JP5647280B2 - カソードの配合活性材料を有する、非水性二次電池 - Google Patents
カソードの配合活性材料を有する、非水性二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5647280B2 JP5647280B2 JP2013028715A JP2013028715A JP5647280B2 JP 5647280 B2 JP5647280 B2 JP 5647280B2 JP 2013028715 A JP2013028715 A JP 2013028715A JP 2013028715 A JP2013028715 A JP 2013028715A JP 5647280 B2 JP5647280 B2 JP 5647280B2
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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Description
電気化学的活性材料は、2つの群の粒子の混合物又は配合物を含み、上記群は異なる化学的組成を有し、以下の
(a)式(I)の化合物の粒子のうち少なくとも1種
LixHyV3O8(I)
ここで、
x+y=0から6.5であり、
x=0から4.5、好ましくは0.1から2.0、より好ましくは0.5から1.8であり、
y=0.01から2、好ましくは0.1から1.9である;及び
(b)式(II)の化合物の粒子のうち少なくとも1種
LixMyPO4(II)
ここで、
0<x≦8、好ましくは0<x≦2、より好ましくは0<x≦1であり、
Mは、酸化を受けてより高い価電子状態になることができる少なくとも1つの金属、具体的には、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh及び Pd、好ましくはFe、Co、Ni、V、Zr、Ti、Mo及びCrからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの遷移金属、特に、酸化状態が2又は3の遷移金属を含む、1つ以上の遷移金属であり、
y=0.8から3、好ましくは0.8から1.2より好ましくはy=1であり、
PO4は3価のアニオンである;
から選択され、上記式(I)の粒子及び上記式(II)の粒子は、5:95重量%から95:5重量%の量で存在する。
xA*CA+(1−x)B*CB (III)
となり、ここで、xはA+Bの混合物を1とした場合の混合物中の化合物Aの量である。
材料及び方法:
異なるロットのLixHyV3O8を、チューリッヒ、ETHZのNesper教授のグループから入手した。材料の調製については実施例1に記載する。
実施例1a:H2V3O8の合成
(第1の方法)
200mlのバナジウム(IV)の0.06M水溶液、例えば塩化バナジル五水和物と、200mlの蒸留水とを、800mlのテフロン(登録商標)注入口に入れた。次にこの注入口を、鋼鉄のオートクレーブに写し、220℃に予熱されたオーブン内に配置した。磁気撹拌器(80rpm)を用いて、溶液を確実に均質にした。12時間にわたって温度を一定に保った。オートクレーブをオーブンから取り出し、周囲条件下で冷却した後、緑色の固体生成物を濾過し、蒸留水で2回、イソプロパノールで1回洗浄し、120℃で3時間空気乾燥した。このようにして、450から550mgの物質を得た。
3gのVOSO4 .5H2Oを、50mlの脱イオン水に溶解させた。続いて、2mlの25重量%アンモニア(NH4OH)を添加した。すぐに形成される濃い沈殿物を濾過して灰色の湿った固体生成物を回収し、オートクレーブのテフロン(登録商標)容器に入れm400mlの蒸留水中に分散させた。1mlの12M HClを添加した後、オートクレーブを密封し、懸濁液を220℃で48時間にわたって水熱処理した。反応終了時に、緑色の固体生成物を濾過し、水及びイソプロパノールで洗浄し、100℃で一晩空気乾燥した。750mgのH2V3O8を得た。バナジウムの収率は70%であった。
0.68mg(0.0071mol)の乳酸リチウム、0.8mg(0.0049mmol)の硫酸バナジル及び0.3mg(0.0125mmol)の水酸化リチウムを、10mlの密閉可能な試験管内で、0.5mlの蒸留水に溶解させた。次に、1.5mlの酸化グラフェン(GO)溶液(実施例1.4に記載するようにして調製)を添加し、試験管を穏やかに振って、明るい茶色の透明な溶液を得た。20mg(0.0707mmol)のH2V3O8をこの溶液中に分散させ、試験管を密閉して、結果として生成される懸濁液を、超音波及び激しい振盪によって均質化した。この均質化が完了した後、緑の懸濁液を含む試験管をオーブンに入れ、150℃で1.5時間保持する。この水熱ステップの間、容器内の圧力は約3−4barに上昇し、リチウム化、自己集合、及びGOのグラフェンへの熱分解が起こった。懸濁液は、濃い(濃青色の)固体浮遊物を含む黒色の液体に変化した。水熱処理の終了時に、この濃青色の固体、即ちEAMを回収し、式(II)の化合物と混合した。
10gのグラファイトを、85gの過塩素酸ナトリウム粉末と完全に混合した。混合物を、氷と塩化ナトリウムの混合物を用いて約−20℃にまで冷却し、効率的な撹拌機でゆっくりと撹拌した。次に、60mlの発煙性硝酸を極めてゆっくり添加した。粘性の緑色の塊を、室温で更に30分撹拌した。混合物を、一晩にわたって撹拌せずに放置し、その後60℃で10時間ゆっくり加熱した。続いて、反応生成物に2リットルの水を添加し、混合物を濾過して、希塩酸で1回、各回とも2リットルの水で少なくとも2回洗浄した。濾過後、得られた塊を凍結乾燥し、約14gの酸化グラファイトを、極めて柔らかい象牙色の粉末として得た。
実施例1.3で説明したようにして得られた酸化グラファイト100mgを、100mlの脱イオン水に添加し、12時間にわたって完全に撹拌した後、1時間の超音波浴に供した。次に、このようにして得られた酸化グラファイト(これ以降、酸化グラフェンと呼ぶ)のコロイド分酸液を反応させてグラフェンコロイド分酸液とした(以下を参照)。
2つのバインダ、カルボキシメチルセルロースとスチレン−ブタジエンを、水中に溶解又は分散させ、溶液に活性材料(Li1.7H0.6V3O8とLiFePO4、又はLi1.7H0.6V3O8とLiCoO2)を添加し、伝導性添加物(グラファイト及びアセチレンブラック)を同様に添加した。得られたスラリーを、アルミニウム集電体にナイフコーティングし、水分を乾燥させてから、1.3cm2のディスクを打ち出した。得られたコインをプレスして、その体積を30から40%減少させた。
以下のように比較を行った。純粋なサンプルを測定し、配合物の理論的な容量を各サイクルについて算出し、配合物の計測した容量を、以下に更に記載するようにして、算出した容量と比較する。
サンプルA:最初のサイクルにおける容量=A1
サンプルB:最初のサイクルにおける容量=B1
リン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、硫酸塩、ケイ酸塩、オキシリン酸塩、オキシ硫酸塩等のポリアニオンを含む酸素の存在の重要性を示すために、純粋な酸化物、即ちLiCoO2に対して、同様の試験を行った。その結果を表3に列挙する。
A=LixHyV3O8とB=その他との混合における最良の組成範囲は、A=5から50重量%かつB=95から50重量%、好ましくはA=10から40重量%かつB=90から60重量%である。
Claims (14)
- 2つの群の粒子の混合物又は配合物からなるリチウムバッテリ用の電気化学的活性材料であって、前記群は異なる化学的組成を有し、以下の
(a)式(I)の化合物の粒子のうち少なくとも1種
Li x H y V 3O8(I)
ここで、
x+y=0.01から6.5であり、
x=0から4.5であり、
y=0.01から2である;及び
(b)式(II)の化合物の粒子のうち少なくとも1種
LixMyPO4(II)
ここで、
0<x≦8であり、
Mは、酸化を受けてより高い価電子状態になることができる少なくとも1つの金属を含む、1つ以上の遷移金属であり、
y=0.8から3であり、
PO4は3価のアニオンである;
から選択され、
前記式(I)の粒子及び前記式(II)の粒子は、5:95重量%から95:5重量%の量で存在する、電気化学的活性材料。 - 式(I)の化合物LixHyV3O8を含み、ここで、
x=0.1から2.0であり、
y=0.1から1.9であり、
x+yの合計が2を超えてよい、請求項1に記載の電気化学的活性材料。 - 前記式(II)の化合物LixMyPO4を含み、
0<x≦2である、請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学的活性材料。 - 前記式(II)の化合物LixMyPO4を含み、
y=0.8から1.2である、請求項1、2及び3のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的活性材料。 - Mは、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh及び Pdからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの遷移金属である、請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的活性材料。
- 前記式(II)の化合物はLiM(PO4)である、請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的活性材料。
- 前記混合物又は配合物は、前記式(I)の化合物を5から50重量%と、前記式(II)の化合物を95から50重量%とからなる、請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的活性材料。
- 前記混合物又は配合物は、前記式(I)の化合物を10から40重量%と、前記式(II)の化合物を60から90重量%とからなる、請求項7に記載の電気化学的活性材料。
- 25重量%のLixHyV3O8及び75重量%のLiFePO 4 からなる、請求項1から8のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的活性材料。
- 前記電気化学的活性材料は、<500nmの平均直径を有するナノ粒子の形態である、請求項1から9のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的活性材料。
- 伝導性マトリクスに組み込まれた請求項1から10のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的活性材料でコーティングされた集電体を含むリチウムバッテリ用のカソード。
- (a)請求項1から10のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的活性材料を含むか、又は請求項11に記載のカソードである、カソード;
(b)アノード;及び
(c)前記電極間の、非水性電解質
を含む、リチウムバッテリ。 - 前記アノードは、金属酸化物、金属カルコゲニド、カーボン、グラファイト、及びこれらの混合物を含む、請求項12に記載のリチウムバッテリ。
- 前記アノードはカーボン又はグラファイト電極である、請求項12又は13に記載のリチウムバッテリ。
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JP2007123251A (ja) | 2005-09-28 | 2007-05-17 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池 |
FR2912555B1 (fr) * | 2007-02-09 | 2011-02-25 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Liant pour electrode de systeme electrochimique, electrode comprenant ce liant, et systeme electrochimique comprenant cette electrode. |
US8835027B2 (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2014-09-16 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Positive electrodes for lithium batteries |
US8277683B2 (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2012-10-02 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Nano-sized structured layered positive electrode materials to enable high energy density and high rate capability lithium batteries |
EP2228854B1 (en) | 2009-03-12 | 2014-03-05 | Belenos Clean Power Holding AG | Nitride and carbide anode materials |
EP2287946A1 (en) | 2009-07-22 | 2011-02-23 | Belenos Clean Power Holding AG | New electrode materials, in particular for rechargeable lithium ion batteries |
US8753545B2 (en) * | 2010-03-03 | 2014-06-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Composite negative electrode materials |
EP2698854B1 (en) * | 2010-10-22 | 2017-02-22 | Belenos Clean Power Holding AG | Method of an electrode (anode and cathode) performance enhancement by composite formation with graphene oxide |
-
2012
- 2012-02-17 EP EP12155894.4A patent/EP2629353A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2013
- 2013-01-28 EP EP13152909.1A patent/EP2629354B1/en active Active
- 2013-02-05 TW TW102104391A patent/TWI623135B/zh active
- 2013-02-12 US US13/765,193 patent/US9653730B2/en active Active
- 2013-02-15 KR KR1020130016612A patent/KR101534386B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2013-02-17 CN CN201310052070.7A patent/CN103258998B/zh active Active
- 2013-02-18 JP JP2013028715A patent/JP5647280B2/ja active Active
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CN103258998A (zh) | 2013-08-21 |
EP2629354B1 (en) | 2014-08-06 |
TW201347279A (zh) | 2013-11-16 |
EP2629353A1 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
JP2013171837A (ja) | 2013-09-02 |
CN103258998B (zh) | 2015-12-23 |
US20130216903A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
EP2629354A1 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
KR20130095228A (ko) | 2013-08-27 |
KR101534386B1 (ko) | 2015-07-06 |
TWI623135B (zh) | 2018-05-01 |
US9653730B2 (en) | 2017-05-16 |
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