JP6425775B2 - 真核細胞におけるエキソンスキッピングの誘導 - Google Patents
真核細胞におけるエキソンスキッピングの誘導 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6425775B2 JP6425775B2 JP2017152082A JP2017152082A JP6425775B2 JP 6425775 B2 JP6425775 B2 JP 6425775B2 JP 2017152082 A JP2017152082 A JP 2017152082A JP 2017152082 A JP2017152082 A JP 2017152082A JP 6425775 B2 JP6425775 B2 JP 6425775B2
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Description
エキソン46の内部領域に対するマウス特異的AON系列及びヒト特異的AON系列(mAON及びhAON)を設計した(図2)。使用したエキソン46の内部領域は、プリン塩基に富んだ配列を有し、エキソン46のスプライシング制御に係る推定上の機能を有すると考えられる。ゲルシフトアッセイによるAONの初期スクリーニング(下記参照)のために未修飾のDNAオリゴヌクレオチド(ベルギー国、EuroGentec社に合成を依頼)を使用した。筋肉細胞のトランスフェクション実験を実際に行う際には、2’−O−メチルホスホロチオエートアンチセンスオリゴリボヌクレオチド(ベルギー国、EuroGentec社に合成を依頼)を使用した。このような修飾されたRNAオリゴヌクレオチドはエンドヌクレアーゼ及びRNase Hに対する抵抗性を有し、高い親和性でRNAに結合することが知られている。最終的に有効であると認められ、in vitro で筋肉細胞に与えたAONの配列を下記に示す。対応するマウス特異的AONとヒト特異的AONは高い相同性があるが完全に同一ではない。
AONの有効性は、ターゲット配列に対する結合親和性に基づいて決定した。RNAフォールディングを予測するためのコンピュータシミュレーションプログラムの近年の発展にもかかわらず、設計したAONのどれが高い親和性でターゲット配列に結合するかを推測することは難しい。従って、ゲルシフトアッセイを(Bruiceら、1997に記載のプロトコールに従って)行った。エキソン46ターゲットRNA断片を、(マウスまたはヒト筋肉mRNAから、T7プロモーター配列を有するセンスプライマ−を利用して増幅した)PCR断片から32P−CTPの存在下の in vitro T7転写法で生成した。ターゲットである転写断片に対する個々のAON(0.5pmol)の結合親和性は、37℃で30分間ハイブリダイゼーションを行い、次いでポリアクリルアミド(8%)ゲル電気泳動を行うことで測定した。これらの分析をマウス特異的AON及びヒト特異的AONをスクリーニングするために行った(図3)。少なくとも5個の異なるマウス特異的AON(mAON#4、6、8、9及び11)及びそれらに対応する4個のヒト特異的AON(hAON#4、6、8及び9)において移動度の変化が観察され、ターゲットRNAに対して結合親和性を有することを示した。
AONによる in vitro の筋肉細胞におけるスキッピング誘導効率を分析するために、ゲルシフトアッセイを用いてターゲットエキソンに対して最も高い結合親和性を示したエキソン46特異的AONを選択した。すべてのトランスフェクション実験において、非特異的AONをエキソン46の特異的スキッピングの負の対照として用いた。前述したように、はじめにマウス筋肉細胞の実験系を構築した。マウス筋肉細胞系であるC2C12細胞由来の(ジストロフィン発現レベルの高い)培養増殖筋芽細胞及び培養分裂後筋管の両方を使用した。後に行ったヒト由来培養筋肉細胞の実験には、罹患していない1人の筋肉生検材料及びエキソン45の欠失を保有する、血縁ではない2人のDMD患者の筋肉生検材料のそれぞれから単離した培養一次筋肉細胞を使用した。これらの異種培養物はおよそ20〜40%の筋原細胞を含んでいた。異なるAON(濃度:1μM)に対して3当量比のカチオンポリマーPEI(MBI Fermentas社製)を用い、細胞にAONをトランスフェクトした。これらの実験でトランスフェクトしたAONは5’フルオレセイン基を有し、そのため蛍光性の核を数えることでトランスフェクション効率を測定することができる。概して、60%以上の細胞が核に特異的にAONの取り込みを示した。RT−PCR分析を促進するために、トランスフェクトの24時間後にRNAzolB(オランダ国、CamPro Scientific社製)を使ってRNAを単離した。
RNAの逆転写をC. therm. ポリメラーゼ(Roche社製)及びエキソン48特異的逆転写プライマーを使って行った。ジストロフィン遺伝子のエキソン46のスキッピングを検出するために、PCRを2サイクル行ってcDNAを増幅した。PCRは、エキソン44及び47に含まれるプライマー(ヒト実験系)またはエキソン45及び47に含まれるプライマー(マウス実験系)を使用したプライマーシフト増幅(nested amplification)を包含する。培養マウス筋芽細胞及び培養マウス筋管細胞では、エキソン45がエキソン47に直接スプライシングされた産物に相当する大きさの部分産物を検出した(図4)。続いて行った配列の決定によって、マウスジストロフィン転写産物におけるエキソン46の特異的なスキッピングを確認した。エキソンスキッピングの効率は個々のAONで異なり、mAON#4及び#11が最も高い効率を示した。これらの好ましい結果に基づき、培養ヒト筋肉細胞においても、ジストロフィンのスプライシングを同様に制御することに着目した実験を行った。その結果、エキソン45がエキソン47にスプライシングされた産物に相当する部分産物を対照となる筋肉細胞で検出した。興味深いことに、患者由来筋肉細胞では、エキソン44がエキソン47にスプライシングされてなる短い断片が検出された。エキソン46の特異的なスキッピングをヒトジストロフィン転写産物の配列データによって確認した。マウスとヒトの両方のジストロフィン転写産物に見られたこのようなスプライシングの制御は、トランスフェクトされていない培養細胞や非特異的AONでトランスフェクトされた培養細胞には見られなかった。
ジストロフィンタンパク質の翻訳および合成を復帰させるために、エキソン45の欠失を保有する患者由来の筋肉細胞においてエキソン46のスキッピングの誘導を試みた。hAON#8でトランスフェクトした際のジストロフィン産物を検出するために、ジストロフィンタンパク質のターゲット領域に隣接するドメインと遠位のドメインのそれぞれに対して作成した2種のジストロフィンモノクローナル抗体(Mandys-1及びDys-2)を使用して、2種の患者由来培養筋肉細胞を免疫細胞化学分析に付した。蛍光分析によって、いずれの患者由来培養細胞においてもジストロフィン合成が復帰していることが明らかになった(図5)。処理したサンプルにおいては、約80%以上の筋繊維がジストロフィンに対して陽性に染色された。
ジストロフィンエキソンの同時スキッピング
エキソン51のターゲットスキッピング。本発明者らは、 in vitro のマウス及びヒト筋肉細胞におけるジストロフィンのエキソン46のAONによる制御の可能性について明示した。これらの知見はAONをDMDの治療用の試薬として評価する更なる研究の根拠を示した。DMDを誘発する欠失の大部分は遺伝子内の突然変異が起こりやすい2つの部位で集中的に発生し、ある1つの特定エキソンのターゲットスキッピングによって種々の突然変異を有する一連の患者の読み枠を復帰することができる(表1を参照)。エキソン51は興味深いターゲットエキソンである。このエキソンのスキッピングは、エキソン50、エキソン45〜50、エキソン48〜50、エキソン49〜50、エキソン52、又はエキソン52〜63にわたる領域の欠失を保有する患者の治療に用いることが可能であり、このような患者の合計は本発明者らのライデンデータベース(Leiden database)に登録されている総患者数の15%に達する。
欠失変異に加えて1つのエキソン、例えばエキソン46またはエキソン51、のスキッピングを行うことで、多種にわたるDMD突然変異の読み枠を復帰させることができる。この方法が適用可能な突然変異の範囲は、1つ以上のエキソンを同時にスキッピングすることによって拡大することができる。例えば、エキソン46からエキソン50の欠失を有するDMD患者において、欠失領域に隣接したエキソン45及び51の両方のスキッピングを行うだけで翻訳読み枠の再構成を可能にした。
2人のベッカー型筋ジストロフィー患者に見られるエキソン29の突然変異はエキソン29のスキッピングを生じた(Ginjaarら、2000, EJHG, vol.8: p.793-796)。AONを用いた突然変異部位ターゲッティングによってエキソン29のスキッピングを誘導する可能性について検討した。突然変異はERS活性と関連しうるプリン塩基に富んだ領域に位置している。ERSであると考えられる領域の内側(h29AON#1〜h29AON#6)及び外側(h29AON#7〜h29AON#11)に対するAON系列を設計した(下記参照)。ターゲットRNAに対して高い親和性を示すAONを同定するために、ゲルシフトアッセイを(前述のように)行った(図8)。続いて、h29AON#1、#2、#4、#6、#9、#10及び#11を対照である培養ヒト筋管にPEIトランスフェクション試薬を用いてトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクションの24時間後にRNAを単離し、エキソン31に特異的な逆転写プライマーを使ってcDNAの逆転写を行った。ターゲット領域のPCRによる増幅はエキソン29に隣接する種々のプライマーを組み合わせて行った。このRT−PCR及びそれに続く配列の決定(図8BとC)によって、ヒトジストロフィン転写産物においてエキソン29のスキッピングが誘導されたことが明らかになった。しかしながら、エキソン29のスキッピングを促進するこれらのAONは、AONが結合すると考えられるERSの内側と外側の両方の配列に基づいて設計されたものだった(h29AON#1、#2、#4、#6、#9及び#11)。これらの結果から、エキソン29のスキッピングはエキソン29がERSを含むか含まないかには依存せず、従ってAONのエキソン29に対する結合はERSよりもエキソン封入シグナルを不活性化すると考えられる。ここに証明したERS非依存性エキソンスキッピングは、本発明の治療方法の適応範囲全体をERSを含まないエキソンにまで広げる可能性がある。
培養筋肉細胞を用いた実験で見込みのある結果が得られたので、次に in vivo で種々のマウスジストロフィンエキソン46に特異的なAONを試験した。試験はポリエチレンイミン(PEI)に結合させたマウスジストロフィンエキソン46に特異的AONを対照となるマウスの腓腹筋に筋肉注射することで行った。In vitro のマウス筋肉細胞における有効性が既に明らかとなっているmAON#4、#6及び#11は、RT−PCR及び配列の決定によって in vivo の筋肉組織でエキソン46のスキッピングを誘導することが判明した(図9)。In vivo のエキソン46のスキッピングは投与量に依存しており、20μg/筋肉/日の2日間にわたる注射で最も高い効率(最大10%)を示した。
配列番号2: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#3
配列番号3: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#4
配列番号4: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#5
配列番号5: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#6
配列番号6: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#7
配列番号7: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#8
配列番号8: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#9
配列番号9: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#10
配列番号10: マウス特異的AONであるmAON#11
配列番号11: ヒト特異的AONであるhAON#4
配列番号12: ヒト特異的AONであるhAON#6
配列番号13: ヒト特異的AONであるhAON#8
配列番号14: ヒト特異的AONであるhAON#9
配列番号15: ヒト特異的AONであるhAON#11
配列番号16: エキソン51特異的なhAON#21
配列番号17: エキソン51特異的なhAON#22
配列番号18: エキソン51特異的なhAON#23
配列番号19: エキソン51特異的なhAON#24
配列番号20: エキソン51特異的なhAON#25
配列番号21: エキソン51特異的なhAON#26
配列番号22: エキソン51特異的なhAON#27
配列番号23: エキソン51特異的なhAON#28
配列番号24: エキソン51特異的なhAON#29
配列番号25: エキソン51特異的なhAON#30
配列番号26: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#1
配列番号27: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#2
配列番号28: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#3
配列番号29: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#4
配列番号30: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#5
配列番号31: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#6
配列番号32: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#7
配列番号33: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#8
配列番号34: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#9
配列番号35: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#10
配列番号36: ヒト特異的AONであるh29AON#11
配列番号38: hAON#8で処理した細胞に見られる、エキソン44がエキソン47にスプライシングしたものに相当するサイズの短縮産物
配列番号39: hAON#23で処理した細胞に見られる、エキソン50がエキソン52にスプライシングしたものに相当するサイズの短縮産物
配列番号40: h29AON#1で処理した細胞に見られる、エキソン28がエキソン30にスプライシングしたものに相当するサイズの短縮産物
配列番号41: mAON#4で処理したマウスに見られる、エキソン45がエキソン47にスプライシングしたものに相当するサイズの短縮産物
配列番号42: mAON#6で処理したマウスに見られる、エキソン45がエキソン47にスプライシングしたものに相当するサイズの短縮産物
Claims (7)
- ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体を保有する細胞において、該ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体のスプライシングを制御し、ジストロフィンタンパク質を該細胞内で産生するための医薬であって、該ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体またはその一部分に含まれるエキソン44の内部領域に相補的な14〜40個のヌクレオチドを含有し、且つ該細胞内で該エキソンのスプライシング機構からの遮蔽および該エキソンのmRNA前駆体からの排除を促進するアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを包含することを特徴とする医薬。
- スプライシングによって得られるmRNAが、機能性ジストロフィンタンパク質をコードしていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の医薬。
- 該機能性ジストロフィンタンパク質が、変異ジストロフィンタンパク質または正常ジストロフィンタンパク質であることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の医薬。
- 該変異ジストロフィンタンパク質が、ベッカー型筋ジストロフィー患者のジストロフィンタンパク質と同等であることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の医薬。
- ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体を保有する細胞において、該ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体のスプライシングを制御し、ジストロフィンタンパク質を該細胞内で産生するためのアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを放出することが可能な核酸運搬体であって、該アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドは、該ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体のエキソン44の一部に対して相補的であり、14〜40個のヌクレオチドを含有し、且つ該細胞内で該エキソンのスプライシング機構からの遮蔽および該エキソンのmRNA前駆体からの排除を促進することを特徴とする核酸運搬体。
- ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体を保有する細胞において、該ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体のスプライシングを制御し、ジストロフィンタンパク質を該細胞内で産生するための医薬の製造における、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドの使用であって、該アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドは、該ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体のエキソン44の一部に対して相補的であり、14〜40個のヌクレオチドを含有し、且つ該細胞内で該エキソンのスプライシング機構からの遮蔽および該エキソンのmRNA前駆体からの排除を促進することを特徴とする使用。
- ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体を保有する細胞において、該ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体のスプライシングを制御し、ジストロフィンタンパク質を該細胞内で産生するための医薬の製造における、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを放出することが可能な核酸運搬体の使用であって、該アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドは、該ジストロフィンmRNA前駆体のエキソン44の一部に相補的であり、14〜40個のヌクレオチドを含有し、且つ該細胞内で該エキソンのスプライシング機構からの遮蔽および該エキソンのmRNA前駆体からの排除を促進することを特徴とする使用。
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