JPWO2006046620A1 - 電解質材料、電解質膜、及び固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体 - Google Patents
電解質材料、電解質膜、及び固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2006046620A1 JPWO2006046620A1 JP2006543221A JP2006543221A JPWO2006046620A1 JP WO2006046620 A1 JPWO2006046620 A1 JP WO2006046620A1 JP 2006543221 A JP2006543221 A JP 2006543221A JP 2006543221 A JP2006543221 A JP 2006543221A JP WO2006046620 A1 JPWO2006046620 A1 JP WO2006046620A1
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- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005004 perfluoroethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 229920005548 perfluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphonic acid group Chemical group P(O)(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical class [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011973 solid acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical group FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002463 transducing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
また、電解質材料を構成するポリマーは、耐久性改善等の目的で、重合した後にフッ素ガスでフッ素化処理をしたり、空気及び/又は水の存在下で加熱処理することにより、ポリマー末端等の不安定部位を安定化してもよい。
また、スルホン酸塩基(−SO3Mb基)は、塩酸、硝酸又は硫酸等の酸で酸型化処理することによりスルホン酸基(−SO3H基)に変換することができる。これらの基の変換方法やポリマー処理は、公知の方法及び条件にしたがって実施できる。
また、電解質膜は、PTFE、FEP、PFA、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリイミド等の多孔体、繊維、織布、不織布等で補強されていてもよい。
また、本発明の電解質材料からなる電解質膜の耐久性をさらに向上させる方法として、セリウム化合物又はマンガン化合物を電解質膜に加えることも好ましい。セリウムやマンガンは電解質膜の劣化を引き起こす原因物質である過酸化水素を分解する作用があると考えられる。セリウム、マンガンは、イオンとして存在することが好ましく、特にスルホン酸基のプロトンとイオン交換されていることが好ましい。
なお、本発明の電解質材料を固体高分子形燃料電池の材料として膜や触媒層に適用する場合、通常イオン交換基は強酸性基、すなわちイオン交換基の対イオンがH+の状態で使用される。
高分子電解質膜と触媒層、触媒層とガス拡散層の接合は、例えば、ホットプレスやロールプレスにより行ってもよい。
なお、以下の例において、下記の略号を用いる。
PSVE:CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2F、
TFE:CF2=CF2、
AIBN:(CH3)2C(CN)N=N(CN)C(CH3)2、
PFB:CF3CF2CF2COO−OOCCF2CF2CF3、
HCFC141b:CH3CCl2F、
HCFC225cb:CClF2CF2CHClF、
R−113:CCl2FCClF2。
WO03/037885に記載される方法に基づき、化合物(A1)〜(A5)の合成を経て化合物(D)を合成した。なお、化合物(A1)は、J.Fluorine Chem.,46,39(1990)に記載される方法で合成した。
[例1]
FEPフィルム(商品名:トヨフロン50F、東レ社製、厚み:50μm)基材に窒素雰囲気下で20kGyのγ線を照射し、その後、化合物(D)に基材を浸漬し60℃で117時間反応させた。反応後、基材を引き上げ、HCFC225cbで洗浄、乾燥し重量を計測した。以下の計算式によりグラフト化率を算出したところグラフト化率は43%、ARは、0.8であった。
その後、得られた膜状のグラフト共重合体を18%(質量比)の水酸化カリウム水溶液に浸漬し、80℃で16時間加熱することにより、−SO2F基を−SO3K基に変換した。次に水洗後、2mol/Lの塩酸に浸漬し−SO3K基をスルホン酸基に変換し、超純水(比抵抗が18MΩ・cm、全有機炭素成分(TOC)が10ppb)で洗浄、乾燥して膜サンプルを得た。ここで、水酸化カリウム水溶液及び2mol/Lの塩酸に使用した水も超純水を用いた。
γ線の照射量を50kGyとした以外は、例1と同様の方法でグラフト共重合体からなる、スルホン酸基を有する膜サンプルを得た。グラフト化率は87%、ARは、1.1であった。
例2において途中工程で得られる−SO2F基を有する膜(グラフト化率は85%、加水分解、酸型化した場合のARは、1.1)に対し、以下の方法でフッ素化処理を行い、さらに加水分解、酸型化した。
γ線の照射量を120kGy、化合物(D)と基材との反応時間を49時間とした以外は例1と同様にしてスルホン酸基を有する膜サンプルを作製した。グラフト化率は89%、イオン交換容量ARは、1.1であった。
基材をETFEフィルム(商品名:アフロンCOP、旭硝子社製、厚み:50μm)に変更した以外は例1と同様にしてスルホン酸基を有する膜サンプルを作製する。グラフト化率は73%、イオン交換容量ARは、1.0になる。
化合物(D)とTFEとを以下のとおり共重合、成形、加水分解、酸型化して、化合物(D)とTFEとのランダム共重合体の−SO2F基をスルホン酸基に変換したポリマーからなるサンプルを得た。
容積0.1Lのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(D)8.48g、17mgのメタノールを含有するHCFC225cb76.3g、ペルフルオロ過酸化ベンゾイル170mgを入れ、液体窒素で冷却して脱気した。TFE11.3gを導入した後、70℃で50分反応を行った。この間ゲージ圧力は0.97MPaから0.43MPaに低下した。冷却後、系内のガスをパージし、ヘキサンに投入することでポリマーを沈殿させた。ヘキサンで洗浄した後、100℃で真空乾燥することにより、白色のポリマー14.1gを得た。
このポリマーを300℃で加圧プレスし、厚さ約50μmのフィルムを作製し、例1と同様の方法で−SO2F基をスルホン酸基に変換、乾燥し、膜サンプルとした。
内容積200mlのオートクレーブに、100gのPSVE、及び70mgのAIBNを入れ、脱気後、TFEで1.1MPaまで充填し、70℃に加熱、撹拌することで重合を開始した。重合中は1.1MPaを保持するように、TFEをフィードし続けた。10時間後、冷却、パージして重合を止め、HCFC225cbで希釈後、HFC141bを投入することで沈殿させ、さらにHCFC141bで1回洗浄した。ろ過後、80℃で16時間、真空乾燥することにより、29.5gの白色のポリマー(TFE−PSVE共重合体)を得た。元素分析で硫黄の含有量を求め、イオン交換容量を求めたところ、1.1meq/gであった。
このポリマーを300℃で加圧プレスし、厚さ約50μmのフィルムを作製し、例1と同様の方法で−SO2F基をスルホン酸基に変換、乾燥し、膜サンプルとした。
ETFEフィルム(商品名:アフロンCOP、旭硝子社製、厚み:50μm)基材に窒素雰囲気下で20kGyのγ線を照射し、その後、スチレンに浸漬し60℃で40時間反応させた。反応後、基材を引き上げ、トルエンで洗浄、乾燥し重量を計測した。グラフト化率は35%であった。
次に1,1,2,2−テトラクロロエタン/クロロスルホン酸が質量比で70/30である混合液に浸漬し、室温で30分間反応させた。そして、1,1,2,2−テトラクロロエタンで洗浄、乾燥した後、例1と同様の方法でクロロスルホニル基をスルホン酸基に変換し、乾燥し、膜サンプルとした。
市販のナフィオン112を膜サンプルとした。
各例の膜サンプルの交流比抵抗を、4端子法で、80℃−90%RH雰囲気にて測定した。結果を表1に示す。
膜サンプルを、過酸化水素3%、Fe2+(硫酸第二鉄を使用)200ppmのフェントン試薬に浸漬し、60℃−16時間後の膜サンプルの重量減少率で評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
アイティー計測社製動的粘弾性測定装置DVA200を用いて、膜サンプル幅0.5cm、つかみ間長2cm、測定周波数10Hz、昇温速度3℃/分にて動的粘弾性の測定を行った(例1、6、7、9)。貯蔵弾性率が1.0×108Paになる温度を軟化温度とし、結果を表1に示す。
例7で得られたポリマー(TFE−PSVE共重合体の−SO2F基をスルホン酸基に変換したもの)を、内面がハステロイC合金で作られた耐圧オートクレーブを用いてエタノールに分散させ、10%エタノール溶液を得た。これを電解質液Aとする。カーボンブラック粉末に白金を50%担持した触媒20gに水126gを添加し超音波を10分かけて均一に分散させた。これに電解質液Aを80g添加し、さらに54gのエタノールを添加して固形分濃度を10%とし、これをカソード触媒層作製用塗工液とした。この塗工液をETFE基材フィルム上に塗布乾燥し、白金量が0.5mg/cm2のカソード触媒層を作製した。
上記膜・触媒層接合体を2枚のカーボンペーパーからなるガス拡散層で挟み込んで膜電極接合体を得た。ここで使用したカーボンペーパーは、片側の表面にカーボンとポリテトラフルオロエチレンからなる層を有しており、該層が膜・触媒層接合体の触媒層と接触するように配置した。この膜電極接合体を発電用セルに組み込み、常圧にて、アノードに水素133ml/min、カソードに空気を445ml/min、露点が80℃の加湿したガスとしてセル内に供給した。セル温度を80℃、電流密度を0.5A/cm2で連続的に発電を行い電圧を記録した。
初期のセル電圧と100時間後のセル電圧から膜サンプルの耐久性を評価した。結果を表2に示す。
なお、2004年10月27日に出願された日本特許出願2004−311833号の明細書、特許請求の範囲、及び要約書の全内容をここに引用し、本発明の明細書の開示として、取り入れるものである。
Claims (12)
- イオン交換基を有し、重合性の二重結合を有し、かつ前記二重結合の少なくとも一方の炭素原子が脂肪族環構造に含有される炭素原子であるペルフルオロモノマーに基づく繰り返し単位を含む重合体からなるセグメントAと、実質的にイオン交換基を含まない含フッ素重合体からなるセグメントBとを含むポリマーからなることを特徴とする電解質材料。
- 前記ポリマーが、前記セグメントAからなる側鎖と、前記セグメントBからなる主鎖から構成されるグラフト共重合体である請求項1に記載の電解質材料。
- 前記セグメントAに含まれるイオン交換基は、−(SO2X(SO2Rf)a)−M+で表される(M+はH+、一価の金属カチオン又は炭化水素置換基を含有又は非含有のアンモニウムイオンであり、Rfは直鎖又は分岐のペルフルオロアルキル基でエーテル性酸素原子を有していてもよく、aは0〜2の整数であり、Xは酸素原子、窒素原子又は炭素原子であり、Xが酸素原子の場合a=0であり、Xが窒素原子の場合a=1であり、Xが炭素原子の場合a=2である。)請求項1又は2に記載の電解質材料。
- 式(1)におけるR5、R6がいずれもフッ素原子である請求項4に記載の電解質材料。
- 前記セグメントBを構成する含フッ素重合体が、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、エチレン−テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン−ペルフルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン、エチレン−クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体、ポリビニリデンフルオライド及びポリビニルフルオライドからなる群から選ばれる1種以上である請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の電解質材料。
- イオン交換容量が0.5〜3.0ミリ当量/g乾燥樹脂である請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の電解質材料。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の電解質材料からなることを特徴とする電解質膜。
- 請求項9に記載の電解質膜の両面に、触媒とイオン交換樹脂を含む触媒層が配置され、さらにその両外側にガス拡散層が配置されていることを特徴とする固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- グラフト共重合体からなる電解質膜の製造方法であって、実質的にイオン交換基を含まない含フッ素重合体からなる膜状の基材に放射線を照射した後、イオン交換基又はその前駆体基と重合性の炭素−炭素二重結合とを有するペルフルオロモノマーに接触させ、該ペルフルオロモノマーによりグラフト側鎖を形成することを特徴とする電解質膜の製造方法。
- 前記二重結合の少なくとも一方の炭素原子は、脂肪族環構造に含有される炭素原子であり、前記ペルフルオロモノマーはイオン交換基又はその前駆体基を有する請求項11に記載の電解質膜の製造方法。
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