JP2013201330A - パワーモジュールの製造方法、及びパワーモジュール - Google Patents
パワーモジュールの製造方法、及びパワーモジュール Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】焼結型のAgペースト4で半導体素子1および2をCu無垢配線を有するセラミック基板5に、多孔質であるAg層が空隙率が5%以上30%未満となるように接合した後、水素還元し、固相線温度227℃以上のSn系はんだ9でセラミック基板5をベース10に接合する。
【選択図】図8
Description
本発明は、多孔質Agで半導体素子とCu無垢配線6を有するセラミック基板が接合され、セラミック基板がPbフリーはんだ(Sn系はんだ)でベースに接合されたパワーモジュール及びその製造方法を提供する。
図4は、本実施形態のパワーモジュールにおいて、多孔質Agによって半導体素子1とセラミック基板5とが接合されている状態を示す図である。
Cu無垢配線6を有するセラミック基板5を用いることで、図5のようにパワーモジュールにCu端子17を超音波ボンディングすることを容易にすることが可能となる。ただし、上述のように、Agペーストを焼結させて半導体素子1とセラミック基板5を接合させるため、Cu配線6が酸化してしまう。Cu端子17を超音波接合するためにはCu配線6が無垢の状態でなければならないため、酸化したCu配線6を後述のように還元する必要がある。なお、Cu配線6がAu、Ag、Ni等のめっきが施されている場合、Cu端子17の超音波接合に必要な接合エネルギーが大きくなり、セラミック基板5のセラミック部にダメージを与える恐れがある。このため、Cu配線6は無垢である方が良い。
本実施形態では、半導体素子1とセラミック基板5との接合をAg焼結によって実現し、セラミック基板5とベース10との接合をSn系はんだ9によって実現している。このように2つの接合を異ならしめているのは、歩留まりとの関係があるからである。つまり、一旦半導体素子1をセラミック基板5に接合した後、1つ1つ接合状態が良好か検査される。ここで不良であると判断されるとその後のプロセスからは除かれてしまう。従って、セラミック基板5とベース10との接合を、セラミック基板5と半導体素子1との接合と同時に、焼結Agを用いて行うと、1つでも接合に不具合が生じた場合、接合に用いた部材全てを廃棄しなければならず、材料を無駄にしてしまい製造コストも高くなってしまう。
上述のように、多孔質のAgで半導体素子1は、Cu無垢配線6を有するセラミック基板5に接合され、セラミック基板5は、Sn系はんだでベース10に接合されている。この場合、各接合部の周囲は、ハードレジン(図8の9参照)で封止するようにしても良い。
Sn系はんだの固相線温度は、227℃以上であることが望ましい。はんだには、ある温度で一気に溶けてしまうものと、或る温度(固相線温度)で溶け始めて固体と液体が混ざった状態がある程度継続してから或る温度で完全に液体になるものがある。本実施形態では、上述のように、セラミック基板のCu配線部表面に微構造が生成されている(図6)。Pbフリーはんだは濡れにくいはんだ(溶けたからといって直ぐには濡れていかずにある程度の温度にならないと濡れていかないはんだ:227℃位が濡れていくボーダーの温度である)であり、微構造(凹凸)によって表面がフラットでない場合には特に濡れにくい。この点、融点が高いはんだの方が凹凸があるものに対して濡れようとする力が強いことが分かっている。一方、融点が低いはんだは高い温度に達するまでに溶け始めてしまう。このときのはんだの濡れの力は弱く、凹凸上では濡れきれない箇所ができ易くなり、ボイド(孔)が生成されやすくなってしまう。このボイドの生成が2%以下になるようにするためのはんだの固相線温度が227℃であることが発明者らの検討によって分かった。
本発明の実施形態によるパワーモジュールは、(i)大気中で半導体素子1を、Cu無垢配線6を有するセラミック基板5に焼結型のAgペーストで接合した後、(ii)セラミック基板5のCu無垢配線6の酸化を還元してから、(iii)Sn系はんだ9でセラミック基板5をベース10に接合する。
Cu無垢配線6を有するセラミック基板5において、焼結型のAgペーストを供給する部分にのみにAuあるいはAgめっきを施す工程を、半導体素子1を、Cu無垢配線6を有するセラミック基板5に焼結型のAgペーストで接合する工程の前に実行するようにしても良い。
(i)大気中で半導体素子1を、Cu無垢配線6を有するセラミック基板5に焼結型のAgペーストで接合する工程と、(ii)セラミック基板のCu無垢配線6の酸化を還元する工程とを、リフロー炉内の大気雰囲気をH2還元雰囲気に置換することにより1回のリフロー工程で行うようにしても良い。
セラミック基板5のCu無垢配線6の酸化を還元する工程を、水素プラズマ処理により行うようにしても良い。
(i)焼結型のAgペーストによる接合状態(未接合率)の検査
接合条件ごとにサンプルを抜取り、接合部の断面観察により、X線透過像を用いて、Ag部分の空隙率を確認する。未接合率(接合されていない領域の率)が5%以上の場合、発熱した半導体素子の放熱が悪くなり、素子の接合信頼性を損なう。所望の空隙率(Ag中に空孔がある率)が得られることを確認できれば、その条件で生産する。
以下、本発明をパワー半導体モジュールに適用した実施例について、図8を用いて説明する。
上記の実施例1と同じ工程で同じ形状のパワー半導体モジュールを作製した。セラミック基板の接合に用いたはんだを表2に示す。
本発明の実施形態によれば、半導体素子と、基板の上に設けられた配線とを、焼結型のAgペーストによって当該Agペーストを酸化させながら接合し、酸化した基板上の配線の酸化を還元した後、還元された配線とベースとをはんだで接合することにより、パワーモジュールを作製する。このように酸化した配線を還元するので、焼結工程後の配線とベースとをはんだ接合できるようになるので、作製したパワーモジュールにおける放熱性が良好となる。
2・・・半導体素子(ダイオード)
3・・・はんだ
4・・・Ag接合材
5・・・セラミック基板
6・・・Cu無垢配線
7・・・セラミック(AlN)
8・・・ワイヤ
9・・・Sn系はんだ
10・・・ベース
11・・・Agフィラー
12・・・保護膜
13・・・バネ
14・・・導電性グリース
15・・・Ag
16・・・孔
17・・・Cu端子
18・・・ケース
19・・・封止樹脂
21・・・未接合部、
Claims (13)
- 半導体素子と、基板の上に設けられた配線とを、焼結型のAgペーストによって当該Agペーストを酸化させながら接合する第1の接合工程と、
前記第1の接合工程後に、前記基板の配線の酸化を還元する還元工程と、
前記基板の前記還元された配線と、ベースとを、はんだで接合する第2の接合工程と、
を含むことを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 請求項1において、
前記還元工程の実施後であって、前記第2の接合工程の実施前に、前記接合された半導体素子及び前記基板を検査する検査工程を含むことを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 請求項1又は2において、
前記基板は、セラミック基板であり、
前記配線は、Cu配線であり、
前記はんだはSn系はんだであることを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 請求項3において、
前記Cu配線上には、焼結型のAgペーストを供給する部分にAuあるいはAgめっきが施されており、
さらに、前記第2の接合工程後に、前記配線の前記めっきを施されない部分に、ボンディングを行うボンディング工程を含むことを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 請求項1において、
前記第1の接合工程は、接合温度が250〜350℃、昇温速度が30℃/min以下、保持時間が1〜30min、加圧が0.1〜10MPaで実行されることを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 請求項3において、
前記Sn系はんだの固相線温度が227℃以上であり、
前記還元工程は、水素濃度が3%以上、還元温度が250〜350℃で実行されることを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 請求項2において、
前記第1の接合工程は、酸化雰囲気のリフロー炉内で行われ、
前記還元工程は、前記リフロー炉内で、還元雰囲気に置換して行われ、
前記検査工程は、前記リフロー炉の外で行われる、
ことを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 請求項7において、
前記第2の接合工程では、前記リフロー炉の外で、前記ベース、前記はんだ、前記基板の順で積層させ、前記リフロー炉内で、前記積層したベースと基板と基板とをはんだで接合することを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 請求項1乃至8の何れか1項において、
前記還元工程が、水素プラズマ処理により行われることを特徴とするパワーモジュール製造方法。 - 半導体素子と、基板と、ベースを有するパワーモジュールであって、
前記半導体素子と前記基板とを接合する多孔質のAg層と、
前記基板と前記ベースとを接合するはんだ接合部と、を有し、
前記多孔質のAg層において、空隙率が5%以上30%未満であることを特徴とするパワーモジュール。 - 請求項10において、
前記はんだ接合部は、固相線温度が227℃以上のSn系はんだで形成され、そのボイド率が2%未満であることを特徴とするパワーモジュール。 - 請求項10又は11において、
前記基板はCu配線を有し、
前記Cu配線は、酸化後に還元されることによって表面に粒子状の微構造を有することを特徴とするパワーモジュール。 - 請求項10乃至12の何れか1項において、
トランスファーモールドによりレンジ封止されていることを特徴とするパワーモジュール。
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