JP6403705B2 - グラフェンで金属酸化物をカプセル化する方法とこれらの材料の使用方法 - Google Patents
グラフェンで金属酸化物をカプセル化する方法とこれらの材料の使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6403705B2 JP6403705B2 JP2016040732A JP2016040732A JP6403705B2 JP 6403705 B2 JP6403705 B2 JP 6403705B2 JP 2016040732 A JP2016040732 A JP 2016040732A JP 2016040732 A JP2016040732 A JP 2016040732A JP 6403705 B2 JP6403705 B2 JP 6403705B2
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 137
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 109
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 19
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 title description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 113
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910020599 Co 3 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
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- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc oxide Inorganic materials [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
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- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- SJECZPVISLOESU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCN SJECZPVISLOESU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910015621 MoO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium group Chemical group [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 2
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- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Chemical compound CNNC DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical class [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001174 Diethylhydroxylamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010701 LiFeP Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 and the like Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- WOWHHFRSBJGXCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M cetyltrimethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C WOWHHFRSBJGXCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- FVCOIAYSJZGECG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylhydroxylamine Chemical compound CCN(O)CC FVCOIAYSJZGECG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011262 electrochemically active material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- VASIZKWUTCETSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Mn]=O VASIZKWUTCETSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CQDGTJPVBWZJAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N monoethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(O)=O CQDGTJPVBWZJAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PHQOGHDTIVQXHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCNCCN PHQOGHDTIVQXHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- HNJXPTMEWIVQQM-UHFFFAOYSA-M triethyl(hexadecyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CC HNJXPTMEWIVQQM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/08—Treatment with low-molecular-weight non-polymer organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H01G11/46—Metal oxides
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
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- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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Description
(a)懸濁媒体と少なくとも一種の成分Aを含む正の表面電荷をもつナノ粒子とを含む懸濁液を提供する工程、
(b)該懸濁液に酸化グラフェン粒子を添加して該酸化グラフェン粒子をナノ粒子上に集積させる工程、及び
(c)ナノ粒子上に集積した酸化グラフェン粒子をグラフェンに変換させる工程、を含むこれらのナノ粒子の製造方法と、
本発明のナノ粒子の電気化学セル中でリチウムイオンを吸収及び/又は放出する材料としての使用方法、並びに本発明のナノ粒子を含む電気化学セル及びスーパーキャパシタを提供する。
(a)懸濁媒体と少なくとも一種の成分Aを含む正の表面電荷をもつナノ粒子とを含む懸濁液を提供する工程、
(b)該懸濁液に酸化グラフェン粒子を添加して該酸化グラフェン粒子をナノ粒子上に集積させる工程、及び
(c)ナノ粒子上に集積した酸化グラフェン粒子をグラフェンに変換させる工程、を含む方法で製造できる。
酸化コバルトは、ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)の存在下での酢酸コバルトとエチレングリコールの反応で製造した(A. M. Cao et al., J. Phys. Chem. B. 100 (2006) page 15858)。このために、2.24gのCo(CH3COO)2−4H2Oと1.5gのmMPVP(Mw=58000)を200mlのエチレングリコールに溶解して濁った溶液を得た。この混合物をマグネチックスターラーで攪拌し、アルゴン雰囲気下で170℃まで加熱した。30分後、数回の遠心分離/エタノール分散サイクルを実施して生成物を除き、500℃で2時間焼成した。
標準的なR2032ボタンセル中で電気化学的試験を行った。実施例1のグラフェン被覆Co3O4ナノ粒子と、Co3O4と、グラフェンとCo3O4の機械的混合物(91.5重量%のCo3O4と8.5重量%のグラフェン)を用いて作用電極を製造した。このために、これらの特定の活物質を、カーボンブラックとポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)に、重量比で80(活物質):10(カーボンブラック):10(PVDF)の比率で混合し、銅箔上に塗布した(99.6%、グッドフェロー)。用いた対電極はリチウム箔であった。電解質は、エチレンカーボネート(EC)/ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)(体積比:1:1;Industries Ltd)中の1MのLiPF6溶液であった。これらのセルをアルゴンで充たされたグローブボックス中で組み立てた。
Claims (15)
- Co3O4、CuO、SnO2、SnO、NiO、MoO2、TiO2、HfO2、ZrO2、ZnO、Al2O3、SiO2、Fe3O4、Fe2O3、MnO2、及びRuO2、並びにMn、Ni及び/又はCoのLi含有酸化物及び複合酸化物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の成分Aと、少なくとも一層のグラフェン皮膜とを含み、及び
ナノ粒子の総重量に対して、60〜97重量%の少なくとも一種の成分Aと3〜40重量%の皮膜としてのグラフェンを含むナノ粒子。 - ナノ粒子の総重量に対して、70〜97重量%の少なくとも一種の成分Aと3〜30重量%の皮膜としてのグラフェンを含む請求項1に記載のナノ粒子。
- 平均粒子径が1〜1000nmである請求項1または2に記載のナノ粒子。
- Co3O4、CuO、SnO2、SnO、NiO、MoO2、TiO2、HfO2、ZrO2、ZnO、Al2O3、SiO2、Fe3O4、Fe2O3、LiFePO4、MnO2、及びRuO2、並びにMn、Ni及び/又はCoのLi含有酸化物及び複合酸化物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の成分Aと、少なくとも一層のグラフェン皮膜とを含むナノ粒子を製造する方法であって、
(a)懸濁媒体と少なくとも一種の成分Aを含む正の表面電荷をもつナノ粒子とを含む懸濁液を提供する工程、
(b)該懸濁液に酸化グラフェン粒子を添加して該酸化グラフェン粒子をナノ粒子上に集積させる工程、及び
(c)ナノ粒子上に集積した酸化グラフェン粒子をグラフェンに変換させる工程、を含む製造方法。 - 上記ナノ粒子の正の表面電荷が、ナノ粒子表面の官能基での修飾及び/又は少なくとも一種のカチオン系界面活性剤のナノ粒子表面上での吸着及び/又は懸濁液のpHの調整でもたらされる請求項4に記載の方法。
- 上記官能基が正帯電官能基と正帯電官能基の前駆体から選ばれる請求項5に記載の方法。
- 上記官能基が、NR2とNR3 +(式中、Rは、それぞれ独立してHとC1−C6−アルキルおよびC1−C6−ヒドロキシアルキルから選ばれ、一個以上のRが複数のNR2及び/又はNR3 +基に結合していてもよい)から選ばれる請求項5または6に記載の方法。
- 上記少なくとも一種のカチオン系界面活性剤が、4級アンモニウム化合物の群から選ばれる請求項5〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 上記懸濁液が水性の懸濁媒体を含む請求項4〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一種の還元剤の添加により上記酸化グラフェンがグラフェンに還元される請求項4〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 不活性ガス雰囲気下で少なくとも1分間、上記酸化グラフェン被覆ナノ粒子を最高で600℃で加熱することにより上記酸化グラフェンがグラフェンに変換される請求項4〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子が、該ナノ粒子の総重量に対して、60〜97重量%の少なくとも一種の成分Aと3〜40重量%の皮膜としてのグラフェンを含む請求項4〜11の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子は、平均粒子径が1〜1000nmである請求項4〜12の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 電気化学セル中でのまたスーパーキャパシタ中での、リチウムイオン貯蔵及び/又は放出材料としての請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子の使用方法。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のナノ粒子を含む電気化学セルまたはスーパーキャパシタ。
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