JP2009517046A - B細胞アッセイに関する組成物及び方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、疾患を治療して、被検体のB細胞レベルをモニタリングするための方法及びそれに関する組成物及びキットに関する。
B細胞を枯渇(減少)させるための治療法は、多種多様なB細胞媒介性の疾患を治療する際に有用であることが明らかにされている。例えば、ヒトのCD20抗原に対する遺伝的に操作したキメラマウス/ヒトのモノクローナル抗体であるリツキシマブ、RITUXAN(登録商標)抗体(Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, U.S.から市販されている)は、再発性または難治性低悪性度の(refractory low-grade)または濾胞性の(follicular)、CD20陽性、B細胞非ホジキンリンパ腫患者の治療のためのものである。リツキシマブの臨床試験及び事例研究の結果から(Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, USA and Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA)、全身性エリテマトーデス(SLE)、関節リウマチ(RA)及びシェーグレン症候群(SS)患者だけでなく、共通性の低い自己免疫性疾患、例えば難治性皮膚筋炎、II型混合クリオグロブリン血症、ウェゲナー肉芽腫症、自己免疫性溶血性貧血症、特発性血小板減少症及び免疫グロブリンM(IgM)多発性神経炎の患者においても治療的な有用性が報告されている(Gorman C,等, (2003) Arthritis Res Ther 5: S17-S21;Somer BG,等, (2003) Arthritis Rheum 49:394-398)。
本発明は、血清BAFFレベルが被検体のB細胞レベルの指標であり、この指標にはB細胞枯渇(減少)治療薬(B cell depletion therapeutic agent)又はB細胞増殖治療薬(B cell proliferating therapeutic agent)によって治療された被検体の組織B細胞レベルの早期指標が含まれるという発見と、それによる被検体のB細胞レベルを知ることで利益を得うる被検体の治療又は評価の任意の方法又はキットにおける使用に関する。さらに、本発明は、血清BAFFレベルがB細胞治療薬による治療後の患者において組織中のB細胞レベルと逆に関係しているという発見と、患者を治療する際のこの認識の利用に関する。
B細胞をもたらす治療薬に対する被検体の臨床応答は、被検体の血液中のB細胞枯渇を評価することによって測定されることが多い。しかしながら、この結果は、組織(脾臓、リンパ節、関節などの自己免疫性部位、脊髄液など)において観察されるB細胞枯渇のレベルと完全に相関しない。実際には、B細胞枯渇療法の臨床応答は、特に腫瘍学において、血液B細胞枯渇より標的臓器のB細胞枯渇により相関する。したがって、組織B細胞枯渇と同時にB細胞回復(充満)を示すためにより良好なマーカーを探すことは、B細胞を枯渇させる治療法を最適化するために重要である。
尿症発作(haemoglobinuria paroxysmatica)、性機能低下、回腸炎領域、白血球減少症、単核細胞増加症感染、横移動脊髄炎、一次特発性の粘液水腫、ネフローゼ、眼炎symphatica、精巣炎肉芽腫症、膵炎、多発性神経根炎急性、膿皮症壊疽、Quervain甲状腺炎、後天性脾臓萎縮、非悪性胸腺腫、リンパ濾胞性胸腺炎、白斑、毒性ショック症候群、食中毒、T細胞の浸潤を伴う症状、白血球-粘着力欠損、サイトカイン及びTリンパ球に媒介される急性及び遅発性過敏症関連免疫応答、白血球血管外遊出を伴う疾患、多器官損傷症候群、抗原-抗体複合体媒介性疾患、抗糸球体基底膜疾患、自己免疫多腺性内分泌障害、卵巣炎、原発性粘液水腫、自己免疫萎縮性胃炎、交感性眼炎、リウマチ性疾患、混合性結合組織病、ネフローゼ症候群、膵島炎、多内分泌性不全、自己免疫多腺性症候群、例えば多腺性症候群I型、成人発症型特発性副甲状腺機能低下症(AOIH)、拡張型心筋症、例えば後天性表皮水疱症(EBA)、ヘモクロマトーシス、心筋炎、ネフローゼ症候群、原発性硬化性胆管炎、化膿性又は非化膿性副鼻腔炎、急性又は慢性副鼻腔炎、篩骨、正面、上顎骨又は蝶形骨副鼻腔炎、アレルギー性副鼻腔炎、好酸球性関連疾患、例えば好酸球増加症、肺浸潤好酸球増加症、好酸球増加症-筋肉痛症候群、レフラー症候群、慢性好酸性肺炎、熱帯肺好酸球増加症、気管支肺炎アスペルギルス症、アスペルギローム又は好酸球性を含有する肉芽腫、アナフィラキシー、脊椎関節症、血清陰性脊椎関節炎疹、多内分泌性自己免疫性疾患、硬化性胆管炎、強膜、上強膜、慢性皮膚粘膜カンジダ症、ブラットン症候群、乳児期の一過性低ガンマグロブリン血症、ウィスコット‐アルドリッチ症候群、毛細血管拡張性運動失調症候群、血管拡張症、膠原病と関係する自己免疫疾患、リウマチ、例えば慢性関節リウマチ、リンパ節炎、血圧応答の減退、血管機能不全、組織損傷、心血管乏血、痛覚過敏、腎虚血、脳虚血、及び脈管化を伴う疾患、アレルギー性過敏症疾患、糸球体腎炎、再灌流障害、虚血性再灌流障害、心筋又は他の組織の再灌流損傷、リンパ腫気管気管支炎、炎症性皮膚病、急性炎症性成分を有する皮膚病、多臓器不全、水疱性疾患、腎皮質壊死、急性化膿性髄膜炎又は他の中枢神経系炎症性疾患、眼性及び眼窩の炎症性疾患、顆粒球輸血関連症候群、サイトカイン誘発性毒性、ナルコレプシ、急性重症炎症、慢性難治性炎症、腎盂炎、動脈内過形成、消化性潰瘍、弁膜炎、及び子宮内膜症などがある。
(i) ポリクローナル抗体
ポリクローナル抗体は、関連する抗原とアジュバントを複数回皮下(sc)又は腹腔内(ip)注射することにより動物に産生されうる。免疫化される種において免疫原性であるタンパク質、例えばキーホールリンペットヘモシアニン、血清アルブミン、ウシサイログロブリン、又は大豆トリプシンインヒビターに関連抗原を、二官能性又は誘導体形成剤、例えばマレイミドベンゾイルスルホスクシンイミドエステル(システイン残基による抱合)、N-ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(リジン残基による)、グルタルアルデヒド、無水コハク酸、SOCl2、又はRとR1が異なったアルキル基であるR1N=C=NRにより抱合させることが有用である。
モノクローナル抗体は実質的に同種の抗体の集団から得られる抗体を意味する、すなわち、集団を構成する個々の抗体が、わずかに存在する天然に生じうる突然変異体を除いて同一である。よって、「モノクローナル」との修飾詞は、別個又はポリクローナルの抗体の混合物ではなく、抗体の特性を示すものである。
非ヒト抗体をヒト化する方法の例は記載されている。一般には、ヒト化抗体は非ヒト由来のものに一又は複数のアミノ酸残基を有する。これら非ヒトアミノ酸残基は、しばしば、典型的には「移入」可変ドメインから得られる「移入」残基と呼ばれる(Jones等, Nature, 321:522-525 (1986)、Riechmann等, Nature, 332:323-327 (1988)、Verhoeyen等, Science, 239:1534-1536(1988))。たびたび、ヒト化抗体は、いくつかの高頻度可変領域残基及び場合によってはいくらかのFR残基が齧歯類抗体の類似部位からの残基によって置換されているヒト抗体である。
ヒト化のための別法により、ヒト抗体を生産することができる。例えば、内因性の免疫グロブリン産生がなくともヒト抗体の全レパートリーを免疫化することで産生することのできるトランスジェニック動物(例えば、マウス)を作ることが可能である。例えば、キメラ及び生殖系列突然変異体マウスにおける抗体重鎖結合領域(JH)遺伝子の同型接合除去が内因性抗体産生の完全な阻害をもたらすことが記載されている。このような生殖系列突然変異体マウスにおけるヒト生殖系列免疫グロブリン遺伝子列の転移は、抗原投与時にヒト抗体の産生をもたらす。Jakobovits等, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA, 90:2551 (1993);Jakobovits等, Nature 362:255-258 (1993);Bruggerman等, Year in Immuno., 7:33 (1993);米国特許第5591669号、同5589369号及び同5545807号を参照されたい。
またヒト抗体は、活性化B細胞によりインビトロで生産してもよい(例えば米国特許第5567610号及び同5229275号を参照)。
抗体断片を生産するために様々な技術が開発されている。伝統的には、これらの断片は、インタクト抗体のタンパク分解性消化を介して誘導されていた(例えば、Morimoto等, Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117 (1992)及びBrennan等, Science, 229:81(1985)を参照されたい)。しかし、これらの断片は現在は組換え宿主細胞により直接生産することができる。例えば、抗体断片は上述において検討した抗体ファージライブラリーから分離することができる。別法として、Fab'-SH断片は大腸菌から直接回収することができ、化学的に結合してF(ab')2断片を形成することができる(Carter等, Bio/Technology 10:163-167(1992))。他のアプローチ法では、F(ab')2断片を組換え宿主細胞培養から直接分離することができる。抗体断片の生産のための他の方法は当業者には明らかであろう。他の実施態様では、選択抗体は単鎖Fv断片(scFV)である。国際公開93/16185号;米国特許第5571894号;及び米国特許第5587458号を参照のこと。また、抗体断片は、例えば米国特許第5641870号に記載されているような「直鎖状抗体」であってもよい。このような直線状の断片は単特異的又は二重特異的であってもよい。
二重特異性抗体は、少なくとも2つの異なるエピトープに対して結合特異性を有する抗体である。例示的な二重特異性抗体は、B細胞表面マーカーの2つの異なるエピトープに結合しうる。他のこのような抗体では第一B細胞マーカーを結合し、更に第二のB細胞表面上のマーカーが結合しうる。あるいは、抗B細胞マーカーは、B細胞に細胞防御メカニズムを集中させるように、FcγRI(CD64)、FcγRII(CD32)及びFcγRIII(CD16)等のIgG(FcγR)に対するFcレセプター、又はT細胞レセプター分子(例えばCD2又はCD3)等の白血球上のトリガー分子に結合するアームと結合しうる。また、二重特異性抗体はB細胞に細胞障害剤を局在化するためにも使用されうる。これらの抗体はB細胞マーカー結合アーム及び細胞障害剤(例えば、サポリン(saporin)、抗インターフェロン-α、ビンカアルカロイド、リシンA鎖、メトトレキセート又は放射性同位体ハプテン)と結合するアームを有する。二重特異性抗体は全長抗体又は抗体断片(例えばF(ab')2二重特異性抗体)として調製することができる。
二価より多い抗体も考えられる。例えば、三重特異性抗体を調製することができる。Tutt等, J.Immunol. 147:60(1991)。
(1)疎水性:ノルロイシン、met、ala、val、leu、ile;
(2)中性の親水性:cys、ser、thr;
(3)酸性:asp、glu;
(4)塩基性:asn、gln、his、lys、arg;
(5)鎖配向に影響する残基:gly、pro; 及び
(6)芳香族:trp、tyr、phe。
非保存的置換は、これらの分類の一つのメンバーを他の分類に交換することを必要とするであろう。
ポリペプチドのグリコシル化は、典型的には、N結合又はO結合の何れかである。N結合とは、アスパラギン残基の側鎖への炭水化物部分の結合を意味する。アスパラギン-X-セリン及びアスパラギン-X-スレオニン(ここでXはプロリンを除く任意のアミノ酸)のトリペプチド配列は、アスパラギン側鎖への糖鎖部分の酵素的結合のための認識配列である。従って、ポリペプチド中にこれらのトリペプチド配列の何れかが存在すると、潜在的なグリコシル化部位が作出される。O結合グリコシル化は、ヒドロキシアミノ酸、最も一般的にはセリン又はスレオニンに、糖類N-アセチルガラクトサミン、ガラクトース、又はキシロースの一つが結合することを意味するが、5-ヒドロキシプロリン又は5-ヒドロキシリジンもまた用いられる。
当業の医師によく知られた用量に関する因子及び治療される徴候に応じて、典型的には毒素および副作用を最小限につつ、治療効能を有効にする用量で本発明の治療薬が投与されるであろう。必要に応じて、治療セッションは間欠的でもよい。例えば、患者は週単位の用量を受けた後にしばらく休止し、その後治療を再開してもよい。B細胞枯渇薬による腫瘍学的な疾患の治療は、CHOP又はフルダラビンやチトキサンなどの化学療法剤と組み合わされうる。枯渇薬による自己免疫性疾患の治療は、メトトレキセートなどの該疾患に有用な治療薬と組み合わされうる。
本発明の治療方法は、抗CD20抗体とBAFFアンタゴニスト(ここでは両方とも薬剤を意味する)を同時におよび連続して投与することを含む。連続的投与では、薬剤は何れの投与順番でもよい、すなわち初めにBAFFアンタゴニストをついで抗CD20抗体を投与する。患者は一薬剤で治療し、一薬剤での治療前に効果についてモニターする。あるいは、初めに患者に両方の薬剤を投与し、続く用量では一方のみあるいは他の薬剤を投与する。
B細胞枯渇薬又はB細胞促進薬と他の治療剤は様々な方法で、例としてボーラスなどの静脈内投与、または一定期間わたる継続注入、皮下的、筋肉内、腹腔内、脳脊髄内、動脈内、滑膜内、クモ膜下腔内、または吸入によってヒト患者に投与されうる。一般的に、抗CD20抗体は、静脈内投与ないし皮下投与される。薬剤は同じないし異なる経路で投与することができる。
本発明の他の実施態様は、血清BAFFレベルを決定する際に用いるための抗BAFF抗体又はBAFFを結合することができる他のポリペプチドといったBAFF結合試薬と、B細胞促進薬又はB細胞枯渇薬による治療の後の患者における総B細胞レベル又は組織B細胞レベルに血清BAFFレベルをどのように関連づけるかを指示するラベル又はパッケージ挿入物とを具備するキットである。場合によって、前記キットはB細胞促進薬又はB細胞枯渇薬を具備する。更なる実施態様では、前記キットはさらに、患者の血清BAFFレベルに基づいてB細胞枯渇薬又は他の治療薬によって患者を再治療するための指示を含む。前記パッケージ挿入物は、血清BAFFレベルが最も高いとき又は血清BAFFレベルが減少するにつれて(例えばB細胞回復段階)患者を再治療するための指示を含んでもよい。前記指示は、末梢B細胞回復段階前の組織B細胞回復段階の時又はその前の再治療を示しうる。
本発明の抗体には、具体的に、表2(下記)に開示される抗体のいずれか一の可変重鎖配列を含んでなる抗体、及びハイブリドーマ細胞によって生産されなかったそのBR3-結合断片が含まれる。本発明の抗体には、具体的に、表2の抗体のいずれか一の可変重鎖配列を含んでなる抗体、表2の抗体によって競合的に阻害されうる抗BR3抗体、及びそのBR3-結合断片が含まれる。更なる実施態様によると、本発明の抗体は、表2に開示される抗体のいずれか一の可変重鎖及び可変軽鎖領域、及びそのBR3-結合断片を含んでなる。
本発明のすべての抗体には、シグナル配列を欠く抗体及びFc領域のK447残基を欠く抗体が含まれると解釈される。
CD20抗体の例には以下のものが含まれる:現在では「リツキシマブ」(「リツキサン(登録商標)」)と呼称される「C2B8」(米国特許第5736137号);「Y2B8」又は「Ibritumomab Tiuxetan」(ゼバリン(登録商標))と命名されるイットリウム-[90]-標識2B8マウス抗体、IDEC Pharmaceuticals, Inc.から市販(米国特許第5736137号;1993年6月22日に受託番号HB11388としてATCCに寄託された2B8);場合によっては「131I-B1」またはCorixaから市販の「ヨードI131 Tositumomab」抗体(BEXXARTM)を生成するために131Iで標識した「Tositumomab」とも呼称されるマウスIgG2a「B1」(米国特許第5595721号も参照のこと);マウスモノクローナル抗体「1F5」(Press等 Blood 69(2):584-591 (1987)及びそれらの変異体、例として「フレームワークパッチ」又はヒト化1F5(国際公開第03/002607号、Leung, S;ATCC寄託番号HB-96450);マウス2H7及びキメラ2H7抗体(米国特許第5677180号);ヒト化2H7(国際公開第2004/056312号、Lowman等)及び以下に挙げるもの);huMax-CD20TM完全ヒト抗体(Genmab, Denmark;例としてGlennie及びvan de Winkel, Drug Discovery Today 8: 503-510 (2003)とCragg 等, Blood 101: 1045-1052 (2003)を参照);国際公開第2004/035607号(Teeling 等)に記載のヒトモノクローナル抗体;米国公開特許第2004/0093621号(Shitara等)に記載されたFc領域に複合N-グリコシド結合糖鎖が結合した抗体;国際公開第2004/103404号(Watkins等, Applied Molecular Evolution)に記載されたAME-133TM抗体のようなAME抗体シリーズのようなCD20結合分子;キメラ又はヒト化A20抗体(それぞれcA20、IMMU-106 a.k.a.hA20)AME-133TM抗体(Applied Molecular Evolution);キメラ又はヒト化A20抗体などのA20抗体(それぞれcA20、hA20)又はその変異形(米国公開特許第2003/0219433号、Immunomedics);及びInternational Leukocyte Typing Workshopより入手のモノクローナル抗体L27、G28-2、93-1B3、B-C1又はNU-B2(Valentine等, Leukocyte Typing III (McMichael, 編集, 440頁, Oxford University Press (1987))。本明細書中の好適なCD20抗体は、ヒト化CD20抗体、キメラCD20抗体またはヒトCD20抗体、より好ましくはヒト化2H7、リツキシマブ、キメラないしはヒト化A20抗体(Immunomedics)、及びHUMAX-CD20TMヒトCD20抗体(Genmab)である。
血清BAFFレベルは様々な技術で測定されうる。血清BAFFレベルをアッセイするための最も便利な技術には、ウェスタンブロット、ドットブロット、ELISA、免疫沈降ないしは任意の他のイムノアッセイ、又は抗BAFF抗体ないしはBAFFを特異的に結合する分子を用いた技術が含まれる。例えば、可溶型BAFFの測定のためのサンドイッチELISAは以下又は実施例1において記述するように、行うことができる。またZhang, J.,等, (2001) J. Immunol. 166:6-10を参照。簡単に言うと、96ウェルプレートを、2μg/mlの精製したマウス抗BAFFモノクローナル抗体(クローン3D4、mIgG1)を含むリン酸緩衝食塩水(PBS)にて4℃で終夜をかけてコートし、1%ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)/PBSにて反応を止める。すべての試料を、3%BSA/PBSにて1:10に希釈し、ELISAプレートにて37℃で4時間インキュベートする。洗浄後、プレートを、まず0.2μg/mlのビオチンをコンジュゲートしたポリクローナル抗BAFF抗体とともにインキュベートし、その後、1:30000に希釈したHRPコンジュゲートストレプトアビジン(Southern Biotechnology, Birmingham, AL)とともにインキュベートする。リウマチ因子活性の任意の混同効果を避けるために、mIgG1アイソタイプをキャプチャー抗体についてのバックグラウンドコントロールとして、各試料とともに用いる。トリメチルベンジジン基質(Sigma, St Louis, MO)と反応させ、Eマックスプレート読み取り機(Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA)にて読み取る。このアッセイにおいて、mIgG1コントロールウェルの吸光度値を、対応する抗BAFFキャプチャーウェルから減算する。この吸光度値は典型的に総吸光度の10%未満であった。組換えBAFFの階段希釈物を用いた標準曲線を各アッセイに組み込む。
前記の明細書は、当業者に本発明を実施できるようにするために十分であると考えられる。以下の実施例は例示的目的のためのみに示すのであり、本発明の範囲が多少なりとも限定されるものではない。実際、ここに示し記載したものに加えて、本発明を様々に改変することは、前記の記載から当業者にとっては明らかなものであり、添付の特許請求の範囲内に入るものである。
マウスに、200ugのコントロール(マウスIgG2a)、抗BR3抗体又は抗CD20抗体(N=5マウス/群)を注射した。注射後の7日に、B細胞枯渇及びBAFFレベルについてマウスを試験した。一般的に、BAFF血清レベルは以下の通りに決定された:ヒトBCMA-Fc(Genentech, Inc.)は、PBSにて0.5μg/mLに希釈し、2〜8℃で12〜72時間インキュベートすることによって384ウェルELISAプレート(Immuno Plate with MaxiSorp surface, Nunc, Neptune, NJ)にコートした。PBS/0.5%BSAによる遮断の後、試料バッファ(PBS/0.5%BSA/0.05%ツイーン-20/0.25%CHAPS/0.2%ウシγグロブリン/5mM EDTA/0.35M NaCl)に希釈したマウス血清試料をプレートに加えた。プレートは、軌道板振とう器にてゆっくりと撹拌しながら室温で2時間インキュベートした。次いでプレートを、室温のPBS+0.05%ツイーン-20洗浄バッファにて洗浄した。また、同じバッファに希釈したマウスBAFF(Genentech, Inc.)の標準曲線を加えた(範囲:1000−15.6pg/mL)。プレートに結合したBAFFはラット抗マウスBAFFモノクローナル抗体(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN)にて検出し、結合した抗BAFF mAbはヤギ抗ラットIgG Fc-HRP抗体(Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA)を用いて検出した。テトラメチルベンジジン(TMB) (Kirkegaard & Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, MD)を用いて呈色反応させ、1M リン酸にて反応を止めた。試料BAFF濃度は、BAFF標準曲線の4-パラメーターから内挿した。血清試料の1/4最低希釈となる最低の定量可能な濃度は62.5pg/mLであった。
5匹のマウス/群を、コントロール(mIgG2a)、1.25ug、12.5ug又は125ugの抗CD20抗体(マウス2H7)にて治療した。3日後に、血液及び脾臓のB細胞枯渇をフローサイトメトリーにて測定した。血清BAFFのレベルを%B細胞枯渇に対してプロットする。コントロールマウスは0%のB細胞枯渇を有するとみなした。図2は、12.5ug及び125ugの治療マウスの血液から多くのB細胞が枯渇したことを示す。これに対して、高用量のみは、脾臓の多数のB細胞を枯渇させた。血清BAFFレベルの増加と組織B細胞枯渇(例えば脾臓)の増加との間に良好な用量依存性の相関があった。図2を参照。
複数の群のマウスを、抗BR3抗体又は抗CD20抗体(200ug/マウス)で治療した。B細胞枯渇は、異なる時間点の血液及び脾臓の試料によるフローサイトメトリー(B220又はCD19陽性細胞)を用いて測定した。mIgG2aで治療したコントロールマウスの試料をコントロール試料として用いて、%B細胞枯渇を決定した。抗BR3治療の後、1日目ではいくらかの血液B細胞枯渇があり、7日目にわずかにより多くの血液B細胞枯渇があった。一方脾臓においては、1日目に極僅かな組織B細胞枯渇があり、7日目に多量の組織B細胞枯渇があった。同時に、BAFFの血清レベルは、1日目と7日目との間で比例的に増加していた。したがって、BAFFの血清レベル及び組織(例えば脾臓及び他のリンパ系器官)のB細胞のレベルは、B細胞枯渇薬による治療後に逆の関係にあった。同様に、抗CD20で治療したマウスは、治療後7日目に血清BAFFが高かった。
マウスと同様に、抗BR3抗体により非ヒト霊長類(カニクイザル)を治療すると組織のB細胞枯渇とともに血清のBAFFレベルの増加が生じる。
図4Aは、6か月の治療後評価期間にわたる、20mg/kg単回用量抗BR3抗体によって治療されるサルにおける%CD20血液B細胞枯渇と血清BAFFレベルを示す。%CD20血液B細胞枯渇は、試験試料を、抗BR3抗体による治療前のサルからの試料と比較することによって算出した。サルは、血清BAFFレベルの増加(デルタ+)と一致して血液B細胞枯渇段階が最大となり、その後B細胞充満と一致して血清BAFFレベルの低下(デルタ−)が起こった。図4Aにおいて1及び2と識別した2匹のサルは、枯渇の間に選別し、図4Bに記載のように更に詳細に調べる。図4Bは、サル1及び2の血清BAFFとB細胞枯渇の動態描写を示す。矢印は、最大の血清BAFFレベルが最大のB細胞枯渇と一致しており、その後血清BAFFレベルが低下し、B細胞枯渇が少なくなることを示す(矢印方向を見る)。このことから、基準への血清BAFFの低下(デルタ−)が血液B細胞回復より早く生じることが示唆される。
実施例4において試験した2匹のカニクイザル(cyno)からのデータを図5の完全な動態学的曲線として描写する。両方のサルは、血清BAFFレベルは血液B細胞枯渇と同時に増加する(デルタ+)ことを示す。カニクイザル#01(図5A)に示すように、血清BAFFレベルは22日目までに低下し(デルタ−)、B細胞回復段階が始まり、40日目までに完全に続く。カニクイザル#09(図5B)では、血清BAFFレベルが上がるのに対して、血液B細胞レベルは下がっている。カニクイザル#09は、血液B細胞の回復をほとんどないしは全く示さなかった(50日目以降を参照)。この試験においても、カニクイザルの血液のB細胞レベルと血清BAFFレベルとの間に逆の関係が示され、マウスにおいて観察された組織に対して血液におけるB細胞枯渇と充満との時間差は霊長類に置き換えたものであると考えられる。したがって、血清BAFFレベルは、組織B細胞区画の大きさ(脾臓、リンパ節など)の優れた早期指標となる。
Claims (30)
- 被検体のB細胞レベルをモニタリングするための方法であって、被検体の試験試料中の血清BAFFレベルを決定し、コントロール試料中の血清BAFFレベルを決定し、そしてコントロールと比較して被検体のB細胞レベルを算出する工程を含んでなり、このときの算出に試験試料中の血清BAFFレベルをコントロール試料中の血清BAFFレベルと比較する工程が含まれる方法。
- 前記コントロール試料が治療薬による治療前の被検体からのものであり、前記試験試料が治療薬による治療後の被検体からのものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記試験試料が疾患を患っている被検体からのものであり、前記コントロール試料が疾患を患っていない被検体からのものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 疾患を患っている被検体の治療方法であって、(1) 該被検体に治療上有効量の治療薬を投与し、(2) 該被検体の試験試料中の血清BAFFレベルを決定し、(3) コントロール試料と試験試料中のB細胞レベルを比較し、そして(4) 該被検体の血清BAFFレベルに依存する時点で、治療上有効量の同じ治療薬又は異なる治療薬を投与する工程を含んでなる方法。
- 疾患を患っている被検体の治療方法であって、(1) 該被検体に治療上有効量の治療薬を投与し、(2) 該被検体の試験試料中の血清BAFFレベルを決定し、そして(3) 該試験試料中の血清BAFFレベルに依存する時点で、治療上有効量の同じ治療薬又は異なる治療薬を投与する工程を含んでなる方法。
- 疾患のためにB細胞枯渇薬にて既に治療された被検体のための維持治療法であって、該被検体の血清BAFFレベルを決定し、そして最大のB細胞枯渇後の時点及び血清BAFFレベルが減少している間に、B細胞枯渇薬にて患者を治療する工程を含んでなる方法。
- 前記時点が、最大のB細胞枯渇段階の時又はその後である、請求項4又は5に記載の方法。
- 前記時点が、B細胞回復段階の間である、請求項4又は5に記載の方法。
- 前記B細胞回復段階が血清BAFFレベルを低下させることに特徴がある、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記最大のB細胞枯渇段階が被検体の血清中のBAFFの最大レベルに特徴がある、請求項6又は7に記載の方法。
- 前記治療薬がB細胞枯渇薬である、請求項4又は5に記載の方法。
- 前記治療薬がBAFFに結合するBAFFアンタゴニストではない、請求項4又は5に記載の方法。
- 前記治療薬がBAFFを結合し、BAFFのBCMA、TACI又はBR3への結合を遮断する、請求項4又は5に記載の方法。
- 前記治療薬がB細胞促進薬である、請求項4又は5に記載の方法。
- 前記治療薬が、CD10、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD23、CD24、CD37、CD40、CD52、D53、CD72、CD73、CD74、CDw75、CDw76、CD77、CDw78、CD79a、CD79b、CD80、CD81、CD82、CD83、CDw84、CD85、CD86、CD180 (RP105)、FcRH2 (IRTA4)、CD79A、C79B、CR2、CCR6、CD72、P2X5、HLA-DOB、CXCR5(BLR1)、FCER2、BR3(aka BAFF-R)、TACI、BTLA、NAG14(aka LRRC4)、SLGC16270(ala LOC283663)、FcRH1(IRTA5)、FcRH5(IRTA2)、ATWD578(aka MGC15619)、FcRH3(IRTA3)、FcRH4(IRTA1)、FcRH6(aka LOC343413)及びBCMA(aka TNFRSF17)、HLA-DO、HLA-Dr10及びMHCクラスIIからなる群から選択されるB細胞表面抗原に結合するB細胞枯渇薬である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記B細胞枯渇薬が抗体である、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が免疫学的疾患である、請求項4から16のいずれか一に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が免疫不全病である、請求項4又は5に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、関節リウマチ、若年性慢性関節リウマチ、全身性エリテマトーデス(SLE)、ウェゲナー病、炎症性腸疾患、特発性血小板減少性紫斑病(ITP)、血栓性血小板減少性紫斑病(TTP)、自己免疫性血小板減少症、多発性硬化症、乾癬、IgAネフロパシ、IgM多発性神経炎、重症筋無力症、血管炎、真正糖尿病、レイノー症候群、シェーグレン症候群、糸球体腎炎、視神経脊髄炎(NMO)及びIgG神経障害からなる群から選択される自己免疫性疾患である、請求項4から13のいずれか一に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患がB細胞リンパ腫、B細胞白血病及び多発性骨髄腫からなる群から選択される癌である、請求項4から13のいずれか一に記載の方法。
- 前記B細胞がCD19を発現する、請求項4から12のいずれか一に記載の方法。
- 前記B細胞がCD20を発現する、請求項4から12のいずれか一に記載の方法。
- 前記被検体が哺乳動物である、請求項4から12のいずれか一に記載の方法。
- 前記被検体がヒトである、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記B細胞枯渇薬が、抗CD20抗体、抗BR3抗体、抗CD22抗体及び抗CD52抗体からなる群から選択される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記抗CD20抗体がリツキシマブ又は2H7である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記B細胞促進薬がサイトカインである、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記異なる治療薬が、T細胞枯渇薬、免疫抑制剤、DMARD及びワクチンからなる群から選択される、請求項4又は5に記載の方法。
- 前記時点が、末梢血液B細胞回復の前にある組織B細胞回復の前かその間である、請求項4から6のいずれか一に記載の方法。
- BAFF結合試薬とパッケージ挿入物とを具備するキットであって、該パッケージ挿入物にBAFF結合試薬を用いて血清BAFFレベルを決定するための指示及びB細胞枯渇薬ないしはB細胞促進薬にて治療した後の患者のB細胞レベルに血清BAFFレベルを関連づけるための指示が含まれるものであるキット。
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JP2011523455A (ja) * | 2008-04-25 | 2011-08-11 | ザイモジェネティクス, インコーポレイテッド | B細胞上でのbcmaタンパク発現レベル及び診断法における使用 |
JP2015505608A (ja) * | 2012-01-20 | 2015-02-23 | アンスティチュ ナショナル ドゥ ラ サンテ エ ドゥ ラ ルシェルシュ メディカル | 固形ガンを患う患者の生存期間の予後診断のための方法 |
JP2019524884A (ja) * | 2016-08-12 | 2019-09-05 | イムノワーク,リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー | 自己免疫疾患の診断、予防、および/または治療 |
US11266717B2 (en) | 2016-08-12 | 2022-03-08 | Immunowork, Llc | Diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of autoimmune diseases |
JP7303107B2 (ja) | 2016-08-12 | 2023-07-04 | イムノワーク,リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー | 自己免疫疾患の診断、予防、および/または治療 |
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AU2006318539B2 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
EP1952150A4 (en) | 2009-06-24 |
CA2629306A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
WO2007062090A3 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
WO2007062090A2 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
AU2006318539A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
JP6088723B2 (ja) | 2017-03-01 |
EP1952150A2 (en) | 2008-08-06 |
US20070212733A1 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
WO2007062090A8 (en) | 2007-08-16 |
JP2015078994A (ja) | 2015-04-23 |
ES2618543T3 (es) | 2017-06-21 |
US9726673B2 (en) | 2017-08-08 |
EP1952150B1 (en) | 2016-12-14 |
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