JP5752696B2 - 電極、リチウムイオン電池ならびにこれらを作製する方法および使用する方法 - Google Patents
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Description
本願は、2009年9月29日出願の米国特許仮出願第61/246,741号の優先権を主張する国際特許出願である。
本発明は、アメリカ航空宇宙局に認定されたSBIR認可第NNX09CD29P 2008−1号の下で米国政府支援を受けて発明されたもので、米国政府は本発明について一定の権利を有する。
本実施例では、高容量、安定性能および、粉砕したグラファイト(すなわち約15〜約30マイクロメータ)に匹敵する粒度を有するSi−C多孔性複合材料顆粒を形成するために、階層的な「ボトムアップ」法を使用した。この粒度は、Liイオン電池電極の作製に一般に使用され、ナノ粒子と同じ吸入リスクはない。この「ボトムアップ」法は、急速充電能力を有する高容量の安定した複合材料アノードの作製を可能にした。
実施例1で作製したアノードの電気化学性能を評価するために、Li金属対電極を有するコイン電池(2016)を使用した。図5(a)に示すように、約50重量パーセントのSiを含む試料の特定の可逆的なデインターカレーション容量は、C/20で約1950mAh/gに達した。この重量あたりの容量は、グラファイトの理論容量の約5倍、高性能グラファイトアノードの理論容量の約6倍、焼鈍されたカーボンブラックの理論容量の約16倍であった(図5(a)、5(b)および図7)。シリコンナノ粒子単独の理論比容量は、C/20で約3670mAh/gとなると推定され、ナノ粒子に関してこれまでに報告された中で最も高い値である。それはシリコンの理論容量に接近した(Li22Si5を実施した場合、約4200mAh/g)。そのような高い理論比容量値は、設計した複合構造にリチウム挿入のための活性Siの近接性が高いことを示す。全炭素の寄与度は、約230mAh/g(115mAh/0.5g)と推定された。体積あたりの容量は、C/20で約1270mAh/ccと測定され、これはグラファイトアノードの約620mAh/gより高くなった。第1のサイクルの不可逆的容量損失(図5(a))は、固体電解質の相間形成に関係し、カーボンブラック(図5(b)および図7)とは異なり、電極容量が高いため(図4(g))、かなり小さくなる(約15%)。
Claims (26)
- 複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料を有する多孔性複合材料を含むアノードであって、前記複数のナノ複合材料はそれぞれ、
導電材料のナノ粒子の、3次元かつランダムに配置された集合体を含む樹枝状粒子と、
前記樹枝状粒子の表面に付着する炭素を除く第14族元素またはその混合物の複数の孤立した無孔性ナノ粒子と、を含み、
前記複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料の各ナノ複合材料は、前記複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料中の隣接するナノ複合材料の樹枝状粒子の少なくとも一部に電気を伝導する、前記樹枝状粒子の少なくとも一部を有する、アノード。 - 前記樹枝状粒子の前記導電材料は、非晶質炭素またはグラファイトカーボンである、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 前記非晶質炭素はカーボンブラックである、請求項2に記載のアノード。
- 前記炭素を除く第14族元素またはその混合物はシリコンを含む、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 前記多孔性複合材料は、前記複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料の少なくとも1つの樹枝状粒子の表面の少なくとも一部に付着する導電性コーティングをさらに含む、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 前記導電性コーティングは炭素から形成される、請求項5に記載のアノード。
- 前記複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料は、導電性添加剤を使用して共に凝集される、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 前記導電性添加剤は炭素である、請求項7に記載のアノード。
- 前記複数の孤立した無孔性ナノ粒子は、5〜200ナノメートルの平均最大寸法を有する、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 前記複数の孤立した無孔性ナノ粒子は、各ナノ複合材料の15〜90重量パーセントを構成する、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 前記多孔性複合材料は、球状の顆粒である、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 前記多孔性複合材料中の総細孔容積は、前記多孔性複合材料中の前記ナノ粒子全てによって占められる容積の少なくとも3倍である、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 前記多孔性複合材料中の前記総細孔容積は、前記多孔性複合材料中の前記ナノ粒子全てによって占められる前記容積の20倍未満である、請求項12に記載のアノード。
- 前記樹枝状粒子の前記表面上の前記孤立した無孔性ナノ粒子の少なくとも一部は、互いに接触する、請求項1に記載のアノード。
- 複数の球状の多孔性複合材料顆粒を含む母材を有するアノードであって、前記複数の顆粒の少なくとも1つは、 複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料を含み、前記複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料の少なくとも1つのナノ複合材料は、
焼鈍されたカーボンブラックナノ粒子の、3次元かつランダムに配置された集合体を含む樹枝状粒子と、
前記樹枝状粒子の表面に付着する複数の孤立した無孔性シリコンナノ粒子と、を含み、
前記少なくとも1つのナノ複合材料は、前記複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料中の隣接するナノ複合材料の樹枝状粒子の少なくとも一部に電気を伝導する、前記樹枝状粒子の少なくとも一部を有する、アノード。 - 請求項1または15に記載のアノードを含む電池。
- アノードを作製する方法であって、
複数の導電材料の孤立したナノ粒子から、3次元かつランダムに配置された樹枝状粒子を形成することと、
炭素を除く第14族元素またはその混合物の複数の孤立した無孔性ナノ粒子を前記樹枝状粒子の表面に付着させてナノ複合材料粒子を形成することと、を含む方法。 - 複数のナノ複合材料粒子を集合させて、バルク単体または球状の顆粒を形成することをさらに含み、前記複数のナノ複合材料粒子の各ナノ複合材料粒子は、前記複数の凝集されたナノ複合材料粒子中の隣接するナノ複合材料粒子の樹枝状粒子の少なくとも一部に電気を伝導する、前記樹枝状粒子の一部を有する、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 複数の顆粒を集合させて、アノード母材を形成することをさらに含み、各顆粒の少なくとも1つのナノ複合材料粒子の少なくとも一部は、隣接する顆粒の少なくとも1つのナノ複合材料粒子の少なくとも一部の樹枝状粒子に電気を伝導する、樹枝状粒子を有する請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記樹枝状粒子の前記導電材料の前記ナノ粒子は、カーボンブラックのナノ粒子である、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記炭素を除く第14族元素またはその混合物はシリコンである、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記複数の孤立した無孔性シリコンナノ粒子を付着させることは、シランまたはクロロシランの分解生成物の化学蒸着を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記複数のナノ複合材料粒子を集合させて前記バルク単体または前記球状の顆粒を形成することは、前記複数のナノ複合材料粒子の造粒を含む、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記造粒は、最終的には炭化する高分子結合剤を使用する湿式造粒法を含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 集合させた前記複数のナノ複合材料粒子の少なくとも一部に導電性コーティングを塗布することをさらに含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 電気の伝導を高めるために導電性添加剤を加えることをさらに含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
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PCT/US2010/050794 WO2011041468A1 (en) | 2009-09-29 | 2010-09-29 | Electrodes, lithium-ion batteries, and methods of making and using same |
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US9349544B2 (en) | 2009-02-25 | 2016-05-24 | Ronald A Rojeski | Hybrid energy storage devices including support filaments |
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WO2014082086A1 (en) | 2012-11-26 | 2014-05-30 | Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc | Preparation of polymeric resins and carbon materials |
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EP2483956A4 (en) | 2014-02-26 |
EP2483956B1 (en) | 2018-12-19 |
WO2011041468A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
US9673448B2 (en) | 2017-06-06 |
US20120321959A1 (en) | 2012-12-20 |
CN102598373B (zh) | 2015-04-08 |
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US20120328952A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
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