JP2011141287A - 腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤及びそのスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤及びそのスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】セロトニン5-HT2C受容体を活性化する物質を含有してなる腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤、アンドロゲン結合部位を刺激する物質を含有してなる腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤及び動物の腹筋もしくはそれを支配する神経を電気刺激して腹圧を上昇させ、この時の漏出時圧(leak point pressure)を測定することを特徴とする腹圧性尿失禁予防・治療薬のスクリーニング方法を提供する。
【選択図】なし
Description
また、動物に電気刺激を与え、尿漏れの有無のみを測定する方法が報告されている(“International Urogynecology Journal”、2001年,第12巻,p170−177参照)。
さらに、小型哺乳動物において、骨盤底筋群の反射性収縮力を尿道内圧で測定することを特徴とする腹圧性尿失禁予防・治療薬のスクリーニング方法が報告されている(特開2004−159919号公報参照)。
WO99/20279号公報には、セロトニン取り込み阻害薬が尿失禁の治療に有用であることが記載されている。
特開平7−188003号公報には、セロトニン取り込み阻害薬であるデュロキセチンが切迫性失禁、ストレス性失禁の治療に有用であることが記載されている。
腹圧性尿失禁治療薬を効率よくスクリーニングできる新たな評価系が構築されれば、優れた腹圧性尿失禁治療薬を提供することができる。
〔1〕セロトニン5−HT2C受容体を活性化する物質を含有してなる腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤、
〔2〕セロトニン5−HT2C受容体を活性化する物質がセロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニストである上記〔1〕記載の予防・治療剤、
〔3〕アンドロゲン結合部位を刺激する物質を含有してなる腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤、
〔4〕哺乳動物に対して、セロトニン5−HT2C受容体を活性化する物質の有効量を投与することを特徴とする腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療方法、
〔5〕セロトニン5−HT2C受容体を活性化する物質がセロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニストである上記〔4〕記載の方法、
〔6〕アンドロゲン結合部位を刺激する物質の有効量を投与することを特徴とする腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療方法、
〔7〕腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤を製造するためのセロトニン5−HT2C受容体を活性化する物質の使用、
〔8〕セロトニン5−HT2C受容体を活性化する物質がセロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニストである上記〔7〕記載の使用、
〔9〕腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤を製造するためのアンドロゲン結合部位を刺激する物質の使用、
〔10〕動物の腹筋もしくは横隔膜又はそれらを支配する神経を電気刺激して腹圧を上昇させ、この時の漏出時圧(leak point pressure)を測定することを特徴とする腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧を増大する物質のスクリーニング方法、
〔11〕動物の腹筋もしくは横隔膜又はそれらを支配する神経を電気刺激して腹圧を上昇させ、この時の漏出時圧(leak point pressure)を測定することを特徴とする腹圧性尿失禁予防治療薬のスクリーニング方法、
〔12〕腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧が低下状態にある上記〔10〕又は〔11〕記載の方法、
〔13〕腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧の低下状態が、骨盤底筋群あるいは外尿道括約筋の反射性収縮に関与する神経の切断もしくは損傷、出産、卵巣摘出術、機械的な膣拡大処置、糖尿病、薬物投与又はそれらの組み合わせに基づくものである上記〔12〕記載の方法、
〔14〕動物が雌性である上記〔10〕又は〔11〕記載の方法に関する。
本発明の腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤に用いられる物質(以下、本発明の物質と略記する)は、腹圧上昇時の尿道抵抗を増大する物質である。
腹圧上昇時の尿道抵抗を増大する物質は、例えば、後述する本発明のスクリーニング方法などを用いて得られうる腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧(leak point pressure;尿道抵抗を示す)を上昇させる物質であり、骨盤底筋群や尿道の反射性収縮を増強する物質、骨盤底筋群及び尿道の重量を増大させる物質などが挙げられる。
(1)WAY−161503
(33)AR−10A
(34)WO02/40456に記載されている下記構造式で表される化合物
(36)WO02/08178に記載されている下記構造式で表される化合物
(56)Ro60−0759
などが好ましく用いられる。
アンドロゲン結合部位を刺激する物質としては、例えば、
テストステロン(Testosterone)
腹圧性尿失禁は、国際尿禁制学会の提唱するパッドテスト(1時間法)により、正常、軽度、中等度、高度、きわめて高度に分類される。すなわち、500mlの水を摂取した後、1時間定められた運動及び動作をして腹圧を上昇させ、その間の失禁量をパッド(又は紙おむつ)重量により測定するもので、正常(2g以下)、軽度(2.1g〜5.0g)、中等度(5.1g〜10.0g)、高度(10.1g〜50.0g)、きわめて高度(50.1g以上)に分類されるが、本発明の物質はいずれの腹圧性尿失禁にも有用である。
本発明の医薬組成物は、製剤の形態に応じて、例えば、混和、混練、造粒、打錠、コーティング、滅菌処理、乳化などの慣用の方法で製造できる。なお、製剤の製造に関して、例えば日本薬局法製剤総則の各項などを参照できる。また本発明の医薬組成物は、有効成分と生体内分解性高分子化合物とを含む徐放剤に成形してもよい。該徐放剤の調製は、特開平9−263545号公報に記載の方法に準ずることができる。
本発明の医薬組成物において担体の含有量は、通常、製剤全体に対して、約0〜99.9重量%、好ましくは約10〜99.9重量%、さらに好ましくは約10〜90重量%程度である。
本発明の医薬組成物が徐放性製剤である場合の投与量は、本発明の物質の種類と含量、剤形、薬物放出の持続時間、投与対象動物(例、ヒト、ラット、マウス、ネコ、イヌ、ウサギ、牛、豚等の哺乳動物)、投与目的により種々異なるが、例えば非経口投与により適用する場合には、1週間に約0.1から約100mgの本発明の物質が投与製剤から放出されるようにすればよい。
本発明の物質と他の医薬活性成分とを併用することにより、
(1)本発明の物質又は他の医薬活性成分を単独で投与する場合に比べて、その投与量を軽減することができる。より具体的には、本発明の物質とβ2アゴニストであるクレンブテロール(Clenbuterol、腹圧性尿失禁治療薬)を併用した場合、クレンブテロール単独投与する場合に比べて、その投与量を軽減することができるので、例えば、振戦などの副作用の軽減を図ることができる、
(2)患者の症状(軽症、重症など)に応じて本発明の物質と併用する薬物を選択することができる、
(3)本発明の物質と作用機序が異なる他の医薬活性成分を選択することにより治療期間を長く設定することができる、
(4)本発明の物質と作用機序が異なる他の医薬活性成分を選択することにより治療効果の持続を図ることができる、
(5)本発明の物質と他の医薬活性成分とを併用することにより相乗効果が得られる、などの優れた効果を得ることができる。
(1)他の腹圧性尿失禁治療薬
アドレナリンα1受容体アゴニスト(例、塩酸エフェドリン、塩酸ミトドリン)、アドレナリンβ2受容体アゴニスト(例、クレンブテロール(Clenbuterol))、ノルアドレナリン取り込み阻害物質、ノルアドレナリンおよびセロトニン取り込み阻害物質(例、デュロキセチン)、3環性抗うつ薬(例、塩酸イミプラミン)、抗コリン薬又は平滑筋刺激薬(例、塩酸オキシブチニン、塩酸プロビベリン、塩酸セリメベリン)、女性ホルモン薬(例、結合型エストロゲン(プレマリン)、エストリオール)等。
(2)糖尿病治療剤
インスリン製剤〔例、ウシ、ブタの膵臓から抽出された動物インスリン製剤;大腸菌、イーストを用い、遺伝子工学的に合成したヒトインスリン製剤;インスリン亜鉛;プロタミンインスリン亜鉛;インスリンのフラグメント又は誘導体(例、INS−1等)など〕、インスリン感受性増強剤(例、塩酸ピオグリタゾン、トログリタゾン、ロジグリタゾン又はそのマレイン酸塩、JTT−501、MCC−555、YM−440、GI−262570、KRP−297、FK−614、CS−011等)、α−グルコシダーゼ阻害剤(例、ボグリボース、アカルボース、ミグリトール、エミグリテート等)、ビグアナイド剤(例、フェンホルミン、メトホルミン、ブホルミン等)、スルホニルウレア剤(例、トルブタミド、グリベンクラミド、グリクラジド、クロルプロパミド、トラザミド、アセトヘキサミド、グリクロピラミド、グリメピリド等)やその他のインスリン分泌促進剤(例、レパグリニド、セナグリニド、ミチグリニド又はそのカルシウム塩水和物、GLP−1、ナテグリニド等)、ジペプチジルペプチダーゼIV阻害剤(例、NVP−DPP−278、PT−100、P32/98等)、β3アゴニスト(例、CL−316243、SR−58611−A、UL−TG−307、AJ−9677、AZ40140等)、アミリンアゴニスト(例、プラムリンチド等)、ホスホチロシンホスファターゼ阻害剤(例、バナジン酸等)、糖新生阻害剤(例、グリコーゲンホスホリラーゼ阻害剤、グルコース−6−ホスファターゼ阻害剤、グルカゴン拮抗剤等)、SGLT(sodium−glucose cotransporter)阻害剤(例、T−1095等)等。
(3)糖尿病性合併症治療剤
アルドース還元酵素阻害剤(例、トルレスタット、エパルレスタット、ゼナレスタット、ゾポルレスタット、フィダレスタット(SNK−860)、ミナルレスタット(ARI−509)、CT−112等)、神経栄養因子(例、NGF、NT−3等)、AGE阻害剤(例、ALT−945、ピマゲジン、ピラトキサチン、N−フェナシルチアゾリウムブロミド(ALT−766)、EXO−226等)、活性酸素消去薬(例、チオクト酸等)、脳血管拡張剤(例、チオプリド等)等。
(4)抗高脂血剤
コレステロール合成阻害剤であるスタチン系化合物(例、プラバスタチン、シンバスタチン、ロバスタチン、アトルバスタチン、フルバスタチン、セリバスタチン又はそれらの塩(例、ナトリウム塩等)等)、スクアレン合成酵素阻害剤あるいはトリグリセリド低下作用を有するフィブラート系化合物(例、ベザフィブラート、クロフィブラート、シムフィブラート、クリノフィブラート等)等。
(5)降圧剤
アンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害剤(例、カプトプリル、エナラプリル、デラプリル等)、アンジオテンシンII拮抗剤(例、ロサルタン、カンデサルタン、シレキセチル等)、カルシウム拮抗剤(例、マニジピン、ニフェジピン、アムロジピン、エホニジピン、ニカルジピン等)、クロニジン等。
(6)抗肥満剤
中枢性抗肥満薬(例、デキスフェンフルアミン、フェンフルラミン、フェンテルミン、シブトラミン、アンフェプラモン、デキサンフェタミン、マジンドール、フェニルプロパノールアミン、クロベンゾレックス等)、膵リパーゼ阻害薬(例、オルリスタット等)、β3アゴニスト(例、CL−316243、SR−58611−A、UL−TG−307、AJ−9677、AZ40140等)、ペプチド性食欲抑制薬(例、レプチン、CNTF(毛様体神経栄養因子)等)、コレシストキニンアゴニスト(例、リンチトリプト、FPL−15849等)等。
(7)利尿剤
キサンチン誘導体(例、サリチル酸ナトリウムテオブロミン、サリチル酸カルシウムテオブロミン等)、チアジド系製剤(例、エチアジド、シクロペンチアジド、トリクロルメチアジド、ヒドロクロロチアジド、ヒドロフルメチアジド、ベンジルヒドロクロロチアジド、ペンフルチジド、ポリチアジド、メチクロチアジド等)、抗アルドステロン製剤(例、スピロノラクトン、トリアムテレン等)、炭酸脱水酵素阻害剤(例、アセタゾラミド等)、クロルベンゼンスルホンアミド系製剤(例、クロルタリドン、メフルシド、インダパミド等)、アゾセミド、イソソルビド、エタクリン酸、ピレタニド、ブメタニド、フロセミド等。
(8)化学療法剤
アルキル化剤(例、サイクロフォスファミド、イフォスファミド等)、代謝拮抗剤(例、メソトレキセート、5−フルオロウラシル等)、抗癌性抗生物質(例、マイトマイシン、アドリアマイシン等)、植物由来抗癌剤(例、ビンクリスチン、ビンデシン、タキソール等)、シスプラチン、カルボプラチン、エトポキシド等、なかでも5−フルオロウラシル誘導体であるフルツロンあるいはネオフルツロン等。
(9)免疫療法剤
微生物又は細菌成分(例、ムラミルジペプチド誘導体、ピシバニール等)、免疫増強活性のある多糖類(例、レンチナン、シゾフィラン、クレスチン等)、遺伝子工学的手法で得られるサイトカイン(例、インターフェロン、インターロイキン(IL)等)、コロニー刺激因子(例、顆粒球コロニー刺激因子、エリスロポエチン等)等、なかでもIL−1、IL−2、IL−12等。
(10)動物モデルや臨床で悪液質改善作用が認められている薬剤
プロゲステロン誘導体(例、メゲステロールアセテート)〔ジャーナル・オブ・クリニカル・オンコロジー(Journal of Clinical Oncology)、第12巻、213〜225頁、1994年〕、メトクロプラミド系薬剤、テトラヒドロカンナビノール系薬剤(文献はいずれも上記と同様)、脂肪代謝改善剤(例、エイコサペンタエン酸等)〔ブリティシュ・ジャーナル・オブ・キャンサー(British Journal of Cancer)、第68巻、314〜318頁、1993年〕、成長ホルモン、IGF−1、あるいは悪液質を誘導する因子であるTNF−α、LIF、IL−6、オンコスタチンMに対する抗体等。
(11)消炎剤
ステロイド剤(例、デキサメサゾン等)、ヒアルロン酸ナトリウム、シクロオキシゲナーゼ阻害剤(例、インドメタシン、ケトプロフェン、ロキソプロフェン、メロキシカム、アムピロキシカム、セレコキシブ、ロフェコキシブ等)等。
(12)その他
糖化阻害剤(例、ALT−711等)、神経再生促進薬(例、Y−128、VX853、prosaptide等)、中枢神経系作用薬(例、デシプラミン、アミトリプチリン、イミプラミン、フロキセチン、パロキセチン、ドキセピンなどの抗うつ薬)、抗てんかん薬(例、ラモトリジン、カルバマゼピン)、抗不整脈薬(例、メキシレチン)、アセチルコリン受容体リガンド(例、ABT−594)、エンドセリン受容体拮抗薬(例、ABT−627)、モノアミン取り込み阻害薬(例、トラマドル)、インドールアミン取り込み阻害薬(例、フロキセチン、パロキセチン)、麻薬性鎮痛薬(例、モルヒネ)、GABA受容体作動薬(例、ギャバペンチン)、GABA取り込み阻害薬(例、チアガビン)、α2受容体作動薬(例、クロニジン)、局所鎮痛薬(例、カプサイシン)、プロテインキナーゼC阻害剤(例、LY−333531)、抗不安薬(例、ベンゾジアゼピン類)、ホスホジエステラーゼ阻害薬(例、シルデナフィル)、ドーパミン受容体作動薬(例、アポモルフィン)、ドーパミン受容体拮抗薬(例、ハロペリドール)、セロトニン受容体作動薬(例、クエン酸タンドスピロン、スマトリプタン)、セロトニン受容体拮抗薬(例、塩酸シプロヘプタジン、オンダンセトロン)、セロトニン取り込み阻害薬(例、マレイン酸フルボキサミン、フロキセチン、パロキセチン)、睡眠導入剤(例、トリアゾラム、ゾルピデム)、抗コリン剤、α1受容体遮断薬(例、タムスロシン)、筋弛緩薬(例、バクロフェンなど)、カリウムチャンネル開口薬(例、ニコランジル)、カルシウムチャンネル遮断薬(例、ニフェジピン)、アルツハイマー病予防・治療薬(例、ドネペジル、リバスチグミン、ガランタミン)、パーキンソン病治療薬(例、L−ドーパ)、多発性硬化症予防・治療薬(例、インターフェロンβ−1a)、ヒスタミンH1受容体阻害薬(例、塩酸プロメタジン)、プロトンポンプ阻害薬(例、ランソプラゾール、オメプラゾール)、抗血栓薬(例、アスピリン、シロスタゾール)、NK−2受容体アンタゴニスト、HIV感染症治療薬(サキナビル、ジドブジン、ラミブジン、ネビラビン)、慢性閉塞性肺疾患治療薬(サルメテロール、チオトロピウムブロミド、シロミラスト)等。
本発明の併用剤は、本発明の物質及び併用薬物を、別々にあるいは同時に、そのまま若しくは薬学的に許容され得る担体などと混合し、上述した本発明の物質を含む医薬組成物と同様の方法により製剤化することができる。本発明の併用剤の一日投与量は、症状の程度、投与対象の年齢、性別、体重、感受性差、投与の時期、間隔、医薬組成物の性質、調剤、種類、有効成分の種類などによって異なり、特に限定されない。本発明の物質及び併用薬物のそれぞれの投与量は、副作用の問題とならない範囲で、特に限定されないが、通常、経口投与で哺乳動物1kg体重あたり約0.005〜100mg、好ましくは約0.05〜50mgであり、更に好ましくは約0.2〜30mgであり、これを通常1日1〜3回に分けて投与する。
本発明の併用剤を投与するに際しては、本発明の物質と併用薬物とを同時期に投与してもよいが、併用薬物を先に投与した後、本発明の物質を投与してもよいし、本発明の物質を先に投与し、その後で併用薬物を投与してもよい。時間差をおいて投与する場合、時間差は投与する有効成分、剤形、投与方法により異なるが、例えば、併用薬物を先に投与する場合、併用薬物を投与した後1分〜3日以内、好ましくは10分〜1日以内、より好ましくは15分〜1時間以内に本発明の物質を投与する方法が挙げられる。本発明の物質を先に投与する場合、本発明の物質を投与した後、1分〜1日以内、好ましくは10分〜6時間以内、より好ましくは15分から1時間以内に併用薬物を投与する方法が挙げられる。
本発明の物質及び併用薬物とを同時に含む本発明の併用剤において、本発明の物質及び併用薬物のそれぞれの含有量は、製剤の形態によって相違するが、通常、製剤全体に対して約0.01〜90重量%、好ましくは約0.1〜50重量%、さらに好ましくは約0.5〜20重量%程度である。
該併用剤における担体の含有量は、通常、製剤全体に対して、約0〜99.8重量%、好ましくは約10〜99.8重量%、さらに好ましくは約10〜90重量%程度である。
また、本発明の物質と併用薬物を別々に含む本発明の併用剤において、併用薬物を含む医薬組成物は本発明の物質を含む医薬組成物と同様にして製造して用いることができる。
「漏出時圧(leak point pressure)」とは、排尿筋の収縮なしに尿漏れが生じた時の膀胱内圧をいい、膀胱内圧の上昇に抵抗できる最大尿道抵抗を示す。本発明のスクリーニング方法においては、動物の腹筋もしくは横隔膜又はそれらを支配する神経を電気刺激して一過性に腹圧を上昇させて最大膀胱内圧を計測した場合に、尿失禁が観察された試行の中で最も低い最大膀胱内圧をもって漏出時圧とした。漏出時圧の具体的な測定方法は、後述する実施例に詳細に記載されている。
本発明で用いる「動物」の週齢、体重、分娩の有無等については、目的とするスクリーニングに適用可能である限り、特に制限はないが、これらの条件を適宜変更させてもよい。本発明で用いる「動物」は、正常な動物(病態などを示さない動物)を用いてもよいが、腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧が低下状態にあるもの、ラットの場合、漏出時圧が約75mmHg以下のものが好ましい。ここで、漏出時圧の低い状態としては、尿道収縮反射に関与する神経が切断もしくは損傷した状態又は骨盤底筋群及び外尿道括約筋の重量が減少した状態にあるものが好ましい。骨盤底筋群及び外尿道括約筋の反射性収縮力を低下状態にさせるには、尿道収縮反射に関与する神経(例えば、骨盤神経、陰部神経、iliococcygeous 筋/pubococcygeous 筋に向かう神経など)を物理的、化学的もしくは生物学的に切断又は損傷させるか、出産させるか、卵巣を摘出するか、機械的に膣を拡大させるか、糖尿病を誘発するか、薬物を投与するか、あるいは、それらを組み合わせればよい。
薬物としては、例えば、神経筋接合部遮断薬であるα−バンガロトキシン、d−ツボクラリン、パンクロニウム、デカメソニウム、スキサメソニウムなどが用いられる。
これらのモデル動物は、既知の方法、例えば、Urology, 1998年,第52巻, p.143−151、Journal of Urology, 2001年,第166巻, p.311−317に記載の方法に従って作製することができる。
例えば、ラットを用いて本スクリーニング方法を行うことにより、被験物質を投与しない場合に比べて、投与した場合の漏出時圧が約5cmH2O、好ましくは約10cmH2O以上、より好ましくは約15cmH2O以上上昇した場合、当該被験物質は腹圧性尿失禁の改善効果を有すると判断できる。
例えば、約0.0001〜約1000mg/kg(好ましくは、約0.001〜約100mg/kg)の被験物質を本発明のスクリーニング方法において非ヒト哺乳動物に投与し、漏出時圧を指標に、その被験物質の治療効果を調べることにより腹圧性尿失禁予防・治療薬の評価を行うことができる。ここで、腹圧性尿失禁の予防という概念には、尿道抵抗低下抑制が含まれ、腹圧性尿失禁の治療という概念には、腹圧性尿失禁の改善、進展抑制、重症化予防も含まれる。また、被験物質を本発明の評価方法において動物に投与する時期としては、漏出時圧低下処置前あるいは後から、さらには、漏出時圧測定中などの時期が挙げられ、各々の投与時期に応じて、腹圧性尿失禁の予防や治療を目的とした薬物の評価を行うことができる。
〔実験方法〕
体重180−350gのSD系雌性ラットをウレタン(和光純薬)で麻酔し、排尿反射を消失させる目的で脊髄をT8−9レベルで切断した。なお、手術中は必要に応じてハロセン(武田薬品工業)麻酔を追加した。カテーテル(PE−90、Clay Adams)を膀胱内に留置し、腹筋及び皮膚の切開部をそれぞれ縫合した。横隔膜近傍の腹部皮膚を左右2箇所切開し、新たに腹筋を露出させた。膀胱にエバンスブルー色素(Merck)溶液を注入し、膀胱容量が0.2〜0.3mlになるように調整した。膀胱カテーテルを圧トランスデューサーに接続し、トランスデューサーの信号をアンプ(血圧用増幅ユニットAP−641G;日本光電)、データ解析装置(BIOPAC;MP100)を介してコンピュータへ送り、ハードディスク上に記録した。また、データはソフトウェア(BIOPAC;AcqKnowledge)を用いてコンピュータ上で解析した。露出させた腹筋を電気刺激装置(SEN−3301;日本光電)及びアイソレーター(SS−202J;日本光電)を用いて電気刺激し、尿道口からの尿失禁の有無を観察した。なお、電気刺激は、電圧3〜50V、持続0.05〜0.5ミリ秒、頻度50Hzで1秒間行い、段階的に膀胱内圧を上昇させた。腹壁電気刺激時の最大膀胱内圧を計測し、尿失禁が観察された試行の中で最も低い最大膀胱内圧を漏出時圧と定義した。なお、実験によっては、一定の刺激強度で腹筋を電気刺激した後、開腹し、再び同刺激条件で腹筋を電気刺激した。また、骨盤神経、下腹神経、又は陰部神経とiliococcygeous筋/pubococcygeous筋に向かう神経をそれぞれ両側切断し、神経切断の効果も検討した。
〔結果〕
(1)正常ラットの腹壁電気刺激による膀胱内圧の変化
ラット腹壁を電圧3〜50V、持続0.05〜0.5ミリ秒、頻度50Hzで1秒間電気刺激したところ、一過性に膀胱内圧が上昇し、刺激後0.3秒から1秒の間でピークを示した。刺激強度に依存して膀胱内圧は上昇し、7/10例で尿失禁が観察された。尿失禁を誘発した刺激における最大膀胱内圧の中で最も低い試行時の圧を漏出時圧と定義したところ、尿失禁が観察された7例の漏出時圧は50.8±2.5cmH2Oであった。尿失禁を起こさなかった3例の漏出時圧を最も高い膀胱内圧以上であったと仮定して10例の漏出時圧を算出したところ、57.3±4.4cmH2O以上となった。
(2)腹壁電気刺激による膀胱内圧上昇反応に対する開腹の効果
ラット3例において、腹壁電気刺激による膀胱内圧上昇反応を確認後、開腹し、再び同一条件で電気刺激をしたところ、刺激時の最大膀胱内圧は44.5±1.2cmH2O(開腹前)から20.3±3.4cmH2O(開腹後)に低下した。この結果から、腹壁電気刺激による膀胱内圧上昇反応が、少なくとも一部は腹圧上昇に基づくことが明らかになった。
(3)腹壁電気刺激による漏出時圧に対する神経切断の効果
膀胱からの知覚情報を絶つ目的で骨盤神経を両側切断したラットでは、全例(5例)で尿失禁が観察され、有意な漏出時圧の低下が認められた(表1)。この結果は、腹圧上昇時には膀胱からの知覚情報が漏出時圧を高めることに関与することを示唆する。平滑筋である内尿道括約筋を収縮させる下腹神経を両側切断したラットでは、腹壁電気刺激により全例(5例)で尿失禁が観察された。しかし、偽手術ラットと比較し、漏出時圧の低下は認められなかった(表1)。
骨格筋である外尿道括約筋と骨盤底筋群を支配する陰部神経及びiliococcygeous筋/pubococcygeous筋に向かう神経を両側切断したラット(表1)では、全例(6例)で尿失禁が観察され、有意な漏出時圧の低下が認められた(表1)。これらの結果から、腹圧上昇による膀胱内圧上昇時には骨格筋である外尿道括約筋と骨盤底筋群の反射性収縮反応が尿道抵抗を高めるために重要な役割を果たしていることが明らかになった。
〔実験方法〕
体重180−350gのSD系雌性ラットをウレタン(和光純薬)で麻酔し、排尿反射を消失させる目的で脊髄をT8−9レベルで切断した。また、一側のiliococcygeous筋/pubococcygeous筋に向かう神経を切断した。なお、手術中は必要に応じてハロセン(武田薬品工業)麻酔を追加した。カテーテル(PE−90、Clay Adams)を膀胱内に留置し、腹筋及び皮膚の切開部をそれぞれ縫合した。横隔膜近傍の腹部皮膚を左右2箇所切開し、新たに腹筋を露出させた。膀胱にエバンスブルー色素(Merck)溶液を注入し、膀胱容量が0.2〜0.3mlになるように調整した。膀胱カテーテルを圧トランスデューサーに接続し、トランスデューサーの信号をアンプ(血圧用増幅ユニットAP−641G;日本光電)、データ解析装置(BIOPAC;MP100)を介してコンピュータへ送り、ハードディスク上に記録した。また、データはソフトウェア(BIOPAC;AcqKnowledge)を用いてコンピュータ上で解析した。露出させた腹筋を電気刺激装置(SEN−3301;日本光電)及びアイソレーター(SS−202J;日本光電)を用いて電気刺激し、尿道口からの尿失禁の有無を観察した。なお、電気刺激は、電圧3〜50V、持続0.05〜0.5ミリ秒、頻度50Hzで1秒間行い、段階的に膀胱内圧を上昇させた。腹壁刺激時の最大膀胱内圧を計測し、尿失禁が観察された試行の中で最も低い最大膀胱内圧を漏出時圧と定義した。漏出時圧をデュロキセチン(duloxetine)およびミドドリン(midodrine)投与の前後で比較した。なお、デュロキセチンはN,N−dimethylformamide(DMA)/polyethylene glycol 400(PEG400)(1:1)に溶解し、0.5ml/kgの割合で静脈内投与した.また、ミドドリン(塩酸塩、Sigma)は生理食塩水に溶解し、1ml/kgの割合で静脈内投与した。
〔結果〕
腹壁の電気刺激により膀胱内圧を一過性に上昇させ、徐々に刺激強度を強めたところ、偽手術群では、10例中7例において尿失禁が観察され、10例の漏出時圧は57.3±4.4cmH2O以上であった(前項)。これに対し、一側のiliococcygeous筋/pubococcygeous筋に向かう神経を切断したラットでは、11例全例で尿失禁が観察され、漏出時圧は46.0±3.0cmH2Oであり、偽手術群と比較して有意に低い値を示した(P=0.0436、Studentのt検定)。また、一側のiliococcygeous筋/pubococcygeous筋に向かう神経を切断したラットを用い、腹圧性尿失禁に対し効果を示すデュロキセチン又はミドドリンを静脈内投与し、その前後で漏出時圧を比較したところ、いずれの薬物も漏出時圧を有意に上昇させた(表2)。
〔実験方法〕
体重180〜350gのSD系雌性ラットをウレタン(和光純薬)で麻酔し、排尿反射を消失させる目的で脊髄をT8−9レベルで切断した。また、一側のiliococcygeous筋/pubococcygeous筋に向かう神経を切断した。なお、手術中は必要に応じてハロセン(武田薬品工業)麻酔を追加した。カテーテル(PE−90、Clay Adams)を膀胱内に留置し、腹筋及び皮膚の切開部をそれぞれ縫合した。横隔膜近傍の腹部皮膚を左右2箇所切開し、新たに腹筋を露出させた。膀胱にエバンスブルー色素(Merck)溶液を注入し、膀胱容量が0.2〜0.3mlになるように調整した。膀胱カテーテルを圧トランスデューサーに接続し、トランスデューサーの信号をアンプ(血圧用増幅ユニットAP−641G;日本光電)、データ解析装置(BIOPAC;MP100)を介してコンピュータへ送り、ハードディスク上に記録した。また、データはソフトウェア(BIOPAC;AcqKnowledge)を用いてコンピュータ上で解析した。露出させた腹筋を電気刺激装置(SEN−3301;日本光電)及びアイソレーター(SS−202J;日本光電)を用いて電気刺激し、尿道口からの尿失禁の有無を観察した。なお、電気刺激は、電圧2.5〜50V、持続0.5ミリ秒、頻度50Hzで1秒間行い、段階的に膀胱内圧を上昇させた。腹壁刺激時の最大膀胱内圧を計測し、尿失禁が観察された試行の中で最も低い最大膀胱内圧を漏出時圧と定義した。セロトニン5−HT受容体アゴニスト、WAY−161503(5−HT2C受容体アゴニスト)、WAY−163909(5−HT2C受容体アゴニスト)、DOI(5−HT2A/2B/2C受容体アゴニスト)、mCPP(5−HT2B/2C受容体部分アゴニスト)、エルトプラジン(eltoprazine;5−HT1A/1B/2C受容体部分アゴニスト)、8−OH−DPAT(5−HT1A受容体アゴニスト)、スマトリプタン(sumatriptan;5−HT1B/1D受容体アゴニスト)およびBW723C86(5−HT2B受容体アゴニスト)を静脈内投与し、その前後で漏出時圧を比較した。なお、DOI、mCPPおよびエルトプラジンは生理食塩水に溶解し、その他の薬物はDMA/PEG400(1:1)に溶解し、それぞれ1ml/kg又は0.5mg/kgの割合で静脈内投与した。なお、実験によっては、セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アンタゴニストであるRS−102221又はセロトニン5−HT2B/2C受容体アンタゴニストであるSB221284を、WAY−161503又はWAY−163909投与5分前に静脈内投与し、WAY−161503又はWAY−163909の作用に対する拮抗試験を行った。なお、RS−102221およびSB221284は、いずれもDMA/PEG400(1:1)に溶解し、0.5ml/kgの割合で静脈内投与した。
〔結果〕
セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニストであるWAY−161503およびWAY−163909の静脈内投与は、用量依存性に漏出時圧を上昇させ、それぞれ0.03mg/kgおよび0.1mg/kg以上の用量では有意な作用であった(表3)。しかし、WAY−163909の光学異性体であり、5−HT2C受容体アゴニスト作用のないとされるWAY−163907(The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 313,862−869,2005)は作用を示さなかった(表3)。
セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニスト作用を有するDOI(5−HT2A/2B/2C受容体アゴニスト)、mCPP(5−HT2B/2C受容体部分アゴニスト)、エルトプラジン(5−HT1A/1B/2C受容体部分アゴニスト)は、それぞれ漏出時圧を有意に上昇させた(表3)。しかし、5−HT1A受容体アゴニスト、5−HT1B/1D受容体アゴニストおよび5−HT2B受容体アゴニストである8−OH−DPAT、スマトリプタンおよびBW723C86は、いずれも作用を示さず(表3)、5−HT1A受容体、5−HT1B受容体、5−HT1D受容体および5−HT2B受容体刺激は尿道抵抗に影響を及ぼさないことが明らかになった。
セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アンタゴニストであるRS−102221の静脈内投与は、WAY−161503(0.3mg/kg,i.v.)又はWAY−163909(0.3mg/kg,i.v.)による漏出時圧の上昇を抑制し、3mg/kgにおける抑制は有意であった(表4)。また、セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アンタゴニスト作用を有するSB221284(5−HT2B/2C受容体アンタゴニスト)もWAY−161503による漏出時圧上昇作用を有意に抑制した(表4)。
〔実験方法〕
体重180−350gのSD系雌性ラットをウレタン (和光純薬)で麻酔し、手術中は必要に応じてハロセン(武田薬品工業)麻酔を追加した。排尿反射を消失させるために脊髄をT8−9レベルで切断した。下腹部を正中線に沿って切開し、膀胱内圧測定用のカテーテル(PE−90、Clay Adams)を膀胱へ刺入して、圧トランスデューサーを介して膀胱内圧を測定した。予め、2本の綿棒で膀胱の両側を圧迫して尿を排出させた後、0.1% Evans blue(Merck)溶液を膀胱内に注入(0.4mL)した。2本の綿棒で膀胱の両側を徐々に圧迫し、尿道口より生理食塩水が漏出した時の膀胱内圧を計測し、漏出時圧と定義した。漏出時圧の測定を繰り返し、安定した最後の5回の平均値を薬物投与前の値とした。その後、薬物を静脈内投与し、20分後に再び漏出時圧を測定し、薬物投与後の値を求めた。なお、DOI、mCPPおよびエルトプラジンは生理食塩水に溶解し、その他の薬物はDMA/PEG400(1:1)に溶解し、それぞれ1ml/kg又は0.5mg/kgの割合で静脈内投与した。 なお、実験によっては、セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アンタゴニスト作用を有するRS−102221又はSB221284を投与し、その5分後にWAY−161503又はWAY−163909を投与し、更に10分後に漏出時圧を測定し、WAY−161503又はWAY−163909の作用に対する拮抗試験を行った。なお、RS−102221およびSB221284は、いずれもDMA/PEG400(1:1)に溶解し、0.5ml/kgの割合で静脈内投与した。
〔結果〕
腹圧性尿失禁治療薬であるデュロキセチンは、膀胱を直接圧迫することにより測定される漏出時圧を上昇させた(表5)。セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニストである WAY−161503 およびWAY−163909の静脈内投与は、用量依存性に漏出時圧を上昇させ、いずれも0.1mg/kg以上の用量では有意な作用であった(表5)。しかし、WAY−163909の光学異性体であり、5−HT2C受容体アゴニスト作用のないとされるWAY−163907は作用を示さなかった(表5)。
セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニスト作用を有するDOI(5−HT2A/2B/2C受容体アゴニスト)、mCPP(5−HT2B/2C受容体部分アゴニスト)、エルトプラジン(5−HT1A/1B/2C受容体部分アゴニスト)は、それぞれ漏出時圧を有意に上昇させた(表5)。
セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アンタゴニストであるRS−102221の静脈内投与は、WAY−161503(0.3mg/kg,i.v.)による漏出時圧の上昇を用量依存性に抑制し、3mg/kgにおける抑制は有意であった(表6)。
RS−102221の静脈内投与は、WAY−163909による漏出時圧の上昇を用量依存性に抑制し、3mg/kgにおける抑制は有意であった(表8)。また、セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アンタゴニストSB221284(5−HT2B/2C受容体アンタゴニスト)もWAY−163909による漏出時圧上昇作用を有意に抑制した(表6)。
〔実験方法〕
体重180−350gのSD系雌性ラットをウレタン(和光純薬)で麻酔し、排尿反射を消失させる目的で脊髄をT8−9レベルで切断した。なお、手術中は必要に応じてハロセン(武田薬品工業)麻酔を追加した。開腹後、縫合糸を用いて膀胱頚部を結さつし、その後、カテーテル(PE−90、Clay Adams)を膀胱内に留置した。膀胱カテーテルの他方の端を、三方活栓を介して圧トランスデューサー及び生理食塩水の貯水槽(60mlシリンジ)に接続した。マイクロチップ・トランスデューサー・カテーテル(SPR−524, Millar Instruments Inc.)を尿道口より膀胱に向かって挿入し、カテーテル表面に書かれた目盛りを用いて、トランスデューサー部分を尿道口から12.5〜15.0mmの尿道部位に位置させ、また、トランスデューサー表面が尿道内面の3時の方向に接するように調整した。
マイクロチップ・トランスデューサーで測定される尿道内の局所的圧変化(以後、便宜上尿道内圧と表記)をアンプ(血圧用増幅ユニットAP−641G;日本光電)、データ解析装置(MP−100;biopack;500 Hzでサンプリング)を介してコンピュータへ送り、ハードディスク上に記録した。生理食塩水の貯水槽の位置を25cm又は50cm高めることで膀胱内圧を急激に25cmH2O又は50cmH2Oに30秒間上昇させ、尿道内圧の変化を観察した。膀胱内圧上昇に誘発される尿道の反応を3回測定し、最後の2回の平均値を薬物投与前の値とした。
評価項目は静止時尿道内圧及び反射性尿道収縮反応とし、1秒間あたりの平均尿道内圧を算出した後、膀胱内圧を上昇させる直前の値を静止時尿道内圧、膀胱内圧上昇時の最大値から静止時尿道内圧を差し引いた値を尿道収縮反応とした。薬物投与前の反応を測定した後、特異的セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニストであるWAY−161503(0.3mg/kg)又はデュロキセチン(10mg/kg)を静脈内投与し、その5分後に再び膀胱内圧を上昇させ、尿道の反応を測定した。なお、両薬物は、ともにDMA−PEG400(1:1)に溶解し、0.5ml/kgの割合で投与した。
〔結果〕
脊髄を切断して排尿反射を消失させたラットを用い、膀胱内圧を0cmH2Oから25cmH2O又は50cmH2Oまで急激に上昇させたところ、膀胱内圧の上昇程度に依存した尿道内圧の上昇反応(尿道収縮反応)が観察された(図1)。
デュロキセチン(10mg/kg)の静脈内投与は、膀胱内圧上昇時の尿道収縮反応を増強した(図1、表7)のに対し、溶媒は作用を示さなかった(表7)。セロトニン5−HT2CアゴニストであるWAY161503を0.3mg/kgの用量で静脈内投与したところ、尿道収縮反応は有意に増大した(表7)。なお、いずれの薬物も静止時尿道内圧には変化を与えなかった。
これらの結果から、両薬物は膀胱内圧上昇時の反射性尿道収縮反応(蓄尿反射)を増強し、尿道抵抗を高めることが明らかになった。
〔実験方法〕
体重180−350gのSD系雌性ラットをウレタン(和光純薬)で麻酔し、排尿反射を消失させる目的で脊髄をT8−9レベルで切断した。なお、手術中は必要に応じてハロセン(武田薬品工業)麻酔を追加した。開腹後、縫合糸を用いて膀胱頚部を結さつし、その後、カテーテル(PE−90、Clay Adams)を膀胱内に留置した。膀胱カテーテルの他方の端を、三方活栓を介して圧トランスデューサー及び生理食塩水の貯水槽(60ml シリンジ)に接続した。トランスデューサーで測定される膀胱内圧の変化をアンプ(血圧用増幅ユニットAP−641G;日本光電)とデータ解析装置(MP−100;biopack)を介してコンピュータへ送り、ハードディスク上に記録した。生理食塩水の貯水槽を一定の高さに位置させることで膀胱内圧を90秒間上昇させ、尿道口よりの生理食塩水漏出の有無を観察した。なお、膀胱内圧は2.5cmH2O毎に上昇させ、また、90秒の観察期間後は、一旦、膀胱内圧を0cmH2Oに戻し、その後、次のステップへ移行した。尿道口より生理食塩水の漏出が観察された時の膀胱内圧を漏出時圧とした。漏出時圧の測定を繰り返し、最後の3回の平均値を薬物投与前の値とした.その後、薬物を静脈内投与し、10分後に再び漏出時圧を測定した。なお、薬物はDMA−PEG400(1:1)に溶解し、0.5ml/kgの割合で投与した。
〔結果〕
デュロキセチン及びWAY−161503は、いずれも膀胱内圧固定法(intravesical pressure−clamp method)における漏出時圧を高めた(表8)。また、アンドロゲンであるジヒドロテストステロン(DHT)は、膀胱内圧固定法における漏出時圧を高めた(表8)。これらの結果は、デュロキセチン、セロトニン5−HT2C受容体アゴニスト及びアンドロゲンは、いずれも膀胱内圧上昇時の尿道抵抗を高めることを示している。
(1)WAY−161503 10mg
(2)乳糖 60mg
(3)コーンスターチ 35mg
(4)ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース 3mg
(5)ステアリン酸マグネシウム 2mg
WAY−161503 10mgと乳糖60mg及びコーンスターチ35mgとの混合物を、10重量%ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース水溶液0.03mL(ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースとして3mg)を用いて顆粒化した後、40℃で乾燥し篩過する。得られた顆粒をステアリン酸マグネシウム2mgと混合し、圧縮する。得られる素錠を、蔗糖、二酸化チタン、タルク及びアラビアゴムの水懸濁液による糖衣でコーティングする。コーティングが施された錠剤をミツロウで艶出してコート錠を得る。
(1)WAY−161503 10mg
(2)乳糖 70mg
(3)コーンスターチ 50mg
(4)可溶性デンプン 7mg
(5)ステアリン酸マグネシウム 3mg
WAY−161503 10mgとステアリン酸マグネシウム3mgを可溶性デンプンの水溶液0.07mL(可溶性デンプンとして7mg)で顆粒化した後、乾燥し、乳糖70mg及びコーンスターチ50mgと混合する。混合物を圧縮して錠剤を得る。
(1)ジヒドロテストステロン 10mg
(2)乳糖 60mg
(3)コーンスターチ 35mg
(4)ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース 3mg
(5)ステアリン酸マグネシウム 2mg
ジヒドロテストステロン10mgと乳糖60mg及びコーンスターチ35mgとの混合物を、10重量%ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース水溶液0.03mL(ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースとして3mg)を用いて顆粒化した後、40℃で乾燥し篩過する。得られた顆粒をステアリン酸マグネシウム2mgと混合し、圧縮する。得られる素錠を、蔗糖、二酸化チタン、タルク及びアラビアゴムの水懸濁液による糖衣でコーティングする。コーティングが施された錠剤をミツロウで艶出してコート錠を得る。
(1)ジヒドロテストステロン 10mg
(2)乳糖 70mg
(3)コーンスターチ 50mg
(4)可溶性デンプン 7mg
(5)ステアリン酸マグネシウム 3mg
ジヒドロテストステロン10mgとステアリン酸マグネシウム3mgを可溶性デンプンの水溶液0.07mL(可溶性デンプンとして7mg)で顆粒化した後、乾燥し、乳糖70mg及びコーンスターチ50mgと混合する。混合物を圧縮して錠剤を得る。
そして、本発明のスクリーニング方法で得られうる物質、例えば、腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧を増大する物質は、腹圧性尿失禁の予防・治療剤として使用することができる。
Claims (5)
- 動物の腹筋もしくは横隔膜又はそれらを支配する神経を電気刺激して腹圧を上昇させ、この時の漏出時圧(leak point pressure)を測定することを特徴とする腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧を増大する物質のスクリーニング方法。
- 動物の腹筋もしくは横隔膜又はそれらを支配する神経を電気刺激して腹圧を上昇させ、この時の漏出時圧(leak point pressure)を測定することを特徴とする腹圧性尿失禁予防治療薬のスクリーニング方法。
- 腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧が低下状態にある請求項1又は2記載の方法。
- 腹圧上昇時の漏出時圧の低下状態が、骨盤底筋群あるいは外尿道括約筋の反射性収縮に関与する神経の切断もしくは損傷、出産、卵巣摘出術、機械的な膣拡大処置、糖尿病、薬物投与又はそれらの組み合わせに基づくものである請求項3記載の方法。
- 動物が雌性である請求項1又は2記載の方法。
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2005
- 2005-08-24 EP EP10174167A patent/EP2248524A3/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-08-24 EP EP11181877A patent/EP2400300A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-08-24 US US11/660,751 patent/US8685924B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-08-24 WO PCT/JP2005/015830 patent/WO2006022420A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-08-24 EP EP05781418A patent/EP1792629A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-08-24 JP JP2006532742A patent/JP5173190B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2011
- 2011-03-07 JP JP2011049685A patent/JP5341933B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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EP2248524A2 (en) | 2010-11-10 |
EP1792629A4 (en) | 2010-08-25 |
JP5173190B2 (ja) | 2013-03-27 |
US20070274913A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
EP1792629A1 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
WO2006022420A1 (ja) | 2006-03-02 |
EP2248524A3 (en) | 2011-03-09 |
JPWO2006022420A1 (ja) | 2008-05-08 |
US8685924B2 (en) | 2014-04-01 |
EP2400300A1 (en) | 2011-12-28 |
US20140155369A1 (en) | 2014-06-05 |
JP5341933B2 (ja) | 2013-11-13 |
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