JP4559534B2 - ガス冷却式高温ペブルベッド原子炉(htr)用の球状燃料要素及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
ガス冷却式高温ペブルベッド原子炉(htr)用の球状燃料要素及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 87
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910026551 ZrC Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Zr] Chemical compound [C].[Zr] OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 16
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 description 8
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 5
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetylene Chemical compound C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZAASRHQPRFFWCS-UHFFFAOYSA-P diazanium;oxygen(2-);uranium Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[U].[U] ZAASRHQPRFFWCS-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 232Th Chemical compound [232Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001342 Bakelite® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 ZrC carbides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WZECUPJJEIXUKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[U+6] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[U+6] WZECUPJJEIXUKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004637 bakelite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005055 methyl trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- JLUFWMXJHAVVNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyltrichlorosilane Chemical compound C[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl JLUFWMXJHAVVNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009862 microstructural analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011824 nuclear material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- MWWATHDPGQKSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyne Chemical compound CC#C MWWATHDPGQKSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001256 steam distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000439 uranium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002007 uranyl nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/02—Fuel elements
- G21C3/04—Constructional details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C21/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of reactors or parts thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
Description
−幾何学的に高い密度の黒鉛マトリクス、
−良好な機械的強度特性、
−低いヤング率、
−低い熱膨張係数、
−良好な熱伝導性、及び
−高速中性子を照射した際の高い安定性
を満足していなければならない。
SiO2の適用
黒鉛成形粉の製造が、2つの切り離された均質化バッチ:球形コア用の成形粉及び球形シェル用の成形粉において為された。球形コア用の成形粉の製造のために、原子炉級天然黒鉛を、3000℃で黒鉛化した石油コークスと、乾燥状態において4:1の重量比で予備混合した。黒鉛成分に対して20重量%の、メタノール中に溶解させたフェノールホルムアルデヒドバインダ樹脂を加え、室温でニーダミキサにおいて均質化した。混練すべき材料は、真空(P<50hPa)中、105℃で乾燥させ、その後、1mmに調節した篩を有するハンマーミルにおいて破砕した。球形シェル用の成形粉の製造については、SiO2懸濁液の調製を除くすべてのプロセス工程は変更しなかった。SiO2粉の割合は、バインダ樹脂に対して合計で83.4重量%であった。
−供給業者KropfmuhlのラベルFPが貼られた天然黒鉛、嵩密度0.4g/cm3、粒子密度2.26g/cm3、BET表面2m2/g、クリスタリットの寸法Lc=100nm、平均粒径1乃至20μm、灰分200ppm、灰の不純物からの硼素当量<1ppm。
ZrO2の適用
SiO2粉をZrO2粉で置き換えたことを除き、成形粉製造の他の製造工程は、変更しなかった。即ち、例1において記載したようにした。
−燃料フリー球形シェルの幾何学的密度、
−燃料フリーシェルの厚さ(厚さは、X線分析によって測定した)、
−破断点荷重、このパラメータは、2枚の鋼板間で燃料要素球を粉砕し、破断点荷重を測定することに決定した、
−球形シェル中のSiC又はZrCの量(測定は、化学分析及びX線微細構造分析によって為された)、及び
−耐食性(燃料要素球は、標準酸化試験手順に供した)
を測定した。
結果を以下の表に纏め、A3燃料要素球の値と比較する。
Claims (11)
- 球形コアと燃料フリー球形シェルとを具備した球状燃料要素であって、前記燃料フリー球形シェルは前記コアと継ぎ目なく結合しており、前記球形コアは被覆燃料粒子を含み、前記燃料フリー球形シェルは、天然黒鉛及び黒鉛化石油コークスに加えて炭化珪素及び/又は炭化ジルコニウムを更に含み、前記炭化物は、前記球形コアを取り囲んだ層に存在し且つそこに含まれるフェノールホルムアルデヒド樹脂から得られるバインダコークスをSiO2及び/又はZrO2とともに現場で加熱することにより得られる球状燃料要素。
- 請求項1に係る球状燃料要素であって、前記燃料フリー球形シェルは5mmまでの平均厚さを有している球状燃料要素。
- 請求項1又は2に係る球状燃料要素であって、前記燃料フリー球形シェルにおける前記炭化珪素の含有量は6乃至14重量%の範囲内にある球状燃料要素。
- 請求項1乃至3の何れか1項に記載の球状燃料要素であって、前記燃料フリー球形シェルにおける前記炭化珪素の含有量は10重量%である球状燃料要素。
- 請求項1乃至4の何れか1項に係る球状燃料要素であって、前記燃料フリー球形シェルにおける前記炭化ジルコニウムの含有量は10乃至30重量%の範囲内にある球状燃料要素。
- 請求項1乃至5の何れか1項に係る球状燃料要素であって、前記燃料フリー球形シェルにおける前記炭化ジルコニウムの含有量は22.3重量%である球状燃料要素。
- 請求項1乃至6の何れか1項に係る球状燃料要素であって、前記燃料フリー球形シェルの平均厚さは2乃至4mmの範囲内にある球状燃料要素。
- 請求項1乃至7の何れか1項に係る球状燃料要素であって、前記燃料フリー球形シェルの平均厚さは3mmである球状燃料要素。
- 球状燃料要素の製造方法であって、
a)被覆燃料粒子を有している球を、バインダ樹脂としてのフェノールホルムアルデヒド樹脂とSiO2及び/又はZrO2とを含んだ黒鉛成形粉の緩い層の中に埋め込む工程と、
b)前記黒鉛成形粉と前記球とを圧縮する工程と、
c)前記バインダ樹脂をコークス化する工程と、
d)高温成長させる工程であって、その間にSiO2及び/又はZrO2とバインダコークスとがSiC及び/又はZrCへと転化される工程と
を含んだ方法。 - 請求項9に係る方法であって、前記黒鉛成形粉は、天然黒鉛と、黒鉛化石油コークスと、フェノールホルムアルデヒド樹脂のメタノール溶液とに加え、酸化珪素及び/又は酸化ジルコニウムを含んだ懸濁液を室温での混練により均質化することを含んだ方法によって得られる方法。
- 請求項9又は10に係る方法であって、炭化珪素及び/又は炭化ジルコニウムへの転化は、前記球状燃料要素を真空中で及び2000℃の最高温度で成長させている間に起こる方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102006040309.6 | 2006-08-29 | ||
DE102006040309A DE102006040309B4 (de) | 2006-08-29 | 2006-08-29 | Kugelförmiges Brennelement und dessen Herstellung für gasgekühlte Hochtemperatur-Kugelhaufen-Kernreaktoren (HTR) |
PCT/EP2007/058907 WO2008025757A1 (de) | 2006-08-29 | 2007-08-28 | Kugelförmiges brennelement und dessen herstellung für gasgekühlte hochtemperatur-kugelhaufen-kernreaktoren (htr) |
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JP2010501871A JP2010501871A (ja) | 2010-01-21 |
JP4559534B2 true JP4559534B2 (ja) | 2010-10-06 |
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US (1) | US8243871B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2082401B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4559534B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101069041B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101512670B (ja) |
AP (1) | AP2537A (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE508461T1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2661603C (ja) |
DE (2) | DE102006040309B4 (ja) |
EA (1) | EA013899B1 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2370226T3 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2008025757A1 (ja) |
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US20080240334A1 (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2008-10-02 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Fuel elements for nuclear reactor system |
DE102007056135A1 (de) * | 2007-11-20 | 2009-05-28 | Ald Vacuum Technologies Gmbh | Reaktorgraphit bestehend aus isotropem hochkristallinen Naturgraphit als Hauptkomponente und Silizium- oder Zirkoncarbid und seine Herstellung |
DE102008055468B4 (de) * | 2008-12-01 | 2010-09-02 | Nukem Technologies Gmbh | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Herstellung von Brennstoffkernen |
WO2010086431A1 (de) | 2009-01-30 | 2010-08-05 | Ald Vacuum Technologies Gmbh | Brennelement mit spalt- und brutstoff sowie verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
CN101777396B (zh) * | 2010-01-28 | 2012-02-08 | 清华大学 | 球床高温堆球流管路闭锁器 |
KR101054463B1 (ko) * | 2010-04-08 | 2011-08-05 | 한국수력원자력 주식회사 | 다중 겔화 컬럼이 구비된 겔 입자 형성장치 및 이를 이용한 겔 입자 형성방법 |
US10020078B2 (en) | 2013-04-10 | 2018-07-10 | Framatome Inc. | Composite fuel rod cladding |
US9881699B2 (en) | 2013-09-16 | 2018-01-30 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Cellular structures with interconnected microchannels |
US9786391B2 (en) | 2015-02-19 | 2017-10-10 | X-Energy, Llc | Nuclear fuel pebble and method of manufacturing the same |
US10522255B2 (en) | 2015-02-19 | 2019-12-31 | X-Energy, Llc | Nuclear fuel pebble and method of manufacturing the same |
CN106128515B (zh) * | 2015-11-27 | 2019-10-18 | 中国科学院上海应用物理研究所 | 一种燃料元件、其制备方法及其用途 |
CN105679387B (zh) * | 2016-01-21 | 2017-11-21 | 清华大学 | 一种球形燃料元件成型的设备 |
CA2999588C (en) * | 2016-01-21 | 2021-05-04 | Tsinghua University | Spherical fuel element forming apparatus |
CN106128533A (zh) * | 2016-07-19 | 2016-11-16 | 中国科学院上海应用物理研究所 | 一种熔盐堆球环型燃料元件的制备方法 |
CN110136848B (zh) * | 2019-05-21 | 2020-08-04 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | 非能动排出燃料球作为第二套停堆系统的高温堆堆芯 |
CN111210921B (zh) * | 2020-01-14 | 2022-04-22 | 清华大学 | 二氧化铀凝胶球陈化洗涤干燥装置 |
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US20100014625A1 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
EP2082401B1 (de) | 2011-05-04 |
AP2009004775A0 (en) | 2009-02-28 |
EA013899B1 (ru) | 2010-08-30 |
DE102006040309B4 (de) | 2009-04-16 |
WO2008025757A1 (de) | 2008-03-06 |
EP2082401A1 (de) | 2009-07-29 |
JP2010501871A (ja) | 2010-01-21 |
US8243871B2 (en) | 2012-08-14 |
EA200900370A1 (ru) | 2009-06-30 |
CA2661603C (en) | 2011-11-01 |
CN101512670A (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
CA2661603A1 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
KR20090042946A (ko) | 2009-05-04 |
DE502007007142D1 (de) | 2011-06-16 |
KR101069041B1 (ko) | 2011-09-29 |
ZA200902156B (en) | 2010-06-30 |
ATE508461T1 (de) | 2011-05-15 |
ES2370226T3 (es) | 2011-12-13 |
DE102006040309A1 (de) | 2008-03-13 |
AP2537A (en) | 2012-12-19 |
CN101512670B (zh) | 2012-10-31 |
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