JP5824039B2 - 熱伝達組成物 - Google Patents
熱伝達組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5824039B2 JP5824039B2 JP2013510673A JP2013510673A JP5824039B2 JP 5824039 B2 JP5824039 B2 JP 5824039B2 JP 2013510673 A JP2013510673 A JP 2013510673A JP 2013510673 A JP2013510673 A JP 2013510673A JP 5824039 B2 JP5824039 B2 JP 5824039B2
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- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 66
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- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C\C(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 63
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- FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC(=C)C(F)(F)F FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
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- RREGISFBPQOLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;trihydrate Chemical class O.O.O.[AlH3] RREGISFBPQOLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
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- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical class IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 3
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/30—Materials not provided for elsewhere for aerosols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/02—Solvent extraction of solids
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
- B01D11/0492—Applications, solvents used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/26—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by extraction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/122—Hydrogen, oxygen, CO2, nitrogen or noble gases
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/127—Mixtures of organic and inorganic blowing agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
- C08J9/144—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only
- C08J9/146—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only only fluorine as halogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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Description
フルオロカーボン燃焼化学は複雑かつ予測不能である。不燃性フルオロカーボンと可燃性フルオロカーボンとの混合が流体の燃焼性を低減する、あるいは空気中での可燃性組成物の範囲を低減するとは、必ずしも限らない。例えば、不燃性R−134aが可燃性R−152aと混合されると、該混合物の可燃下限が予測できないほどに変わることを、本発明者らは発見した。三元又は四元組成物であると、状況はより一層複雑で予測しづらくなる。
(a)可燃性:不燃性又は弱可燃性組成物が好ましい。
(b)空調システム蒸発器内での冷媒の効率的な作動温度
(c)混合物の温度「勾配」及びその熱交換器性能への効果
(d)組成物の臨界温度。この温度は、最大期待凝縮温度よりも高くなければならない。
Conditioning 1988年版 第27章(本書は参照することにより本明細書の一部とみなされる))。
(i)2,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペン(R−1234yf)
(ii)シス−1,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペン(R−1234ze(Z))
及び/又は
(iii)3,3,3−トリフルオロプロペン(R−1243zf)
Rf=(フッ素のグラムモル数)/(グラムモルフッ素+グラムモル水素)
正確な物性モデルの生成
冷却サイクル性能、すなわち臨界点、蒸気圧、液体及び蒸気エンタルピー、液体及び蒸気密度と蒸気と液体の熱容量のモデル化に必要とされるR−1234yf及びR−1234ze(E)の物性は、圧力範囲0〜200bar及び温度範囲−40〜200℃にわたる実験方法によって正確に決定され、その結果得られるデータを用いてNIST REFPROPバージョン8.0ソフトウェア(これはユーザーガイドwww.nist.gov/srd/PDFfiles/REFPROP8.PDFにより詳しく記述されており、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)における流体のためのスパンワグナー(Span−Wagner)タイプの状態モデルのヘルムホルツ自由エネルギーの方程式を生成する。温度による両流体の理想的な気体のエンタルピー変化は、分子モデリングソフトウェアHyperChemバージョン7.5(参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)を用いて試算され、その結果得られる理想気体エンタルピー関数は、これらの流体の状態方程式の回帰に使用された。R−1234yfとR−1234ze(E)のためのこのモデルの予測は、REFPROPバージョン9.0(参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)に収録されるR−1234yfとR−1234ze(E)の標準ファイルを使用して得られた予測と比較された。各流体の特性に関して近い一致が得られることが判明した。
最初の比較では、冬の低い大気温度における自動車のポンピング負荷による典型的な状況での単純な蒸気圧縮サイクルについて流体の挙動を評価した。この比較では、代表的な予想圧力降下を基準流体(R−134a)に割り当てることによって圧力降下の影響がモデルに組み込まれた後、同じ加熱能力の同じ装置で本発明の混合冷媒に関する同等の圧力降下の試算が行われた。比較は、基準流体(R−134a)及び本発明の混合流体のために、熱交換器の同等の領域に基づいて行われた。このモデルに使用される手法が、冷媒凝縮、冷媒蒸発、冷媒過冷及び冷媒蒸気過熱プロセスに関して実効総括熱伝達係数が等しいとの仮定を用いて導き出されて、このプロセス用のいわゆるUAモデルを導き出した。ヒートポンプサイクルの非共沸冷媒混合物のようなモデルの導出は、R Radermacher & Y Hwangによる「Vapor Compression Heat Pumps with refrigerant mixtures」なる参照テキスト(Taylor & Francis 2005)第3章でさらに詳しく説明されており、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
凝縮器と蒸発器の周囲の大気温度 −15℃
蒸発器から出る空気の温度 −25℃
凝縮器から出る空気の温度(乗員室空気) +45℃
R−134aの蒸発温度 −30℃
R−134aの凝縮温度 +50℃
凝縮器内での冷媒の過冷 1K
蒸発器内での冷媒の過熱 5K
圧縮器吸引温度 0℃
圧縮器等エントロピー効率 66%
乗用空気加熱負荷 2kW
R−134aの蒸発器内の圧力降下 0.03bar
R−134aの凝縮器内の圧力降下 0.03bar
R−134aの吸引管の圧力低下 0.03bar
パラメータ 基準
冷媒 R−134a
平均凝縮器温度 ℃ 50
平均蒸発器温度 ℃ −30℃
凝縮器過冷 K 1
蒸発器過熱 K 5
吸引径 mm 16.2
加熱能力 kW 2
蒸発器圧力降下 bar 0.03
吸引管圧力降下 bar 0.03
凝縮器圧力降下 bar 0.03
圧縮機吸引温度 ℃ 0
等エントロピー効率 66%
オンの蒸発器空気 ℃ −15.00
オフの蒸発器空気 ℃ −25.00
オンの凝縮器空気 ℃ −15.00
オフの凝縮器空気 ℃ 45.00
凝縮器面積 100.0% 100.0%
蒸発器面積 100.0% 100.0%
COP(加熱) 2.11
基準流体に対するCOP(加熱) 100%
吸引時の体積加熱能力 kJ/m3 879
基準流体に対する容量 100%
臨界温度 ℃ 101.06
臨界圧力 bar 40.59
凝縮エンタルピー変化 kJ/kg 237.1
圧力比 16.36
冷媒質量流 kJ/hr 30.4
圧縮機吐出温度 ℃ 125.5
蒸発器入口圧力 bar 0.86
凝縮器入口圧力 bar 13.2
蒸発器入口温度 ℃ −29.7
蒸発器露点 ℃ −30.3
蒸発器出口ガス温度 ℃ −25.3
蒸発器平均温度 ℃ −30.0
蒸発器勾配(出−入) K −0.6
圧縮機吸引圧力 bar 0.81
圧縮機吐出圧力 bar 13.2
吸引管圧力降下 Pa/m 292
基準流体に対する圧力降下 100%
凝縮器露点 ℃ 50.0
凝縮器沸点 ℃ 50.0
凝縮器出口液体温度 ℃ 49.0
凝縮器平均温度 ℃ 50.0
凝縮器勾配(入−出) K 0.1
本発明の組成物の混和性を、ポリアルキレングリコール(PAG)潤滑剤YN12を用いて試験した。潤滑剤は、4%w/wの濃度で存在していた。この濃度は、空調システムに存在する典型的な油濃度の代表的なものである。これらの実験結果を、純粋R−1234yfの混和性と比較した。以下に示される結果は、本発明の組成物がR−1234yfよりもPAG潤滑剤と混和性がより高いことを実証している。
Claims (50)
- (i)50〜95重量%のトランス−1,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペン(R−1234ze(E))、
(ii)2〜30重量%の二酸化炭素(R−744)、及び
(iii)3〜20重量%のプロピレン(R−1270)、プロパン(R−290)、n−ブタン(R−600)、イソブタン(R−600a)及びそれらの混合物から選択される第三成分を含んでなる、熱伝達組成物。 - 4〜30重量%のR−744を含んでなる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 4〜28重量%のR−744を含んでなる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 8〜30重量%のR−744を含んでなる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 10〜30重量%のR−744を含んでなる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 65℃より高い臨界温度を有する請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 70℃より高い臨界温度を有する請求項6に記載の組成物。
- 第三成分は、プロピレン、プロパン、イソブタン及びそれらの混合物から選択される、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 60〜95重量%のR−1234ze(E)、4〜30重量%のR−744及び3〜10重量%のプロピレンを含んでなる、又は60〜95重量%のR−1234ze(E)、4〜30重量%のR−744及び3〜10重量%のプロパンを含んでなる、又は60〜95重量%のR−1234ze(E)、4〜30重量%のR−744及び3〜10重量%のイソブタンを含んでなる、又は60〜95重量%のR−1234ze(E)、4〜30重量%のR−744及び3〜10重量%のn−ブタンを含んでなる、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 64〜88重量%のR−1234ze(E)、10〜28重量%のR−744及び3〜8重量%のプロピレンを含んでなる、又は64〜88重量%のR−1234ze(E)、10〜28重量%のR−744及び3〜8重量%のプロパンを含んでなる、又は64〜88重量%のR−1234ze(E)、10〜28重量%のR−744及び3〜8重量%のイソブタンを含んでなる、又は64〜88重量%のR−1234ze(E)、10〜28重量%のR−744及び3〜8重量%のn−ブタンを含んでなる、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- R−1234ze(E)、R−744及び第三成分から本質的になる、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- ペンタフルオロエタン(R−125)をさらに含んでなる、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 70℃よりも高い臨界温度を有する請求項12に記載の組成物
- 組成物が、プロピレン単独、プロパン単独、n−ブタン単独、イソブタン単独又はR−1234yf単独よりも可燃性が低い、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、プロピレン単独、プロパン単独、n−ブタン単独、イソブタン単独又はR−1234yf単独と比べて、
(a)高い可燃限界、
(b)高い点火エネルギー、及び/又は
(c)低い火炎速度、を有している、請求項14に記載の組成物。 - 0.42〜0.7のフッ素比(F/(F+H))を有してなる、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 0.44〜0.67のフッ素比(F/(F+H))を有してなる、請求項16に記載の組成物。
- 不燃性である、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 潤滑剤及び請求項1〜18のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む組成物。
- 潤滑剤は、鉱油、シリコーンオイル、ポリアルキルベンゼン(PABs)、ポリオールエステル(POEs)、ポリアルキレングリコール(PAGs)、ポリアルキレングリコールエステル(PAGエステル)、ポリビニルエーテル(PVEs)、ポリ(α−オレフィン)及びそれらの組み合わせから選択される、請求項19に記載の組成物。
- 安定剤をさらに含んでなる、請求項19又は20に記載の組成物。
- 安定剤が、ジエン系化合物類、ホスフェート類、フェノール化合物類及びエポキシド類並びにそれらの混合物から選択される、請求項21に記載の組成物。
- 難燃剤及び請求項1〜22のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む組成物。
- 難燃剤が、トリ−(2−クロロエチル)− ホスフェート、(クロロプロピル)ホスフェート、トリ−(2,3−ジブロモプロピル)−ホスフェート、トリ−(1,3−ジクロロプロピル)−ホスフェート、リン酸二アンモニウム、様々なハロゲン化芳香族化合物、酸化アンチモン、アルミニウム三水和物、ポリ塩化ビニル、フッ素化ヨードカーボン、フッ素化ブロモカーボン、トリフルオロヨードメタン、パーフルオロアルキルアミン類、ブロモフルオロアルキルアミン及びそれらの混合物からなる群から選択される請求項23に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含有している、熱伝達装置。
- 熱伝達装置における、請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物の使用。
- 冷却装置である、請求項25に記載の熱伝達装置。
- 自動車空調システム、住宅用空調システム、業務用空調システム、住宅用冷蔵庫システム、住宅用冷凍庫システム、業務用冷蔵庫システム、業務用冷凍庫システム、冷却機空調システム、冷却機冷却システム、業務用又は住宅用ヒートポンプシステムからなる群より選択される、請求項27に記載の熱伝達装置。
- 圧縮器を内蔵している、請求項27又は28に記載の熱伝達装置。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる、発泡剤。
- 発泡体を形成可能な1種以上の成分と、請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物とを含んでなる発泡性組成物であって、発泡体を形成可能な1種以上の成分が、ポリウレタン類、熱可塑性ポリマー及び樹脂、例えばポリスチレン、及びエポキシ樹脂、並びにそれらの混合物から選択される、発泡性組成物。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる、発泡体。
- スプレーされるべき物質と、請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる噴射剤とを含んでなる、スプレー用組成物。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を凝縮させ、その後、冷却されるべき物品の近くで該組成物を蒸発させることを含んでなる、物品を冷却する方法。
- 加熱されるべき物品の近くで請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を凝縮させ、その後、該組成物を蒸発させることを含んでなる、物品を加熱する方法。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる溶媒とバイオマスを接触させ、該溶媒から物質を分離することを含んでなる、バイオマスから物質を抽出する方法。
- 物品を請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる溶媒と接触させることを含んでなる、物品を清浄化する方法。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる溶媒と水溶液又は粒状固体マトリックスを接触させ、該溶媒から物質を分離することを含んでなる、水溶液又は粒状固体マトリックスから物質を抽出する方法。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含有している、機械的動力発生装置。
- ランキンサイクル又はその変法を用いて熱から仕事を発生するように構成されている、請求項39に記載の機械的動力発生装置。
- 既存の熱伝達流体を除去して、請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を導入する工程を含んでなる、熱伝達装置を改修する方法。
- 熱伝達装置が冷却装置又は空調システムである、請求項41に記載の方法。
- 既存の化合物又は組成物を含んでなる製品の取扱いから生じる環境影響を減らす方法であって、少なくとも部分的に既存の化合物又は組成物を請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物で置き換えることを含んでなる、方法。
- R−134aを含有する、請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を製造する方法であって、R−1234ze(E)、R−744、及び第三成分を、R−134aである既存の熱伝達流体へ導入することを含んでなる、方法。
- R−134aを含有する、請求項25及び27〜29のいずれか一項に記載の熱伝達装置を製造する方法であって、R−1234ze(E)、R−744、及び第三成分を、R−134aである既存の熱伝達流体を含有した熱伝達装置へ導入することを含んでなる、方法。
- R−1234ze(E)、R−744、及び第三成分を導入する前に、既存のR−134aの少なくとも一部を熱伝達装置から除去する工程を含んでなる、請求項44又は45に記載の方法。
- R−125、潤滑剤、安定剤及び/又は難燃剤が前記組成物又は前記熱伝達装置に導入される、請求項44、45又は46に記載の方法。
- 製品が熱伝達装置、発泡剤、発泡性組成物、スプレー用組成物、溶媒又は機械的動力発生装置から選択される、請求項43に記載の方法。
- 既存の化合物又は組成物が熱伝達組成物である、請求項42及び44〜47のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 熱伝達組成物が、R−134a、R−1234yf、R−152a、R−404A、R−410A、R−507、R−407A、R−407B、R−407D、R−407E、及びR−407Fから選択される冷媒である、請求項49に記載の方法。
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