CN102272192B - 用于有机场效应晶体管的二酮吡咯并吡咯聚合物 - Google Patents
用于有机场效应晶体管的二酮吡咯并吡咯聚合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102272192B CN102272192B CN200980153041.1A CN200980153041A CN102272192B CN 102272192 B CN102272192 B CN 102272192B CN 200980153041 A CN200980153041 A CN 200980153041A CN 102272192 B CN102272192 B CN 102272192B
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 154
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5,6-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)C(=O)N=C21 FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
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- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 11
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- BMIBJCFFZPYJHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-5-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine Chemical compound COC1=NC=C(C)C=C1B1OC(C)(C)C(C)(C)O1 BMIBJCFFZPYJHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- MSXVEPNJUHWQHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)O MSXVEPNJUHWQHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 6
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 6
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- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- OHOVBSAWJQSRDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophen-2-yloxyboronic acid Chemical compound OB(O)OC1=CC=CS1 OHOVBSAWJQSRDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含式I或III的重复单元的聚合物及其作为有机半导体在有机器件,尤其是有机场效应晶体管(OFET),或含有二极管和/或有机场效应晶体管的器件中的用途。本发明聚合物具有在有机溶剂中的优异溶解性和优异成膜性能。此外,当将本发明聚合物用于有机场效应晶体管时,可观察到高效的能量转化、优异的场效应迁移率、良好的开/关电流比和/或优异的稳定性。
Description
本发明涉及包含式I或III重复单元的聚合物及其作为有机半导体在有机器件,尤其是有机场效应晶体管(OFET),或含有二极管和/或有机场效应晶体管的器件中的用途。本发明聚合物具有在有机溶剂中的优异溶解性和优异成膜性能。此外,当将本发明聚合物用于有机场效应晶体管时,可观察到高效的能量转化、优异的场效应迁移率、良好的开/关电流比和/或优异的稳定性。
US-B-6451459(参见B.Tieke等,Synth.Met.130(2002)115-119;Macromol.RapidCommun.21(4)(2000)182-189)描述了包含下列单元的二酮吡咯并吡咯基聚合物和共聚物及其在EL器件中的用途:
其中x在0.005-1的范围内选择,优选0.01-1,且y为0.995-0,优选0.99-0并且其中x+y=1,且
其中Ar1和Ar2彼此独立地为
其中m、n为1-10的数,且
R1和R2彼此独立地表示H,C1-C18烷基,-C(O)O-C1-C18烷基,全氟C1-C12烷基,未取代的C6-C12芳基或被C1-C12烷基、C1-C12烷氧基或卤素取代1-3次的C6-C12芳基,C1-C12烷基-C6-C12芳基,或C6-C12芳基-C1-C12烷基,且
R3和R4优选表示氢,C1-C12烷基,C1-C12烷氧基,未取代的C6-C12芳基或被C1-C12烷基、C1-C12烷氧基或卤素取代1-3次的C6-C12芳基,或全氟C1-C12烷基,和
R5优选表示C1-C12烷基,C1-C12烷氧基,未取代的C6-C12芳基或被C1-C12烷基、C1-C12烷氧基或卤素取代1-3次的C6-C12芳基,或全氟C1-C12烷基。以下聚合物
清楚公开于Tieke等,Synth.Met.130(2002)115-119中。以下聚合物
清楚公开于Macromol.Rapid Commun.21(4)(2000)182-189中。
WO05/049695公开了二酮吡咯并吡咯(DPP)基聚合物及其在PLED、有机集成电路(O-IC)、有机场效应晶体管(OFET)、有机薄膜晶体管(OTFT)、有机太阳能电池(O-SC)或有机激光二极管中的用途,但未公开式I的特定DPP基聚合物。
优选的聚合物包含式的重复单元和重复单元其中
R1和R2彼此独立地为C1-C25烷基,尤其是C4-C12烷基,其可被一个或多个氧原子间隔,并且
Ar1和Ar2彼此独立地为下式基团:
其中-Ar3-为下式基团:
其中
R6为氢、C1-C18烷基或C1-C18烷氧基,R32为甲基、Cl或OMe,且R8为H、C1-C18烷基或被E取代和/或被D间隔的C1-C18烷基,尤其是被-O-间隔的C1-C18烷基。
在实施例12中描述了以下聚合物的制备:
WO08/000664描述了包含下式(重复)单元的聚合物:
Ar1和Ar1’优选相同且为下式基团:
尤其是且
Ar2、Ar2’、Ar3、Ar3’、Ar4和Ar4’彼此独立地为下式基团:
其中
p表示0、1或2,R3在一个基团内可相同或不同且选自可任选被E取代和/或被D间隔的C1-C25烷基,或可任选被E取代和/或被D间隔的C1-C18烷氧基;
R4为可任选被E取代和/或被D间隔的C6-C25烷基,可任选被G取代的C6-C14芳基如苯基、萘基或联苯基,可任选被E取代和/或被D间隔的C1-C25烷氧基,或其中芳基可任选被G取代的C7-C15芳烷基,
D为-CO-、-COO-、-S-、-SO-、-SO2-、-O-、-NR25-,其中R25为C1-C12烷基如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基或仲丁基;
E为-OR29、-SR29、-NR25R25、-COR28、-COOR27、-CONR25R25或-CN,其中R25、R27、R28和R29彼此独立地为C1-C12烷基如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、己基、辛基或2-乙基己基或C6-C14芳基如苯基、萘基或联苯基,
G具有与E相同的优选情形或为C1-C18烷基,尤其是C1-C12烷基如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、己基、辛基或2-乙基己基。
实施例中公开了以下聚合物:
(实施例1,均聚物;Adv.Mat.2008,20,13,2556-2560);
(实施例2,均聚物;Adv.Mat.2008,20,11,2217-2224);
(实施例3,均聚物);
(实施例4,均聚物);
(实施例5,共聚物);
(实施例6,共聚物)。
享有比本发明(31.10.2008)更早的优先权日(06.09.2007),但在本发明优先权日之后公开(11.03.2009)的EP2034537A2涉及一种包含半导体层的薄膜晶体管器件,该半导体层包含下式所示的化学结构的化合物:
其中X独立地选自S、Se、O和NR″,各R″独立地选自氢、任选取代的烃和含杂原子的基团,各Z独立地为任选取代的烃、含杂原子的基团和卤素中的一种,d表示至少为1的数,e为0-2的数;a表示至少为1的数;b为0-20的数;且n表示至少为1的数。
清楚地公开了以下聚合物:
其中n为重复单元数并且可为约2-约5000,R″′和R””可为相同或不同的取代基,并且其中该取代基独立地选自任选取代的烃基和含杂原子的基团。
本发明的目的是提供聚合物,当将其用于有机场效应晶体管时,所述聚合物显示出高效的能量转化、优异的场效应迁移率、良好的开/关电流比和/或优异的稳定性。
所述目的已由包含一个或多个式或(III)(重复)单元的聚合物解决,其中
a为1-5的整数,
b为1-3的整数,
c为1-3的整数,
d为1、2或3的整数,
e为1、2或3的整数,
a、b和c之和小于或等于7,
Ar1、Ar1’、Ar3和Ar3’彼此独立地为式的基团或基团-Ar4-Ar5-[Ar6]f-,
Ar4为式的基团,
Ar5和Ar6彼此独立地具有Ar1的含义,f为0或整数1,
Ar2为式的基团,
X1和X2中一个为N且另一个为CH,和
R1、R2、R1’和R2’可相同或不同且选自氢;C1-C100烷基,尤其是C8-C36烷基;C6-C24芳基,尤其是苯基或1-或2-萘基,其可被C1-C8烷基、C1-C8硫代烷氧基和/或C1-C8烷氧基取代1-3次;或五氟苯基;条件是排除分子量为10000以下的式聚合物并且另一条件是排除分子量为10000以下的式
聚合物。
在本发明优选的实施方案中,e为2或3。d优选等于e。
相对于包含式III重复单元的聚合物,更优选包含式I重复单元的聚合物。
在优选实施方案中,本发明涉及包含一个或多个式
(重复)单元的聚合物,其中
a为1-5的整数,
Ar1和Ar1’彼此独立地为式的基团,
Ar2为式的基团,和
R1和R2可相同或不同且选自氢;C1-C100烷基,尤其是C8-C36烷基;C6-C24芳基,尤其是苯基或1-或2-萘基,其可被C1-C8烷基、C1-C8硫代烷氧基和/或C1-C8烷氧基取代1-3次;或五氟苯基。
有利地,本发明聚合物或包含本发明聚合物的有机半导体材料、层或元件可用于OFET中。
Ar1、Ar1’、Ar3和Ar3’可相同且可不同,但优选相同。Ar1、Ar1’、Ar3和Ar3’可为式的基团,其中优选式的基团。
Ar2可为式的基团,其中优选式的基团,甚至更优选式的基团。如果a等于或大于2,则Ar2可由式的基团构成,即可例如为式或的基团。
如式所示,可使基团以两种方式或连接到DPP基础单元上或设置在聚合物链中。符号应包含这两种可能性。
a优选为1-5的整数,尤其是1-3的整数。
b为1-3的整数。c为1-3的整数。a、b和c之和等于或小于7,
R1、R2、R1’和R2’可不同,但优选相同。R1、R2、R1’和R2’可为线性的,但优选为支化的。R1、R2、R1’和R2’优选为C8-C36烷基,尤其是C12-C24烷基如正十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、2-乙基己基、2-丁基己基、2-丁基辛基、2-己基癸基、2-癸基十四烷基、十七烷基、十八烷基、二十烷基、二十一烷基、二十二烷基或二十四烷基。C8-C36烷基和C12-C24烷基可为线性或支化的,但优选为支化的。在本发明特别优选的实施方案中,R1、R2、R1’和R2’为2-己基癸基或2-癸基十四烷基。
有利地,基团R1、R2、R1’和R2’可由式表示,其中m1=n1+4且m1+n1≤22。
手性侧链如R1、R2、R1’和R2’可为纯手性或外消旋的,其可影响聚合物的形态。
在优选实施方案中,本发明涉及式
的共聚物,其中R1和R2为支化的C8-C36烷基,尤其是支化的C12-C24烷基如2-己基癸基或2-癸基十四烷基。所述聚合物具有优选10,000-100,000道尔顿,最优选20,000-60,000道尔顿的重均分子量。所述聚合物优选具有1.1-3.0,最优选1.5-2.5的多分散性。
在优选实施方案中,本发明涉及式的均聚物,其中R1’和R2’为支化的C8-C36烷基,尤其是支化的C12-C24烷基如2-己基癸基或2-癸基十四烷基。所述聚合物具有优选10,000-100,000道尔顿,最优选20,000-60,000道尔顿的重均分子量。所述聚合物优选具有1.1-3.0,最优选1.5-2.5的多分散性。所述聚合物可显示出双极性。
在优选实施方案中,本发明涉及包含一个或多个下式(重复)单元的聚合物:
其中
a为1-5的整数,尤其是1-3,
b为2或3的整数,b’为整数2,b”为整数3,
X1和X2中一个为N且另一个为CH,和
R1和R2可相同或不同且选自氢或C8-C36烷基。
甚至更优选包含一个或多个下式(重复)单元的聚合物:
其中
R1和R2可相同或不同且选自C8-C36烷基。
在本发明优选实施方案中,所述聚合物包含两个或更多个不同的式I重复单元。有利地,该重复单元选自式IIa、IIb、IIc、IId、IIe、IIf、IIg和IIh的重复单元。包含式IIa’和IIa”重复单元的聚合物显示出例如优异的场效应迁移率和开/关电流比。
根据本发明,均聚物为衍生自一种(实际的、隐含的或假想的)单体的聚合物。许多聚合物由互补的单体相互反应而制备。很容易认为这些单体可反应,从而得到的“隐含单体”,其均聚将得到实际产物,该产物可被认为是均聚物。一些聚合物通过其他聚合物的化学改性得到,使得构成所得聚合物的大分子结构可被认为是由假想单体的均聚形成。
因此共聚物为衍生自超过一种单体的聚合物如二元共聚物、三元共聚物、四元共聚物等。
术语聚合物包括低聚物以及聚合物。本发明低聚物具有<4,000道尔顿的重均分子量。本发明聚合物优选具有4,000道尔顿或更大,尤其是4,000-2,000,000道尔顿,非常特别地为10,000-1,000,000道尔顿,更优选10,000-100,000道尔顿,最优选20,000-60,000道尔顿的重均分子量。分子量根据高温凝胶渗透色谱法(HT-GPC)使用聚苯乙烯标样测定。本发明聚合物优选具有1.01-10,更优选1.1-3.0,最优选1.5-2.5的多分散性。
在本发明优选实施方案中,所述聚合物为包含式重复单元的共聚物,尤其是其中
A为式的基团,
COM1为式的基团,和
R1、R2、Ar1、Ar1’、Ar2和a如上所定义。
式VII的共聚物可例如通过Suzuki反应而获得。芳族硼酸酯与卤化物,尤其是溴化物的缩合反应通常称为“Suzuki反应”,如N.Miyaura和A.Suzuki在Chemical Reviews,第95卷,第457-2483页(1995)中所报道,它能允许存在多种有机官能团。优选的催化剂为2-二环己基膦基-2′,6′-二烷氧基联苯/乙酸钯(II),三烷基盐/钯(0)衍生物和三烷基膦/钯(0)衍生物。尤其优选的催化剂为2-二环己基膦基-2′,6′-二甲氧基联苯(sPhos)/乙酸钯(II)、四氟硼酸三叔丁基((t-Bu)3P·HBF4)/三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)以及三叔丁基膦(t-Bu)3P/三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)。优选的溶剂为四氢呋喃(THF),或THF和甲苯的混合物。优选的碱为K2CO3水溶液或Na2CO3水溶液。该反应可用于制备高分子量聚合物和共聚物。
为制备对应于式的聚合物(其中
A为式的基团,
COM1为式的基团,a为1-5的整数,
n为得到4,000-2,000,000道尔顿的分子量的数,和
R1、R2、Ar1、Ar1’、Ar2和a如上所定义),在溶剂中在催化剂存在下,例如在Pd和三苯膦的催化作用下,使二卤化物X10-A-X10如二溴化物或二氯化物或二碘化物,尤其是对应于式Br-A-Br的二溴化物与等摩尔量的对应于式的二硼酸或二硼酸酯反应,或使式的二卤化物与等摩尔量的对应于式X11-A-X11的二硼酸或二硼酸酯反应,其中X10为卤素,尤其是Br,且X11在每次出现时独立地为-B(OH)2、-B(OY1)2、-BF3Na、-BF3N(Y15)4或-BF3K,其中Y1在每次出现时独立地为C1-C10烷基且Y2在每次出现时独立地为C2-C10亚烷基如-CY3Y4-CY5Y6-或-CY7Y8-CY9Y10-CY11Y12-,其中Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8、Y9、Y10、Y11和Y12彼此独立地为氢或C1-C10烷基,尤其是-C(CH3)2C(CH3)2-或-C(CH3)2CH2C(CH3)2-、-CH2C(CH3)2CH2-,且Y13和Y14彼此独立地为氢或C1-C10烷基,Y15为H或C1-C25烷基,其可任选被-O-间隔。
该反应通常在约0-180℃下在芳烃溶剂如甲苯、二甲苯、茴香醚、氯苯、氟苯中进行。其他溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺、二烷、二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氢呋喃、环戊基甲基醚和四氢呋喃也可单独使用或以与芳烃的混合物使用。最优选的是THF或THF/甲苯。将含水碱(例如碱金属和碱土金属氢氧化物、羧酸盐、碳酸盐、氟化物和磷酸盐,如钠和钾的氢氧化物、乙酸盐、碳酸盐、氟化物和磷酸盐或金属醇化物),优选碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠、磷酸钾、碳酸钾或碳酸氢钾用作HBr清除剂。聚合反应可进行0.2-100小时。有机碱如氢氧化四烷基铵和相转移催化剂例如TBAB可提高硼的活性(例如参见Leadbeater & Marco;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.42(2003)1407及其中引用的文献)。T.I.Wallow和B.M.Novak在J.Org.Chem.59(1994)5034-5037中以及M.Remmers,M.Schulze和G.Wegner在Macromol.Rapid Commun.17(1996)239-252中给出了反应条件的其他变化。可通过使用过量二溴化物、二硼酸或二硼酸酯或链终止剂控制分子量。
钯催化剂以催化量存在于反应混合物中。本文所用术语“催化量”是指明显低于1当量所用二卤化物和二硼酸或二硼酸酯的量,优选基于所用二卤化物和二硼酸或二硼酸酯当量为0.01-5mol%,最优选0.01-1mol%。
反应混合物中膦或盐的量优选基于所用二卤化物和二硼酸或二硼酸酯当量为0.02-10mol%,最优选0.02-2mol%。Pd∶磷之比优选为1∶2。优选反应混合物中存在至少1.5当量的所述碱/官能硼基。
对于在单溶剂或溶剂混合物中进行的聚合,一旦引发聚合以及在一定时间后可加入第二或第三种共溶剂。加入该共溶剂的目的是保持聚合过程中聚合物链在溶液中增长。这还有助于在反应结束时由反应混合物回收聚合物,因此改善了聚合物的分离产率。
如果需要,可将单官能芳基卤化物或硼酸芳基酯在这类反应中用作链终止剂,这将导致端芳基的形成。
可通过控制供入Suzuki反应的单体的顺序和组成而控制所得共聚物中单体单元的排列顺序。
聚合之后,聚合物优选从反应混合物中回收,例如通过常规后处理回收并提纯。这可根据本领域技术人员已知和在文献中描述的标准方法实现。
本发明聚合物也可通过Stille偶联合成(例如参见Babudri等,J.Mater.Chem.,2004,14,11-34;J.K.Stille,Angew.Chemie Int.Ed.Engl.1986,25,508)。为制备对应于式VII聚合物,使二卤化物如二溴化物或二氯化物,尤其是对应于式Br-A-Br的二溴化物与对应于式的化合物(其中X21为基团-SnR207R208R209)在惰性溶剂中在0-200℃的温度下在含钯催化剂的存在下反应,其中R207、R208和R209相同或不同且为H或C1-C6烷基,其中两个基团任选形成普通环并且这些基团任选为支化或未支化的。此时必须确保所用的所有单体的总数具有有机锡官能团与卤素官能团的高度平衡比。此外,在反应结束时通过用单官能试剂封端而除去任何过量反应性基团可能证明是有利的。为了实施该方法,优选将锡化合物和卤素化合物引入一种或多种惰性有机溶剂中并在0-200℃,优选30-170℃的温度下搅拌1-200小时,优选5-150小时。粗产物可通过本领域技术人员已知并且适于各聚合物的方法,例如重复再沉淀或甚至通过渗析而提纯。
用于所述方法的合适的有机溶剂例如为醚类例如乙醚、二甲氧基乙烷、二甘醇二甲醚、四氢呋喃、二烷、二氧戊环、二异丙醚和叔丁基甲基醚,烃类例如己烷、异己烷、庚烷、环己烷、苯、甲苯和二甲苯,醇类例如甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、乙二醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇和叔丁醇,酮类例如丙酮、乙基甲基酮和异丁基甲基酮,酰胺例如二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基乙酰胺和N-甲基吡咯烷酮,腈类例如乙腈、丙腈和丁腈,及其混合物。
应类似于Suzuki方案的描述选择钯和膦组分。
或者,本发明聚合物也可通过Negishi反应使用锌试剂(A-(ZnX22)2,其中X22为卤素)与卤化物或三氟甲磺酸酯(COM1-(X23)2,其中X23为卤素或三氟甲磺酰基)合成。例如参见E.Negishi等,Heterocycles 18(1982)117-22。
其中R1和/或R2为氢的聚合物可通过使用保护基而获得,该保护基可在聚合后除去(例如参见EP-A-0648770、EP-A-0648817、EP-A-0742255、EP-A-0761772、WO98/32802、WO98/45757、WO98/58027、WO99/01511、WO00/17275、WO00/39221、WO00/63297和EP-A-1086984)。借助在已知条件例如加热下任选在额外催化剂例如WO00/36210中所述的催化剂存在下裂解而使颜料前体转化为其颜料形式。
该保护基的实例为式的基团,其中L为适于赋予溶解性的任何所需基团。
L优选为式的基团,其中Z1、Z2和Z3彼此独立地为C1-C6烷基,
Z4和Z8彼此独立地为C1-C6烷基,被氧、硫或N(Z12)2间隔的C1-C6烷基,或未取代或被C1-C6烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、卤素、氰基或硝基取代的苯基或联苯基,
Z5、Z6和Z7彼此独立地为氢或C1-C6烷基,
Z9为氢,C1-C6烷基或式的基团,
Z10和Z11各自彼此独立地为氢,C1-C6烷基,C1-C6烷氧基,卤素,氰基,硝基,N(Z12)2,或者未取代或被卤素、氰基、硝基、C1-C6烷基或C1-C6烷氧基取代的苯基,
Z12和Z13为C1-C6烷基,Z14为氢或C1-C6烷基,和Z15为氢、C1-C6烷基或未取代或被C1-C6烷基取代的苯基,
Q为未取代或被C1-C6烷氧基单-或多取代的p,q-C2-C6亚烷基,C1-C6烷硫基或C2-C12二烷基氨基,其中p和q为不同的位置编号,
X为选自氮、氧和硫的杂原子,其中当X为氧或硫时,m’为数字0,当X为氮时,m为数字1,和
L1和L2彼此独立地为未取代或被如下基团单取代或多取代的C1-C6烷基:C1-C12烷氧基、C1-C12烷硫基、C2-C24二烷基氨基、C6-C12芳氧基、C6-C12芳硫基、C7-C24烷基芳基氨基或C12-C24二芳基氨基;或[-(p′,q′-C2-C6亚烷基)-Z-]n’-C1-C6烷基,其中n’为1-1000的数,p′和q′为不同的位置编号,各Z彼此独立地为杂原子氧、硫或C1-C12烷基取代的氮,并且在重复单元[-C2-C6亚烷基-Z-]中的C2-C6亚烷基可相同或不同,以及
L1和L2可为饱和或不饱和1-10次的,可为未间隔的或在任何位置被1-10个选自-(C=O)-和-C6H4-的基团间隔且可不具有其他取代基或具有1-10个选自卤素、氰基和硝基的其他取代基。最优选L为式的基团。
式Br-A-Br化合物的合成描述于WO05/049695、WO08/000664和WO09/047104或可以以类似于其中所述的方法进行。式Br-A-Br化合物的N-芳基取代的合成可以以类似于US-A-5,354,869和WO03/022848中描述的方法进行。
在另一实施方案中,本发明涉及式III聚合物。
在所述实施方案中,优选聚合物包含一个或多个下式的(重复)单元:
其中
R1’和R2’可相同或不同且选自C8-C36烷基。
在另一优选实施方案中,本发明涉及其中R1、R2、R1’和R2’为支化的C8-C36烷基,尤其是支化的C12-C24烷基的式的均聚物或式的共聚物,或Mw为51,500且多分散性为2.0(由HT-GPC测量)的式的共聚物。
包含式III重复单元的聚合物优选为均聚物,其可通过对应二卤代芳族化合物如Br-A-Br与0价Ni配合物的脱卤缩聚(还原性偶联)制备(Yamamoto偶联反应)。作为镍源,双(环辛二烯)镍可与联吡啶、三芳基膦或三烷基膦组合使用。例如参考T.Yamamoto等,Synthetic Metals(1993),55(2-3),1214-20。
或者,这类聚合物可通过使二卤化物X10-A-X10与等摩尔量对应于式X11-A-X11的二硼酸或二硼酸酯反应而制备。
本发明另一实施方案涉及式的化合物,其中
d为整数1、2或3,
e为整数1、2或3,
Ar3和Ar3’彼此独立地为式的基团,或基团-Ar4-Ar5-[Ar6]f-,
Ar4为式的基团,
Ar5和Ar6彼此独立地具有Ar3的含义,f为0或整数1,
R1’和R2’如权利要求1所定义,
X12为-B(OH)2、-B(OY1)2、-BF3Na、-BF3N(Y15)4或-BF3K,其中Y1在每次出现时独立地为C1-C10烷基且Y2在每次出现时独立地为C2-C10亚烷基如-CY3Y4-CY5Y6-或-CY7Y8-CY9Y10-CY11Y12-,其中Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8、Y9、Y10、Y11和Y12彼此独立地为氢或C1-C10烷基,尤其是-C(CH3)2C(CH3)2-或-C(CH3)2CH2C(CH3)2-,且Y15为H或C1-C25烷基,其可任选被-O-间隔。
式X化合物为合成本发明聚合物的中间体。这类化合物的具体实例如下所示:
本发明聚合物可用作半导体器件中的半导体层。因此,本发明还涉及包含本发明聚合物的半导体器件或有机半导体材料、层或元件。所述半导体器件尤其是有机场效应晶体管。
半导体器件有许多类型。所有半导体器件共同之处在于存在一种或多种半导体材料。半导体器件例如由S.M.Sze描述于Physics of Semiconductor devices,第二版,JohnWiley and Sons,New York(1981)中。这类器件包括整流器、晶体管(其中有许多类型,包括p-n-p、n-p-n和薄膜晶体管)、发光半导体器件(例如显示器应用中的有机发光二极管或在例如液晶显示器中的背光)、光电导体、限流器、太阳能电池、热敏电阻、p-n结、场效应二极管、Schottky二极管等。在各半导体器件中,使所述半导体材料与一种或多种金属、金属氧化物例如铟锡氧化物(ITO)和/或绝缘体组合以形成所述器件。半导体器件可通过已知方法例如Peter Van Zant在Microchip Fabrication,第4版,McGraw Hill,New York(2000)中所描述的那些方法制备或生产。尤其是有机电子元件可如D.R.Gamota等在PrintedOrganic and Molecular Electronics,Kluver Academic Publ.,Boston,2004中所述生产。
特别有用的晶体管器件、薄膜晶体管(TFT)类型通常包括栅电极、栅电极上的栅极电介质、与栅极电介质相邻的源电极和漏电极以及与栅极电介质相邻并与源电极和漏电极相邻的半导体层(例如参见S.M.Sze,Physics of Semiconductor devices,第二版,JohnWiley and Sons,第492页,New York(1981))。这些元件可以以各种构造组装。更具体地,OFET具有有机半导体层。
在生产、测试和/或使用过程中基底通常支撑着OFET。基底可任选为OFET提供电功能。有用的基底材料包括有机和无机材料。例如基底可包括硅材料(包括各种合适形式的硅)、无机玻璃、陶瓷箔、聚合物材料(例如丙烯酸类材料、聚酯、环氧树脂、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚酮、聚(氧-1,4-亚苯氧基-1,4-亚苯基羰基-1,4-亚苯基)(有时称作聚醚醚酮或PEEK)、聚降冰片烯、聚苯醚、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚苯硫醚(PPS))、填充的聚合物材料(例如纤维增强塑料(FRP))和涂覆的金属箔。
栅电极可为任何有用的导电材料。例如栅电极可包括掺杂的硅或金属如铝、铬、金、银、镍、钯、铂、钽和钛。也可使用导电氧化物如铟锡氧化物或由炭黑/石墨或胶态银分散体构成且任选含有聚合物基料的导电油墨/糊。也可使用导电聚合物,例如聚苯胺或聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩)/聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)(PEDOT:PSS)。此外,也可使用这些材料的合金、组合和多层体。在一些OFET中,同一材料既可提供栅电极功能并且还提供基底的支撑功能。例如掺杂硅可作为栅电极并支撑OFET。
通常在栅电极上提供栅极电介质。该栅极电介质使栅电极与OFET器件的平衡电绝缘。有用的栅极电介质用材料可包括例如无机电绝缘材料。
栅极电介质(绝缘体)可例如为如下材料:氧化物、氮化物、或者其可为选自铁电绝缘体类(例如有机材料如聚(偏二氟乙烯/三氟乙烯或聚己二酰间苯二甲胺))的材料、或者其可为例如如J.Veres等,Chem.Mat.2004,16,4543或A.Facchetti等,Adv.Mat.2005,17,1705中所述的有机聚合物绝缘体(例如聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酰亚胺、苯并环丁烯(BCB)、聚对亚苯基二甲基、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基苯酚(PVP)、聚苯乙烯、聚酯、聚碳酸酯)。可用于栅极电介质的材料的具体实例包括锶酸盐、钽酸盐、钛酸盐、锆酸盐、氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化钽、氧化钛、氮化硅、钛酸钡、钛酸钡锶、钛酸钡锆、硒化锌和硫化锌,包括但不限于PbZrxTi1-xO3(PZT)、Bi4Ti3O12、BaMgF4、Ba(Zr1-xTix)O3(BZT)。此外,这些材料的合金、混杂材料(例如聚硅氧烷或纳米颗粒填充的聚合物)组合和多层体可用于栅极电介质。电介质层的厚度为例如约10-1000nm,更具体地厚度为约100-500nm,条件是电容为0.1-100纳法(nF)。
源电极和漏电极通过栅极电介质与栅电极隔开,而有机半导体层可位于源电极和漏电极之上或之下。源电极和漏电极可有利地为对半导体层提供低电阻欧姆接触的任何有用的导电材料。有用的材料包括上文对栅电极所描述的那些材料中的大多数例如铝、钡、钙、铬、金、银、镍、钯、铂、钽、聚苯胺、PEDOT:PSS、其他导电聚合物,其合金,其组合及其多层体。这些材料中一些适于与n型半导体材料一起使用并且另一些适于与p型半导体材料使用,这是本领域所已知的。
薄膜电极(即栅电极、源电极和漏电极)可通过任何有用的方式如物理气相沉积(例如热蒸发或溅射)或(喷墨)印刷方法而提供。这些电极的图案化可通过已知方法如阴影掩膜法、相加性光刻法(additive photolithography)、相减性光刻法(subtractivephotolithography)、印刷法、微接触印刷法和图形涂布法(pattern coating)而得到。
本发明进一步提供一种有机场效应晶体管器件,其包括:
多个设置在基底上的导电栅电极;
设置在所述导电栅电极上的栅极绝缘体层;
多组设置在所述绝缘体层上的导电源电极和漏电极,以使得所述各组与所述各栅电极对准;
设置在位于所述绝缘体层上的源电极和漏电极之间的沟道中且基本覆盖所述栅电极的有机半导体层;
其中所述有机半导体层包含本发明聚合物或含有本发明聚合物的混合物。
本发明进一步提供一种制备薄膜晶体管器件的方法,包括如下步骤:
在基底上沉积多个导电栅电极;
在所述导电栅电极上沉积栅极绝缘体层;
在所述层上沉积多组导电源电极和漏电极,以使得所述各组与所述各栅电极对准;
在所述绝缘体层上沉积本发明聚合物层,以使得本发明化合物或含有本发明聚合物的混合物的所述层基本覆盖所述栅电极;由此制得薄膜晶体管器件。
含有本发明聚合物的混合物能获得包含本发明聚合物(通常为5-99.9999重量%,尤其为20-85重量%)和至少一种其他材料的半导体层。所述其他材料可为但不限于具有不同分子量的本发明相同聚合物的一部分、本发明另一聚合物、半导体聚合物、有机小分子、碳纳米管、富勒烯衍生物、无机颗粒(量子点、量子棒、量子三脚架(quantum-tripod)、TiO2、ZnO等)、导电颗粒(Au、Ag等)、绝缘材料如对栅极电介质所描述的那些(PET、PS等)。
因此,本发明还涉及一种包含本发明聚合物的有机半导体材料、层或元件。
本发明聚合物可与例如欧洲专利申请号09155919.5、WO09/047104、US6,690,029、WO2007082584和WO2008107089中所描述的小分子共混:WO2007082584:
WO2008107089:
其中Y1和Y2中一个表示-CH=或=CH-且另一个表示-X-,
Y3和Y4中一个表示-CH=或=CH-且另一个表示-X-,
X为-O-、-S-、-Se-或-NR″’-,
R3为具有1-20个C原子的环状、直链或支化的烷基或烷氧基,或具有2-30个C原子的芳基,所有这些任选为氟化或全氟化的,
R’为H、F、Cl、Br、I、CN、具有1-20个C原子且任选氟化或全氟化的直链或支化的烷基或烷氧基、任选氟化或全氟化且具有6-30个C原子的芳基、或CO2R″(其中R″为H、任选氟化且具有1-20个C原子的烷基或任选氟化且具有2-30个C原子的芳基),
R″’为H或具有1-10个C原子的环状、直链或支化的烷基,y为0或1,x为0或1,
所述聚合物可含有小分子或两种或更多种小分子化合物的混合物。
或者,OFET通过例如在覆盖有热生长氧化物层的高度掺杂的硅基底上通过溶液沉积聚合物,然后真空沉积并将源电极和漏电极图案化而制备。
在另一方法中,OFET通过在覆盖有热生长氧化物的高度掺杂的硅基底上沉积源电极和漏电极,然后溶液沉积聚合物以形成薄膜而制备。
栅电极也可为位于基底上的图案化金属栅电极或导电材料如导电聚合物,然后用绝缘体涂覆,所述绝缘体通过溶液涂覆或通过真空沉积施加于图案化栅电极上。
可使用任何合适的溶剂溶解和/或分散本申请的聚合物,只要其是惰性的并且可通过常规干燥方式(例如施加热、减压、气流等)部分或完全从基底除去。用于加工本发明半导体的适当有机溶剂包括但不限于芳族或脂族烃类,卤代如氯代或氟代烃类,酯,醚,酰胺,如氯仿、四氯乙烷、四氢呋喃、甲苯、四氢化萘、十氢化萘、茴香醚、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、甲乙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、氯仿、氯苯、二氯苯、三氯苯、丙二醇单甲醚乙酸酯(PGMEA)及其混合物。优选溶剂为二甲苯,甲苯,四氢化萘,十氢化萘,氯化物如氯仿、氯苯、邻二氯苯、三氯苯及其混合物。然后将溶液和/或分散体通过诸如旋涂、浸涂、丝网印刷、微接触印刷、刮刀涂覆的方法或本领域已知的其他溶液施加技术施加至基底上,从而获得半导电材料薄膜。
术语“分散体”涵盖包含本发明半导体材料的任何组合物,其不完全溶于溶剂。可通过选择至少包含本发明聚合物或含有本发明聚合物的混合物以及溶剂的组合物而获得分散体,其中所述聚合物在室温下在溶剂中显示出较低的溶解性,但在升高的温度下在溶剂中显示出较高的溶解性,其中当将所述升高的温度降至第一较低温度且不搅拌时,所述组合物胶凝;-在升高的温度下使至少一部分聚合物溶于溶剂中;将组合物的温度从所述升高的温度降至第一较低温度;搅拌组合物以破坏任何胶凝,其中搅拌在将组合物从所述升高的温度降至所述第一较低温度之前、同时或之后的任何时间开始;沉积组合物层,其中所述组合物处于比所述升高的温度低的第二较低温度下;和至少部分干燥所述层。
所述分散体还可由(a)包含溶剂、基料树脂和任选分散剂的连续相和(b)包含本发明聚合物或含有本发明聚合物的混合物的分散相构成。本发明聚合物在溶剂中的溶解度例如可在0-约20%的溶解度,特别0%-约5%的溶解度范围内变化。
优选有机半导体层的厚度为约5-约1000nm,尤其是厚度为约10-约100nm。
本发明聚合物可单独或组合用作半导体器件的有机半导体层。所述层可通过任何有用的方式,例如气相沉积(对于具有较低分子量的材料而言)和印刷技术提供。可使本发明化合物充分溶解在有机溶剂中并可溶液沉积和图案化(例如通过旋涂、浸涂、喷墨印刷、照相凹版印刷、柔性版印刷、胶版印刷、丝网印刷、微接触(波)印刷、液滴流延(dropcasting)或区域流延(zone casting)或其他已知技术)。
本发明聚合物可用于包含多个OTFT的集成电路以及各种电子制品。这类制品包括例如射频识别(RFID)标签、用于柔性显示(用于例如个人计算机、手机或手持器件)的背板、智能卡、存储器件、传感器(例如光、图像、生物、化学、机械或温度传感器),尤其是光电二极管或安全设备等。由于其具有固态荧光,所述材料也可用于有机发光晶体管(OLET)中。
本发明另一方面为一种包含一种或多种本发明聚合物的有机半导体材料、层或元件。又一方面为本发明聚合物或材料在有机效应晶体管(OFET)中的用途。另一方面是包含本发明聚合物或材料的OFET。
本发明聚合物通常用作呈薄有机层或膜(优选厚度小于30微米)形式的有机半导体。本发明半导体层通常为至多1微米(=1μm)厚,尽管如果需要的话其可更厚。对于各种电子器件应用而言,厚度也可小于约1微米厚。例如对于用于OFET而言,层厚通常可为100nm或更小。该层的确切厚度取决于例如其中使用该层的电子器件的要求。
例如OFET中的漏电极和源电极之间的活性半导体沟道可包含本发明层。
本发明OFET器件优选包括:
-源电极,
-漏电极,
-栅电极,
-半导体层,
-一个或多个栅极绝缘体层,和
-任选的基底,其中所述半导体层包含一种或多种本发明聚合物。
在OFET器件中可以以任何顺序排列栅电极、源电极和漏电极以及绝缘层和半导体层,只要源电极和漏电极通过绝缘层与栅电极隔开,并且栅电极和半导体层均与绝缘层接触并且源电极和漏电极均与半导体层接触。
优选OFET包括具有第一侧和第二侧的绝缘体,位于绝缘体的第一侧的栅电极,位于绝缘体的第二侧的包含本发明聚合物的层和位于所述聚合物层上的漏电极和源电极。
OFET器件可为顶栅器件或底栅器件。
OFET器件的合适结构和生产方法对本领域技术人员而言是已知的并且描述于文献例如WO03/052841中。
栅极绝缘体层可包含例如含氟聚合物,例如市售Cytop或Cytop(获自Asahi Glass)。优选使栅极绝缘体层通过例如旋涂、刮刀、绕线棒涂覆、喷涂或浸涂或其他已知方法由包含绝缘体材料和一种或多种具有一个或多个氟原子的溶剂(含氟溶剂),优选全氟溶剂的配制剂沉积。合适的全氟溶剂例如为(可获自Acros,目录号12380)。其他合适的含氟聚合物和含氟溶剂是现有技术中已知的,例如全氟聚合物Teflon1600或2400(获自DuPont)或(获自Cytonix)或全氟溶剂FC(Acros,第12377号)。
包含本发明聚合物的半导体层可额外包含至少一种其他材料。所述其他材料可为但不限于本发明另一聚合物、半导体聚合物、聚合物基料、不同于本发明聚合物的有机小分子、碳纳米管、富勒烯衍生物、无机颗粒(量子点、量子棒、量子三脚架、TiO2、ZnO等)、导电颗粒(Au、Ag等)和绝缘体材料例如对栅极电介质所描述的那些(PET、PS等)。如上所述,所述半导体层也可由一种或多种本发明聚合物和聚合物基料的混合物构成。本发明聚合物与聚合物基料之比可为5-95的百分比。优选该聚合物基料为半结晶聚合物如聚苯乙烯(PS)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)。使用该技术可避免电性能的降低(参见WO2008/001123A1)。
数字电路主要基于互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)结构,其使用p型和n型单极晶体管。CMOS电路的优点是更低的功率耗散、更高的速度和在晶体管操作特性中容许更大的变化和移动。这些CMOS电路可使用单极晶体管与p型或n型半导体构造。
例如当聚[2-甲氧基-5-(3’,7’-二甲基辛氧基)]-对亚苯基乙烯(OC1C10-PPV)p型半导体和[6,6]-苯基C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)n型半导体各自用作单极晶体管时,它们各自显示出约10-2cm2/Vs的迁移率。然而,在具有OC1C10-PPV和PCBM的混合物的双极性晶体管中,这些半导体的迁移率分别降至10-4cm2/Vs和10-5cm2/Vs[E.J.Meijer等,Nature Materials,2003,第2卷,第678页)。WO2008/122778公开了一种改善的共混组合物以获得平衡迁移率,但是迁移率仍低。在这些水平时,迁移率太低而不具有在电子器件如射频识别标签中的实用性。
生产具有数微米横向尺寸且通常需要大规模集成度的离散有机n-和p沟道晶体管仍非常具有挑战性。
为了基于可溶液加工的晶体管设计更有效的电路,急需互补技术,其中p型和n型操作均被认为是单组分晶体管。理想地,该晶体管应显示出高迁移率、平衡的开电流和/或平衡的迁移率。
US20080099758和WO20080246095公开了显示约2×10-4cm2/Vs空穴和电子迁移率的单组分双极性聚合物和单体。
Adv.Material.2008,20,2217-2224公开了作为实例的式均聚物,其在不同器件构造中测得0.05cm2/Vs的空穴迁移率的最大值,电子迁移率并不是使用底接触金电极测量。使用顶接触金电极测得空穴迁移率为0.11cm2/Vs和电子迁移率为0.04-0.09cm2/Vs。本发明聚合物可在底栅底接触器件结构中显示出5-10倍的更高空穴和电子迁移率。由于该类型聚合物具有低接触电阻,可通过用于两种类型载流子的单接触材料如金诱导双极性,而不再依赖于用于注入电子的反应性低功函金属如Ca、Mg。甚至使用Ag和Cu或其合金作为源电极和漏电极也可进行注入。
例如,使用顶接触金电极测得实施例1的聚合物的空穴迁移率为0.43cm2/Vs和电子迁移率为0.35cm2/Vs。
因此,本发明还提供一种具有p型和n型性能的双极性有机场效应晶体管(OFET),尤其是包含位于基底上的栅电极、栅极绝缘层、有机活化层和源电极/漏电极的有机薄膜晶体管(OTFT),其中该有机活化层包含本发明聚合物。优选该活化层由本发明聚合物构成。活化(半导体)层的组成使得既传输电子又传输空穴,其中空穴迁移率基本等于电子迁移率,使得晶体管在其传递性能中基本显示出双极性。
该双极性OTFT可包括基底、栅电极、栅极绝缘层、源电极/漏电极和活化层,或者可包括基底、栅电极、栅极绝缘层、活化层和源电极/漏电极,但作为实例的实施方案可不限于此。
为了使用本发明聚合物形成该有机活化层,可使用包含氯仿或氯苯的有机活化层用组合物。在有机活化层用组合物中使用的溶剂的实例可包括氯仿、氯苯、二氯苯、三氯苯和甲苯。
形成该有机活化层的方法的实例可包括但不限于丝网印刷、印刷、旋涂、浸渍或喷墨印刷。因此,在双极性OTFT中所包含的栅极绝缘层中,可使用具有高介电常数的任何绝缘体,只要它通常是现有技术所已知的。其具体实例可包括但不限于铁电绝缘体,包括Ba0.33Sr0.66TiO3(BST:钛酸钡锶)、Al2O3、Ta2O5、La2O5、Y2O5或TiO2;无机绝缘体,包括PbZr0.33Ti0.66O3(PZT)、Bi4Ti3O12、BaMgF4、SrBi2(TaNb)2O9、Ba(ZrTi)O3(BZT)、BaTiO3、SrTiO3、Bi4Ti3O12、SiO2、SiNx或AlON;或者有机绝缘体,包括聚酰亚胺、苯并环丁烷(BCB)、聚对亚苯基二甲基、聚乙烯醇或聚乙烯基酚。在本发明双极性OTFT中所包含的栅电极和源电极/漏电极中可使用通常的金属,其具体实例包括但不限于金(Au)、银(Ag)、铜(Cu)、铝(Al)、镍(Ni)和铟锡氧化物(ITO)。优选栅电极、源电极和漏电极中至少一种的材料选自Cu、Ag、Au或其合金。在本发明双极性OTFT中基底用材料的实例可包括但不限于玻璃、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚降冰片烯或聚醚砜(PES)。
本发明还提供一种包含本发明双极性有机场效应晶体管(OFET),尤其是有机薄膜晶体管(OTFT)的电子器件。由于本发明聚合物用于改善双极性有机薄膜晶体管的器件特性,所以该聚合物可有效用于生产多种电子器件,包括液晶显示(LCD)器件、光伏器件、有机发光器件(OLED)、传感器、存储器件和/或集成电路。
生产双极性有机薄膜晶体管的方法可包括在基底上形成栅电极、栅极绝缘层、有机活化层和源电极/漏电极,其中该有机活化层包含本发明聚合物。该有机活化层可通过丝网印刷、印刷、旋涂、浸渍或喷墨印刷形成薄膜。该绝缘层中可使用选自铁电绝缘体,包括Ba0.33Sr0.66TiO3(BST:钛酸钡锶)、Al2O3、Ta2O5、La2O5、Y2O5或TiO2;无机绝缘体,包括PbZr0.33Ti0.66O3(PZT)、Bi4Ti3O12、BaMgF4、SrBi2(TaNb)2O9、Ba(ZrTi)O3(BZT)、BaTiO3、SrTiO3、Bi4Ti3O12、SiO2、SiNx或AlON;或者有机绝缘体,包括聚酰亚胺、苯并环丁烷(BCB)、聚对亚苯基二甲基、聚乙烯醇或聚乙烯基酚的材料形成。该基底可使用选自玻璃、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚降冰片烯和聚醚砜(PES)的材料形成。栅电极和源电极/漏电极可使用选自金(Au)、银(Ag)、铜(Cu)、铝(Al)、镍(Ni)和铟锡氧化物(ITO)的材料形成。
本发明聚合物还可用于有机光伏(PV)器件(太阳能电池)。因此,本发明提供包含含有本发明聚合物的PV器件。
所述PV器件以如下顺序包括:
(a)阴极(电极),
(b)任选过渡层,如碱性卤化物,尤其是氟化锂,
(c)光活化层,
(d)任选平滑层,
(e)阳极(电极),
(f)基底。
光活化层包含本发明聚合物。优选光活化层由作为电子给体的本发明共轭聚合物和作为电子受体的受体材料如富勒烯,特别是官能化的富勒烯PCBM构成。
对于异质结太阳能电池,该活化层优选包含本发明聚合物与富勒烯如[60]PCBM(=6,6-苯基-C61丁酸甲酯)或[70]PCBM以1∶1-1∶3的重量比的混合物。
进一步优选包含本发明场效应晶体管的集成电路。
仅仅是出于示例目的包含以下实施例,而不是为了限制权利要求的范围。除非另有说明,所有份和百分数均以重量计。
重均分子量(Mw)和多分散性(Mw/Mn=PD)由热温凝胶渗透色谱法(HT-GPC)测定[设备:GPC PL 220,来自Polymer Laboratories(Church Stretton,UK;现Varian),由折射率(RI)获得响应,层析条件:柱:3个“PLgel Olexis”柱,来自Polymer Laboratories(Church Stretton,UK);具有13μm的平均粒度(尺寸300×8mm I.D.)的流动相:由真空蒸馏提纯且由丁基羟基甲苯(BHT,200mg/l)稳定的1,2,4-三氯苯,层析温度:150℃;流动相流动速率:1ml/分钟;溶质浓度:约1mg/ml;注射体积:200μl;检测:RI,分子量标定程序:相对标定通过使用10个由Polymer Laboratories(Church Stretton,UK)获得的聚苯乙烯校正标样组完成,其分子量跨度为1,930,000-5,050Da,即PS1,930,000、PS1,460,000、PS1,075,000、PS560,000、PS330,000、PS96,000、PS52,000、PS30,300、PS10,100、PS5,050Da。使用多项式校准计算分子量]。
以下实施例中所给出的所有聚合物结构为经由所述聚合程序而获得的聚合物产物的理想化形式。如果将超过两种组分彼此共聚,则其在聚合物中的顺序取决于聚合条件可为交替分布或无规分布。
实施例
实施例1
根据WO2008000664的实施例2a制备聚合物3用原料1。在三颈烧瓶中,将1.45g溶于5ml水中的磷酸钾(K3PO4)(事先脱气)加入2.07g 1、0.74g2,5-噻吩硼酸二频哪醇酯、32.1mg四氟硼酸三叔丁基((t-Bu)3P·HBF4)和52.2mg三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)在20ml四氢呋喃中的脱气溶液中。将反应混合物在回流温度下加热两小时。随后加入18mg溴噻吩,20分钟后加入24mg噻吩硼酸频哪醇酯以终止聚合反应。将反应混合物冷却至室温并在甲醇中沉淀。将残留物通过索格利特萃取使用戊烷和庚烷提纯,然后用环己烷萃取聚合物而得到1.45g深色粉末。Mw=39,500,多分散性=2.2(通过HT-GPC测量)。
应用实施例1a
对所有实验使用具有p-Si栅极(10cm)的底栅薄膜晶体管(TFT)结构。将300nm厚的高质量热SiO2层用作每单位面积Ci=32.6nF/cm2电容的栅极-绝缘体。将源电极和漏电极通过光刻法直接在栅极氧化物上进行图案化。使用具有确定的沟道宽度W=10mm和不同长度L=4、8、15、30μm的金源电极、漏电极。在沉积有机半导体之前,用六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)通过在160℃下暴露于饱和硅烷蒸气中2小时,或者在60℃下用0.1M十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)的甲苯溶液处理基底20分钟而得到SiO2表面。用异丙醇漂洗之后,干燥基底。
二甲苯中的晶体管性能
半导体薄膜通过旋涂或液滴流延实施例1中获得的式3DDP衍生物的1%(w/w)二甲苯溶液而制备。在使用之前,将溶液通过0.2m过滤器过滤。旋涂在环境条件下以800rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂约20秒而完成。将该器件在80℃下干燥1小时后进行评价。
在自动化晶体管探测器(TP-10)上测量晶体管性能。
可由线性拟合饱和传输特性的平方根确定场效应迁移率为2.4×10-1cm2/Vs,开/关电流比为8.5×105。阀值电压为-2.7V。
氯仿中的晶体管性能
半导体薄膜通过旋涂或液滴流延实施例1中获得的式3DDP衍生物的0.5%(w/w)氯仿溶液而制备。旋涂在环境条件下以3000rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂约20秒而完成。将该器件在120℃下干燥15分钟后进行评价。
在自动化晶体管探测器(TP-10)上测量晶体管性能。
可由线性拟合饱和传输特性的平方根确定场效应迁移率为2.1×10-1cm2/Vs,开/关电流比为5.7×106。阀值电压为2.0V。
测量双极性
应用实施例1b
在漏极偏压(±30V)下通过在栅极-60V至60V来回摆动测量使用邻二甲苯作为溶剂的正如在应用实施例1中所描述的双极性晶体管。图1示出了传输曲线,其显示在p型和n型区域之间非常平衡的比。p型迁移率为0.43cm2/Vs,而n型迁移率为0.35cm2/Vs。与Adv.Mat.2008,2011,2217-2224所公开的测量结果相比,p型迁移率提高了10倍,且对于相同源-漏电极(Au),显示出几乎相同的n型性能。
应用实施例1c
重复应用实施例1a,不同的是使用银接触电极代替金源电极和漏电极(1c)。结果显示在下表中:
实施例 | 低栅极 | 绝缘体 | 底接触 | μh[cm2/Vs] | μe[cm2/Vs |
文献1) | Si | SiO2/OTS | Au | 0.05 | ND |
1b | Si | SiO2/OTS | Au | 0.43 | 0.35 |
1c | Si | SiO2/OTS | Ag | 0.026 | 0.022 |
1)Adv.Mater.2008,20,2217-2224(表1,类型A)
实施例2
根据WO2008000664的实施例2a使用癸基十四烷基碘化物制备原料4。使用处于50ml四氢呋喃中的2.0g 4、0.59g 2,5-噻吩硼酸二频哪醇酯、24.4mg四氟硼酸三叔丁基((t-Bu)3P·HBF4)和48.6mg三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)和1.13g溶于10ml水中的磷酸钾(K3PO4)(事先脱气)。在回流2小时后,加入24mg溴噻吩,20分钟后加入31mg噻吩硼酸频哪醇酯以终止聚合反应。将反应混合物冷却至室温并在甲醇中沉淀。将残留物通过索格利特萃取使用戊烷提纯,然后用环己烷萃取聚合物而得到1.67g深色粉末。Mw=43,300,多分散性=1.9(通过HT-GPC测量)。
应用实施例2:基于DPP-聚合物5的有机场效应晶体管
对所有实验使用具有p-Si栅极(10cm)的底栅薄膜晶体管(TFT)结构。将300nm厚的高质量热SiO2层用作每单位面积Ci=32.6nF/cm2电容的栅极-绝缘体。使源电极和漏电极通过光刻法直接在栅极氧化物上进行图案化。使用具有确定的沟道宽度W=10mm和不同长度L=4、8、15、30μm的金源电极、漏电极。在沉积有机半导体之前,用六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)通过在160℃下暴露于饱和硅烷蒸气中2小时,或者在60℃下用0.1M十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)的甲苯溶液处理基底20分钟而得到SiO2表面。用异丙醇漂洗之后,干燥基底。
甲苯中的晶体管性能
半导体薄膜通过旋涂或液滴流延实施例2中获得的式5DDP衍生物的0.5%(w/w)甲苯溶液而制备。旋涂在环境条件下以6000rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂约10秒而完成。将该器件在100℃下干燥15分钟后进行评价。
在自动化晶体管探测器(TP-10)上测量晶体管性能。
可由线性拟合饱和传输特性的平方根确定场效应迁移率为2.8×10-2cm2/Vs,开/关电流比为4.7×105。阀值电压为5.6V。
氯仿中的晶体管性能
半导体薄膜通过旋涂或液滴流延实施例2中获得的式5DDP衍生物的0.5%(w/w)氯仿溶液而制备。旋涂在环境条件下以3000rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂约20秒而完成。沉积后对该器件进行评价。
在自动化晶体管探测器(TP-10)上测量晶体管性能。
可由线性拟合饱和传输特性的平方根确定场效应迁移率为1.0×10-2cm2/Vs,开/关电流比为3.3×104。阀值电压为5.4V。
实施例3
使用溶于28ml水(事先脱气)中的7.1g 4、2.62g 2,2’-二噻吩-5,5’-二硼酸二频哪醇酯、86.2mg四氟硼酸三叔丁基((t-Bu)3P·HBF4)、172.3mg三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)、140ml四氢呋喃和3.99g磷酸钾(K3PO4)。在回流2小时后,加入94mg溴噻吩,20分钟后加入110mg噻吩硼酸频哪醇酯以终止聚合反应。将反应混合物冷却至室温并在甲醇中沉淀。将残留物通过索格利特萃取使用THF提纯,然后用氯仿萃取聚合物而得到5.34g深色粉末。Mw=54,500,多分散性=1.7(通过HT-GPC测量)。
应用实施例3
对所有实验使用具有p-Si栅极(10cm)的底栅薄膜晶体管(TFT)结构。将300nm厚的高质量热SiO2层用作每单位面积Ci=32.6nF/cm2电容的栅极-绝缘体。使源电极和漏电极通过光刻法直接在栅极氧化物上进行图案化。使用具有确定的沟道宽度W=10mm和不同长度L=4、8、15、30μm的金源电极、漏电极。在沉积有机半导体之前,用六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)通过在160℃下暴露于饱和硅烷蒸气中2小时,或者在60℃下用0.1M十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)的甲苯溶液处理基底20分钟而得到SiO2表面。用异丙醇漂洗之后,干燥基底。
二甲苯中的晶体管性能
半导体薄膜通过旋涂或液滴流延实施例3中获得的式7DDP衍生物的1%(w/w)二甲苯溶液而制备。在使用之前,将溶液通过0.2m的过滤器过滤。旋涂在环境条件下以800rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂约20秒而完成。将该器件在80℃下干燥1小时后进行评价。
在自动化晶体管探测器(TP-10)上测量晶体管性能。
可由线性拟合饱和传输特性的平方根确定场效应迁移率为2.5×10-1cm2/Vs,开/关电流比为8.9×108。阀值电压为0.5V。
氯仿中的晶体管性能
半导体薄膜通过旋涂或液滴流延实施例3中得到的式7DDP衍生物的0.5%(w/w)氯仿溶液而制备。旋涂在环境条件下以3000rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂约20秒而完成。将该器件在100℃下干燥15分钟后进行评价。
在自动化晶体管探测器(TP-10)上测量晶体管性能。
可由线性拟合饱和传输特性的平方根确定场效应迁移率为3.0×10-1cm2/Vs,开/关电流比为9.3×106。阀值电压为0.8V。
实施例4
使用溶于5ml水(事先脱气)中的1.0g 4、148mg 2,5-噻吩硼酸二频哪醇酯、185mg2,2’-二噻吩-5,5’-二硼酸二频哪醇酯、12.2mg四氟硼酸三叔丁基((t-Bu)3P·HBF4)、24.3mg三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)、25ml四氢呋喃和0.56g磷酸钾(K3PO4)。在回流2小时后,加入12mg溴噻吩,20分钟后加入16mg噻吩硼酸频哪醇酯以终止聚合反应。将反应混合物冷却至室温并在甲醇中沉淀。将残留物通过索格利特萃取使用戊烷提纯,然后用环己烷萃取聚合物而得到0.83g深色粉末。Mw=51,500,多分散性=2.0(通过HT-GPC测量)。
应用实施例4:基于DPP-聚合物8的有机场效应晶体管
对所有实验使用具有p-Si栅极(10cm)的底栅薄膜晶体管(TFT)结构。将300nm厚的高质量热SiO2层用作每单位面积Ci=32.6nF/cm2电容的栅极-绝缘体。使源电极和漏电极通过光刻法直接在栅极氧化物上进行图案化。使用具有确定的沟道宽度W=10mm和不同长度L=4、8、15、30m的金源电极、漏电极。在沉积有机半导体之前,用六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)通过在160℃下暴露于饱和硅烷蒸气中2小时,或者在60℃下用0.1M十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)的甲苯溶液处理基底20分钟而得到SiO2表面。用异丙醇漂洗之后,干燥基底。
甲苯中的晶体管性能
半导体薄膜通过旋涂或液滴流延实施例4中获得的式8 DDP衍生物的0.5%(w/w)甲苯溶液而制备。旋涂在环境条件下以6000rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂约10秒而完成。将该器件在130℃下干燥15分钟后进行评价。
在自动化晶体管探测器(TP-10)上测量晶体管性能。
可由线性拟合饱和传输特性的平方根确定场效应迁移率为2.1×10-1cm2/Vs,开/关电流比为1.9×107。阀值电压为0.4V。
实施例5
a)将228.06g 2-癸基-1-十四烷醇与484.51g 47%氢碘酸混合并将混合物回流过夜。产物用叔丁基甲基醚萃取。然后将有机相干燥并浓缩。将产物在硅胶柱上提纯而得到211.54g所需化合物9(73%)。1H-NMR数据(ppm,CDCl3):3.26 2H d,1.26-1.12 41H m,0.886H t;
b)将30mg FeCl3、10.27g钠和600ml叔戊醇的混合物加热到110℃并保持30分钟,然后滴加30.52g腈与24.83g二叔戊基琥珀酸酯。将反应混合物在110℃下搅拌过夜,然后倾于水-甲醇混合物上。Büchner过滤并用甲醇彻底洗涤以深蓝色粉末,90%产率得到33.60g所需化合物10。MSm/z:464;
c)使33.55g化合物10与12.22g K2CO3和74.4g 2-癸基-1-十四烷基碘化物9在1300ml DMF中在110℃下反应过夜。将反应混合物倾于冰上并用二氯甲烷萃取。通过在硅胶上柱层析提纯并得到35.1g所需化合物11(42.7%)。1H-NMR数据(ppm,CDCl3):8.91 2H d,7.35-7.32 6H m,7.092H dxd,4.05 4H d,1.98 2H m,1.35-1.20 80H m,0.89 6H t,0.876H t;
d)将10.00g 11和1滴高氯酸溶于200ml氯仿,冷却至0℃,然后在1小时内逐部分加入2当量N-溴琥珀酰亚胺。反应完成后,用水洗涤混合物。将有机相萃取,干燥并浓缩。然后将化合物在硅胶柱上提纯而得到5.31g式12的深紫色粉末(47%)。1H-NMR数据(ppm,CDCl3):8.85 2H d,7.22 2H d,7.03 4H dxd,4.00 4H d,1.93 2H m,1.29-1.21 80H m,0.87 6Ht,0.85 6H t。
e)将300mg化合物12、78mg噻吩二硼酸频哪醇酯、5mg Pd2(dba)3(三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯)和3mg四氟硼酸三叔丁基溶于3ml四氢呋喃中。使该溶液用3循环冷冻/泵/融化(Ar)脱气。然后将反应混合物加热至回流温度。然后将149mg K3PO4溶于0.7ml水中并在氩气下脱气。将水溶液加入THF溶液中并将反应混合物回流过夜。然后加入5mg噻吩单硼酸频哪醇酯并将混合物再回流30分钟。然后加入4mg 2-溴噻吩并将混合物再回流30分钟。将反应混合物冷却至室温并用水稀释,然后用氯仿萃取。然后将氯仿溶液用NaCN的水溶液回流1小时。分离水并干燥氯仿溶液。然后将残留物用四氢呋喃进行索格利特萃取。蒸发有机相得到224mg所需聚合物13。
实施例6
将0.572g溶于1.7ml水中的磷酸钾(K3PO4)(事先脱气)加入1.006g 4、0.349g 2,5-噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩二硼酸二频哪醇酯(例如通过相应二硼酸(J.Org.Chem.,1978,43(11),第2199页)与频哪醇在回流甲苯中酯化而制备)、13mg四氟硼酸三叔丁基((t-Bu)3P·HBF4)、21mg三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)在20ml四氢呋喃(在Ar下脱气)中的混合物中。在回流2小时后,加入4mg溴噻吩,20分钟后加入5mg噻吩硼酸频哪醇酯以终止聚合反应。将反应混合物冷却并用氯仿稀释。然后加入水。分离各层并用水再洗涤有机层一次。然后将有机层在减压下浓缩。然后将氯仿溶液与1%NaCN的水溶液一起回流过夜。分离各层,然后用水再洗涤有机层一次并在减压下浓缩。将粗产物通过加入甲醇沉淀并过滤。然后通过索格利特萃取分离产物。丢弃用四氢呋喃萃取的第一级分,并且将用氯仿萃取的第二级分通过加入甲醇而沉淀,以深色粉末得到76mg所需式A聚合物。Mw=25,800,多分散性=2.0(通过HT-GPC测量)。
实施例7
在schlenk试管中,将1.13g Ni(COD)2和0.65g联吡啶在90ml甲苯中的溶液脱气15分钟。将3g相应的二溴化单体1加入该溶液,然后将混合物加热到80℃并剧烈搅拌过夜。将溶液倾于500ml 3/1/1甲醇/HCl(4N)/丙酮混合物上并搅拌1小时。然后过滤沉淀,溶于CHCl3并在60℃下用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)四钠盐的水溶液再剧烈搅拌1小时。将有机相用水洗涤,浓缩并在甲醇中沉淀。将残留物通过索格利特萃取使用甲醇、乙醚、环己烷提纯,然后用CHCl3萃取聚合物而得到1.7g深色粉末。Mw=37,000,多分散性=2.3(通过HT-GPC测量)。
应用实施例5
对所有实验使用具有p-Si栅极(10cm)的底栅薄膜晶体管(TFT)结构。将300nm厚的高质量热SiO2层用作每单位面积Ci=32.6nF/cm2电容的栅极-绝缘体。使源电极和漏电极通过光刻法直接在栅极氧化物上进行图案化。使用具有确定的沟道宽度W=10mm和不同长度L=4、8、15、30μm的金源电极、漏电极。在沉积有机半导体之前,用六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)通过在160℃下暴露于饱和硅烷蒸气中2小时,通过以800rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂HMDS约1分钟或者通过在60℃下用0.1M十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)的甲苯溶液处理基底20分钟而得到SiO2表面。用异丙醇漂洗之后,干燥基底。
氯仿中的晶体管性能
半导体薄膜通过旋涂或液滴流延实施例7中获得的式15 DDP衍生物的0.5%(w/w)氯仿溶液而制备。旋涂在环境条件下以3000rpm(转每分钟)的转速旋涂约20秒而完成。刚沉积以及在120℃下干燥15分钟后对该器件进行评价。
在自动化晶体管探测器(TP-10)上测量晶体管性能。式15 DDP衍生物在标准器件构造中显示出良好的双极性。
实施例8
a)在氮气中在-25℃下在15分钟内将新鲜制备的LDA溶液(来自处于20ml THF中的5.4ml丁基锂2.7M和2.2ml二异丙胺)滴加到5.0g二噻吩基-DPP(16)和3.73g 2-异丙氧基-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼戊环(dioxoborolane)在30ml THF中的溶液。将所得反应混合物在0℃下搅拌1小时,然后用100ml 1M HCl猝灭。将产物用2×50ml TBME萃取,将合并的有机层用盐水洗涤两次并用硫酸钠干燥。溶剂蒸发后,将残留物溶于20ml二氯甲烷中,然后缓慢加入200ml重搅拌的丙酮。通过过滤收集沉淀,用丙酮洗涤几次并在40℃下在真空烘箱中干燥,得到6.3g粉紫色粉末。1H-NMR数据(ppm,CDCl3):8.90 2H,d,3J=3.9Hz;7.71 2H,d,3J=3.9Hz;4.05 4H d,3J=7.7Hz;1.84 2H m;1.37 24H m;1.35-1.248,m;0.9-0.812Hm。
b)根据实施例1中所述的合成聚合物3的程序,使0.91g 1与1.004g 17反应而得到聚合物15。反应后,将混合物倾于甲醇中并用丙酮洗涤,得到1.2g聚合物15。
实施例9
根据实施例1中所述的合成聚合物3的程序,使0.5g 17与0.12g二溴噻吩反应而得到聚合物3。反应后,将混合物倾于甲醇中并用丙酮洗涤,得到0.380g聚合物3。Mw=20,000,多分散性=2.3(通过HT-GPC测量)。
实施例10
根据在实施例1中所述的合成聚合物3的程序,使0.5g 17与0.12g 2,5-二溴噻唑反应而得到聚合物18。将残留物通过索格利特萃取使用戊烷提纯,然后用环己烷萃取聚合物而得到0.26g深色粉末。Mw=17,700,多分散性=2.0(通过HT-GPC测量)。
实施例11
根据实施例1中所述的合成聚合物3的程序,使0.15g 17与0.05g 2,2′-二溴-[5,5′]二噻唑反应而得到聚合物19。反应后,将混合物倾于甲醇中并用丙酮洗涤,得到0.13g聚合物19。
实施例12
根据在实施例1中所述的合成聚合物3的程序,使2.3g 1与1g 2,5-噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩二硼酸二频哪醇酯(例如通过相应二硼酸(J.Org.Chem.,1978,43(11),第2199页)与频哪醇在回流甲苯中酯化而制备)反应而得到聚合物20。反应后,将混合物倾于甲醇中并用丙酮洗涤,得到2.0g聚合物20。
实施例13
a)将5mg三氯化铁(FeCl3)、2.6g钠和100ml叔戊醇的混合物加热到110℃并保持20分钟,然后滴加5.0g式21的噻唑-2-腈与8.25g式22的二叔戊基琥珀酸酯的混合物。将反应混合物在110℃下搅拌3小时,然后倾于8.15g处于水-甲醇混合物(200ml/100ml)的乙酸上。Büchner过滤并用甲醇彻底洗涤,以深蓝色粉末得到5.2g式23的所需1,4-二酮基吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯(DPP)衍生物:ESI-MS m/z(% int.):303.13([M+H]+,100%)。
b)将4g式23的1,4-二酮基吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯(DPP)衍生物、2.9g处于3ml水中的KOH和18.5g处于50ml N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中的1-溴-2-己基癸基的溶液加热到140℃并保持6小时。将混合物用水洗涤并用二氯甲烷萃取。通过在硅胶上柱层析提纯并从氯仿/甲醇沉淀,以蓝色固体得到0.4g所需DPP 24。ESI-MS m/z(% int.):751.93([M+H]+,100%)。1H-NMR(ppm,CDCl3):8.05 2H,d,3J=3.1Hz;7.70 2H,d,3J=3.1Hz;4.344H d,3J=7.4Hz;1.86 2H m;1.3-1.2 48,m;0.9-0.8 12H t。
c)类似于实施例5d得到化合物25。
d)类似于实施例5e得到聚合物26。
e)类似于实施例7得到聚合物27。
实施例14
a)将554.6g叔丁醇钾、424.2g碳酸二甲酯和3L无水甲苯在搅拌下加热到100℃。将300g 1-乙酰基噻吩在3小时内逐滴加入并在100℃下搅拌15小时。将反应混合物冷却到室温并倾于4L冰上。分离水层并用200ml乙酸乙酯萃取两次。合并有机层并在硫酸钠上干燥,过滤,蒸发和干燥,得到363.7g 28。将粗产物用于下一步反应而无需进一步提纯。
b)将363.7g 28、322.7g溴乙酸甲酯、288.7g碳酸钾、1100ml丙酮和750ml 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷置于容器中。将该混合物在80℃下搅拌20小时。在混合物冷却到室温后,将其过滤并干燥。得到460g 29。将粗产物用于下一步反应而无需进一步提纯。
c)将218g 29、643g乙酸铵和680ml乙酸在115℃下搅拌3小时。将反应混合物冷却到室温,倾于3L丙酮中。分离产生的固体并用甲醇洗涤并干燥。得到99.6g 30。
d)将5mg三氯化铁(FeCl3)、2g钠和40ml叔戊醇的混合物加热到110℃并保持20分钟,然后逐部分加入3.9g式21的噻唑-2-腈与7.82g 30的混合物。将反应混合物在110℃下搅拌3小时,然后倾于6.3g处于水-甲醇混合物(100ml/100ml)中的乙酸上。Büchner过滤并用甲醇彻底洗涤,以深蓝色粉末得到4.5g式31的所需1,4-二酮基吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯(DPP)衍生物:ESI-MS m/z(% int.):302.15([M+H]+,100%)。
e)类似于实施例5c得到化合物32。
f)类似于实施例5d得到化合物33。
g)类似于实施例5e得到聚合物34。
h)类似于实施例7得到聚合物35。
实施例15
类似于实施例7由化合物12得到聚合物36。
实施例16
a)在三颈烧瓶中,将83.6g溶于110ml水中的磷酸钾(K3PO4)(事先脱气)加入20g噻吩基硼酸、22.0g 2-溴噻唑、2.3g四氟硼酸三叔丁基((t-Bu)3P·HBF4)和3.6g三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)在350ml四氢呋喃中的脱气溶液中。将反应混合物在回流温度下加热过夜。将反应混合物冷却到室温并加入100ml水。将反应混合物用乙酸乙酯萃取,并将有机层干燥并在减压下蒸发。将其用柱层析使用位于硅胶上的己烷/乙酸乙酯的梯度进一步提纯。得到8.0g 2-噻吩-2-基-噻唑37,光谱数据对应于使用Negishi交叉偶联反应的文献所描述的那些(J.Jensen等,Synthesis,2001,1,128)中。
b)使用文献(P.Chauvin等,Bull.Soc.Chim.Fr.1974,9-10,2099)中已知的程序得到化合物38。
c)类似于文献(A.D.Borthwick等;J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans 1,1973;2769)中已知的程序得到化合物39。
d)类似于实施例5b得到化合物40。
e)类似于实施例5c得到化合物41。
f)类似于实施例5d得到化合物42。
g)类似于实施例5e得到聚合物43。
h)类似于实施例7得到聚合物44。
本发明聚合物可显示出比在WO08/000664中公开的聚合物高的场效应迁移率。
Claims (15)
1.一种包含式
的重复单元的聚合物,其中
a为1-5的整数,
Ar1和Ar1’彼此独立地为式的基团,
Ar2为式的基团,
X1和X2中一个为N且另一个为CH,和
R1和R2可相同或不同且选自氢;C1-C100烷基;C6-C24芳基,其可被C1-C8烷基、C1-C8硫代烷氧基和/或C1-C8烷氧基取代1-3次;或五氟苯基。
2.根据权利要求1的聚合物,其包含下式的重复单元:
其中
a为1-5的整数,
X1和X2中一个为N且另一个为CH,和
R1和R2可相同或不同且选自氢或C8-C36烷基。
3.根据权利要求1的聚合物,其中a是1-3的整数。
4.根据权利要求1的聚合物,其包含下式的重复单元:
其中R1和R2可相同或不同且选自C8-C36烷基。
5.根据权利要求1的聚合物,其中a为1-3的整数。
6.根据权利要求1的聚合物,包含式
的重复单元,其中
a为1-5的整数,
Ar1和Ar1’彼此独立地为式的基团,
Ar2为式的基团,和
R1和R2可相同或不同且选自C8-C36烷基。
7.根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的聚合物,其中R1和R2为支化或未支化的C12-C24烷基。
8.根据权利要求4的聚合物,其包含式
的重复单元,
其中R1和R2可相同或不同且选自C8-C35烷基。
9.一种有机半导体材料、层或元件,包含根据权利要求1-8中任一项的聚合物。
10.一种半导体器件,包含根据权利要求1-8中任一项的聚合物或根据权利要求9的有机半导体材料、层或元件。
11.根据权利要求10的半导体器件,其为有机场效应晶体管(OFET),其具有p型和n型性能。
12.根据权利要求11的半导体器件,其是双极性有机场效应晶体管(OFET)。
13.制备有机半导体器件的方法,所述方法包括将根据权利要求1-8中任一项的聚合物在有机溶剂中的溶液和/或分散体施加至合适的基底上并除去所述溶剂。
14.根据权利要求1-8中任一项的聚合物或根据权利要求9的有机半导体材料、层或元件在OFET中的用途。
15.一种包含根据权利要求11的有机场效应晶体管的集成电路。
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US20110240981A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
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US20150056746A1 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
EP3456756A3 (en) | 2019-05-01 |
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EP2350161B1 (en) | 2018-11-21 |
KR101935644B1 (ko) | 2019-01-04 |
CN107099023A (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
EP2350161A1 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
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US8912305B2 (en) | 2014-12-16 |
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