JP6744291B2 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6744291B2 JP6744291B2 JP2017501894A JP2017501894A JP6744291B2 JP 6744291 B2 JP6744291 B2 JP 6744291B2 JP 2017501894 A JP2017501894 A JP 2017501894A JP 2017501894 A JP2017501894 A JP 2017501894A JP 6744291 B2 JP6744291 B2 JP 6744291B2
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- NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoxymethane Chemical compound COCOC NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- POLCUAVZOMRGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl ether Chemical compound CCCOCCC POLCUAVZOMRGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005677 ethinylene group Chemical group [*:2]C#C[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 229940093499 ethyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCC CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHAIQPNJLRLFLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-fluoropropanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)F MHAIQPNJLRLFLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(C)C RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011325 microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- DUWWHGPELOTTOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide Chemical compound COC1=CC(OC)=C(NC(=O)CC(C)=O)C=C1Cl DUWWHGPELOTTOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HPUOAJPGWQQRNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentoxybenzene Chemical compound CCCCCOC1=CC=CC=C1 HPUOAJPGWQQRNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLRJIFUOBPOJNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenetole Chemical compound CCOC1=CC=CC=C1 DLRJIFUOBPOJNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M sodium;(2r)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1OCCCCCC[C@]1(C(=O)[O-])CO1 RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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Description
実施形態の説明で参照する図面は、模式的に記載されたものであり、図面に描画された構成要素の寸法比率などは、現物と異なる場合がある。具体的な寸法比率等は、以下の説明を参酌して判断されるべきである。
正極は、例えば金属箔等からなる正極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された正極合材層とで構成される。正極集電体には、アルミニウムなどの正極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合材層は、正極活物質の他に、導電材及び結着材を含むことが好適である。正極は、例えば正極集電体上に正極活物質、導電材、及び結着材等を含む正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して正極合材層を集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
図1に、実施形態の一例である負極10の断面図を示す。
負極10は、負極集電体11と、当該集電体上に形成された負極合材層12とを備える。負極集電体11には、銅などの負極10の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合材層12は、負極活物質と、結着材としてカルボキシル基及びヒドロキシ基の少なくとも一方を有し、単位分子当りに含まれるエーテル化剤の平均個数が0.8以下である化合物とを含む。当該化合物は、結着材として機能する。負極合材層12には、負極活物質として、第1負極活物質20(後述の図2参照)である炭素被膜22が表面に形成されたSiOx(0.5≦x≦1.5)粒子21と、第2負極活物質である炭素系活物質粒子とが含まれる。負極10は、例えば負極集電体11上に負極活物質、及び結着材等を含む負極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して負極合材層を集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
第1負極活物質20は、炭素被膜22が表面に形成されたSiOx(0.5≦x≦1.5)粒子21である。即ち、第1負極活物質20は、SiOx粒子21と、炭素被膜22とで構成される。炭素被膜22は、例えばSiOx粒子21の表面全体を覆って形成される。図2では第1負極活物質20を真球状で示しているが、その形状は特に限定されない。実際には、角張ったものが多く、例えば塊状、扁平状、細長い棒状、針状など種々の形状を有する。第1負極活物質20の粒径は、炭素被膜22の厚みが薄いことから、SiOx粒子21の粒径と略同等である。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解した電解質塩とを含む。非水電解質は、液体電解質(非水電解液)に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。非水溶媒には、例えばエステル類、エーテル類、アセトニトリル等のニトリル類、ジメチルホルムアミド等のアミド類、及びこれらの2種以上の混合溶媒等を用いることができる。非水溶媒は、これら溶媒の水素の少なくとも一部をフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換したハロゲン置換体を含有していてもよい。
セパレータには、イオン透過性及び絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のオレフィン樹脂、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータは、セルロース繊維層及びオレフィン樹脂等の熱可塑性樹脂繊維層を有する積層体であってもよい。
[正極の作製]
コバルト酸リチウムと、アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製、HS100)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、95:2.5:2.5の質量比で混合し、分散媒としてN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)を添加した。NMPを添加した混合物を混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、正極合材スラリーを調製した。次に、当該スラリーをアルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥した後、圧延ローラにより塗膜を圧延して、正極集電体の両面に正極合材層が形成された正極を作製した。正極合材層の密度は3.60g/mlとした。
(第1負極活物質の作製)
SiとSiO2を1:1のモル比で混合し、減圧下で800℃に加熱した。加熱して生じたSiOxのガスは冷却し析出させて多結晶SiOx塊を作製した。この多結晶SiOx塊を粉砕分級することで、BET比表面積が4.9m2/gのSiOx粒子を作製した。比表面積は、Mountech製のHM−1201を用いて測定した。
黒鉛粉末(体積平均粒径20μm)と、第1負極活物質A1とを95:5の質量比で混合したものを負極活物質として用いた。当該負極活物質と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC−Na、エーテル化度0.8)と、スチレン‐ブタジエンラバー(SBR)とを、98:1.5:0.5の質量比で、適量の水と共にミキサーで混合し、負極合材スラリーを調製した。次に、当該スラリーを銅箔からなる負極集電体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥した後、圧延ローラにより塗膜を圧延して、負極集電体の両面に負極合材層が形成された負極を作製した。負極合材層の密度は1.60g/mlとした。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを、3:7の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に、1.0モル/リットルの濃度となるように六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を添加して非水電解液を調製した。
105℃で2時間真空乾燥した上記負極、及びリチウム金属板にタブをそれぞれ取り付け、セパレータを介してこれらを重ね合わせ、2枚のガラス板で挟みクリップでとめて電極体を作製した。上記電極体と参照極をガラスセルに入れ上記電解液を注入した後、ガラスセルを密閉して三極式試験セルを作製した。参照極には、リチウム金属板を用いた。
上記三極式試験セルを用いて以下の条件で充放電試験を行い、初期サイクルの容量を放電容量として測定した。
充放電条件:0.1It(1.5mA)の電流で0.0Vまで定電流充電を行い、10分間休止させた後、0.1It(1.5mA)の電流で1.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。
上記正極及び上記負極にタブをそれぞれ取り付け、タブが最外周部に位置するようにセパレータを介して各電極を渦巻き状に巻回して巻回型の電極体を作製した。当該電極体をアルミニウムラミネートシートで構成される外装体に挿入して、105℃で2時間真空乾燥した後、上記非水電解液を注入し、外装体の開口部を封止して電池を作製した。電池の設計容量は800mAhである。
上記電池を用いて以下の条件で充放電試験を行い、下記の式から500サイクル目の容量維持率を算出した。
容量維持率
=(500サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
充放電条件:1.0It(800mA)の電流で電池電圧が4.2Vとなるまで定電流充電を行った後、4.2Vの電圧で電流値が0.05It(40mA)となるまで定電圧充電を行った。10分間休止した後、1.0It(800mA)の電流で電池電圧が2.75Vとなるまで定電流放電を行った。
エーテル化度が0.7であるCMC−Naを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
SiOx塊の粉砕分級の条件を変更してSiOx粒子のBET比表面積を2.3m2/gとしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
SiOx塊の粉砕分級の条件を変更してSiOx粒子のBET比表面積を5.9m2/gとしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
上記SiOx粒子表面に形成する炭素被膜の形成順序を逆にしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
第2炭素被膜を形成する代わりに、石炭系コールタールを用いて第1炭素被膜と同じ被膜を再度形成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
エーテル化度が1.2であるCMC−Naを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
Claims (4)
- 負極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された負極合材層とを備えた非水電解質二次電池用負極であって、
前記負極合材層は、炭素被膜が粒子表面に形成されたSiOx(0.5≦x≦1.5)粒子と、炭素系活物質粒子と、カルボキシル基及びヒドロキシ基の少なくとも一方を有し、単位分子当りに含まれるエーテル化剤の平均個数が0.8以下である化合物とを含み、
前記炭素被膜は、コールタール、タールピッチ、ナフタレン、アントラセンおよびフェナントロレンから選択される少なくとも1種の炭素源の熱処理により前記SiOx粒子の表面に形成された第1被膜と、当該第1被膜を構成する炭素よりも結晶性の高い炭素から構成され、カーボンブラック、グラファイト、アセチレンブラックから選択される少なくとも1種の炭素材料を、セルロース、ポリイミド、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、スチレン−ブタジエンラバー、ポリアクリル酸から選択される少なくとも1種の結着材を用いて前記第1被膜が形成された前記SiOx粒子の表面に固着させることで形成された第2被膜とを有し、
前記第2被膜の厚みが10〜200nmである、非水電解質二次電池用負極。 - 前記化合物は、カルボキシアルキルセルロース、ヒドロキシアルキルセルロース、及び
アルコキシセルロース、これらの塩、及びこれらの変性体から選択される少なくとも1種
であり、そのエーテル化度が0.8以下である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用
負極。 - 前記SiOx粒子は、BET比表面積が5m2/g以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極と、
正極と、
非水電解質と、
を備えた非水電解質二次電池。
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