JP6550210B2 - 複合材料圧力容器 - Google Patents
複合材料圧力容器 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6550210B2 JP6550210B2 JP2013515379A JP2013515379A JP6550210B2 JP 6550210 B2 JP6550210 B2 JP 6550210B2 JP 2013515379 A JP2013515379 A JP 2013515379A JP 2013515379 A JP2013515379 A JP 2013515379A JP 6550210 B2 JP6550210 B2 JP 6550210B2
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- pressure vessel
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Images
Classifications
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- B29C70/02—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising combinations of reinforcements, e.g. non-specified reinforcements, fibrous reinforcing inserts and fillers, e.g. particulate fillers, incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers and with or without non-reinforced or non-filled layers
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- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
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Description
本出願は、2010年6月17日に出願された米国特許仮出願第61/355,769号の利益を主張するものであり、その開示の全体は本明細書に参照として組み込まれる。
本開示は、繊維複合材料を使用して形成された圧力容器、例えば、パイプ及びタンクに関する。特に、本開示は、マトリックス樹脂中に分散された表面改質ナノ粒子を含む樹脂系で含浸された繊維を含む繊維複合材料から形成される圧力容器に関する。
E複合材料=繊維複合材料の引っ張り係数
E繊維=繊維の引っ張り係数
E樹脂=樹脂の引っ張り係数
V繊維=繊維及び樹脂の総体積に対する繊維の体積の割合)
等式2を再配置し、E繊維に対するE樹脂の比が典型的には0.02未満(即ち、4GPaを、繊維に関する200GPaで除算する)であることを認識すると、繊維の任意の実際の体積の割合(例えば、V繊維>0.1)において、複合材料の弾性率は、繊維の弾性率により支配されることが明かである。
(式中、「Comp.Seg.」は、表面改質剤の相溶化セグメントを指す。)
相溶化セグメントは、ナノ粒子の硬化性樹脂との相溶性を改善するように選択される。概して、相溶化基の選択は、硬化性樹脂の性質、ナノ粒子の濃度、及び所望の相溶性の度合いを含む、多数の因子に依存する。カルサイトナノ粒子を使用する場合、有用な相溶化剤としては、ポリアルキレンオキシド、例えば、ポリプロピレンオキシド、ポリエチレンオキシド、及びこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。シリカナノ粒子を使用する場合、典型的な相溶化剤としては、飽和及び不飽和の芳香族又は脂肪族炭化水素、酸化アルカン、及びこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。
(式中、「Rx.Group」は、反応基である。)いくつかの実施形態では、反応基は、相溶化セグメントの主鎖に沿って、又は主鎖にぶら下がって位置してもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、反応基は、相溶化セグメントと結合基との間に位置してもよい。
いくつかの実施形態では、連結基が存在し、相溶化セグメントを結合基と結びつける。
本開示の組成物は、硬化されてもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、硬化性樹脂は、架橋される。熱エネルギー又は化学線(例えば、紫外線及び電子ビーム照射)への暴露を含む、任意の既知の架橋法が使用されてもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、硬化性樹脂はまた、表面改質剤と反応してもよい。例えば、いくつかの実施形態では、表面改質剤の反応基が、硬化性樹脂と反応、例えば、共有結合してもよい。
ガスクロマトグラフィー(GC)法
HP 7683インジェクタと、HP−5カラム(長さ30メートル及び内径320マイクロメートルの(5%フェニル)−メチルポリシロキサン(Agilent Technologies,Incorporated(Santa Clara,California)から入手可能)を備えた、商品名「AGILENT 6890N」で市販されているガスクロマトグラフを使用して、ガスクロマトグラフィーを行った。以下のパラメーターを使用した:1マイクロリットルアリコートの10%サンプル溶液(GCグレード・アセトン中)を注入した;分離流入モードを250℃、65.6kPa(9.52psi)及び111mL/分の総流入量で設定;65.6kPa(9.52psi)で設定されたカラム定圧モード;34センチメートル/秒で設定された速度;2.1mL/分のガス流量;検出器とインジェクタの温度は250℃;5分間の40℃での平衡状態後、上昇速度20℃/分で260℃までの温度シーケンス。
ナノ粒子エポキシ生成物の固体含有率を決定するために、生成物のおよそ20mgのサンプルを白金TGAパン内に配置した。パンをTGA(Q500、TA Instruments,Inc.(New Castle,DE))に装填し、空気パージガス中で30℃から900℃まで20℃/分の速度で高めた。
ナノ粒子分散物をアセトンで約1%固体に希釈した。次いで、透過性が85%〜95%の推奨レベルの間になるまで、サンプルをアセトンで充填された測定セルに添加した。ナノ粒子の粒径は、商品名「HORIBA LA−950」でHoriba,Ltd.Corporation(Kyoto,Japan)から市販されている分析機を使用して、レーザー回折により測定した。計算のための光学モデルは、カルサイトに対して1.6000及び溶媒アセトンに対して1.3591の屈折率を使用した。平滑化のために第2の差動法が使用され、150回の反復に基づいた。
比較例1の圧力容器物品は、1.111重量部のEPON 828エポキシ樹脂(Hexion Specialty Chemicals,Inc.(Columbus,Ohio)から獲得)と、商品名「LINDRIDE 36Y」でLindau Chemicals Inc.(Columbia,South Carolina)から入手可能なもの等の、1.00重量部の、促進剤を有する液体無水物硬化剤と、をプラスチック容器内で組み合わせることにより形成された。2つの樹脂を、よく混合するまで、木製撹拌棒を用いて手で混合した(およそ1〜2分間)。この樹脂と硬化剤混合物とを使用して、CE−1のための3つの個々の圧力容器を形成した。
表面改質シリカナノ粒子を含有する樹脂系を含む繊維複合材料を、以下のように調製した。0.73重量部のNALCO 2327シリカ(Nalco Chemicals(Naperville,Illinois)製の水性分散物中41.1重量%のシリカ、ロットBP9J1622A4)を磁気撹拌棒と共にジャーに加えることにより、表面改質シリカ(SMS)ナノ粒子を調製した。ジャーを撹拌板上に乗せ、溶液を攪拌して2〜5cmの渦を形成した。次いで、1.00重量部のメトキシプロパノールを0.03674重量部のトリメトキシフェニルシラン(Gelest Inc.(Morrisville,Pennsylvania)、ロット番号1B−15944)と混合した。得られたメトキシプロパノール混合物を、磁気撹拌棒で攪拌しながら、シリカを含むジャーに徐々に注ぎ込んだ。ジャーを密閉し、80℃のバッチ炉に16時間入れた。「SMS−1」と同定された得られたサンプルは、16.9重量%のシリカを含んでいた。
以下の材料、0.92重量部のSMS−1、5.39重量部のSMS−2、1重量部のメトキシプロパノール、1.07重量部のエポキシ樹脂(EPON 828)、及び0.27重量部のシクロヘキサンジメタノールのグリシジルエーテル(HELOXY 107)を撹拌しながら380リットルのケトルに加え、フィード混合物を形成して、よく混合した。ケトルを25℃で維持し、構成要素を最低14時間攪拌した。BLBシリーズの回転外部スプールギア(rotary external spur gear)とケミカルデューティギアポンプ(chemical duty gear pump)(BUSS FILMTRUDER,Zenith Pumps(Sanford,NC))とを使用して、国際特許出願第PCT/US10/35924号(2010年5月24に出願された「Process for Making Filled Resins」)に記載されているようなワイプトフィルム蒸発器(WFE)、即ち、1平方メートルのWFE逆流ポリマー加工機の上部入口へ混合物を計量した。WFEロータ(BUSS Filmtruder型)を25馬力、340rpmに設定した。2.5〜2.8kPaのレベルの真空を適用した。フィード混合物を、表1に示された条件に供した。約15分間操作した後で、生成流出液を、溶剤を含まない青白い流体液体材料として分離した。
22.56重量部の樹脂系を1.00重量部のエポキシ樹脂(EPON 828)及び0.25重量部のシクロヘキサンジメタノールのグリシジルエーテル(HELOXY 107)と組み合わせることにより、樹脂系を希釈した。得られた、よく混合されたサンプルに関するTGA分析は、希釈ナノ粒子エポキシ生成物中のシリカ固体が49.5重量%であることを示した。
2.24重量部の希釈ナノ粒子エポキシ生成物を、1.00重量部の、促進剤を有する液体無水物硬化剤(LINDRIDE 36Y)と共にプラスチックバケツ内に測定した。樹脂を、よく混合するまで、木製撹拌棒を用いて手で混合した(およそ3分間)。この樹脂系と硬化剤との混合物を使用して、実施例−1の3つの個々の圧力容器を形成した。
表面改質カルサイトナノ粒子を含有する樹脂系を含む繊維複合材料を、以下のように調製した。最初に、18,015グラムのカルサイト(SOCAL 31);9,608グラムのエポキシ樹脂(EPON 828);2,402グラムのシクロヘキサンジメタノールのグリシジルエーテル(HELOXY 107);1,352グラムのJASリガンド;及び5,500グラムのメチルエチルケトン(MEK)を、f−ブレードを備えたディスペンサー(BYK−Gardner(Columbia,MD,USA))を用いて予め混合した。取り扱いを容易にするために、JASを90℃に予熱して、その粘度を低下させた。
複合材料で包まれた圧力容器(COPV)を、HyPerComp Engineering,Inc.の設備(Brigham City,UT)にて、ENTEC Composite Machines(Salt Lake City,Utah)から市販されているプログラム可能な4軸のフィラメントワインダーを使用して製作した。繊維経路は、樹脂浴の前の6つのナイロンローラーからなり、樹脂浴の後に2つの棒鋼と2つのセラミック小穴とを有した。
全容器を、同じ試験設定を使用して、同じ日に水圧破裂試験した。試験を続いて行う間、硬化圧力容器を水道水で満たし、10〜90分間置いた。高圧継手を使用して各圧力容器を個別に高圧水ポンプに接続し、機器を設定して(setup instrumented)、周波数100Hzで圧力を記録した。圧力が60〜90秒の時間内で40〜48MPa(6000〜7000psi)に上昇するように、圧力容器に水を加えた。
5つの容器を調製した。それらがフィラメント巻回され、2つの別個のバッチにて硬化されたことを除いて、比較例2の圧力容器物品を比較例1の方法と同一の方法で形成した。
表面改質シリカナノ粒子を含有する樹脂系を含む繊維複合材料を、以下のように調製した。1.69重量部のシリカゾル(NALCO 2329K、水性分散物中40.87重量%のシリカ、ロットBP0D1847A0)をオープンヘッドステンレス鋼混合シリカ容器に入れることにより、表面改質シリカナノ粒子を調製した。次いで、1.00重量部のメトキシプロパノールを撹拌しながらゆっくり加え、その後、混合物に0.0197重量部のトリメトキシフェニルシランをゆっくり加えた。混合物を空気圧駆動式インペラーで30分間攪拌した。
ナノ粒子エポキシ生成物を、以下の材料を撹拌しながら380リットルケトルに加えてフィード混合物を形成したことを除いて、EX−1と同じ方法で調製した。5.36重量部のSMS−3、0.88重量部のSMS−4、1重量部のメトキシプロパノール、1.0重量部のエポキシ樹脂(EPON 826)、0.25重量部のシクロヘキサンジメタノールのグリシジルエーテル(HELOXY 107)、及び0.30重量部のコアシェルゴム(KANEKA MX−257)。このフィード混合物を、表5に示された条件に供した。
4つの容器が調製され、それらが異なる複合材料パターンでフィラメント巻回されて、繰り返し(疲労)試験により適切な容器を提供した以外は、比較例1及び2と同一の方法で比較例3の圧力容器物品を形成した。CE−1及びCE−2の容器は、破裂試験のみが意図され、繰り返し(疲労)試験は意図されていなかった。CE−1、CE−2の容器とCE−3の容器との相違は、硬化後のライナー直径及び重量の増大(それぞれ表3、表6及び表8)、水圧破裂圧力、並びに水圧破裂等式からの供給繊維強度の増大により示される(表9)。CE−3容器の複合材料層の厚さは、CE−1及びCE−2の容器のおよそ2倍であった。表9に示すように、水圧破裂試験によるCE−3容器の供給繊維強度は、4268MPa(619.1ksi)であった一方、CE−1容器の場合、水圧破裂試験による平均繊維供給強度は、およそ5018MPa(727.7ksi)であった。圧力容器構成体に一般的なように、任意の特定の繊維の供給繊維強度は、容器上の複合材料層の厚さが増大するにつれて低下する。
表面改質シリカナノ粒子を含有する樹脂系を含む繊維複合材料を、以下のように調製した。1.69重量部のシリカゾル(NALCO 2329K、水性分散物中40.67重量%のシリカ、ロットBP0F1998A0)をオープンヘッドステンレス鋼混合シリカ容器に入れることにより、表面改質シリカナノ粒子を調製した。次いで、1.00重量部のメトキシプロパノールを撹拌しながらゆっくり加え、その後、混合物に0.0208重量部のトリメトキシフェニルシランをゆっくり加えた。混合物を空気圧駆動式インペラーで30分間攪拌した。
2.13重量部のナノ粒子エポキシ生成物を1.00重量部の、促進剤を有する液体無水物硬化剤(LINDRIDE 36Y)と共にプラスチックバケツ内へ測定した。樹脂を、よく混合するまで、木製撹拌棒を用いて手で混合した(およそ3〜5分間)。この樹脂系と硬化剤との混合物を使用して、実施例−5の3つの個々の圧力容器を形成した。
繰り返し(疲労)試験に意図されたCE−3の残りの3つのシリンダーとEX−5の3つのシリンダーとを、繰り返し試験に先だって自緊に供した。自緊は、繰り返し試験前の58.6MPa(8500psi)での2分間の保持と37.9MPa(5500psi)での1分間の水圧試験とからなっていた。繰り返しの試験では、重量比25/75のグリコールと水の液体溶液を使用して、10回繰り返し/分を超えない速度で、3.1MPa〜31.0MPa(4500psi)(以下)を容器に対して繰り返した。上位周期圧(upper cyclic)の圧力範囲90〜100パーセントにおける最小滞留時間は、1.2秒以上であった。マニフォルド設定を使用して容器を平行させて繰り返し試験し、したがって全容器は同じ繰り返し試験に晒された。各容器に関して、破損までの繰り返し数(上位周期圧の繰り返し)を破損位置と共に報告した。CE−3及びEX−5の全容器は、容器の側壁に破損を示した。
[1] 圧力容器であって、
流体で満たされることが可能な開放容積を周囲方向に囲む壁であって、前記開放容積に隣接した内面及び前記内面の反対側の外面と、第1の末端部と、第2の末端部と、軸線方向と、を含む、壁を含み、
前記壁が、繊維で含浸された樹脂系を含む複合材料層を含み、
前記樹脂系が、硬化性マトリックス樹脂と複数の表面改質ナノ粒子と、を含む、圧力容器。
[2] 少なくとも1つの複合材料層が、前記軸線方向に対して70度を超える角度で整合された繊維を含む、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[3] 少なくとも1つの複合材料層が、前記軸線方向に対して40度以下の角度で整合された繊維を含む、上記態様2に記載の圧力容器。
[4] 少なくとも1つの複合材料層が、前記軸線方向に対して40〜70度(上限及び下限を含む)の角度で整合された繊維を含む、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[5] 前記開放容積を更に囲む、前記第1の末端部に隣接して前記壁から延びる第1のキャップを更に含む、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[6] 前記圧力容器を包囲する周囲環境から前記開放容積を隔離する、前記第2の末端部に隣接して前記壁から延びる第2のキャップを更に含む、上記態様5に記載の圧力容器。
[7] 前記軸線方向に直交する、前記壁の断面が楕円形である、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[8] 前記圧力容器が楕円体である、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[9] 前記硬化性マトリックス樹脂がエポキシを含む、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[10] 前記表面改質ナノ粒子がコアを含み、前記コアが、少なくとも1つの金属酸化物と、前記コアの表面に共有結合した表面改質剤と、を含む、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[11] 前記表面改質ナノ粒子がコアを含み、前記コアがシリカを含む、上記態様10に記載の圧力容器。
[12] 前記表面改質ナノ粒子がコアを含み、前記コアが、カルサイトと、前記コアにイオン的に会合した表面改質剤と、を含む、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[13] 前記樹脂系が更にゴム強化剤を含む、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[14] 前記壁が更にライナーを含み、前記ライナーが、前記開放空間及び外面に隣接した内面を有し、前記複合材料層が前記ライナーの前記外面に隣接している、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[15] 前記ライナーが、金属及びポリマーの少なくとも1つを含む、上記態様14に記載の圧力容器。
[16] 前記開放容積が、少なくとも10MPaの絶対圧力における流体を収容する、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[17] 前記開放容積が、少なくとも30MPaの絶対圧力における流体を収容する、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[18] 前記開放容積が、少なくとも80MPaの絶対圧力における流体を収容する、上記態様1に記載の圧力容器。
[19] 前記ゴム強化剤がコアシェルゴムを含む、上記態様13に記載の圧力容器。
Claims (2)
- 圧力容器であって、
流体で満たされることが可能な開放容積を周囲方向に囲む壁であって、前記開放容積に隣接した内面及び前記内面の反対側の外面と、第1の末端部と、第2の末端部と、軸線方向と、を含む、壁を含み、
前記壁が、樹脂系で含浸された繊維を含む複合材料層と、ライナーとを含み、
前記ライナーが、開放容積に隣接したライナー内面、及びライナー外面を有し、
前記複合材料層が、前記ライナー外面に隣接しており、
前記繊維が、前記ライナーの周りに巻回されており、
前記樹脂系が、硬化性マトリックス樹脂と複数の表面改質ナノ粒子と、を含み、
前記硬化性マトリックス樹脂が、エポキシを含み、
前記表面改質ナノ粒子が、カルサイトを含むコアと前記コアにイオン的に会合した表面改質剤とを含み、
前記表面改質剤が、ポリアルキレンオキシドセグメントと、ホスホン酸基及びスルホン酸基からなる群から選択される結合基とを含む、圧力容器。 - 前記樹脂系が、コアシェルゴムを含むゴム強化剤を更に含む、請求項1に記載の圧力容器。
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