JP7080311B2 - 酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ-硫黄(TiO2-x-CNT-S)複合体及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ-硫黄(TiO2-x-CNT-S)複合体及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7080311B2 JP7080311B2 JP2020516517A JP2020516517A JP7080311B2 JP 7080311 B2 JP7080311 B2 JP 7080311B2 JP 2020516517 A JP2020516517 A JP 2020516517A JP 2020516517 A JP2020516517 A JP 2020516517A JP 7080311 B2 JP7080311 B2 JP 7080311B2
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- carbon
- sulfur
- titanium oxide
- tio
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- UKKGMDDPINLFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C+4].[O-2].[Ti+4].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2] Chemical compound [C+4].[O-2].[Ti+4].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2] UKKGMDDPINLFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 70
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 69
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 title claims description 69
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 100
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Description
本発明は、酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ-硫黄(TiO2-x-CNT-S)複合体及びその製造方法に関する。
また、本発明は、前記正極と、負極と、電解質とを含むリチウム-硫黄電池を提供する。
本発明は、酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-x-C)複合体の外部表面及び内部の中の少なくとも一部に硫黄が導入された酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体を提供する。
また、3次元構造とは、2次元で絡まってそれぞれの基本単位がまた3次元で絡まって最終的に3次元構造を有することを意味する。前記「絡まった」は、2本以上が物理的な接触を通じて互いに交差していることを意味することができる。
前記円柱形炭素材は、炭素ナノチューブ(CNT)、グラファイトナノ繊維(GNF)、カーボンナノ繊維(CNF)及び活性炭素繊維(ACF)からなる群から選択された1種以上であってもよい。
本発明による酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体は、前述したように円柱形炭素材及び一部酸素が還元された酸化チタン(TiO2-x)が混合され、円柱形炭素材が相互絡まって3次元で相互連結されている構造を形成しなければならない。このために、本発明では工程が容易で大量生産が可能な、噴霧乾燥及び熱還元法を利用した製造方法を通じて製造する。
前記円柱形炭素材は、前述したロッド型または円筒状のナノ構造体であってもよく、好ましくは炭素ナノチューブ(CNT)であってもよく、具体的に単一壁炭素ナノチューブ(SWCNT)または多重壁炭素ナノチューブ(MWCNT)のいずれも使用可能である。
硫黄の含浸は本発明で特に限定せず、公知の方法が使用されてもよい。
本発明で提示する酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体は、リチウム二次電池の正極活物質で使用され、好ましくはリチウム-硫黄電池の正極活物質として使用可能である。
本発明の一実施例として、リチウム-二次電池は上述した正極;負極活物質としてリチウム金属またはリチウム合金を含む負極;前記正極と負極の間に介在される分離膜;及び前記負極、正極及び分離膜に含浸され、リチウム塩と有機溶媒を含む電解質を含むことができる。
炭素ナノチューブ複合体の製造
[実施例1]
多重壁炭素ナノチューブ(MWCNT、diameter:10~20nm)の水系分散液とTiO2分散液を、MWCNTとTiO2の重量比が3:7になるように混合して水系分散液を製造した。
前記実施例1で製造された酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ(TiO2-x-CNT)複合体1gに硫黄(S)粉末3gを混合し、155℃で12時間含浸(溶融拡散:melt diffusion)させて酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ-硫黄(TiO2-x-CNT-S)複合体を製造した。製造された酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ-硫黄(TiO2-x-CNT-S)複合体のボールをTEM(JEM-3010、JEOL)で撮影してこれを図3に示し、2ないし5μm水準のサイズで球形の粒子が製造されたことが分かった。また、酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ-硫黄(TiO2-x-CNT-S)複合体ボールに対してEDX撮影(DX、BRUKER、XFlash Detector 4010)を通じてエネルギー分散型X線分析(Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy)をし、これを図4に示す。図4に示すように、TiO2と硫黄が均一に分布された形態で球形粒子が製作されたことを確認することができた。
多重壁炭素ナノチューブ(MWCNT、diameter:10~20nm)が2重量%で含まれた水系分散液を噴霧乾燥(Labplant社、SD-Basic、flow rate:2ml/min、Temperature:140℃)した後、135℃で乾燥して炭素ナノチューブ(CNT)粒子を製造した。前記粒子を回収した後、密集されたMWCNT粒子をアルゴン(Ar)雰囲気で500℃で2時間昇温及び2時間維持する熱処理をした。
前記比較例1のCNT粒子と硫黄(S)粉末を4:6の重量比で混合し、155℃で12時間含浸(溶融拡散:melt diffusion)させてCNT-S複合体を製造した。
多重壁炭素ナノチューブ(MWCNT、diameter:10~20nm)の水系分散液とTiO2分散液を、MWCNTとTiO2の重量比が3:7になるように混合して水系分散液を製造した。
前記比較例3の酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ(TiO2-CNT)複合体粒子と硫黄(S)粉末を4:6の重量比で混合し、155℃で12時間含浸(溶融拡散:melt diffusion)させて酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ-硫黄(TiO2-CNT-S)複合体を製造した。
(炭素ナノチューブ複合体のリチウムポリスルフィド吸着実験)
前記実施例1で製造された酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ(TiO2-x-CNT)複合体ボールと、比較例1で製造されたCNTボールを、リチウムポリスルフィド溶液に沈澱させて一日待った。図5のように、ポリスルフィドがTiO2-xと強い化学的吸着を示すことを可視的に確認することができた。
前記実施例1で製造された酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ(TiO2-x-CNT)複合体ボール、実施例2で製造された酸化チタン-炭素ナノチューブ-硫黄(TiO2-x-CNT-S)複合体及び比較例1で製造されたCNTボールに対するBET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)分析(ASAP 2020、Micrometrics Inc.)をして図7に示す。図7に示すように、実施例1の場合、TiO2-xナノ粒子が含まれた時の比表面積が108%、細孔容積(pore volume)が31%増加したことを確認した。比較例1の場合、CNTボールの特性上、50nm以上のマクロ孔(macro pore)が大多数を占めていることで把握された。また、実施例2の場合、硫黄を担持した後、細孔容積(Pore volume)が62.5%減少することを確認することができた。
(リチウム-硫黄電池の製造)
複合体:デンカブラック(DB-100):PVDF=80:10:10の重量比で混合した後、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に分散させ、前記複合体では実施例2、比較例2及び比較例4を使用して正極活物質スラリーを製造した。前記製造された正極活物質スラリーをアルミニウム集電体(20μm)の一面にドクターブレード法を利用して塗布し、65℃の対流オーブンで24時間以上乾燥して正極を製造した。乾燥された電極は、12piの円形ディスク形態で切ってリチウム-硫黄電池の正極で使用した。
前記実施例2(CNT-TiO2-x-S ball)の複合体を使用したリチウム-硫黄電池を対象にして2つのプラトー(plateau)(2.3V、2.05V)範囲で充放電を行い、それによる容量特性と電圧を測定してその結果を図8に示す。
前記実施例2(CNT-TiO2-x-S ball)、比較例2(CNT-S ball)及び比較例4(CNT-TiO2-S ball)の複合体を使用したリチウム-硫黄電池を対象にして、充放電電圧範囲は1.5~2.8V、レートは放電0.2C、充電0.2Cで容量特性とクーロン効率を測定し、その結果を図9に示す。
比較例2(CNT-S ball)の複合体を使用した電池の場合、初期容量1131mAh/g、230サイクル後、324mAh/g維持(28%維持、0.2C)し、
比較例4(CNT-TiO2-S ball)の複合体を使用した電池の場合、初期容量1116mAh/g、400サイクル後、433mAh/g維持(39%維持、0.2C)することが分かった。
前記実施例2(CNT-TiO2-x-S ball)及び比較例4(CNT-TiO2-S ball)の複合体を使用したリチウム-硫黄電池を対象にして、前記条件と同様の方法で充放電による容量特性変化を測定し、結果を図9に示す。
比較例4(CNT-TiO2-S ball)の複合体を使用した電池の場合、0.1Cから2Cに電流密度の条件が増加した時、497mAh/g維持(41% 維持)することが分かった。
Claims (17)
- 円柱形炭素材及び一部酸素が還元された酸化チタン(TiO2-x)が混合され、円柱形炭素材が相互絡まって3次元で相互連結されている構造を有し、円柱形炭素材と一部酸素が還元された酸化チタン(TiO2-x)とからなる酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-x-C)複合体と、
前記酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-C)複合体の外部表面及び内部の中の少なくとも一部に導入された硫黄とのみからなる、酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体。 - 前記円柱形炭素材及び一部酸素が還元された酸化チタン(TiO2-x)の混合比は、重量を基準として1:9ないし5:5である、請求項1に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体。
- 前記酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体の粒径が2ないし5μmである、請求項1または2に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体。
- 前記円柱形炭素材は、炭素ナノチューブ(CNT)、グラファイトナノ繊維(GNF)、カーボンナノ繊維(CNF)及び活性炭素繊維(ACF)からなる群から選択された1種以上である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体。
- 前記酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-x-C)複合体は、平均粒径が1~500μmである、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体。
- 前記酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-x-C)複合体は、孔隙率が10ないし70%であり、全体BET比表面積が50~1000m2/gである、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体。
- 前記硫黄は、硫黄元素及び硫黄系化合物からなる群から選択された1種以上を含む、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体。
- a)円柱形炭素材とTiO2が混合された分散液を準備する段階と、
b)前記分散液を噴霧乾燥して酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-C)複合体を製造する段階と、
c)前記酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-C)複合体を熱還元処理して酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-x-C)複合体を製造する段階と、
d)前記酸化チタン-炭素(TiO2-x-C)複合体に硫黄を含浸させて酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体を製造する段階とを含む、請求項1に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体の製造方法。 - 前記a)段階で円柱形炭素材:TiO2の混合比は重量基準として1:9ないし5:5である、請求項8に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体の製造方法。
- 前記b)段階で噴霧乾燥は、0.5ないし5ml/minの噴射速度(flow rate)、50ないし180℃の温度で行われる、請求項8または9に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体の製造方法。
- 前記c)段階で熱還元処理は350ないし700℃で1ないし4時間昇温した後、1ないし4時間維持して行われる、請求項8から10のいずれか一項に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体の製造方法。
- 前記c)段階で熱還元処理は、ヘリウム、ネオン、アルゴン、水素、窒素、またはSF6気体を含む雰囲気で行われる、請求項11に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体の製造方法。
- 前記分散液の分散媒は、水、アルコール、ベンゼン、トルエン、ピリジン、アセトン、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)及びジメチルホルムアルデヒド(DMF)からなる群から選択されるいずれか一つ以上である、請求項8から12のいずれか一項に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体の製造方法。
- 前記d)段階で前記硫黄は、硫黄元素及び硫黄系化合物からなる群から選択された1種以上を含む、請求項8から13のいずれか一項に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体の製造方法。
- 請求項1ないし請求項7のいずれか一項に記載の酸化チタン-炭素-硫黄(TiO2-x-C-S)複合体を含む、正極。
- 前記正極はリチウム-硫黄電池用である、請求項15に記載の正極。
- 請求項15に記載の正極と、負極と、電解質とを含むリチウム二次電池。
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