聚合物3。Mw=20,000,多分散性=2.3(由HT-GPC量
測)。
根據實例1中描述之合成聚合物3之程序,使0.5g 17與0.12g 2,5-二溴噻唑反應,得到聚合物18。藉由索氏萃取法使用戊烷純化殘餘物,且接著用環己烷萃取聚合物,得到0.26g黑色粉末。Mw=17,700,多分散性=2.0(由HT-GPC量測)。
根據實例1中描述之合成聚合物3之程序,使0.15g 17與0.05g 2,2'-二溴-[5,5']聯噻唑基反應,得到聚合物19。反應後,將混合物傾入甲醇中且用丙酮洗滌,得到0.13g聚合物19。
根據實例1中描述之合成聚合物3之程序,使2.3g 1與1g 2,5-噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩二酸雙(四甲基乙二醇)酯(例如由相應二酸(J.Org.Chem.,1978,43(11),第2199頁)與四甲基乙二醇在回流甲苯中酯化製得)反應,得到聚合物20。反應後,將混合物傾入甲醇中且用丙酮洗滌,得到2.0g聚合物20。
a)將5mg三氯化鐵(FeCl3)、2.6g鈉及100ml第三戊醇之混合物加熱至110℃,歷時20分鐘,接著逐滴添加5.0g式21之噻唑-2-腈與8.25g式22之丁二酸二-第三戊酯之混合物。在110℃下攪拌反應混合物3小時,接著傾入8.15g於水-甲醇混合物(200ml/100ml)中之乙酸中。進行布赫納過濾,且用甲醇澈底洗滌,得到5.2g呈深藍色粉末狀
之所要式23之1,4-二酮基吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯(DPP)衍生物;ESI-MS m/z(強度%):303.13([M+H]+,100%)。
b)將4g式3之1,4-二酮基吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯(DPP)衍生物、於3ml水中之2.9g KOH、及18.5g 1-溴基-2-己基-癸基於50ml N-甲基吡咯啶酮(NMP)中之溶液加熱至140℃,歷時6小時。用水洗滌混合物且用二氯甲烷萃取。由矽膠管柱層析法純化且用氯仿/甲醇沈澱,得到0.4g呈藍色固體狀之所要DPP 24。ESI-MS m/z(強度%):751.93([M+H]+,100%)。1H-NMR(ppm,CDCl3):8.05 2H,d,3J=3.1Hz;7.70 2H,d,3J=3.1Hz;4.34 4H d,3J=7.4Hz;1.86 2H m;1.3-1.2 48,m;0.9-0.8 12H t。
c)類似於實例5d獲得化合物25。
d)類似於實例5e獲得聚合物26。
e)類似於實例7獲得聚合物27。
a)在攪拌下將554.6g第三丁醇鉀、424.2g碳酸二甲酯及3L無水甲苯加熱至100℃。經3小時逐滴添加300g 1-乙醯基噻吩,且在100℃下攪拌15小時。使反應混合物冷卻至室溫且傾注至4L冰上。分離水層且用200ml乙酸乙酯萃取兩次。合併有機層且經硫酸鈉乾燥,過濾,蒸發且乾燥,得到363.7g 28。粗產物在未經進一步純化下用於下一反應步驟。
b)將363.7g 28、322.7g溴乙酸甲酯、288.7g碳酸鉀、1100ml丙酮及750ml 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷置於容器中。在80℃下攪拌混合物20小時。混合物冷卻至室溫後,過濾且乾燥。獲得460g 29。粗產物在未經進一步純化下用於下一反應步驟。
c)在115℃下攪拌218g 29、643g乙酸銨及680ml乙酸3小時。
反應混合物冷卻至室溫後,傾入3L丙酮中。分離所產生之固體,且用甲醇洗滌,且乾燥。獲得99.6g 30。
d)將5mg三氯化鐵(FeCl3)、2g鈉及40ml第三戊醇之混合物加熱至110℃,歷時20分鐘,接著逐份添加3.9g式21之噻唑-2-腈與7.82g 30之混合物。在110℃下攪拌反應混合物3小時,接著傾入於水-甲醇混合物(100ml/100ml)中之6.3g乙酸上。進行布赫納過濾,且用甲醇澈底洗滌,得到4.5g呈深藍色粉末狀之所要式31之1,4-二酮基吡咯并
[3,4-c]吡咯(DPP)衍生物;ESI-MS m/z(強度%):302.15([M+H]+,100%)。
e)類似於實例5c獲得化合物32。
f)類似於實例5d獲得化合物33。
g)類似於實例5e獲得聚合物34。
h)類似於實例7獲得聚合物35。
類似於實例7,自化合物12獲得聚合物36。
a)在三頸燒瓶中,將溶於110ml水中之83.6g磷酸鉀(K3PO4)(預先脫氣)添加至20g噻吩基酸、22.0g 2-溴噻唑、2.3g四氟硼酸三-第三丁基鏻((t-Bu)3P*HBF4)及3.6g參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)於350ml四氫呋喃中之脫氣溶液中。在回流溫度下加熱反應混合物隔夜。反應混合物冷卻至室溫,且添加100ml水。用乙酸乙酯萃取反應混合物,且乾燥有機層,且在減壓下蒸發。由使用己烷/乙酸乙酯梯度之矽膠管柱層析進一步純化。獲得8.0g 2-噻吩-2-基-噻
唑37,光譜資料對應於使用根岸交叉偶合反應之文獻中所述資料(J.Jensen等人,Synthesis,2001,1,128)。
b)使用文獻中已知之程序獲得化合物38(P.Chauvin等人,Bull.Soc.Chim.Fr.1974,9-10,2099)。
c)類似於文獻中已知之程序獲得化合物39(A.D.Borthwick等人;J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans 1,1973;2769)。
d)類似於實例5b獲得化合物40。
e)類似於實例5c獲得化合物41。
f)類似於實例5d獲得化合物42。
g)類似於實例5e獲得聚合物43。
h)類似於實例7獲得聚合物44。
本發明聚合物相較於WO08/000664中揭示之聚合物,可展示較高場效遷移率。
Claims (14)
- 一種共聚物,其包含下式之重複單元:
- 如請求項1之共聚物,其中a為1至3之整數。
- 如請求項1或2之共聚物,其中R1及R2係C1-C100烷基。
- 如請求項3之共聚物,其中R1及R2係C8-C36烷基。
- 如請求項1或2之共聚物,其中Ar2為式或之基 團。
- 如請求項5之共聚物,其包含下式之重複單元
- 如請求項1或2之共聚物,其具有10,000至1,000,000道爾頓之重量平均分子量。
- 如請求項7之共聚物,其具有10,000至100,000道爾頓之重量平均分子量。
- 一種半導體裝置,其包含如請求項1至8中任一項之共聚物。
- 如請求項9之半導體裝置,其為有機場效電晶體(OFET)。
- 一種製備有機半導體裝置之方法,該方法包含將如請求項1至8中任一項之共聚物於有機溶劑中之溶液及/或分散液塗覆於適合基板,及移除該溶劑。
- 一種積體電路,其包含如請求項10之有機場效電晶體。
- 一種製備下式之共聚物之方法,
- 如請求項13之方法,其中X10為Br。
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP08168010 | 2008-10-31 | ||
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2009
- 2009-10-21 JP JP2011533677A patent/JP5583133B2/ja active Active
- 2009-10-21 EP EP09744364.2A patent/EP2350161B1/en active Active
- 2009-10-21 US US13/126,182 patent/US8912305B2/en active Active
- 2009-10-21 KR KR1020167025988A patent/KR101935644B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-10-21 CN CN201610943823.7A patent/CN107099023B/zh active Active
- 2009-10-21 WO PCT/EP2009/063767 patent/WO2010049321A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-10-21 EP EP18196577.3A patent/EP3456756A3/en active Pending
- 2009-10-21 CN CN200980153041.1A patent/CN102272192B/zh active Active
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- 2009-10-30 TW TW098137032A patent/TWI570148B/zh active
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TWI742084B (zh) * | 2016-05-25 | 2021-10-11 | 南韓商Clap股份有限公司 | 具有包含雙鍵之分支烷基側鏈之半傳導性dpp聚合物 |
US11384197B2 (en) | 2016-05-25 | 2022-07-12 | Clap Co., Ltd. | Semiconductors |
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CN107099023B (zh) | 2019-10-22 |
TWI638840B (zh) | 2018-10-21 |
US20150056746A1 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
US20170148992A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 |
CN102272192B (zh) | 2016-12-07 |
JP5583133B2 (ja) | 2014-09-03 |
KR20110091711A (ko) | 2011-08-12 |
US8912305B2 (en) | 2014-12-16 |
CN107099023A (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
EP3456756A2 (en) | 2019-03-20 |
TWI570148B (zh) | 2017-02-11 |
CN102272192A (zh) | 2011-12-07 |
EP2350161A1 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
WO2010049321A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
EP2350161B1 (en) | 2018-11-21 |
US20110240981A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
US9893288B2 (en) | 2018-02-13 |
JP2012506928A (ja) | 2012-03-22 |
EP3456756A3 (en) | 2019-05-01 |
KR20160114191A (ko) | 2016-10-04 |
KR101935644B1 (ko) | 2019-01-04 |
TW201026739A (en) | 2010-07-16 |
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