JP5583882B2 - テロメラーゼ活性を増大させるための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
テロメラーゼ活性を増大させるための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5583882B2 JP5583882B2 JP2006517617A JP2006517617A JP5583882B2 JP 5583882 B2 JP5583882 B2 JP 5583882B2 JP 2006517617 A JP2006517617 A JP 2006517617A JP 2006517617 A JP2006517617 A JP 2006517617A JP 5583882 B2 JP5583882 B2 JP 5583882B2
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Description
本発明は、細胞内のテロメラーゼ活性を誘導する方法および組成物に関する。
(テロメラーゼ)
テロメラーゼは、テロメアの両端へのテロメア反復付加を触媒するリボ核蛋白質である。テロメアは、染色体の両端をキャップする反復配列の長い延伸体であり、染色体を安定化させると考えられている。ヒトにおいて、テロメアは、典型的に7〜10kbの長さであり、−TTAGGG−の複数反復配列から成っている。テロメラーゼは、成人細胞の多くにおいて発現されず、テロメアの長さは、度重なる複製に伴って短くなる。ある一定の複製回数の後に、テロメアの累進的短縮により、細胞はテロメアの危機段階に入り、次いでそれが細胞の老化へと至る。一定の疾患は、早発性細胞老化をもたらす急速なテロメア損失に関連している。ヒト細胞におけるヒトテロメラーゼ蛋白質をコードする遺伝子発現により、恐らく細胞の生来の老化経路を迂回することによる不死表現型が与えられることが示されている。さらに、短いテロメアを有する老化細胞において、テロメラーゼ遺伝子の発現により、テロメアの長さの増加および幼若細胞に典型的に関連した表現型の回復が生じることが示されている。
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Fujimoto,R.ら、「Expression of telomerase components in oral keratinocytes and squamous cell carcinomas」、Oral Oncology 37(2):p.132−40(2001年2月);
Funk,Walter D.ら、「Telomerase expression restores dermal integrity to in vitro−aged fibroblasts in a reconstituted skin model」、Experimental Cell Reseach 258(2):p.270−278(2000年8月1日);
Hannon,G.J.およびBeach,D.H.、「Increasing proliferative capacity and preventing replicative senescence by increasing telomerase activity and inhibiting pathways inhibiting cell proliferation」、PCT国際出願公開第2000/031238(2000年6月);
Hannon,G.J.ら、「Extension of cellular lifespan using telomerase−activating therapeutic agents」、PCT国際出願公開第99/35243(1999年7月);
Harle−Bachor,Cら、「Telomerase activity in the regenerative basal layer of the epidermis inhuman skin and in immortal and carcinoma−derived skin keratinocytes」、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(13):p.6476−81(1996年6月25日);
Harley,C.B.ら、「Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts」、Nature 345(6274):p.458−60(1990年5月31日);
Harley,C.B.ら、「Telomerase,cell immortality,and cancer」、Cold Spring Harb.Symp.Quant.Biol.59:p.307−15(1994);
Harley,C.B.ら、「Telomeres and telomerase in aging and cancer」、Curr.Opin Genet.Dev.5(2):p.249−55(1995年4月);
Harley,C.B.ら、「Telomerase and cancer」、Important Adv.Oncol.p.57−67(1996);
Harley,C.B.ら、「Human aging and telomeres」、Ciba Found.Symp.211:p.129−39(1997);
Harley,C.B.ら、「Telomerase is not an oncogene」、Oncogene 21:p.494−502(2002);
Henderson,S.ら、「In situ analysis of changes in telomere size during replicative aging and cell transformation」、J.Cell Biol.134(1):p.1−12(1996年7月);
Jiang,X.R.ら、PCT国際出願公開第02/91999号;
Jiang,X.R.ら、「Telomerase expression in human somatic cells does not induce changes associated with a transformed phenotype」、Nature Genetics 21(1):p.111−4(1999年1月);
Kang,M.K.ら、「Replicative senescence of normal human oral keratinocytes is associated with the loss of telomerase activity without shortening of telomeres」、Cell Growth & Differentiation 9(1):p.85−95(1998年1月);
Kim,N.W.ら、「Telomerase activity assays」、米国特許第5,629,154号(1997年5月);
Lee,K.M.ら、「Immortalization with telomerase of the Nestin−positive cells of the human pancreas」、Biochem Biophys Res Commun 301(4):p.1038−44(2003年2月21日);
Ludwig,A.ら、「Ribozyme cleavage of telomerase mRNA sensitizes breast epithelial cells to inhibitors of topoisomerase」、Cancer Res.、61:p.3053−3061(2001);
Mattson,M.P.、「Emerging neuroprotective strategies for Alzheimer’s disease:dietary restriction,telomerase activation, and stem cell therapy」、Exp Gerontol.35(4):p.489−502(2000年7月);
Morales,C.P.ら、「Absence of cancer−associated changes in human fibroblasts immortalized with telomerase」、Nature Genetics 21(1):p.115−8(1999年1月);
Oh,H.およびSchneider,M.D.、「The emerging role of telomerase in cardiac muscle cell growth and survival」、J Mol Cell Cardiol 34(7):p.717−24(2002年7月);
Simonsen,J.L.ら、「Telomerase expression extends the proliferative life−span and maintains the osteogenic potential of human bone marrow stromal cells」、Nat Biotechnol 20(6):p.592−6(2002年6月);
Thomas,M.、Yang,L.およびHornsby,P.J.「Formation of functional tissue from transplanted adrenocortical cells expressing telomerase reverse transcriptase」、Nat Biotechnol 18(1):p.39−42(2000年1月);
Vasa,M.ら、「Nitric oxides activates telomerase and delays endothelial cell senescence」、Circ.Res.87(7):p.540−542(2000);
Villeponteau,B.ら、米国特許第5,583,016号(1996年12月);
West,M.D.ら、「Methods of screening for compounds that derepress or increase telomerase activity」、米国特許第6.007,989号(1999年12月);
White,M.A.「Assemly of telomerase components and chaperonins and methods and compositions for inhibiting or stimulating telomerase assembly」、PCT国際出願公開第2000/08135号(2000年2月);
Yang,J.ら、「Telomerized human microvasculature is functional in vivo」、Nature Biotechnology(米国)19(3):p.219−24(2001年3月);
Yang,J.ら、「Human endothelial cell life extension by telomerase expression」、J.Biol.Chem.274(37):P.26141−8(1999年9月10日);
Yudoh,K.ら、「Reconstituting telomerase activity using the telomerase catalytic subunit prevents the telomere shorting and replicative senescence in human osteoblasts」、J.Bone and Mineral Res.16(8):p.1453−1464(2001)。
アストラガロシドファミリーおよびギンセノシドファミリーの化合物は、種々の生物学的作用を有していることが報告されている。アストラガロシド類およびギンセノシド類の生物学的活性を検討している文献としては、以下のものが挙げられる:
Bedir,E.ら、「Immunostimulatory effects of cycloartane−type triterpene glycosides from Astragalus species」、Biol & Pharm Bull 23(7):p.834−7(2000);
Binder,B.ら、「Use of triterpensaponins,such as notoginsenoside R1(NR1) and/or astragaloside(ASIV) for preparing medicaments」、米国特許第5,770,578号(1998年6月);
Calzada,L.ら、「Effect of tetracyclic triterpenes(argentains A,B and D)on the estradiol receptor of hormone−dependent tumors of human breast」、Medical Science Research 23(12):p.815−16(1995);
Chen,X.ら、「Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on dopamin−induced apoptosis in PC12 cells」、Acta Pharmacol Sinica 22(8):p.673−678(2001);
Hashimoto,K.ら、「Skin tissue regeneration promoters comprising ginsenoside Rb1」、国際公開第200192289号(2001);欧州特許出願公開第1295893号(2003);
Hong,H.−Y.ら、「Stimulatory effects of ginsenoside−Rg1 on p56lck kinase and cell proliferation in Jurkat T cells」、Korean J.Ginseng Sci.19(2):p.117−21(1995);
Huang,Y.ら、「Selected non−timber forest products with medicinal applications from Jilin Province in China」、会議標題:Forest communities in the third millennium:Linking research,business, and policy toward a sustainable non−timber forest product sector;カナダ国オンタリオ州ケノラ、1999年10月1〜4日;General Technical Report−North Central Research Station,USDA Forest Service(No.NC−217):p.93−101(2000);
Kaneko,M.ら、「Accelerated recovery from cyclophosphamide−induced leukopenia in mice administered a Japanese ethical herbal drug,Hochu−ekki−to」、Immunopharmacology 44(3):p.223−231(1999);
Kinjo,J.ら、「Anti−herpes virus activity of fabaceous triterpenoidal saponins」、Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 23(7):p.887−9(2000年7月);
Khushbaktova,Z.A.ら、「Influence of cycloartanes from plants of the genus Astragalus and their synthetic analogs on the contractive function of the rnyocarbium and the activity of Na,K−ATPase」、Chem.Nat.Compounds 30(4):p.469−473(1994);
Lee,Y.J.ら、「Ginsenoside−Rg1,one of the major active molecules from Panax ginseng,is a functional ligand of glucocorticoid receptor」、Mol Cell Endocrinol 133(2):p.135−40(1997年10月);
Liu,P.ら、「Effect of ginsenosides Rb1,Rg1,Rh1 and Re on proliferation of cells in vitro」、Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa 8(4):p.36−41(1996);CA Abstract No.1997:400846;
Oda,K.ら、「Adjuvant and haemolytic activities of 47 saponins derived from medicinal and food plants」、Biol.Chem.381(1);p.67−74(2000);
Pistelli,L.ら、「Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of crude extracts and isolated saponins from Astragalus verrucosus」、Fitoterapia 73(4):p.336−339(2002);
Prince,R.L.およびMin.X.、「Compositions and method for treating or preventing osteoporosis」、PCT国際公開第2002/01996号;
Sengupta,S.ら、「Pharmaceutically effective compounds and their use」、PCT国際公開第2002/69980号および国際公開第2001/07732号;
Wang,S.ら、「Promoting effect of ginsenoside Re on the proliferation of murine bone marrow cells」、Baiqiuen Yike Daxue Xuebao 23(2):p.141−142(1997);CA Abstract No.1997:570234;
Wang,Y−P.ら、「Effect of astragaloside IV on T,B lymphocyte proliferation and peritoneal macrophage function in mice」、Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 23(3):p.263−6(2002年3月);
Yasukawa,K.ら、「Sterol and triterpene derivatives from plants inhibit the effects of a tumor promoter, and sitosterol and betulinic acid inhibit tumor formation in mouse skin two−stage carcinogenesis」、Oncology 48(1):p.72−6(1991);
Yamamoto,M.ら、「The stimulatory effects of ginseng saponins on proliferation and DNA synthesis of human vascular endothelial cells and skin fibroblasts in relation to cytokines or growth factors」、Nissei Byoin Igaku Zasshi 24(1):p.12−13(1996);
Zhang W.J.ら、「Regulation of the fibrinolytic potential of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells:astragaloside IV downregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor−1 and upregulates tissue−type plasminogen activator expression」、Journal of Vascular Research 34(4):p.273−80(1997年7月〜8月);
Zi−Pu,L.およびQian,C.、「Effects of astragaloside IV on myocardial calcium transport and cardiac function in ischemic rats」、Acta Pharmacol Sin 23(10):p.898−904(2002年10月)。
本明細書に記載されている本発明は、細胞におけるテロメラーゼ活性を増大させる方法およびこのような方法に用いられる組成物に関する。このような方法および組成物は、細胞培養、すなわちインビトロまたはエキソビボにおける細胞、またはヒト対象および非ヒト動物、特に非ヒト動物などの対象の組織において増殖している細胞などのインビボ細胞に使用できる。
X1、X2、およびX3の各々は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、ケト、およびグリコシドから独立して選択され;
OR1は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、およびグリコシドから選択され;
前記グリコシド上の任意のヒドロキシル基は、前記化合物が最大3つのグリコシドを含むように、さらにグリコシド、低級アルキル、または低級アシルにより置換され得;
R2は、メチルであり、以下:
X4およびX5の各々は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、ケト、およびグリコシドから独立して選択され、
OR3は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、およびグリコシドから選択され、
前記グリコシド上の任意のヒドロキシル基は、該化合物が最大3つのグリコシドを含むように、さらにグリコシド、低級アルキル、または低級アシルにより置換され得る。
X6、X7、およびX8の各々は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、ケトおよびグリコシドから独立して選択され;
OR4は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、およびグリコシドから選択され;
前記グリコシド上の任意のヒドロキシル基は、前記化合物が最大3つのグリコシドを含むように、さらにグリコシド、低級アルキル、または低級アシルにより置換され得る。
式I、IIまたはIIIの単離化合物の処方物を、細胞または組織に接触させる方法は、前記接触前に、テロメラーゼ活性の増大が望まれる細胞または組織を同定することを含み得る。細胞または組織におけるテロメラーゼ活性の増大によって実現すべき利益としては、例えば、前記細胞または前記組織内の細胞の複製能力の増強および/または寿命の延長が挙げられる。
X1およびX2の各々は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、ケト、およびグリコシドから独立して選択され;
X3は、ケトであり;
OR1は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、およびグリコシドから選択され;
前記グリコシド上の任意のヒドロキシル基は、前記化合物が最大3つのグリコシドを含むように、さらにグリコシド、低級アルキル、または低級アシルにより置換され得;および
R2が、メチルであり、以下:
X1およびX2のうちの1つは、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、およびケトから選択され、および他は、グリコシドであり;
X3およびOR1の各々は、ヒドロキシ、低級アルコキシ、低級アシルオキシ、およびグリコシドから独立して選択され;
前記グリコシド上の任意のヒドロキシル基は、前記化合物が最大3つのグリコシドを含むように、さらにグリコシド、低級アルキル、または低級アシルにより置換され得;および
R2が、メチルであり、以下:
(I. 定義)
本明細書に用いられる以下の用語は、他に指示されない限り、下記の意味を有する。
本発明によれば、細胞内のテロメラーゼ活性を増大させるために、組成物および方法が提供される。本法によれば、細胞または組織を、該化合物の不在下における細胞または組織内のテロメラーゼ活性レベルに比較して、細胞または組織内のテロメラーゼ活性を増大させるための有効な量において、本明細書に開示された式I、IIまたはIIIの単離化合物の処方物と接触させる。また、該方法は、テロメラーゼ活性の増大が望まれる細胞または組織を同定する予備工程を含み得る。
OR4は、OHである。好ましくは、X6およびX8の各々も、OHであり、X7は、グリコシドである。構造IIIの例示的化合物の1つは、本明細書において8と指定されるギンセノシドRH1である。
式I、IIおよびIIIの化合物は、一般に天然物から単離または合成できる。例えば、アストラガロシドI〜VIIは、例えば、A.Kadotaら、特開昭62−012791号(1987)に記載されているとおり、Astragalus membranaceusの根から単離できる。そこで報告されているとおり、有益な薬草の種々の出所から商品として入手できる根組織(8kg)を、MeOHと共に還流し、その濃縮抽出エキス(200g)をMeOHに再溶解して、溶出液としてCHCl3/MeOH/H2Oの混液を用いるシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィにより分画する。同様の溶媒混合物を用いて、逆相クロマトグラフィにより、各画分を後処理して、凡そ以下の量の単離化合物を得る:アセチルアストラガロシドI(0.2g)、アストラガロシドI(3.5g)、イソアストラガロシドI(0.3g)、アストラガロシドII(2.3g)、アストラガロシドIII(1.0g)、アストラガロシドIV(0.8g)、アストラガロシドV(0.1g)、アストラガロシドVI(0.3g)およびアストラガロシドVII(0.1g)。また、Kitagawaら、Chem.Pharm.Bull.31(2):p.698−708(1983b)も参照されたい。
(A. TRAPアッセイプロトコル)
細胞内のテロメラーゼ活性を増大させる化合物の能力は、当業界に公知のTRAP(テロメア反復増幅プロトコル)アッセイを用いて決定することができる(例えば、Kimら、米国特許第5,629,154号;Harleyら、米国特許第5,891,639号)。本明細書に用いられる「TRAPアッセイで測定されたテロメラーゼ活性」とは、以下のプロトコルに従って、ケラチノサイトまたは線維芽細胞において測定されたテロメラーゼ活性を言う。該活性は、典型的にこのような細胞のコントロールアッセイにおいて、同様に測定された活性と比較される(例えば、溶媒コントロールにおいて見られたものより50%超のテロメラーゼ活性)。
TM=(TTRAP産物−TBKD1)/(T内部標準−TBKD2)
によって決定され、
式中:TTRAP産物は、全てのテロメラーゼ産物に関してゲル上に測定された合計強度であり、TBKD1は、テロメラーゼ産物によって囲まれた面積と等しい大きさの面積に関して空白レーンにおいて測定された背景強度であり、T内部標準は、内部標準に関する強度であり、TBKD2は、内部標準バンドよって囲まれた面積と等しい大きさの面積に関して空白レーンにおいて測定された背景強度である。結果として得られた数は、本明細書において、TMを決定する目的で30分と指定される所与の温置時間に生成したテロメラーゼ産物の分子数である。
上記式Iの化合物に関して、種々の濃度においてテロメラーゼ活性増大における有効性を評価した。アッセイは、上記のプロトコルに従い、HEKneoP細胞(新生児ケラチノサイト)において実施された。濃度は、DMSO中凡そ0.03μMから10μMの範囲であった。
式I〜IIIの化合物は、下記でさらに検討されるように、創傷、火傷、擦過傷または表皮の他の急性もしくは慢性状態の治癒を促進するために使用できる。本明細書で用いられる「スクラッチアッセイで測定された創傷治癒活性」は、以下のプロトコルに従って、ケラチノサイトまたは線維芽細胞において測定され、下式で示されたWHの数値で表される活性を言う。
WH=100−[100×Wn/Wo]
から算出し、
式中、Wnは、n日目の創傷の幅であり、Woは、1n日目の創傷の幅である。
本発明の化合物1(アストラガロシドIV)および2(シクロアストラゲノール)の創傷治癒活性を、上記のスクラッチアッセイにより、老化ケラチノサイトにおいて評価した。典型的なアッセイ結果が図4に示されており、ここで、上段の画像は、コントロール細胞(溶媒、DMSOにより処理)を示し、下段は、同じ溶媒中、0.1μg/ml(約0.13μM)の1で処理した細胞を示している。大きさの見分けられる「創傷」が、4日目に残っていたコントロール細胞とはコントロール的に処理細胞は、4日目で集密的であった。図5に示されるように、幼若ケラチノサイトにおいて、この組成物および0.01μM2(シクロアストラゲノール)により、同様の結果が見られた。
本発明は、細胞または組織を細胞内のテロメラーゼ活性を増大させる上で有効な量の上記II節で開示された式I、IIまたはIIIの単離化合物の処方物に接触されることにより、細胞内のテロメラーゼ活性を増大させる方法を提供する。該方法は、テロメラーゼ活性の増大が望まれる細胞または組織を同定する予備工程を含み得る。該細胞は、培養されているもの、すなわち、インビトロもしくはエキソビボでもよいし、またはインビボで対象または患者内にあってもよい。
(b)皮膚の萎縮および非薄化、もしくは弾性衰弱および皮膚のしわ皮脂腺の過形成または形成不全、老年性ほくろおよび他の色素沈着異常、白髪化および抜毛または非薄化、もしくは慢性皮膚潰瘍などの皮膚の加齢関連疾患(線維芽細胞、皮脂腺細胞、メラニン形成細胞、ケラチノサイト、ランゲルハンス細胞、微小血管内皮細胞、毛嚢細胞)、
(c)変性関節疾患(軟骨細胞および軟骨小腔ならびに滑膜細胞などの関節軟骨の細胞)、
(d)骨粗鬆症および骨格系の他の変性状態(骨芽細胞、骨髄間質細胞または間充織細胞、骨芽前駆細胞などの骨格系の細胞)、
(e)アテローム硬化症、カルシウム沈着、血栓形成および動脈瘤などの血管系の加齢関連およびストレス関連疾患(内皮細胞、平滑筋細胞および外膜線維芽細胞などの心血管系細胞)、
(f)加齢関連黄斑変性(色素沈着上皮細胞および血管内皮細胞などの眼細胞)
(g)AIDS(HIV制限CD8+細胞);および
(h)自然的加齢、癌、癌療法、急性および慢性感染に伴って生じ、または細胞ターンオーバーの加速を生じる遺伝子障害に伴って生じる組織ターンオーバーの障害ならびに関連貧血および他の変性状態などの加齢関連およびストレス関連免疫系障害(Bリンパ球ならびにTリンパ球、単球、循環性および特殊化組織マクロファージ、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、NK細胞およびそれらの各々の前駆体など、リンパ系、骨髄系および赤血球系の細胞を含む免疫系の他の細胞)
上記の細胞タイプに加えて、テロメラーゼ活性の増大が治療的に有益であるさらなる細胞タイプとしては、限定はしないが。肝臓、内分泌腺、平滑筋系または骨格筋系の細胞が挙げられる。
本発明は、細胞内のテロメラーゼ活性を増大させ、および/または創傷治癒を促進するために有用な薬学的組成物を調製する方法を包含する。したがって、上記II節に記載された式I、IIまたはIIIの単離化合物は、製薬用賦形剤および任意に活性成分および非活性成分であり得る他の薬剤、アジュバントなどと組合わされる。該組成物は、例えば、錠剤、カプセル剤、散剤、徐放処方物、液剤、懸濁剤、乳剤、坐剤、クリーム、軟膏、ローション、エアロゾルなどの固体、半固体、凍結乾燥粉末または液体剤形の形態をとることができる。該処方物は、正確な用量の簡単な投与に好適な単位剤形において提供できる。
GRN140724:ESI−MS m/z 623(M+H)+ C35H58O9=622
GRN140725:ESI−MS m/z 653(M+H)+ C36H60O10=652
GRN140726:ESI−MS m/z 473(M+H)+ C30H48O4=472
下記の化合物9および10は、上記に引用された1983bのKitagawaの方法に従って得られた。簡潔に述べると、アストラガロシドIV(1)のアセチル化により、少量の16−アセテート対応物と共に9を得た。9のピリジニウムクロロクロメート酸化により10を得た。
上記の10(10mg、0.0093mmol)のメタノール溶液に、水素化ホウ素ナトリウム(10mg、0.26mmol)を加え、この混合物を、室温で一晩攪拌した。混合物をクロロホルム(3mL)で希釈し、直接シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィ(3:1クロロホルム/メタノール)に供し、4(8.0mg、定量的)を得た。
ESI−MS m/z783(M+H)+ C41H66O14=782。
シクロアストラゲノールの3,6,16−トリオン誘導体11は、Kitagawaら、Chem.Pharm.Bull.31(2):p.689−697(1983a)の方法により、2のCrO3酸化により得られた。
12:ESI−MS m/z 575(M+H)+ C35H58O6=574。
本反応は、上記に引用されたKitagawa 1983aの方法に従って実施された。簡潔に述べると、無水酢酸/ピリジンによるアセチル化により、14(主生成物)および15(副生成物)の混合物を得た。
ESI−MS m/z 603(M+H)+ C36H58O7=602。
ESI−MS m/z 519(M+H)+ C32H54O5=518。
ESI−MS m/z 579(M+H)+ C34H58O7=578。
ESI−MS m/z 505(M+H)+ C31H52O5=504。
ESI−MS m/z 751(M+H)+ C43H74O10=750。
ESI−MS m/z 533(M+H)+ C33H56O5=532。
ESI−MS m/z 707(M+H)+ C41H70O9=706。
ESI−MS m/z 533(M+H)+ C33H56O5=532。
25:ESI−MS m/z 563(M+H)+ C34H58O6=562。
Claims (4)
- 式II:
式中、
X4およびX5の各々が、ヒドロキシ、C1〜C6アルコキシ、C1〜C6アシルオキシ、ケト、およびグリコシドから独立して選択され、
OR3が、ヒドロキシ、C1〜C6アルコキシ、C1〜C6アシルオキシ、およびグリコシドから選択され、
前記グリコシド上の任意のヒドロキシル基が、さらにグリコシド、C1〜C6アルキル、またはC1〜C6アシルにより置換され得る、化合物。 - X4およびOR3の各々が、ヒドロキシ、C1〜C6アルコキシ、C1〜C6アシルオキシ、およびグリコシドから選択され、X5が、ヒドロキシ、C1〜C6アルコキシ、C1〜C6アシルオキシ、およびケト(=O)から選択される、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- X4が、OHまたはグリコシドであり、X5およびOR3の各々が、OHである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- X4が、OHである、請求項3に記載の化合物。
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