JP5943533B2 - 神経前駆細胞の集団 - Google Patents
神経前駆細胞の集団 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5943533B2 JP5943533B2 JP2001585312A JP2001585312A JP5943533B2 JP 5943533 B2 JP5943533 B2 JP 5943533B2 JP 2001585312 A JP2001585312 A JP 2001585312A JP 2001585312 A JP2001585312 A JP 2001585312A JP 5943533 B2 JP5943533 B2 JP 5943533B2
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Description
本発明は一般に、胚細胞および神経前駆細胞の細胞生物学の分野に関する。より詳細には、本発明は、特殊な培養条件および選択法を用いて、ヒト多能性幹細胞にニューロン系譜およびグリア系譜の細胞を生成させる定方向分化に関する。
本出願は、2000年5月17日に出願された米国仮特許出願第60/205,600号;および2000年12月22日に出願された第60/257,608号に対する優先権を主張するものである。米国における遂行を目的として、これらの優先出願はその全体が参照として本明細書に組み入れられる。
中枢神経系の修復は、医科学がまだ克服するに至っていない最前線の課題である。アルツハイマー病、パーキンソン病、てんかん、ハンチントン病および脳卒中などの疾患は、罹患者に悲惨な結果をもたらす。頭部または脊髄に対する外傷が起こると、日常生活の圏内から障害者の集団へと即座に追いやられる恐れがある。
本発明は、多能性細胞からニューロン系譜またはグリア系譜の細胞に分化した霊長類細胞の効率的な作製のためのシステムを提供する。ほかの前駆細胞、中枢神経系の成熟細胞:すなわちニューロン、アストロサイトまたはオリゴデンドロサイトを生成する源となる、いずれかの系譜に対する前駆細胞を含む細胞集団について述べる。本発明のいくつかの態様は、両方の系譜の細胞を生じさせることができる。本発明の前駆細胞および成熟細胞は、薬物検査および神経系の機能を回復させるための治療法を含む、さまざまな重要な用途に用いることができる。
本発明は、治療的投与および薬物スクリーニングの目的に用いるのに適した神経前駆細胞の調製および特徴分析のためのシステムを提供する。
本開示の目的に関して、「神経前駆体細胞」または「神経前駆細胞」という用語は、神経細胞(ニューロン前駆細胞または成熟ニューロンなど)またはグリア細胞(グリア前駆細胞、成熟アストロサイト、または成熟オリゴデンドロサイトなど)のいずれかである子孫を生成する細胞を意味する。一般に、本細胞は神経細胞系譜に特徴的な表現型マーカーのいくつかを発現する。これらは一般に、何らかの様式で脱分化または再プログラミングを行わない限り、単独でインビトロで培養した場合に他の胚葉の子孫を生じない。
本発明の実施に有用な一般的な技法のさらに詳細な説明に関して、実施者は細胞生物学、組織培養および発生学の標準的な教科書および総説を参照することができる。これに含まれるものには、「奇形腫および胚性幹細胞:実践的アプローチ(Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cells:A practical approach)」(E.J. Robertson編、IRL Press Ltd. 1987);「マウスの発生における技法の手引き(Guide to Techniques in Mouse Development)」(P.M. Wassermanら編、Academic Press 1993);「胚性幹細胞のインビトロ分化(Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation in Vitro)」(MV. Wiles, Meth. Enzymol. 225:900, 1993);「胚性幹細胞の特性および用途:ヒト生物学および遺伝子治療への応用の可能,性(Properties and uses of Embryonic Stem Cells:Prospects for Application to Human Biology and Gene Therapy)」(P.D. Rathjenら、Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 10:31, 1998)が含まれる。
本発明はさまざまな種類の幹細胞を用いて行うことができ、それには以下の非制限的な例が含まれうる。
胚性幹細胞を、霊長類種に属する生物の胚盤胞から単離することができる(Thomsonら、Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7844、1995)。ヒト胚性幹(hES)細胞は、トムソン(Thomson)ら(米国特許第5,843,780号;Science 282:1145、1998;Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 38:133 ff.、1998)およびロイビノフ(Reubinoff)ら、Nature Biotech. 18:399、2000に記載された技法を用いてヒト胚盤胞細胞から調製可能である。
ヒト胚性生殖(hEG)細胞は、最終月経から約8〜11週後に採取したヒト胎児中に存在する始原生殖細胞から調製することができる。適した調製法は、シャムブロット(Shamblott)ら、Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:13726、1998および米国特許第6,090,622号に記載されている。
pPS細胞は、分化を促すことなく増殖を促進する培養条件を用いて、培養下で連続的に増やすことができる。例示的な血清含有ES培地は、80%DMEM(Knock-Out DMEM、Gibcoなど)、20%規定ウシ胎仔血清(FBS、Hyclone)または血清代替物(国際公開公報第98/30679号)、1%非必須アミノ酸、1mM L-グルタミン、および0.1mMβ-メルカプトエタノールから構成される。使用の直前にヒトbFGFを最終濃度4ng/mLとなるように添加する(国際公開公報第99/20741号、Geron Corp.)。
本発明のある種の神経前駆細胞は、望ましい表現型を備えた細胞を集積させる(望ましい細胞の増生による、または他の細胞種の抑制または死滅による)特殊な成長環境において幹細胞の培養、分化または再プログラミングを行うことによって得られる。これらの方法は、前項に述べた霊長類多能性幹(pPS)細胞を含む、多くの種類の幹細胞に適用可能である。
細胞はさまざまな表現型基準に従って特徴づけることができる。基準には、形態的特徴の顕微鏡観察、発現された細胞マーカー、酵素活性、または神経伝達物質およびそれらの受容体の検出または定量化、ならびに電気生理機能が非制限的に含まれる。
ある種の薬物スクリーニングおよび治療的応用においては、ならびに分化した神経細胞およびグリア細胞の生成のための備蓄物を得るためには、神経前駆細胞に複製能があることが望ましい。選択的には、本発明の細胞に対して、その複製能力を高めるために、発生的に限定された発生系譜細胞または終末分化細胞へと進行する前または後に、テロメラーゼ導入処理を行うことが可能である。テロメラーゼ導入処理を行ったpPS細胞を前記の分化経路の下流に進ませてもよく、分化細胞にテロメラーゼ導入処理を直接行うこともできる。
本発明は、神経前駆細胞、ならびに成熟した神経細胞およびグリア細胞を数多く作製する方法を提供する。これらの細胞集団は、さまざまな重要な研究、開発および販売の目的に用いることができる。
本発明の細胞は、神経前駆細胞に特徴的な転写物および新たに合成された蛋白質の発現パターンを同定する目的に関心がもたれ、分化経路の方向づけまたは細胞間の相互作用の促進にも役立つ可能性がある。分化細胞の発現パターンを入手し、未分化pPS細胞、分化能が決定された他の種類の前駆細胞(他の系譜の方向に分化したpPS細胞、神経細胞培養物またはグリア細胞系譜に分化能が決定された細胞など)、神経冠、ニューロスフェア(neurosphere)もしくは脊髄から得られたものといった他の種類の神経幹細胞と推定されるもの、または成熟したニューロン、アストロサイト、オリゴデンドロサイト、平滑筋細胞およびシュワン細胞といった終末分化細胞などの対照細胞と比較する。
本発明の神経前駆細胞は、神経前駆細胞およびそれらのさまざまな子孫の特徴に影響を及ぼす因子(溶媒、低分子薬、ペプチド、ポリヌクレオチドなど)または環境条件(培養条件または操作など)のスクリーニングに用いることができる。
本発明は、中枢神経系(CNS)機能の程度を回復させるための神経前駆細胞の使用であって、おそらくは機能の先天性異常、疾病状態の影響または損傷の結果のために、このような治療を必要とする対象に対する使用も提供する。
実験手順
本セクションには、以下の実施例の項で用いる技法および試薬のいくつかに関する詳細を示す。
本実験は、ヒト胚性幹細胞(hES)がNCAM陽性前駆細胞への定方向分化を行いうるか否かを明らかにすることを目的とした。hES細胞をmEFで補助した培養物またはフィーダーを含まない培養物から収集した後に、20%FBSを含む培地を用いる懸濁培養下での胚様体(EB)形成を経て分化させた。続いてEBをそのまま、N2添加物(Gibco)および25ng/mLヒトbFGFを補充したDMEM/F12培地中にてフィブロネクチン上にプレーティングした。約2〜3日間の培養後に、NCAM陽性細胞およびA2B5陽性細胞が免疫染色によって同定された。
因子の略号:
C―毛様体神経栄養因子(CNTF)
F―塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子(bFGF)
N―ニューロトロフィン3(NT3)
I―インスリン様成長因子(IGF-1)
P―血小板由来成長因子(PDGF)
T―甲状腺ホルモンT3
Ra―レチノイン酸
Fk―フォルスコリン
本実験における細胞は表面マーカーA2B5に関して免疫選択した。hES細胞を20%FBS中でEBを生成するように誘導した。4日間の懸濁培養後に、EBを、10ng/mLヒトEGF、10ng/mLヒトbFGF、1ng/mLヒトIGF-1、および1ng/mLヒトPDGF-AAを添加したN2およびB27を含むDMEM/F12中にてフィブロネクチン上にプレーティングした。これらの条件下で2〜3日後に、細胞の25〜66%がA2B5を発現する。この集団は磁気ビーズ選別によって純度48〜93%に濃縮される(表4)。
フォルスコリンの添加によってA2B5陽性細胞に分化するように誘導した。これらの細胞を、表5に示した種々の継代培養によって評価した。
因子の略号:
C―毛様体神経栄養因子(CNTF)
F―塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子(bFGF)
N―ニューロトロフィン3(NT3)
I―インスリン様成長因子(IGF-1)
P―血小板由来成長因子(PDGF)
T―甲状腺ホルモンT3
Ra―レチノイン酸
Fk―フォルスコリン
H1と命名された細胞系およびH7NHGと命名された遺伝的に改変された細胞系という2つのhES細胞系に由来する細胞を用いて、神経前駆細胞の移植を行った。H7NHG細胞系は、細胞に緑色蛍光タンパク質(GFP)を構成性に発現させる発現カセットを有する。
・未分化hES細胞
・hES細胞から派生した胚様体
・NCAM発現に関して選別した神経前駆細胞(実施例1)
・A2B5発現に関して選別した神経前駆細胞(実施例2)
終末分化したニューロンを生じさせるために、FBS培地中にて10μMレチノイン酸(RA)の存在下または非存在下で胚様体を形成させることにより、第一段階の分化を誘導した。4日間の懸濁培養後に、胚様体を、10ng/mLヒトEGF、10ng/mLヒトbFGF、1ng/mLヒトPDGF-AA、および1ng/mLヒトIGF-1を添加した規定培地中にて、フィブロネクチンをコーティングしたプレート上にプレーティングした。胚様体はプレートに付着し、細胞がプラスチック上を移動して単層を形成した。
hES細胞に由来するニューロン機能的特性を調べるためにカルシウム流の標準的なfura-2画像化を用いた。検討した神経伝達物質には、GABA、グルタミン酸(E)、グリシン(G)、カリウム上昇(5mM K+の代わりに50mM K+)、アスコルビン酸(対照)、ドーパミン、アセチルコリン(ACh)およびノルエピネフリンが含まれる。溶液には、ラットリンゲル(RR)溶液:140mM NaCl、3mM KCl、1mM MgCl2、2mM CaCl2、10mM HEPES緩衝液、および10mMグルコース中に0.5mMの神経伝達物質(ATPの10μMを除く)を含めた。外部溶液はNaOHを用いて、pH 7.4に設定した。記録チェンバー内で細胞に1.2〜1.8mL/分の潅流を行い、水浴の入口部の約0.2mL上流に位置する約0.2mLループ式注入器を用いたバスアプリケーション(bath application)によって溶液を適用した。カルシウムの一過性上昇は、適用から60秒以内にカルシウムレベルが基礎値を10%以上上回り、1〜2分以内に基礎値に戻った場合に反応とみなした。
hES細胞由来のニューロンに対して標準的な全細胞パッチクランプ法を行い、電圧固定モードで生じたイオン電流、および電流固定モードで生じた活動電位を記録した。外部水浴の溶液はラットリンゲル溶液とした(実施例6)。内部溶液は75mMアスパラギン酸カリウム、50mM KF、15mM NaCl、11mM EGTA、および10mM HEPES緩衝液とし、KOHを用いてpH 7.2に調整した。
胚様体を10μMレチノイン酸の存在下で4日間懸濁培養した後に、EGF、bFGF、PDGFおよびIGF-1を添加した規定培地中にプレーティングして3〜4日間おいた。続いて細胞を磁気ビーズ選別またはイムノパンニングにより、A2B5陽性またはNCAM陽性が集積した集団に分離した。
・10ng/mL bFGF(Gibco)、10ng/mL BDNF、および10ng/mL NT-3
・10ng/mL bFGF、5000ng/mLソニックヘッジホッグ、および100ng/mL FGF8b
・10ng/mL bFGFのみ
・10ng/mL BDNF、10ng/mL NT-3
・1μM cAMP、200μMアスコルビン酸
・1μM cAMP、200μMアスコルビン酸、10ng/mL BDNF、10ng/mL NT-3
[表7] ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの生成のための条件
因子の略号:
F―塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子(bFGF)
F―FGF8
N―ニューロトロフィン3(NT3)
B―脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)
S―ソニックヘッジホッグ
CA―cAMP
AA―アスコルビン酸
Claims (6)
- ヒト胚幹(hES)細胞系から分化した細胞集団であること、および、神経前駆細胞であ
りA2B5を発現する細胞を含むこと、を特徴とするインビトロで培養された分化したヒ
ト細胞集団であって、該ヒト細胞集団を、フォルスコリン、血小板由来成長因子、インス
リン様成長因子、毛様体神経栄養因子、ニューロトロフィン3、および甲状腺ホルモンを
含む培地で培養したときに、神経前駆細胞でありA2B5を発現する細胞が、β−チュー
ブリン、GalC、およびNCAMを発現する細胞集団に分化する、ヒト細胞集団。
- ヒト胚性幹(hES)細胞から請求項1に記載の分化したヒト細胞集団を作製する方法で
あって、hES細胞由来の胚様体を、a)毛様体神経栄養因子、塩基性線維芽細胞成長因
子、ニューロトロフィン3、インスリン様成長因子、および血小板由来成長因子、ならび
にb)上皮成長因子、血小板由来成長因子、塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子、およびインスリ
ン様成長因子、から選択される混合物とともに培養し、当該細胞をA2B5について選別
する段階を含む、方法。
- 以下の段階を含む、神経細胞毒性に関して化合物をスクリーニングする方法:
化合物および請求項1に記載の分化した細胞集団を含む培養物を調製する段階;
化合物との接触によって生じた細胞における任意の表現型または代謝の変化を評価する段
階;ならびに
該変化を神経細胞毒性または表現型の変化と相関づける段階。
- 以下の段階のうち1つまたは複数を含む、請求項3に記載のスクリーニングの方法:
・化合物が細胞に対し毒性であるか否を判定する段階;
・化合物が、培養物において維持される細胞の能力に影響を及ぼすか否かを判定する段階
;
・化合物が細胞の分化に影響を及ぼすか否かを判定する段階;
・化合物が、細胞による神経伝達物質の合成、放出もしくは取り込みを変化させるか否か
を判定する段階;または
・化合物が細胞の電気生理を変化させるか否かを判定する段階。
- 手術または治療法によるヒトまたは動物の治療のための、請求項1に記載の分化した細胞
集団を含む医薬品。
- 個体における中枢神経系(CNS)機能の再構成または補助のための医薬品の調製におけ
る、請求項1に記載の分化した細胞集団の使用。
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