JP2013039032A - 電気モータ - Google Patents
電気モータ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2013039032A JP2013039032A JP2012209533A JP2012209533A JP2013039032A JP 2013039032 A JP2013039032 A JP 2013039032A JP 2012209533 A JP2012209533 A JP 2012209533A JP 2012209533 A JP2012209533 A JP 2012209533A JP 2013039032 A JP2013039032 A JP 2013039032A
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- coil
- motor
- coils
- vehicle
- wheel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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Images
Classifications
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- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
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Abstract
【解決手段】電気モータは、モータの磁場を発生するように配置された一つまたは複数のコイルセットを含む。電気モータは、電流制御のためにコイルのそれぞれのコイルサブセットに接続された複数の制御装置も含む。同様の構成が、発電機についても提案される。電気モータまたは発電機用のコイル取り付けシステムは、モータのコイルを巻き取り可能に受け入れる一つまたは複数のコイル歯と、複数のコイル歯を取り外し可能に受け入れる後部とを含む。それぞれのモータで独立して駆動される複数の車輪を有する車両のトラクション制御システムおよび方法が提供される。各車輪が車両のサスペンションアームに取り付けられそれぞれのモータで独立して駆動される複数の車輪を有する車両のサスペンション制御システムおよび方法が提供される。
【選択図】図2
Description
本発明の一態様によると、電気モータが提供される。モータは、モータの磁場を発生させるように構成された一つまたは複数の別々のコイルセットを含む。各コイルセットは複数のコイルサブセットを含む。各コイルサブセットは一つまたは複数のコイルを含む。各コイルセットのコイルにより生じる磁場は、ほぼ共通の位相を持つ。モータは複数の制御装置も含み、各制御装置はそれぞれのコイルサブセットに接続され、そのコイルサブセットのコイルの電流を制御する。各制御装置は入力同期信号を必要とすることなく動作可能である。
本発明のさらなる態様によると、ステータに対するロータの位置を検出するために使用される磁場のアライメントを援助するために鉄の焦点リング(iron focussing ring)を使用する。
本発明のさらなる態様によると、制動モードで動作するように構成可能な電気モータが提供される。モータは、磁場を生じるように配置された一つまたは複数のコイルセットを含む。各コイルセットは複数のサブセットを含む。各コイルサブセットは一つまたは複数のコイルを含む。モータは、コイルサブセットの一つ以上のコイルの電流を制御するためにそれぞれのコイルサブセットに接続される複数の制御装置も含む。制御装置は、制動モードであるときコイルから流れる電流によって動作することができる。
複数の制御装置を、モータの多相サイクルの範囲内でモータのコイルに電流の交互(staggered)スイッチングを提供するように構成することができる。これにより、所与の期間にわたりスイッチングイベントを分散させることによってEMI雑音を軽減することができる。この態様は、PWMスイッチングイベントが異なるコイルで異なる時間に生じるようにすることによって機能する。
本発明の別の態様によると、電気モータ用のコイル取り付けシステムを提供することができる。このシステムは、モータのコイルを巻き取り可能に(windably)受け入れるための一つ以上のコイル歯を含む。システムは、複数のコイル歯を取り外し可能に受け入れるための後部も含む。
本発明の別の態様によると、複数の車輪を備え各車輪がそれぞれのモータにより独立して駆動される車両向けのトラクション制御システムを提供することができる。制御システムは、各車輪の回転加速度を検出するセンサを含む。制御システムは、一つ以上の車輪の回転における所定の加速度の検出に応じてそれぞれのモータにより各車輪に与えられるトルクを調節するための制御装置も含む。所定の加速度は横滑りを示すものである。
本発明の別の態様によると、複数の車輪を備え、各車輪が車両のサスペンションアームに取り付けられており、それぞれのモータにより独立して駆動される車両のサスペンション制御システムを提供することができる。このシステムは、各車輪に与えられるトルクを選択的に調節して各サスペンションアームに力を与えるための制御装置を含む。
本発明の別の態様は、ステータとロータからなるモータ装置である。ステータはステータハウジングを有し、ロータはロータハウジングを有する。ロータハウジングはステータの構成部品を実質的に取り囲み、ロータはロータハウジングとステータハウジングの間に配置されたシール構成を有する。シール構成の部材(単数または複数)は、ロータハウジングの回転の遠心力によってステータハウジングに接触する位置からステータハウジングから離れた位置にまで移動可能であるようにシールが構成されている。この構成は、ロータが静止しているか低速で回転しているときには、シール構成がロータとステータの間の空隙をシールするが、ロータが高速回転しているときには、ロータと共に動くシールとステータハウジングとのこすれによる摩擦によってシールがすり減らないという利点を有する。高速では、ロータの遠心効果によってハウジング内への材料の進入が妨げられる。このプロセスは、ロータに取り付けられたシールの可動要素(単数または複数)とステータハウジングとの間の圧力が静止時に最大になり、接触が終わるレベルまでロータ速度が増加するにつれて圧力が低下するという点で、段階的なものである。
本発明のさらなる態様は、冷却構成を備えたモータである。モータは、円周に配置された複数のコイルと、複数のコイルに隣接して配置され、ポンプによりまたは対流によってその中を冷却流体が循環する冷却流路とを備える。この態様は、複数の面を持つ冷却プレートを使用する。冷却プレートは三面から巻線を包囲し、電動装置、ダンプ(dump)パワー装置およびダンプレジスタを取り付けるための面を提供する。コイル、歯、および後部からなるステータアセンブリは、冷却プレート上に直接組み立てられる。続いて、ステータアセンブリは、例えば酸化アルミニウム、窒化アルミニウムまたはカーボンで満たされたエポキシなどの熱伝導性材料を用いて冷却プレート上にポッティングされる。このポッティングプロセスは、機構的な完全性をアセンブリ全体に与えるために重要であり、全ての部品が一体化し振動や衝撃への耐性が増加する。ポッティングにより、巻線システム内のあらゆるエアポケットの存在が防止されるという点で、絶縁システムの電気的強度がさらに改善される。スイッチング速度が高速であるため、dv/dtが高く、これにより巻線の絶縁媒体中に電気的応力を生じる。エア・ポケットはイオン化の危険があり、早期の絶縁故障につながる。電子制御モータまたは発電機では、スイッチングイベントにより誘導される繰り返しの電気的応力によってもたらされるこの絶縁破壊は主要な信頼性の問題であり、ポッティングはこのリスクをかなりの程度低下させる。ポッティングは真空下でなされるのが最適であるが、低粘度のポッティング材料を大気圧の下で使用することができる。ポッティングは、熱を発生する巻線、後部鉄(back iron)の積層、および冷却流体を中に含むヒートシンク冷却プレートの間の熱伝導性を改善する点で重要である。ポッティングは、電気的な故障の恐れなしで巻線システムを完全に水に浸けることを可能にするという点で、さらに大きな利益をもたらす。これは、結露または他の水の進入に対して電気システムが影響を受けないようにする必要があるために、重要である。
実施形態のアセンブリの物理的な構成は、図3および図4において最も良く理解される。アセンブリは、内蔵の電子機器およびベアリングを持つモータとして述べることもできるし、あるいは、別個の車輪を収容するために組み込まれたハブ・モータまたはハブ・ドライブとして述べることもできる。
図5は、本発明の一実施形態による電気モータの一例を模式的に示す。この実施例では、モータは全体的に円形である。しかしながら、本発明の実施形態は他のトポロジーも採用できることは認められよう。例えば、線形移動を生み出す線形の配置が想定される。
図10は、本発明の一実施形態による制御装置80の一例を示す。上述したように、制御装置80は、典型的に一つ以上の半導体装置で構成できる複数のスイッチを備える。図10に示す制御装置80は、いくつかの部品が取り付けられるプリント回路基板82を含む。回路基板82は、制御装置80を、例えばそれが制御するコイルサブセットに隣接して、モータ内部で冷却プレートに直接固定する手段を備える。図示した例では、これらの手段はネジなどが貫通できる開口部84を含む。この例では、プリント回路基板は実質的にくさび形である。この形状により、複数の制御装置80を、モータ内部に扇状の構成で互いに隣接させて配置することが可能になる。
本発明の一実施形態によると、各制御装置80内でスイッチの交互の(staggered)スイッチングを行うことによって、EMI雑音を低減することができる。モータ内の様々なスイッチングデバイスのスイッチング間にわずかな遅れを含めることによって、短時間に多数のスイッチング事象が発生しEMI雑音のピークに至る状況を回避することができる。このように、制御装置80のスイッチ88内でスイッチングを交互にすることで、モータの動作の間、スイッチング事象に関連するEMI雑音をより広い期間にわたり分散させることができ、これによってEMI雑音のピークを避けることができる。この種のスイッチング事象の分散は、個々の制御装置80でローカルに調節することもできるし、代わりに、相互接続90を介して送られる調節されたタイミング信号を用いて共通制御装置92によって調節することもできる。
この出願で説明する制御装置80はモータ内の各コイルサブセットのコイルの個別の電力制御をすることができ、これは様々な種類のスイッチングデバイスおよび装置を用いて実現できるけれども、制御装置システムのセルをDC電源のような共通の電源に接続することができる。特に有用なDC電源の構成は、円形のバス・バーを設けることである。制御装置80がリング状に構成されるので、DC電源供給もリング状に構成されてもよい。これにより、リングの各側(国内環状主回路(domestic ring main)と同じ方向)を回る電流経路、したがって一点におけるDC電源の破壊が制御回路に達する電力を妨げることがないという点で、安全性を増大させる。加えて、電流がソース電源から円形バス・バーを通る二つの経路により各制御回路に流れることができるので、バス・バー上の電流要求が半分になる。
既に述べたいくつかの特徴は、車両の車輪内のモータに実装される際、制動力を付与する安全機構を提供し、これにより別個の機械式ブレーキ装置の必要性をなくすという点で、重要な長所を有する。モータそのものが制動力を出すことができ、これにより、この構成が「回生」制動と呼ばれるように、エネルギーを電源に戻すことができる。このモードで動作するとき、モータは発電機として働いている。
図13ないし図18は、モータの製造および組み立てを簡単にする、電気モータまたは発電機用のコイル取り付けシステムの一例を模式的に示す。図15に示すように、コイル取り付けシステムは、後部150と複数のコイル歯100を含む。複数のコイル歯100は、コイル取り付け部150の周縁に散在している。歯は、モータコイルの巻線を受け入れて所望のN相モータを作成できるように配置される。図15に示す歯の構成を用いて、例えば上述した種類の三相電気モータを作成することができる。
図3および4は、本発明の一実施形態によるモータの一例の様々な図を示し、エンクロージャのシール機構について説明する。図3および図4は、それぞれモータ210の正面図および背面図である。この実施例におけるモータ210は、前部220と後部230とを有するケーシングを備える。図3では、後部230とカバー部とが取り除かれてケーシングの中身が明らかになっている。
上述したように、本発明の一実施形態にしたがって作成されたモータは、非常に応答性の高いトルク制御を可能にする。さらに、本発明の一実施形態によると、車両の各車輪は自身のモータを備えることができる。例えば、上述した種類のモータを車輪毎にローカルに設けることができる。
ここで、vvehicleは車両の速度であり、Fairは車両が遭遇する空気抵抗の程度である。式(1)を再構成して、車両により達成可能な加速度の上限値を表す式を作ることができる:
ここで、rwheelは車輪の半径である。この式は、空気抵抗が無視できる(すなわち、Fairが0)と仮定することによって単純化することができる:
および
これは次式を与える:
ここで、添字kは車輪の角度位置のk番目の測定を表す。したがって、一実施例では、三点で定義される少なくとも二つの間隔に基づき加速度の推定をすることができる(各点が角度位置のk番目の測定を構成する):
車両の各車輪に対して別々のモータを使用すると、車両のサスペンション制御の処理においても柔軟性を増大させることができる。また、本発明の一実施形態によるモータによりもたらされるトルク制御の応答時間の短さのために、この柔軟性がさらに強化される。
磁石を取り付ける特に有効な方法が図24に示される。既に述べたように、磁石はロータ252の内周壁221の周りに取り付けられる。磁石はコイルの磁場からロータへの力の全てを伝えるので、磁石は円周のロータ壁221にしっかりと取り付けられなければならないことを認めた。
コイルを冷却する特に有効な構成が図25に示される。このステータの図は、ステータ軸の平面の断面図である。簡単に図3を参照して、図3のコイル歯235が単一のコイル歯514とともに図25の断面図に示されている。コイル歯514は、巻線空間510および512にはめ込まれる巻線を受け入れることができる。図16および図17に関して述べたように、歯は後部鉄150に取り付けられる。後部鉄は冷却プレート516上に直接取り付けられる。冷却プレート516は他の壁とともに冷却流路502および504を画成する。冷却流路502および504を通って、対流またはポンプによって冷却流体が循環する。加えて、空間512内のコイルの一方の側にある冷却流路508が歯の一方の側のコイルを冷却し、反対側の冷却流路506が空間510内のコイルを冷却する。したがって、巻線を三面で包囲するこの複数面の冷却プレートによってコイルが冷却される。加えて、冷却流路の面は、制御装置80やダンプ・レジスタなどの電気パワーデバイスの取り付け部を提供する。このように、単一の三面冷却構成により、熱を発生するコイルおよび関連する部品の冷却を行う。
Claims (5)
- ステータ周囲の歯の上に複数のコイルが円周方向に取り付けられ、ロータに複数の磁石が取り付けられた種類の電気モータであって、
前記コイルを三面で冷却するよう構成された流路を有する冷却プレートを備え、
前記歯の第1側面に位置する前記コイルの第1側面に第1流路が設けられ、
前記歯の第2側面に位置する前記コイルの第2側面に第2流路が設けられ、
前記歯の前記第1および第2側面に隣接する前記歯の第3側面に第3流路が設けられることを特徴とする電気モータ。 - 前記冷却プレートは、前記コイルと反対側の面が制御回路を受け入れるように構成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気モータ。
- 前記コイルが熱伝導材料でポッティングされることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の電気モータ。
- 前記コイルが熱伝導材料を用いて前記冷却プレート上にポッティングされることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の電気モータ。
- 前記第1、第2および第3流路を通して冷却流体が流れるように構成されることを特徴とする請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の電気モータ。
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