JP2020533745A - 炭素−硫黄複合体、その製造方法及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
炭素−硫黄複合体、その製造方法及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2020533745A JP2020533745A JP2020514193A JP2020514193A JP2020533745A JP 2020533745 A JP2020533745 A JP 2020533745A JP 2020514193 A JP2020514193 A JP 2020514193A JP 2020514193 A JP2020514193 A JP 2020514193A JP 2020533745 A JP2020533745 A JP 2020533745A
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 27
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- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 36
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- JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[S] Chemical compound [Li].[S] JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].BCl Chemical compound [Li].BCl BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002717 carbon nanostructure Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006231 channel black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004177 diethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002900 effect on cell Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethene Chemical group FC=C XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BLBBMBKUUHYSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N furan-2,3,4,5-tetrol Chemical compound OC=1OC(O)=C(O)C=1O BLBBMBKUUHYSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YAMHXTCMCPHKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1NCCN1 YAMHXTCMCPHKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003049 isoprene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007775 late Effects 0.000 description 1
- SMBGWMJTOOLQHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead;sulfuric acid Chemical compound [Pb].OS(O)(=O)=O SMBGWMJTOOLQHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013384 organic framework Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013110 organic ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002898 organic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013259 porous coordination polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005373 porous glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004729 solvothermal method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、炭素−硫黄複合体、その製造方法及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池に関する。
炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)と、
前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の外部表面及び内部の中の少なくとも一部に導入された硫黄化合物とを含み、前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の比表面積が2,000ないし3,500m2/gで、前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の気孔体積が2.2cc/g以上である、炭素−硫黄複合体を提供する。
また、本発明は、前記正極と、負極と、電解質とを含むリチウム−二次電池を提供する。
本発明の炭素−硫黄複合体は、炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を含む。
[化1]
[Mx(L)y]
(前記化学式1において、
Mは、銅(Cu)、亜鉛(Zn)、鉄(Fe)、ニッケル(Ni)、クロム(Cr)、スカンジウム(Sc)、コバルト(Co)、チタン(Ti)、マンガン(Mn)、バナジウム(V)、アルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)、ガリウム(Ga)及びインジウム(In)からなる群から選択された1種以上の金属であり、
Lは、1,4−ベンゼンジカルボン酸塩(1,4−benzenedicarboxylate:BDC)、1,3,5−ベンゼントリカルボン酸塩(1、3、5−benzenetricarboxlate:BTC)、1,1'−ビフェニル−3,3',5,5'−テトラカルボン酸塩(1,1'−biphenyl−3,3',5,5'−tetracarboxylate:BPTC)及び2−(N,N,N',N'−テトラキス(4−カルボキシフェニル)−ビフェニル−4,4'−ジアミン(2−(N,N,N’,N’−tetrakis(4−carboxyphenyl)−biphenyl−4,4’−diamine:TCBTDA)からなる群から選択された1種以上の有機金属リガンドであり、
xは、2ないし6の整数で、yは2ないし12の整数である。)
本発明の炭素−硫黄複合体は、前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の外部表面及び内部の中の少なくとも一部に導入された硫黄化合物を含む。
本発明の炭素−硫黄複合体は、(a)金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を950℃以上で炭化させ、炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を製造する段階;及び(b)前記(a)段階で炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を硫黄化合物と混合して炭素−硫黄複合体を製造する段階;を通じて製造される。
本発明で提示する炭素−硫黄複合体は、リチウム二次電池の正極活物質で使われ、好ましくはリチウム−硫黄電池の正極活物質として使用可能である。
本発明の一実施例として、リチウム−二次電池は上述した正極;負極活物質としてリチウム金属またはリチウム合金を含む負極;前記正極と負極の間に介在される分離膜;及び前記負極、正極及び分離膜に含浸され、リチウム塩と有機溶媒を含む電解質を含むことができる。
硫黄−炭素複合体の製造
[実施例1]
Zn(NO3)2.6H2O 0.8g及び1,4−ベンゼンジカルボキシル酸(H2BDC)0.149g(molar ratio=3:1)をDMF30mLとともに50mL容器に入れた。反応溶液を120℃オーブンで1日間加熱した。結晶形の生成物をDMF及びMCで2回洗浄した。結晶形の生成物を無水DMF及び無水MCで数回洗浄した。生成物を150℃真空オーブンで一晩中乾燥して金属−有機構造体(MOF−5)を製造した(0.28g、収率=91%)。
炭化された金属−有機構造体の代わりに活性炭(activated carbon)を使用して、硫黄−炭素複合体を製造したことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で硫黄−炭素複合体を製造した。
炭化された金属−有機構造体の代わりに「Adv.Funct.Mater.2016、26、8746−8756」の方法で製造したTi3C2Tx@Meso−C/S複合体を使用したことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で硫黄−炭素複合体を製造した。
金属−有機構造体をオーブンに入れた後、900℃で炭化させたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で硫黄−炭素複合体を製造した。
(表面撮影分析)
また、実施例1で製造された硫黄−炭素複合体(MOF−5(1000))と比較例3で製造された硫黄−炭素複合体(MOF−5(900))に対して、SEM写真を撮影(HITACHIS−4800)し、図4のa(実施例1)及び図4のb(比較例3)に示す。
実施例1で製造された、炭化された金属−有機構造体(MOF−5(1000))と比較例3で製造された炭化された金属−有機構造体(MOF−5(900))に対して、室温で2時間真空を加えた後、N2吸着/脱着等温線(N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm)を測定(AUTOSORB−iQ−MP instrument、Quantachrome社製造)して図1に示し、比較例1で製造された活性炭に対するN2吸着/脱着等温線を図3に示す。
また、実施例1で製造された、炭化された金属−有機構造体(MOF−5(1000))と比較例3で製造された炭化された金属−有機構造体(MOF−5(900))に対して、Quenched Solid Density Functional Theory(QSDFT)方法(slit/cylindrical/sphere pores)を使用(AUTOSORB−iQ−MP instrument、Quantachrome社製造)して、気孔大きさ分布(Pore size distribution)を図2に示す。
前記結果を通じて炭化温度によるBETを求めて、その結果を表1に示す。
製造された硫黄−炭素複合体を利用して硫黄−炭素複合体:導電材:バインダーを90:5:5の重量比でスラリーを製造した後、20μm厚さのアルミニウムホイルの集電体にコーティングして電極を製造した。この時、導電材にはカーボンブラックを、バインダーにはスチレンブタジエンゴム、カルボキシメチルセルロースを使用し、ローディング量は3mAh/cm2であった。
実施例1で製造された硫黄−炭素複合体(MOF−5(1000))と比較例1ないし3で製造された硫黄−炭素複合体(MOF−5(900))を使用して製造されたリチウム−硫黄電池に対して、充放電測定装置を使用して充放電特性変化を試した。得られた電池を利用して、初期放電/充電は2.5サイクルの間は0.1C/0.1Cで進行し、3サイクルの間は0.2C/0.2Cで進行し、以後は0.5C/0.3Cで10サイクル、0.2C/0.2Cで3サイクルずつ繰り返して進めた。前記結果を測定して図5ないし図8に示す。
Claims (15)
- 炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)と、
前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の外部表面及び内部の中の少なくとも一部に導入された硫黄化合物とを含み、
前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の比表面積が1000ないし4000m2/gであり、
前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の気孔体積が0.1〜10cc/gである、炭素−硫黄複合体。 - 前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の比表面積が1500ないし3000m2/gである、請求項1に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体。
- 前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の比表面積が2,000ないし2,500m2/gである、請求項1に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体。
- 前記炭化された金属−有機構造体の気孔体積が2.2ないし3.0cc/gである、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体。
- 前記金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)は、下記化学式1で表される構造単位を含む、請求項1に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体。
[化1]
[Mx(L)y]
(前記化学式1において、
Mは、銅(Cu)、亜鉛(Zn)、鉄(Fe)、ニッケル(Ni)、クロム(Cr)、スカンジウム(Sc)、コバルト(Co)、チタン(Ti)、マンガン(Mn)、バナジウム(V)、アルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)、ガリウム(Ga)及びインジウム(In)からなる群から選択された1種以上の金属であり、
Lは、1,4−ベンゼンジカルボン酸塩(1,4−benzenedicarboxylate:BDC)、1,3,5−ベンゼントリカルボン酸塩(1、3、5−benzenetricarboxlate:BTC)、1,1'−ビフェニル−3,3',5,5'−テトラカルボン酸塩(1,1'−biphenyl−3,3',5,5'−tetracarboxylate:BPTC)及び2−(N,N,N',N'−テトラキス(4−カルボキシフェニル)−ビフェニル−4,4'−ジアミン(2−(N,N,N’,N’− tetrakis(4−carboxyphenyl)−biphenyl−4,4’−diamine:TCBTDA)からなる群から選択された1種以上の有機金属リガンドであり、
xは、2ないし6の整数で、yは2ないし12の整数である。) - 前記炭素−硫黄複合体は、炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)と硫黄化合物が9:1ないし1:9の重量比で含まれる、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体。
- (a)金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を950℃以上で炭化させ、炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を製造する段階と、
(b)前記(a)段階で炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を硫黄化合物と混合して炭素−硫黄複合体を製造する段階とを含む炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。 - 前記(a)段階で金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を950ないし2,000℃で炭化させる、請求項7に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。
- 前記(a)段階で金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)を950ないし1,500℃で炭化させる、請求項7に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。
- 前記(a)段階で炭化された金属−有機構造体の比表面積が2,000ないし3,500m2/gで、気孔体積が2.2cc/g以上である、請求項7から9のいずれか一項に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。
- 前記金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)は、下記化学式1で表される構造単位を含む、請求項7から10のいずれか一項に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。
[化1]
[Mx(L)y]
(前記化学式1において、
Mは、銅(Cu)、亜鉛(Zn)、鉄(Fe)、ニッケル(Ni)、クロム(Cr)、スカンジウム(Sc)、コバルト(Co)、チタン(Ti)、マンガン(Mn)、バナジウム(V)、アルミニウム(Al)、マグネシウム(Mg)、ガリウム(Ga)及びインジウム(In)からなる群から選択された1種以上の金属であり、
Lは、1,4−ベンゼンジカルボン酸塩(1,4−benzenedicarboxylate:BDC)、1,3,5−ベンゼントリカルボン酸塩(1、3、5−benzenetricarboxlate:BTC)、1,1'−ビフェニル−3,3',5,5'−テトラカルボン酸塩(1,1'−biphenyl−3,3',5,5'−tetracarboxylate:BPTC)及び2−(N,N,N',N'−テトラキス(4−カルボキシフェニル)−ビフェニル−4,4'−ジアミン(2−(N,N,N’,N’− tetrakis(4−carboxyphenyl)−biphenyl−4,4’−diamine:TCBTDA)からなる群から選択された1種以上の有機金属リガンドであり、
xは、2ないし6の整数で、yは2ないし12の整数である。) - 前記(b)段階で、炭化された金属−有機構造体(Metal−organic framework:MOF)と硫黄化合物を9:1ないし1:9の重量割合で混合する、請求項7から11のいずれか一項に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。
- 請求項1ないし請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の炭素−硫黄複合体を含む、正極。
- 前記正極はリチウム−硫黄電池用である、請求項13に記載の正極。
- 請求項13に記載の正極と、負極と、電解質とを含むリチウム二次電池。
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