JP2013533326A - 熱伝達組成物 - Google Patents
熱伝達組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
フルオロカーボン燃焼化学は複雑かつ予測不能である。不燃性フルオロカーボンと可燃性フルオロカーボンとの混合が流体の燃焼性を低減する、あるいは空気中での可燃性組成物の範囲を低減するとは、必ずしも限らない。例えば、不燃性R−134aが可燃性R−152aと混合されると、該混合物の可燃下限が予測できないほどに変わることを、本発明者らは発見した。三元又は四元組成物であると、状況はより一層複雑で予測しづらくなる。
(a)可燃性:不燃性又は弱可燃性組成物が好ましい。
(b)空調システム蒸発器内での冷媒の効率的な作動温度
(c)混合物の温度「勾配」及びその熱交換器性能への効果
(d)組成物の臨界温度。この温度は、最大期待凝縮温度よりも高くなければならない。
Conditioning 1988年版 第27章(本書は参照することにより本明細書の一部とみなされる))。
(i)2,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペン(R−1234yf)
(ii)シス−1,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペン(R−1234ze(Z))
及び/又は
(iii)3,3,3−トリフルオロプロペン(R−1243zf)
Rf=(フッ素のグラムモル数)/(グラムモルフッ素+グラムモル水素)
正確な物性モデルの生成
冷却サイクル性能、すなわち臨界点、蒸気圧、液体及び蒸気エンタルピー、液体及び蒸気密度と蒸気と液体の熱容量のモデル化に必要とされるR−1234yf及びR−1234ze(E)の物性は、圧力範囲0〜200bar及び温度範囲−40〜200℃にわたる実験方法によって正確に決定され、その結果得られるデータを用いてNIST REFPROPバージョン8.0ソフトウェア(これはユーザーガイドwww.nist.gov/srd/PDFfiles/REFPROP8.PDFにより詳しく記述されており、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)における流体のためのスパンワグナー(Span−Wagner)タイプの状態モデルのヘルムホルツ自由エネルギーの方程式を生成する。温度による両流体の理想的な気体のエンタルピー変化は、分子モデリングソフトウェアHyperChemバージョン7.5(参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)を用いて試算され、その結果得られる理想気体エンタルピー関数は、これらの流体の状態方程式の回帰に使用された。R−1234yfとR−1234ze(E)のためのこのモデルの予測は、REFPROPバージョン9.0(参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)に収録されるR−1234yfとR−1234ze(E)の標準ファイルを使用して得られた予測と比較された。各流体の特性に関して近い一致が得られることが判明した。
最初の比較では、冬の低い大気温度における自動車のポンピング負荷による典型的な状況での単純な蒸気圧縮サイクルについて流体の挙動を評価した。この比較では、代表的な予想圧力降下を基準流体(R−134a)に割り当てることによって圧力降下の影響がモデルに組み込まれた後、同じ加熱能力の同じ装置で本発明の混合冷媒に関する同等の圧力降下の試算が行われた。比較は、基準流体(R−134a)及び本発明の混合流体のために、熱交換器の同等の領域に基づいて行われた。このモデルに使用される手法が、冷媒凝縮、冷媒蒸発、冷媒過冷及び冷媒蒸気過熱プロセスに関して実効総括熱伝達係数が等しいとの仮定を用いて導き出されて、このプロセス用のいわゆるUAモデルを導き出した。ヒートポンプサイクルの非共沸冷媒混合物のようなモデルの導出は、R Radermacher & Y Hwangによる「Vapor Compression Heat Pumps with refrigerant mixtures」なる参照テキスト(Taylor & Francis 2005)第3章でさらに詳しく説明されており、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
凝縮器と蒸発器の周囲の大気温度 −15℃
蒸発器から出る空気の温度 −25℃
凝縮器から出る空気の温度(乗員室空気) +45℃
R−134aの蒸発温度 −30℃
R−134aの凝縮温度 +50℃
凝縮器内での冷媒の過冷 1K
蒸発器内での冷媒の過熱 5K
圧縮器吸引温度 0℃
圧縮器等エントロピー効率 66%
乗用空気加熱負荷 2kW
R−134aの蒸発器内の圧力降下 0.03bar
R−134aの凝縮器内の圧力降下 0.03bar
R−134aの吸引管の圧力低下 0.03bar
パラメータ 基準
冷媒 R−134a
平均凝縮器温度 ℃ 50
平均蒸発器温度 ℃ −30℃
凝縮器過冷 K 1
蒸発器過熱 K 5
吸引径 mm 16.2
加熱能力 kW 2
蒸発器圧力降下 bar 0.03
吸引管圧力降下 bar 0.03
凝縮器圧力降下 bar 0.03
圧縮機吸引温度 ℃ 0
等エントロピー効率 66%
オンの蒸発器空気 ℃ −15.00
オフの蒸発器空気 ℃ −25.00
オンの凝縮器空気 ℃ −15.00
オフの凝縮器空気 ℃ 45.00
凝縮器面積 100.0% 100.0%
蒸発器面積 100.0% 100.0%
COP(加熱) 2.11
基準流体に対するCOP(加熱) 100%
吸引時の体積加熱能力 kJ/m3 879
基準流体に対する容量 100%
臨界温度 ℃ 101.06
臨界圧力 bar 40.59
凝縮エンタルピー変化 kJ/kg 237.1
圧力比 16.36
冷媒質量流 kJ/hr 30.4
圧縮機吐出温度 ℃ 125.5
蒸発器入口圧力 bar 0.86
凝縮器入口圧力 bar 13.2
蒸発器入口温度 ℃ −29.7
蒸発器露点 ℃ −30.3
蒸発器出口ガス温度 ℃ −25.3
蒸発器平均温度 ℃ −30.0
蒸発器勾配(出−入) K −0.6
圧縮機吸引圧力 bar 0.81
圧縮機吐出圧力 bar 13.2
吸引管圧力降下 Pa/m 292
基準流体に対する圧力降下 100%
凝縮器露点 ℃ 50.0
凝縮器沸点 ℃ 50.0
凝縮器出口液体温度 ℃ 49.0
凝縮器平均温度 ℃ 50.0
凝縮器勾配(入−出) K 0.1
本発明の組成物の混和性を、ポリアルキレングリコール(PAG)潤滑剤YN12を用いて試験した。潤滑剤は、4%w/wの濃度で存在していた。この濃度は、空調システムに存在する典型的な油濃度の代表的なものである。これらの実験結果を、純粋R−1234yfの混和性と比較した。結果は以下のとおりである。
Claims (62)
- (i)トランス−1,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペン(R−1234ze(E))、シス−1,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペン(R−1234ze(Z))及びそれらの混合物から選択される第一成分、
(ii)二酸化炭素(R−744)、及び
(iii)1,1−ジフルオロエタン(R−152a)、フルオロエタン(R−161)及びそれらの混合物から選択される第三成分を含んでなる、熱伝達組成物。 - 第一成分がR−1234ze(E)を含んでなる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも約15重量%のR−1234ze(E)を含んでなる、請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 約35重量%までのR−744、好ましくは約30重量%のR−744を含んでなる、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 約4〜約30重量%、好ましくは約4〜約28重量%、又は約8〜約30重量%、又は約10〜約30重量%のR−744を含んでなる、請求項4に記載の組成物。
- 約60重量%まで、好ましくは約50重量%までの第三成分を含んでなる、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 約10〜約95重量%のR−1234ze(E)、約2〜約30重量%のR−744及び約3〜約60重量%の第三成分を含んでなる、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 約65℃より高い、好ましくは約70℃より高い臨界温度を有する請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 第三成分が、R−152aを、好ましくは約2〜約50重量%のR−152aを含んでなる、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 約30〜約94重量%のR−1234ze(E)、約4〜約30重量%のR−744及び約2〜約40重量%のR−152aを含んでなる、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 約42〜約85重量%のR−1234ze(E)、約10〜約28重量%のR−744及び約5〜約30重量%のR−152aを含んでなる、請求項10に記載の組成物。
- 第三成分が、R−161、好ましくは約2〜約30重量%のR−161を含んでなる、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 約45〜約94重量%のR−1234ze(E)、約4〜約30重量%のR−744及び約2〜約25重量%のR−161、好ましくは約52〜約86重量%のR−1234ze(E)、約10〜約28重量%のR−744及び約4〜約20重量%のR−161を含んでなる、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 約62〜約92重量%のR−1234ze(E)、約10〜約28重量%のR−744及び約2〜約10重量%のR−161を含んでなる、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- ペンタフルオロエタン(R−125)をさらに含んでなる、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が1000未満、好ましくは150未満のGWPを有している、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、置き換えようと意図される既存の冷媒の約15%以内、好ましくは約10%以内の体積冷却能力を有している、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、R−152a単独又はR−161単独よりも可燃性が低い、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、R−152a単独又はR−161単独と比べて、
(a)高い可燃限界、
(b)高い点火エネルギー、及び/又は
(c)低い火炎速度、
を有している、請求項18に記載の組成物。 - 約0.42〜約0.7、好ましくは約0.44〜約0.67のフッ素比(F/(F+H))を有してなる、請求項1〜19のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 不燃性である、請求項1〜20のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、置き換えようと意図される既存の冷媒の約5%以内のサイクル効率を有している、請求項1〜21のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、置き換えようと意図される既存の冷媒の約15K、好ましくは約10K以内の圧縮機吐出温度を有している、請求項1〜22のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 潤滑剤及び請求項1〜23のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む組成物。
- 潤滑剤は、鉱油、シリコーンオイル、ポリアルキルベンゼン(PABs)、ポリオールエステル(POEs)、ポリアルキレングリコール(PAGs)、ポリアルキレングリコールエステル(PAGエステル)、ポリビニルエーテル(PVEs)、ポリ(α−オレフィン)及びそれらの組み合わせから選択される、請求項24に記載の組成物。
- 安定剤をさらに含んでなる、請求項24又は25に記載の組成物。
- 安定剤が、ジエン系化合物類、ホスフェート類、フェノール化合物類及びエポキシド類並びにそれらの混合物から選択される、請求項26に記載の組成物。
- 難燃剤及び請求項1〜27のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む組成物。
- 難燃剤が、トリ−(2−クロロエチル)−ホスフェート、(クロロプロピル)ホスフェート、トリ−(2,3−ジブロモプロピル)−ホスフェート、トリ−(1,3−ジクロロプロピル)−ホスフェート、リン酸二アンモニウム、様々なハロゲン化芳香族化合物、酸化アンチモン、アルミニウム三水和物、ポリ塩化ビニル、フッ素化ヨードカーボン、フッ素化ブロモカーボン、トリフルオロヨードメタン、パーフルオロアルキルアミン類、ブロモフルオロアルキルアミン及びそれらの混合物からなる群から選択される請求項28に記載の組成物。
- 冷媒組成物である請求項1〜29のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1〜31のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含有している、熱伝達装置。
- 熱伝達装置における、請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物の使用。
- 冷却装置である、請求項31又は32に記載の熱伝達装置。
- 自動車空調システム、住宅用空調システム、業務用空調システム、住宅用冷蔵庫システム、住宅用冷凍庫システム、業務用冷蔵庫システム、業務用冷凍庫システム、冷却機空調システム、冷却機冷却システムと、業務用又は住宅用ヒートポンプシステムからなる群より選択され、好ましくは熱伝達装置が自動車空調システムである、請求項33に記載の熱伝達装置。
- 圧縮器を内蔵している、請求項33又は34に記載の熱伝達装置。
- 請求項1〜31のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる、発泡剤。
- 発泡体を形成可能な1種以上の成分と、請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物とを含んでなる発泡性組成物であって、発泡体を形成可能な1種以上の成分が、ポリウレタン類、熱可塑性ポリマー及び樹脂、例えばポリスチレン、及びエポキシ樹脂、並びにそれらの混合物から選択される、発泡性組成物。
- 請求項37に記載の発泡性組成物から得られる、発泡体。
- 請求項1〜31のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる、請求項38に記載の発泡体。
- スプレーされるべき物質と、請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる噴射剤とを含んでなる、スプレー用組成物。
- 請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を凝縮させ、その後、冷却されるべき物品の近くで該組成物を蒸発させることを含んでなる、物品を冷却する方法。
- 加熱されるべき物品の近くで請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を凝縮させ、その後、該組成物を蒸発させることを含んでなる、物品を加熱する方法。
- 請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる溶媒とバイオマスを接触させ、該溶媒から物質を分離することを含んでなる、バイオマスから物質を抽出する方法。
- 物品を請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる溶媒と接触させることを含んでなる、物品を清浄化する方法。
- 請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる溶媒と水溶液を接触させ、該溶媒から物質を分離することを含んでなる、水溶液から物質を抽出する方法。
- 粒状固体マトリックスを請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなる溶媒と接触させ、該溶媒から物質を分離することを含んでなる、粒状固体マトリックスから物質を抽出する方法。
- 請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含有している、機械的動力発生装置。
- ランキンサイクル又はその変法を用いて熱から仕事を発生するように構成されている、請求項47に記載の機械的動力発生装置。
- 既存の熱伝達流体を除去して、請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を導入する工程を含んでなる、熱伝達装置を改修する方法。
- 熱伝達装置が冷却装置である、請求項49に記載の方法。
- 熱伝達装置が空調システムである、請求項50に記載の方法。
- 既存の化合物又は組成物を含んでなる製品の取扱いから生じる環境影響を減らす方法であって、少なくとも部分的に既存の化合物又は組成物を請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物で置き換えることを含んでなる、方法。
- R−134aを含有する、請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物及び/又は請求項31又は33〜35のいずれか一項に記載の熱伝達装置を製造する方法であって、R−1234ze(E)、R−744、第三成分、並びに所望によりR−125、潤滑剤、安定剤及び/又は難燃剤を、R−134aである既存の熱伝達流体を含有した熱伝達装置へ導入することを含んでなる、方法。
- R−1234ze(E)、R−744、第三成分、並びに所望によりR−125、潤滑剤、安定剤及び/又は追加の難燃剤を導入する前に、既存のR−134aの少なくとも一部を熱伝達装置から除去する工程を含んでなる、請求項53に記載の方法。
- (i)既存の化合物又は組成物を請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物で置き換え、このとき請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の組成物は既存の化合物又は組成物より低いGWPを有するものとし、(ii)該置き換え工程で温室効果ガス排出権を得ることを含んでなる、温室効果ガス排出権を生み出す方法。
- 本発明の組成物の使用が、既存の化合物又は組成物の使用により達成される場合と比べて、より低い総等価温暖化影響及び/又はより低いライフサイクル炭素排出量をもたらす、請求項55に記載の方法。
- 空調、冷却、熱伝達、発泡剤、エアロゾル又はスプレー用噴射剤、気体誘電体、凍結手術、獣医処置、歯科処置、消火、火炎抑制、溶媒、クリーナー、エアホーン、ペレットガン、局所麻酔剤及び拡張用途の分野からの製品で行われる、請求項55又は56に記載の方法。
- 製品が熱伝達装置、発泡剤、発泡性組成物、スプレー用組成物、溶媒又は機械的動力発生装置から選択される、請求項52又は57に記載の方法。
- 製品が熱伝達装置である、請求項58に記載の方法。
- 既存の化合物又は組成物が熱伝達組成物である、請求項50又は53〜57のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 熱伝達組成物が、R−134a、R−1234yf、R−152a、R−404A、R−410A、R−507、R−407A、R−407B、R−407D、R−407E、及びR−407Fから選択される冷媒である、請求項60に記載の方法。
- 所望により実施例を参照しつつ、実質的にここまでに記載されるような、あらゆる新規の熱伝達組成物。
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CN (4) | CN102947409A (ja) |
AU (2) | AU2011254381C1 (ja) |
BR (2) | BR112012029456A2 (ja) |
CA (2) | CA2799840A1 (ja) |
ES (3) | ES2565088T3 (ja) |
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