JP5377968B2 - 癌治療のために単独で用いるまたは化学療法薬と併用するヒストンデアセチラーゼ(hdac)阻害剤 - Google Patents
癌治療のために単独で用いるまたは化学療法薬と併用するヒストンデアセチラーゼ(hdac)阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
Description
多発性骨髄腫は、散在する形質細胞の悪性腫瘍であり、米国では毎年およそ14,600人が新たに罹患する。おもに中高年を襲う、このまれな血液疾患の原因は、遺伝的素因および環境的要因の関与はあるが、ほとんど不明である。発症時から、クローン性増殖に起因する悪性の形質細胞が骨髄に蓄積し、異常に高いレベルの免疫グロブリンを産生する。多発性骨髄腫は、初期にはまったく症状がないことがあるため、早期に診断することが困難である。特に、肋骨または脊椎の圧迫骨折に続いて起こる骨の痛みが、もっともよく見られる症状である。
長年にわたる新しい治療法の開発研究にもかかわらず、リンパ系の癌、すなわちリンパ腫は、相変わらず非常によく見られる。たとえば、米国では毎年60,000人以上が、リンパ腫と診断されるが、これには55,000例以上の非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)が含まれており、その数は着実に増加しつつある。それに加えて、こうした疾患に罹患した人の予後は芳しくないことが多く、リンパ腫患者の生存率は依然として低いままである。こうした疾患を治療する新しい方法が必要であることは明白である
リンパ腫の従来の治療法は一般に、リンパ腫のタイプ、ならびに患者の病歴によって決まるが、多くのリンパ腫の一次治療には、典型的には化学療法が含まれる。この化学療法は、化合物の「カクテル」、たとえばCHOPの処方の投与を必要とすることが多いが、これにはシクロホスファミド、ドキソルビシン、ビンクリスチンおよびプレドニゾンが含まれる。さらに一部の癌一次治療には、他の方式の癌治療、たとえば放射線療法も含まれる。
白血病は、骨髄および血液の悪性の癌である。これは、血液細胞の制御されない増殖を特徴とする。よく見られるタイプの白血病は4つに分類される:急性もしくは慢性骨髄性白血病、これは骨髄の骨髄系要素(白血球、赤血球、巨核球)に関わる、ならびに急性もしくは慢性リンパ球性白血病、これはリンパ系の細胞に関わる。
癌治療における併用療法
本発明は、一つには、PXD-101のようなヒストンデアセチラーゼ(HDAC)阻害剤を、他の化学療法薬とともに癌の治療に使用すると相乗効果がある、という発見に基づくものである。
本発明は、一つには、血液の癌(たとえば、多発性骨髄腫、白血病、リンパ腫)に対する治療上有効な処置を提供するために、PXD-101のようなヒストンデアセチラーゼ(HDAC)阻害剤を使用することができるという発見に基づく。具体的には、PXD-101は、血液の癌細胞において、細胞の増殖、遊走を阻害し、生存能を低下させ、および/またはアポトーシスを誘導することが明らかになった。
制限するつもりではなく、開示内容を明確にするためにのみ、本発明の詳細な説明は、下記の小項目に分けられる:
I. ヒストンデアセチラーゼおよびヒストンデアセチラーゼ阻害剤
II. 化学療法薬
III. 治療上の使用
IV. 投与法および投与量
V. 医薬組成物
ヒストンデアセチラーゼは、ヒストンおよび非ヒストンタンパク質(p53、チューブリン、および各種の転写因子)の可逆的なアセチル化に関与する。哺乳類HDACは、既知の酵母因子との類似性に基づいて、3クラスに分類されている。クラスI HDAC(HDAC1、2、3および8)は、酵母RPD3タンパク質との類似性を有し、核内にあり、転写コレプレッサーと結合した複合体として見出される。クラスII HDAC(HDAC4、5、6、7および9)は、酵母HDA1タンパク質と類似しており、核にも細胞質内にも局在する。クラスIII HDACは、酵母SIR2タンパク質に類縁性のあるNAD依存性酵素からなる構造的に遠いクラスを形成する。
上記化合物の立体異性体は、本発明の範囲に含まれる。多くの有機化合物は、平面偏光面を回転させることができる、光学活性体として存在する。光学活性化合物を説明する際には、接頭辞DおよびL、またはRおよびSを用いて、その分子の不斉中心(1つもしくは複数)に関する絶対立体配置を示す。接頭辞dおよびl、または(+)および(-)は、化合物による平面偏光の回転の様相を示すために用いられ、(-)もしくはlは、その化合物が左旋性であることを意味する。(+)もしくはdが前に付いた化合物は、右旋性である。所与の化学構造に関して、こうした化合物は立体異性体と呼ばれるが、これらは互いに重ね合わせることができない鏡像であること以外は、同一である。特定の立体異性体は、エナンチオマーとも称され、このような異性体の混合物はエナンチオマー混合物と呼ばれることが多い。エナンチオマーの50:50混合物は、ラセミ混合物と呼ばれる。本明細書に記載の化合物の多くは、1つもしくは複数の不斉中心を有するので、異なるエナンチオマー型として存在する可能性がある。必要に応じて、不斉炭素は星印(*)で示される。本発明の化学式において、不斉炭素への結合を直線として表示する場合、当然のことながら、その不斉炭素の(R)および(S)立体配置はともにこの化学式に包含され、したがってエナンチオマーもその混合物もこれに含まれる。当技術分野で使用されるように、不斉炭素について絶対配置を指定することが求められる場合、不斉炭素への結合のうち1つは楔形で表示され(平面より上にある原子への結合)、もう1つは、一連の短い平行線、もしくは短い平行線からなる楔形として表示することができる(平面より下にある原子への結合)。Cahn-Inglod-Prelogシステムを用いて、不斉炭素の(R)および(S)立体配置を割り当てることができる。
本明細書に記載の活性化合物は、上記のように、そうした化合物の製薬上許容される塩の形で調製することができる。製薬上許容される塩は、親化合物の望ましい生物活性を維持しているが望ましくない毒性効果を与えない塩である。製薬上許容される塩の例は、Bergeら、1977, "Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts," J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 66, pp. 1-19において検討されている。記載の活性化合物は、上記のように、溶媒和物の形で調製することができる。「溶媒和物」という用語は、本明細書では、溶質(たとえば、活性化合物、活性化合物の塩)と溶媒の複合体を指す従来の意味で用いられる。溶媒が水である場合、溶媒和物は、簡便に、水和物、たとえば、0.5水和物、一水和物、二水和物、三水和物、などと呼ぶことができる。
本明細書に記載のHDAC阻害剤のプロドラッグも、本発明における使用に適している。どのような化合物のプロドラッグも、周知の薬理学的手法を用いて作製することができる。
本明細書に記載のHDAC阻害剤の異性体、ホモログおよびアナログも、本発明における使用に適している。これに関連して、ホモログは、上記化合物への、相当な構造的類似性を有する分子である;アナログは、構造的類似性に関わらず、相当の生物学的類似性を有する分子である;また、異性体は、同じ分子式を有するが構造の異なる化合物である(たとえば、メタ、パラ、またはオルト配置)。
本発明での使用に適したもう一方の化学療法薬(すなわち、HDAC阻害剤と併せて使用される、もう一つの化学療法薬)としては、他の抗腫瘍性物質があるが、たとえばこれらは下記から選択される:
有糸分裂阻害剤、たとえば、ビンブラスチン;
アルキル化剤、たとえば、シスプラチン、カルボプラチン、およびシクロホスファミド;
微小管重合阻害剤、たとえば、パクリタキセル、または他のタキサン類;
代謝拮抗薬、たとえば、5-フルオロウラシル、カペシタビン、シトシンアラビノシド、およびヒドロキシ尿素、または、たとえば、インターカレートする抗生物質、たとえば、アドリアマイシンおよびブレオマイシン;
免疫調節薬、たとえば、レナリドマイド(CC-5013 /Revlimid(商標名));
免疫賦活薬、たとえば、トラスツズマブ;
DNA合成阻害薬、たとえば、ゲムシタビン;
酵素、たとえば、アスパラギナーゼ;
トポイソメラーゼ阻害剤、たとえば、エトポシド;
プロテアソーム阻害剤、たとえば、ボルテゾミブ;
生物学的応答調節物質、たとえば、インターフェロン;
コルチコステロイド、たとえば、デキサメタゾン、および抗ホルモン、たとえば、タモキシフェンのような抗エストロゲン、ならびに(4'-シアノ-3-(4-フルオロフェニルスルホニル)-2-ヒドロキシ-2-メチル-3'-(トリフルオロメチル)-プロピオンアニリドといった抗アンドロゲン;
抗生物質、たとえば、アバスチン(登録商標)およびリツキシマブ;
または、たとえば、DeVita, V. T., Jr., Hellmann, S., Rosenberg, S. A.; In: Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5.sup.th ed., Lippincott-Raven Publishers (1997)に記載の、他の治療薬および治療原理。
本発明は、癌の治療法に関する。
上記のように、本発明の一態様は、治療上有効な量のヒストンデアセチラーゼ(HDAC)阻害剤、たとえば、PXD-101のような本明細書に記載のヒストンデアセチラーゼ阻害剤を、治療の必要な患者に投与することを含んでなる、血液の癌を治療する方法である。
上記のように、本発明の一態様は、第1の量のヒストンデアセチラーゼ阻害剤、たとえば、PXD-101のような本明細書に記載のヒストンデアセチラーゼ阻害剤、ならびに第2の量のその他の化学療法薬、たとえば、VEGFに対する抗体、アバスチン(登録商標)、CD20に対する抗体、リツキシマブ、ボルテゾミブ、サリドマイド、デキサメタゾン、ビンクリスチン、ドキソルビシン、およびメルファランから選択される他の化学療法薬を、治療の必要な患者に投与することを含んでなる、癌を治療する方法であって、この第1および第2の量を合わせるとそれが治療上有効な量となる、前記方法である。
上記のように、本発明のある態様は、骨髄腫細胞、形質細胞腫細胞、もしくは形質細胞白血病細胞といった、血液の癌に特徴的な腫瘍細胞の、最終分化、細胞増殖停止および/またはアポトーシスを選択的に誘導し、生存能を低下させる方法(たとえば、in vitro法、in vivo法)であって、その方法は、腫瘍細胞を、有効量のHDAC阻害剤、たとえば、PXD-101といった、本明細書に記載のヒストンデアセチラーゼ阻害剤と接触させることを含んでなる。
上記のように、本発明のある態様は、治療上有効な量のヒストンデアセチラーゼ阻害剤、たとえば、PXD-101のような本明細書に記載のヒストンデアセチラーゼ阻害剤を、治療の必要な患者に投与することを含んでなる、血液の癌の治療法に関する。
HDAC阻害剤は、目的とする投与形態、すなわち、経口錠剤、カプセル剤、エリキシル剤、シロップ剤などについて適切に選択され、従来の製薬上の慣例と矛盾しない、適当な医薬用希釈剤、賦形剤、もしくは担体(ここでは、集合的に「担体」材料と呼ぶ)と混合した活性成分として投与することができる。
本発明のある態様は:
(a) ヒストンデアセチラーゼ(HDAC)阻害剤、たとえばPXD-101(好ましくは製薬上許容される製剤の成分として、好ましくは、適当な容器に入れて、および/または適切に包装して提供される);ならびに、
(b) 別の化学療法薬(好ましくは製薬上許容される製剤の成分として、好ましくは、適当な容器に入れて、および/または適切に包装して提供される);
を含んでなる、キットもしくはキット・オブ・パーツ(kit-of-parts)に関するが、
前記キットもしくはキット・オブ・パーツは癌の治療法で使用することに適している。
PXD-101のin vitroでの抗増殖活性
さまざまなヒト多発性骨髄腫細胞株に対するHDAC阻害剤の効果をin vitroで検討し、多発性骨髄腫の治療におけるHDAC阻害剤(すなわちPXD-101)の臨床的使用の可能性を判断した。
活性% = { (Sc-B) / (S°-B) } x 100
式中、Scは、テスト化合物の存在下で測定されたシグナルを表し、S°は、テスト化合物の非存在下で測定されたシグナルを表し、Bは培地のみを入れたブランクウェルで測定されたバックグラウンドシグナルを示す。IC50は、未処理対照培養物の50%活性を達成する薬物濃度に相当する。IC50値は、ソフトウェアパッケージPrism 3.0 (GraphPad Software社, San Diego, Calif.)を用いて可変勾配オプションで算出した。
併用試験
標準的な化学療法薬と併用したHDAC阻害剤の効果をin vitroで検討し、さまざまな化学療法薬(すなわち、ビンクリスチン、ドキソルビシン、メルファラン、デキサメタゾン)と併用した場合の、HDAC阻害剤(すなわちPXD-101)の臨床的使用の可能性を判断した。
活性% = { (Sc-B) / (S°-B) } x 100
式中、Scは、テスト化合物の存在下で測定されたシグナルを表し、S°は、テスト化合物の非存在下で測定されたシグナルを表し、Bは培地のみを入れたブランクウェルで測定されたバックグラウンドシグナルを示す。IC50は、50%活性を達成する濃度に相当する。IC50値は、ソフトウェアパッケージPrism 3.0 (GraphPad Software社, San Diego, Calif.)を用いて、最高値を100、最低値を0に設定して算出した。
JJN3、LP-1、RPMI-8226、およびU266腫瘍細胞株に化学療法薬デキサメタゾンを添加するのと同時に、その24時間後に、またはその24時間前に、PXD-101を添加すること(たとえば、48時間共インキュベーション)の抗増殖効果を、やはり上記の方法によって調べた(例えば、図1を参照されたい)。
黒色腫細胞株(たとえば、JJN3、LP-1、RPMI-8226、U266)をPXD-101およびドキソルビシンで処理した。上記のように、黒色腫細胞株に対するこれらの化合物の併用効果は、アイソボログラムをプロットし、併用指数を算出することによって測定した。
結腸癌細胞株SU-DHL-4およびB細胞リンパ腫細胞株RajiおよびRAMOSをPXD-101およびリツキシマブで処理した。上記のように、黒色腫細胞株に対するこうした化合物の併用効果は、アイソボログラムをプロットして併用指数を計算することによって測定された。PXD-101およびリツキシマブを、ある範囲の濃度にわたって48時間、共インキュベートしたとき、相加的から相乗的な効果がこの併用について観察された(図5を参照されたい)。
in vitroでボルテゾミブと併用したPXD-101の抗増殖活性
化学療法薬ボルテゾミブと併用したHDAC阻害剤の効果をin vitroで調べ、併用化学療法におけるHDAC阻害剤(すなわち、PXD-101もしくはSAHA)の臨床的使用の可能性を判断した。
臨床試験:PXD-101単剤療法、およびPXD-101 + DEX併用療法
主目的
この試験の主目的は、進行した黒色腫の患者において、PXD-101治療の有効性を評価することであり、Bladeら(Br. J. Haematol., 1998, vol. 102, pp. 1115-1123)の奏効基準を用いて、奏効率によって判定される。
この試験の副次的な目的は、PXD-101単剤治療後の、奏効までの時間、奏効持続時間、無増悪期間、次回治療までの期間、および生存期間を調べること;ならびにPXD-101単剤治療後の安全性を調べることである。
この点に関する目的としては、下記が挙げられる:デキサメタゾンおよびPXD-101の併用の有効性(奏効率、奏効持続時間、無増悪期間および生存期間)ならびに安全性を評価することによって、化学療法の感受性を高めるPXD-101の効果を調べること;単剤療法およびデキサメタゾン併用による静脈内投与後、第1日および第4日のPXD-101に関する薬物動態パラメーターを決定すること;第1日および第4日の血液単核球において、および可能であれば腫瘍生検標本(骨髄)において、PXD-101の薬力学的効果を調べること。
PXD-101単剤療法の有効性を評価するための非盲検、非無作為化、多施設第II相治験、ならびにノンレスポンダー(効果のなかった患者)においてデキサメタゾンと併用したPXD-101の有効性および安全性の評価。約50人の評価可能な患者が含まれる。
2つの事前の治療に失敗した患者の中で、多発性骨髄腫の確定診断を受けた18歳以上の患者(下記の診断基準を参照されたい)。
A. 血清中のモノクローナル免疫グロブリン(M成分)について、IgG型のM成分>30 g/L、IgA型M成分>20 g/L、IgD型もしくはIgE型M成分は任意の濃度、および/または尿中のk型もしくはl型のM成分排泄>1g/24時間。
D. 溶骨性骨病変
多発性骨髄腫の診断は、以下の組み合わせのうち1つを要する:A+C、A+D、またはB+C+D。
適切な骨髄および肝機能。総ビリルビン<1.5 x正常値の上限。AST (SGOT)、ALT (SGPT)<2.5 x正常値の上限。一般健康状態(Performance status: PS)<2(ECOGスケール)。推定余命が3か月より長い。生殖能力を有する女性患者は、治験登録前の最後の7日以内の血清妊娠検査が陰性であるものとし、治験中および治験後60日間、安全な避妊薬を使用する。男性治験参加者に対する妊娠可能な女性パートナーも、同様に避妊薬を使用しなければならない。
PXD-101注射剤(50 mg/mL)には、pH 9.0〜9.9のWater-for-Irrigation (Ph. Eur.:ヨーロッパ薬局方)に溶解した50 mg/mLのPXD-101および100 mg/mLのL-アルギニン(Ph. Eur.)の透明な黄色の無菌溶液10 mLが入っている。この製剤は、注入前に9.9%生理食塩水、または5%ブドウ糖液で希釈する必要がある。
個別の投与量は体表面積に基づく。計算された用量をPXD-101バイアルから取り出し、輸液用等張ブドウ糖液の250 mLバッグに加え、30分かけて静脈内に注入する。割り当てられたスケジュールにしたがって、治療は1日1回行われることになる。
デキサメタゾンの標準用量40 mg/日は、8 mgを5錠として経口投与することになっている。PXD-101をも静脈内(IV)投与する治療日には、デキサメタゾンをPXD-101投与の2時間後に投与する。
PXD-101を、第1サイクルにおいて、900 mg/m2/日の30分間の静脈内(IV)注入として投与する。治療を5日間連続して24時間(±2時間)おきに行った後、2週間観察する。これがサイクル1である。
すべての患者は最低限として2サイクルのPXD-101単剤療法を受ける。2サイクル終了時点で、患者は奏効について評価を受ける。試験第43日に決定された患者の奏効性に基づいて、治療は試験パートAを続け、もしくは次のように試験パートBとして続行する:
CR(完全奏効)、PR(部分奏効)、もしくはMR(やや有効)の患者は、増悪まで、または最初の2サイクルを含めて最大8サイクルを受けるまで、試験パートAのPXD-101単剤療法を続ける。奏効性がNC/SD(不変/安定)、PD(進行(増悪))の患者は、試験パートB、PXD-101 + デキサメタゾンを、次項のように開始する。
2サイクルのPXD-101単剤療法後、2回目の治療サイクル後の評価として奏効性がSDもしくはPDの患者は、サイクル1および2で注入されたPXD-101と併用して、第2〜5日および第10〜13日に毎日経口でデキサメタゾン40 mgを加えた治療を続行する。試験パートBの患者は最低2サイクルの併用療法を受ける。この併用に反応する患者は、増悪するまで、または最初の2サイクルを含めて全部で8サイクルを終えるまで、治療を続けることができる。
臨床試験:PXD-101とボルテゾミブとの併用療法
この試験の主たる目的は:(i) ボルテゾミブと併用して投与されるPXD-101の最大耐容量(MTD)および用量制限毒性(DLT)を測定すること;(ii)今後の併用による第II相プロトコルのために推奨される各薬物の用量を確立すること;(iii) 再発/難治性多発性骨髄腫の患者においてPXD-101 + ボルテゾミブ併用の抗腫瘍活性を調べること、とした。
ヒトにおける腫瘍縮小の証明
PXD-101の第I相非盲検、用量漸増、安全性、薬物動態(PK)、および薬力学(PD)試験は、進行癌の患者で行った。
アバスチン(登録商標)およびPXD-101
この試験の目的は、A2780卵巣癌皮下異種移植モデルにおいて、アバスチン(登録商標)の腫瘍増殖阻害効果を調べることとした。マウスを第4日にアバスチン(登録商標)(5 mg/kg)で処置した。アバスチン(登録商標)と併用したPXD-101の化学増感効果も調べた。アバスチン(登録商標)は、マウスのA2780異種移植片において、有意な増殖阻害を引き起こした。図5は、第0-8、0-4もしくは4-8日に与えられたPXD-101がアバスチン(登録商標)との相乗作用を示したことを明らかにし、有意な化学増感効果を示す。
Claims (24)
- CD20に対する抗体がリツキシマブである、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が血液の癌である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が多発性骨髄腫である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌がリンパ腫である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が白血病である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が骨髄性白血病、リンパ球性白血病、急性骨髄性白血病(AML)、慢性骨髄性白血病(CML)、急性リンパ球性白血病(ALL)、または慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が結腸癌である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が卵巣癌である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の医薬組成物。
- CD20に対する抗体がリツキシマブである、請求項12または13に記載の使用。
- 癌が血液の癌である、請求項12〜14のいずれか1つに記載の使用。
- 癌が多発性骨髄腫である、請求項12〜14のいずれか1つに記載の使用。
- 癌がリンパ腫である、請求項12〜14のいずれか1つに記載の使用。
- 癌が非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)である、請求項12〜14のいずれか1つに記載の使用。
- 癌が白血病である、請求項12〜14のいずれか1つに記載の使用。
- 癌が骨髄性白血病、リンパ球性白血病、急性骨髄性白血病(AML)、慢性骨髄性白血病(CML)、急性リンパ球性白血病(ALL)、または慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)である、請求項12〜14のいずれか1つに記載の使用。
- 癌が結腸癌である、請求項12〜14のいずれか1つに記載の使用。
- 癌が卵巣癌である、請求項12〜14のいずれか1つに記載の使用。
- CD20に対する抗体がリツキシマブである、請求項23に記載のキットまたはキット・オブ・パーツ。
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EP1957056A2 (en) | 2008-08-20 |
WO2007054719A3 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
JP2013231063A (ja) | 2013-11-14 |
JP2013049706A (ja) | 2013-03-14 |
EP2361619A1 (en) | 2011-08-31 |
US9980957B2 (en) | 2018-05-29 |
US20080274120A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
JP2009515861A (ja) | 2009-04-16 |
US9603926B2 (en) | 2017-03-28 |
AU2006313517A8 (en) | 2008-06-05 |
AU2006313517A1 (en) | 2007-05-18 |
US8828392B2 (en) | 2014-09-09 |
US20140348823A1 (en) | 2014-11-27 |
US20170172997A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
WO2007054719A2 (en) | 2007-05-18 |
AU2006313517B2 (en) | 2013-06-27 |
US20180271852A1 (en) | 2018-09-27 |
CA2627923C (en) | 2016-01-12 |
CA2627923A1 (en) | 2007-05-18 |
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