JPWO2016013676A1 - 流体分離用炭素膜、流体分離膜モジュールおよび、流体分離用炭素膜の製造方法 - Google Patents
流体分離用炭素膜、流体分離膜モジュールおよび、流体分離用炭素膜の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2016013676A1 JPWO2016013676A1 JP2015544222A JP2015544222A JPWO2016013676A1 JP WO2016013676 A1 JPWO2016013676 A1 JP WO2016013676A1 JP 2015544222 A JP2015544222 A JP 2015544222A JP 2015544222 A JP2015544222 A JP 2015544222A JP WO2016013676 A1 JPWO2016013676 A1 JP WO2016013676A1
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- fluid separation
- carbon membrane
- membrane
- resin
- hollow fiber
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Abstract
Description
本発明の流体分離用炭素膜(以下、単に「炭素膜」または「膜」ということがある。)は、コア層とスキン層とを有する。
コア層は、後述するスキン層の内側に形成される共連続多孔構造を有する層であり、後述する中空糸炭素膜以外の態様においては本発明の流体分離用炭素膜の中心を形成する層である。「共連続多孔構造」とは、枝部(炭素部)と細孔部(空隙部)がそれぞれ連続しつつ三次元的に規則的に絡み合った構造であり、具体的には図1に例示される通り、液体窒素中で充分に冷却した試料をピンセット等により割断した断面を走査型電子顕微鏡で表面観察した際に、奥行き方向に枝部と空隙部がそれぞれ連続した構造が観察されることをいう。このような構造を有することで、枝部がそれぞれ互いに構造体を支えあう効果が生じて応力を膜全体に分散させるため、圧縮や曲げなどの外力に対して大きな耐性を有し、耐圧性をより向上させることができる。また、コア層は空隙が三次元的に連通しているため、スキン層から中空部へ(外圧式)、あるいは中空部からスキン層へ(内圧式)、ガスや液体などの流体を供給または排出させるための流路としての役割を有し、また同時に、繊維軸方向への流路としての役割も有する。
ただしコア層の構造周期が大きくて小角での散乱が観測できない場合がある。その場合はX線コンピュータ断層撮影(X線CT)によって構造周期を得る。具体的には、X線CTによって撮影した三次元画像をフーリエ変換した後に、その二次元スペクトルの円環平均を取り、一次元スペクトルを得る。その一次元スペクトルにおけるピークトップの位置に対応する特性波長を求め、その逆数としてコア層の構造周期を算出する。
平均空隙率が高いほどガスや液体の流路として圧力損失が小さく、流速を高めることができる一方、低いほど圧縮や曲げといった断面方向にかかる力に強くなるため、取り扱い性や高圧条件での使用に際して有利となる。そのため、15%以上がより好ましく、18%以上がさらに好ましい。一方、平均空隙率が低いほど耐圧性が向上し、高圧条件で使用することができる。そのため、75%以下がより好ましく、70%以下がさらに好ましい。
スキン層は、コア層の周囲に形成された、共連続多孔構造を実質的に有しない層であり、本発明の流体分離用炭素膜の外表面を形成する層である。「共連続多孔構造を実質的に有しない」とは、クロスセクションポリッシャー法(CP法)により形成させた断面を、1±0.1(nm/画素)となる倍率で観察した際に、孔径が解像度以下であることにより明確な細孔が観察されない部分が、前述のX線分析から算出される構造周期Lの3倍の長さを一辺とする正方形の領域以上の面積で存在することを意味する。
本発明の流体分離用炭素膜の形状は繊維状またはフィルム状であることが好ましい。
中空断面を持つ炭素膜、すなわち流体分離用中空糸炭素膜(単に「中空糸炭素膜」ということがある)とすることも、本発明の一態様である。以下、流体分離用中空糸炭素膜とする場合について説明する。
本発明の流体分離用炭素膜は、一例として、炭化可能樹脂と消失樹脂とを相溶させて樹脂混合物とする工程(工程1)と、相溶した状態の樹脂混合物を相分離させ、固定化し、炭素膜の前駆体を得る工程(工程2)と、得られた前駆体を焼成により炭化する工程(工程3)とを有する製造方法により製造することができる。
工程1は、炭化可能樹脂10〜90重量%と、消失樹脂90〜10重量%と相溶させ、樹脂混合物とする工程である。
工程2は、工程1において相溶させた状態の樹脂混合物を相分離させて微細構造を形成し、固定化する工程である。前述の本発明の流体分離用炭素膜を得る場合、微細構造として共連続相分離構造を形成させる必要がある。
工程2において得られた炭素膜の前駆体は、炭化工程(工程3)に供される前、または炭化工程と同時、またはその両方で消失樹脂の除去処理を行うことが好ましい。除去処理の方法は特に限定されない。具体的には、酸、アルカリ、酵素を用いて消失樹脂を化学的に分解、低分子量化して除去する方法や、消失樹脂を溶解する溶媒により溶解除去する方法、電子線、ガンマ線、紫外線、赤外線などの放射線や熱を用いて消失樹脂を分解除去する方法などが挙げられる。
工程2において得られた炭素膜の前駆体は、炭化工程(工程3)に供される前に不融化処理を行うことが好ましい。不融化処理の方法は特に限定されず、公知の方法を用いることができる。具体的な方法としては、酸素存在下で加熱することで酸化架橋を起こす方法、電子線、ガンマ線などの高エネルギー線を照射して架橋構造を形成する方法、反応性基を持つ物質を含浸、混合して架橋構造を形成する方法などが挙げられ、中でも酸素存在下で加熱することで酸化架橋を起こす方法は、プロセスが簡便であり製造コストを低く抑えることが可能である点から好ましい。これらの手法は単独もしくは組み合わせて使用してもよく、それぞれを同時に使用しても別々に使用してもよい。
工程3は、工程2において得られた炭素膜の前駆体、あるいは必要に応じて消失樹脂の除去および/または不融化処理に供された前駆体を焼成し、炭化して炭素膜を得る工程である。
評価手法
(共連続多孔構造の有無)
中空糸炭素膜を液体窒素中で充分に冷却後、ピンセットで割断して形成した断面のコア層部分を走査型電子顕微鏡で表面観察し、炭素骨格の枝部と細孔部(空隙部)がそれぞれ連続しつつ三次元的に規則的に絡み合った構造が見られた場合、共連続多孔構造を有していると判定した。
炭素膜を樹脂中に包埋し、その後カミソリ等で炭素膜の断面を露出させ、日本電子製スパッタリング装置SM−09010を用いて加速電圧5.5kVにて試料表面にアルゴンイオンビームを照射、エッチングを施した。得られた炭素膜の断面を日立ハイテクノロジーズ製走査型電子顕微鏡S−5500にて膜断面の中心部を1±0.1(nm/画素)となる倍率で、70万画素以上の解像度で観察した画像から、計算に必要な膜断面を512画素四方で設定し、炭素膜の断面積をC、細孔部分の面積をDとして、以下の式で任意の断面20箇所の算術平均により平均空隙率を算出した。
(細孔直径分布曲線の取得)
ボールミルで粉砕した炭素膜を300℃、5時間の条件で真空乾燥を行い、吸着したガス成分を除去した。その後、島津製作所製の自動ポロシメータ(オートポアIV9500)を用いて細孔直径分布曲線を取得した。
炭素膜を試料プレートに挟み、CuKα線光源から得られたX線源から散乱角度10度未満の情報が得られるように、光源、試料および二次元検出器の位置を調整した。二次元検出器から得られた画像データ(輝度情報)から、ビームストッパーの影響を受けている中心部分を除外して、ビーム中心から動径を設け、角度1°毎に360°の輝度値を合算して散乱強度分布曲線を得た。得られた曲線においてピークを持つ位置の散乱角度2θより、連続構造部分の構造周期を下記の式によって得た。
また構造周期が1μm以上であり、X線散乱のピークが観測されない場合には、X線顕微鏡で0.3°ステップ、180°以上の範囲で連続回転像を撮影し、CT像を得た。得られたCT像に対してフーリエ変換を実施し、その二次元スペクトルの円環平均を取り、一次元スペクトルを得た。その一次元スペクトルにおけるピークトップの位置に対応する特性波長を求め、その逆数として構造周期を得た。
炭素膜を種々の直径の円柱に180°以上巻きつけて、膜が破断するかどうかを観測した。曲げ半径は、膜が破断しない円柱において最小の半径を有する円柱を求め、その円柱の半径の値で示した。
島津製作所製の微小圧縮試験機を用い、長さ1mmの中空糸炭素膜1本を治具で挟み、0.1mm/minの速度で中空糸炭素膜の繊維断面方向に圧縮して圧縮変位と荷重を測定した。そして圧縮強度σを下記の式により中空糸炭素膜10本の算術平均により算出した。
(ガス分離性能の評価)
複数の繊維状炭素膜を束ね、束ねた炭素膜の端をエポキシ樹脂系接着剤で封止してステンレス製の分離膜モジュールを作製した。このとき、炭素膜の膜面積は3.0cm2であった。ガスの供給側と透過側の圧力差を0.5MPaに設定し、単成分のガスを外圧式で供給してISO15105−1:2002の差圧法に準拠して測定温度25℃で炭素膜のガス分離性能を求めた。ここで、透過したガスの透過速度Qを下記式により算出し、各単成分ガスの透過速度の比としてガスの分離係数αを算出した。なお、STPは標準条件を意味する。
70gのポリサイエンス社製ポリアクリロニトリル(MW15万)と70gのシグマ・アルドリッチ社製ポリビニルピロリドン(MW4万)、および、溶媒として400gの和光純薬工業製ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)をセパラブルフラスコに投入し、3時間攪拌および還流を行いながら150℃で均一かつ透明な溶液を調製した。このときポリアクリロニトリルの濃度およびポリビニルピロリドンの濃度はそれぞれ10重量%であった。
到達温度を700℃とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で炭素膜を得た。得られた炭素膜のコア層には共連続多孔構造が形成されていた。得られた炭素膜の構造および物性を表1に示す。
到達温度を800℃とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で炭素膜を得た。得られた炭素膜のコア層には共連続多孔構造が形成されていた。炭素膜の構造および物性を表1に示す。
ポリアクリロニトリルおよびポリビニルピロリドンの濃度をそれぞれ13重量%とし、到達温度を1,500℃とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で炭素膜を得た。得られた炭素膜のコア層には共連続多孔構造が形成されていた。炭素膜の構造および物性を表1に示す。
実施例1にて調製したポリマー溶液を25℃まで冷却した。その後、二重管構造の中空糸紡糸ノズルの外管から上記で調製した紡糸溶液を3mL/分で、そして内管から窒素ガスを同時に吐出して、25℃に保たれた純水の凝固浴へ導き、その後5m/分の速度で引き取り、バット上に堆積させることで中空糸の原糸を得た。このときエアギャップは5mmとし、また凝固浴中の浸漬長は15cmとした。得られた原糸は半透明であり、相分離を起こしていた。
紡糸溶液と窒素ガスの吐出量を調整して中空面積比率を0.25とした以外は実施例5と同様の方法で中空糸炭素膜を得た。得られた中空糸炭素膜のコア層には共連続多孔構造が形成されていた。得られた中空糸炭素膜の構造および物性を表1に示す。
紡糸溶液と窒素ガスの吐出量を調整して中空面積比率を0.5とした以外は実施例5と同様の方法で中空糸炭素膜を得た。得られた中空糸炭素膜のコア層には共連続多孔構造が形成されていた。得られた中空糸炭素膜の構造および物性を表1に示す。
紡糸溶液と窒素ガスの吐出量を調整して中空面積比率を0.73とした以外は実施例5と同様の方法で中空糸炭素膜を得た。得られた中空糸炭素膜のコア層には共連続多孔構造が形成されていた。得られた中空糸炭素膜の構造および物性を表1に示す。
50gのポリサイエンス社製ポリアクリロニトリル(MW15万)および、溶媒として200gの和光純薬工業製ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)をセパラブルフラスコに投入し、3時間攪拌および還流を行いながら150℃で均一かつ透明な溶液を調製した。このときポリアクリロニトリルの濃度は20重量%であった。
3,3’,4,4’−ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物99ミリモルと、4,4’−ジアミノジフェニルエーテル60ミリモルと、3,5−ジアミノ安息香酸30ミリモルと、4,4’−ジアミノジフェニルメタン10ミリモルとを、パラクロロフェノール253gと共にセパラブルフラスコに入れて、攪拌しながら180℃で13時間重合させ、芳香族ポリイミド濃度が15重量%の芳香族ポリイミド溶液を調製した。
Claims (13)
- 共連続多孔構造を有するコア層と、前記コア層の周囲に形成された実質的に共連続多孔構造を有しないスキン層とを有する流体分離用炭素膜。
- 前記コア層の共連続多孔構造の構造周期が0.002μm〜10μmである、請求項1に記載の流体分離用炭素膜。
- 前記コア層の中心部における平均空隙率が10〜80%である、請求項1または2に記載の流体分離用炭素膜。
- 前記コア層としての芯部と、前記スキン層としての鞘部を有する芯鞘構造繊維である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の流体分離用炭素膜。
- 丸断面の繊維である、請求項4に記載の流体分離用炭素膜。
- 共連続多孔構造を有するコア層と、前記コア層の周囲に形成された実質的に共連続多孔構造を有しないスキン層と、前記コア層の内側に形成された中空部とを有する流体分離用中空糸炭素膜。
- 中空糸炭素膜の断面積Bに対する前記中空部の断面積Aの面積比率(A/B)が0.001〜0.7である、請求項6に記載の流体分離用中空糸炭素膜。
- 前記コア層の構造周期が0.05〜3μmである、請求項6または7に記載の流体分離用中空糸炭素膜。
- 前記コア層の共連続多孔構造における細孔の平均直径が30〜1,500nmである、請求項6〜8のいずれか一項に記載の流体分離用中空糸炭素膜。
- 前記スキン層の厚みが5μm以下である、請求項6〜9のいずれか一項に記載の流体分離用中空糸炭素膜。
- 請求項4または5に記載の流体分離用炭素膜または請求項6〜10のいずれか一項に記載の流体分離用中空糸炭素膜を複数本モジュール化してなる流体分離膜モジュール。
- 工程1:炭化可能樹脂10〜90重量%と、消失樹脂90〜10重量%を相溶させ、樹脂混合物とする工程;
工程2:工程1で得た樹脂混合物を相分離させ、固定化し、流体分離用炭素膜の前駆体を得る工程;
工程3:工程2で得た流体分離用炭素膜の前駆体を焼成により炭化する工程;
を有する流体分離用炭素膜の製造方法。 - 工程1:炭化可能樹脂10〜90重量%と、消失樹脂90〜10重量%を相溶させ、樹脂混合物とする工程;
工程2:工程1において相溶させた状態の樹脂混合物を中空糸状に紡糸するとともに、相分離させて微細構造を形成し、流体分離用中空糸炭素膜の前駆体を得る工程;
工程3:工程2で得た流体分離用中空糸炭素膜の前駆体を焼成により炭化する工程;
を有する流体分離用中空糸炭素膜の製造方法。
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