JP2006176541A - 血管平滑筋細胞の治療用インヒビター - Google Patents
血管平滑筋細胞の治療用インヒビター Download PDFInfo
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- JP2006176541A JP2006176541A JP2006086436A JP2006086436A JP2006176541A JP 2006176541 A JP2006176541 A JP 2006176541A JP 2006086436 A JP2006086436 A JP 2006086436A JP 2006086436 A JP2006086436 A JP 2006086436A JP 2006176541 A JP2006176541 A JP 2006176541A
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Abstract
【解決手段】哺乳類血管平滑筋細胞の収縮又は移動を抑制するのに効果的な量の細胞増殖抑制剤を含んで成り、前記の量が、細胞外マトリクスを分泌する管平滑筋細胞の能力を除去しない量である、外傷を有する哺乳類血管を生物学的に伸長させる剤。
【選択図】なし
Description
第1に、阻害剤は心臓血管の疾患をもつ患者について許容されえないレベルの危険をつくることができる全身的毒性を有することがある。
第2に、阻害剤は手術後の血管の創傷の治癒を妨害することがあり、そしてそれは治癒を遅延するか、あるいは新しく治癒した血管壁の構造または弾性を弱化することがある。
第4に、阻害剤の治療効果のレベルの放出はいくつかの観点から問題となることがある:すなわち、a)平滑筋細胞の間の細胞間空間の中への多数の分子の放出は、すなわち、治療的に有効投与量の分子が細胞膜を横切るようにさせるために好適な状態を確立するために必要である:b)適切な細胞内隔室の中に阻害薬物を向けることは、すなわち、その作用が発揮される場合、コントロールすることが困難である:そしてc)阻害薬物とその細胞内標的、例えば、リボソームとの連合を最適化すると同時に、例えば、付近の細胞への、薬物の細胞間の再分布を最小とすることは困難であることがある。
第5に、平滑筋細胞の増殖は数週にわたって起こるので、有益な作用を生成するために、多分連続的に、阻害薬物をまた数週にわたって投与すべきであるように推定的に思われる。
「治療接合体」は、治療剤にカップリングした(例えば、必要に応じてリンカーを通して)血管平滑筋または間質マトリックスの結合性タンパク質を意味する。
「標的」および「マーカー」は、マトリックスまたは血管平滑筋の結合性タンパク質により特定の方法で認識される分子、例えば、抗原、ポリペプチド抗原あるいは血管平滑筋細胞またはマトリックス構造体の細胞表面膜上に発現される細胞表面の炭水化物(例えば、グリコリピド、糖タンパク質、またはプロテオグリカン)を記載するとき、互換的に使用される。
「カップリングした」は、マトリックスまたは血管平滑筋の結合性タンパク質と治療剤との共有結合または非共有結合の化学的連合(すなわち、ファンデルワールス力または電荷−電荷の相互作用によるような疎水性)を意味するために使用する。使用する治療剤の特質のために、結合性タンパク質は通常共有結合により治療剤と連合する。
平滑筋細胞の「移動」は、血管の内側板から内膜の中へのこれらの生体内の動きを意味し、例えば、また、1つの位置から他の位置への動きをたどることによって生体外で研究することができる(例えば、時間経過のシネマトグラフィーまたはビデオカメラおよび経時的組織培養中の規定区域の中から外への平滑筋細胞の移動のマニュアルカウンティングを使用して)。
「増殖」、すなわち、平滑筋細胞または癌細胞の増殖は、すなわち、細胞の有糸分裂による、細胞数の増加を意味する。
「巨大環トリコテセン」は、真菌のいくつかの種により産生されたそして12, 13−エポキシトリコテク−9−エンの基本構造により特徴づけられる、構造的に関係するセスキテルペノイドマイコトキシンのグループの任意の1つ、例えば、土の真菌ミロセリシウム・ベルカリア (Myrothecium verrucaria) およびミロセリシウム・ロリジウム (Myrothecium roridium) 中の二次代謝物の産生物であるベルルカリン類およびロリジン類を意味することを意図する。
「投与形態」は、遊離の(連合する非ターゲッテッドまたは非結合性タンパク質)治療剤配合物、ならびに持続放出性治療配合物、例えば、微小粒子またはナノ粒子、標的細胞集団にその中に分散した治療部分を放出するように1種または2種以上の結合性タンパク質またはペプチドに結合できる生物分解性または非生物分解性ポリマー物質を含むものを意味する。
「スタウロスポリン」は、スタウロスポリン、すなわち、次の式、
本発明の治療投与形態(持続放出型)は、治療剤を標的細胞に持続した期間にわたって放出する能力を示す。本発明のこの面の治療投与形態は、この目的に適当な任意の形状を有することができる。好ましい持続放出性の治療投与形態は、次の特性の1または2以上を示す。
− 約3〜約 180日、より好ましくは約10〜約21日の間の期間にわたって生物分解可能に設計された生物分解性構造体、あるいは約3〜約 180日、より好ましくは約10〜約21日の間の期間にわたって治療剤の拡散が起こるように設計された非生物分解性構造体;
− 好ましくは治療剤−ポリマーマトリックスを形成するために、その中の治療剤の安定なかつ再現性ある分散を促進し、活性な治療剤の解放は次のルートの1つまたは両方を通して起こる:(1)投与形態を通る治療剤の拡散(治療剤が投与形態を形成するポリマーまたはポリマー混合物の中に可溶性である);あるいは(2)投与形態が生物分解するときの治療剤の解放;および
アルファヒドロキシカルボン酸および関係するラクトンの縮合から誘導されたポリマーは、本発明における使用に好ましい。とくに好ましい部分は、熱可塑性ポリエステル(例えば、ポリラクチドまたはポリグリコリド)またはラクチドおよびグリコリド成分のコポリマー、例えば、ポリ(ラクチド−コ−グリコリド)の混合物から形成される。例示的構造、ランダムポリ(DL−ラクチド−コ−グリコリド)を下に示し、xおよびyの値はこの分野における実施者により操作して所望の微小粒子またはナノ粒子の性質を達成する。
粒子に結合する結合性タンパク質/ペプチド−粒状投与形態のために要求される官能基を、必要に応じて粒状構造体の中に、非分解性または生物分解性のポリマー単位と一緒に含める。この目的に利用できる官能基は、ペプチドと反応性であるもの、例えば、カルボキシル基、アミン基、スルフヒドリル基などを包含する。好ましい結合増強部分は、好ましい(ラクチド−グリコリド)ポリマーを含有するマトリックスなどの末端カルボキシル基を含む。
(i)血管形成術(例えばPTCA、経皮経管血管形成(PTA) など) 又はアテローム切除 (例えばrotoblater、レーザーなど) 、冠動脈バイパス手術などを含むその他の外傷の後の又は血管の病気 (例えばアテローム硬化症、血管狭窄症又は萎縮症に二次的に起こる眼の病気、脳血管狭窄症など)の結果として生じる拡張した管腔体積を保持する;
(・)作用物質によって容易になった管腔面積の初期増加の結果として管腔の慢性的狭窄をもたらしたり又はこの狭窄を強調したりしない:
(・)標的細胞の収縮又は移動を阻害する;及び
(・)細胞増殖抑制性をもつ。
(i)血管形成術(例えばPTCA、経皮経管血管形成(PTA) など) 又はアテローム切除 (例えばrotoblater、レーザーなど) 、冠動脈バイパス手術などを含むその他の外傷の後の又は血管の病気 (例えばアテローム硬化症、血管狭窄症又は萎縮症に二次的に起こる眼の病気、脳血管狭窄症など)の結果として生じる拡張した管腔体積を保持する);
(・)標的細胞の増殖を阻害する(例えばこの作用物質に対してインビトロで5分及び24時間露呈した後、血管平滑筋組織培養は、一定レベルの 3H−チミジン摂取阻害を立証し、好ましくは比較的低い 3H−ロイシン摂取阻害を示す);
(・)DNA 合成を阻害するのに充分な用量で、穏やかから中位までの(例えば以下で記述する検定においてグレード2又は3)形態学的な細胞毒性効果を生み出す;
(・)標的細胞濃度を阻害する:及び
(v)細胞増殖抑制性をもつ。
(i)長時間(例えば5日間)の露呈時点で、作用物質は、上で5分及び24時間の露呈について記述したものと同じ又は類似の血管平滑筋組織培養 DNA合成及びタンパク質合成に対するインビトロ効果を生み出す;及び
(・)DNA 合成阻害についての長期インビトロ検定において、有効な用量で、作用物質は、より長い期間(例えば10日間)にわたり穏やかから中位までの形態学的細胞毒性効果を示す。
例1. インビボでの血管壁内血管平滑筋細胞に対する結合
図1は、NR−AN−01の静脈内投与から4日目の、24才の男性患者の動脈血管壁内の平滑筋細胞に対するNR−AN−01(マウスIgG2b MAb)の結合を示している。図1は、切片が半ビボで HRP接合されたヤギ抗マウスIgG と反応させられた、NR−AN−01投与後の患者の動脈壁の内側領域を通して採取された組織学的切片の顕微鏡写真である。
NR−AN−01と呼ばれるモノクローナル抗体に対して (以下に記述するとおり) トリコテセン細胞毒素のヘミスクシネート誘導体を化学的にカップリングさせることによって、NR−AN−01及びロリジンAの接合体を構築した。2つの接合体は、1方がロリジンAの2′位置に、もう一方が13′位置にカップリングされた状態で調製された。この合成において、図2及び図3に記されている2つの方式を使用した。次に、接合体を、PD-10 SEPHA ROSE・カラムクロマトグラフィ(Pharmacia;Piscataway, NJ) によって未反応のロリジンAから精製し、サイズ排除高圧液体クロマトグラフィーによって分析し、次にカラム画分を以下に記述する通りSDS-PAGE及び等電点電気泳動(IEF) によって特徴づけした。
0.5 g (0.94mmol) のロリジンAに対して、15mlのシクロロメタンを付加した。この溶液に対して、撹拌しながら 0.104g (1.04mmol) の無水コハク酸を付加した。反応混合物に対し、5mlのシクロロメタン中の、 0.2mlのトリエチルアミンを付加した。均質な反応混合物に対して、触媒量のジメチルアミノピリジンを付加し、15時間室温で撹拌した。反応の完了後、薄層クロマトグラフィを行なった (数滴の酢酸を伴って、CH2Cl2:CH3OH = 9.7:0.3)。反応終了後、 0.3mlの氷酢酸を付加し、減圧下で溶剤を除去した。乾燥した粗製残留物は、水と塩化メチレンの間で分割された。無水硫酸ナトリウム上で組合さった塩化メチレン抽出物(3×50ml)を乾燥させ、真空下で溶剤を除去して、3つの化合物の粗製混合物を 0.575g (96%) 得た。2%の酢酸を伴う50%のアセトニトリル・水の中の粗製混合物の予備的 C18HPLC分離は、白色固体として0.36g (60%) の2を生み出した。
30mlのジクロロメタン中の2′ロリジンAヘミコハク酸 0.3g(0.476mmol) に対して、 0.055g(0.487mmol) のN−ヒドロキシスクシンイミドを付加した。清澄な反応混合物に対して、 0.108g(0.524mmol) のジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミドを付加した。6時間室温で反応混合物を撹拌した。反応終了後、顕色用溶剤として(数滴の酢酸を伴う、CH2Cl2:CH3OH = 9.7:0.3)を用いて TLCを行なった。反応混合物に対して数滴の氷酢酸を付加し、溶剤を減圧下で除去した。乾燥残留物に対してジクロロメタンを加え、沈降させた DCUをろ過した。ろ液からの溶剤を、減圧下で除去し、白色固体を得た。粗製生成物から、流動層として2%の酢酸を用いて50%のアセトニトリル中で予備的HPLCにより、 0.208g (60%) の3を精製した。
0.5ml のジメチルホルムアシド溶液中の72.3mg(0.136mmol) のロリジンAに対して、 0.055g(0.367mmol) の塩化t−ブチルジメチル及び 0.025g(0.368mmol) のイミダゾールを付加した。反応混合物を15時間室温で撹拌した。反応完了後、顕色用溶剤として1%のMeOH−CHCl3 を用いてシリカゲル薄層クロマトグラフィを行なった。反応混合物からの溶剤を、真空下で除去し、乾燥させた。粗製生成物を、水と塩化メチレンの間で分割させた。組合わされた塩化メチレン抽出物からの溶剤を、減圧下で除去し、乾燥させた。溶離用溶剤として EtoAc:ヘキサン(1:3)を用いて閃光クロマトグラフィにより、精製生成物を精製した。溶離液からの溶剤を、減圧下で除去して、固体として0.66g (75%) の4を得た。
10mlのジクロロメタン中の 0.1g(0.155mmol) の13′−t−ブチルジメチルシリルロリジンAに対して、 0.3mlの無水酢酸、 0.2mlのトリエチルアミン及び数個のジメチルアミノピリジン結晶を付加し、2時間室温で保管した。反応の完了後、顕色用溶剤としての1%メタノール−塩化メチレン中で TLCを行なった。減圧下で溶剤を除去し、溶離用溶剤として1%のメタノールクロロホルムを用いてシリカゲルカラムによりこれを精製した。溶離液からの溶剤を真空下で除去して、固体として 0.085g (80%) の5を得た。
5mlのテトラヒドロフラン中の0.05g(0.073mmol) の2′−アセル13′−t−ブチルジメチルシリルロリジンAに対して THF中の 0.3mlの1Mのテトラブチル−フッ化アンモニウム溶液を付加した。室温で2時間、反応混合物を撹拌した。反応完了後、顕色用溶剤として1%のMeOH−CHCl3 を用いてシリカゲル薄層クロマトグラフィを行なった。反応混合物からの溶剤を、減圧下で除去し、乾燥させた。溶離用溶剤として1%の CH3OH−CHCl3 を用いてシリカゲル上で、粗製生成物を精製した。組合された溶離液からの溶剤を真空下で除去して、 0.020g (48%) の6を固体として得た。
1mlのジクロロメタン中の0.05g(0.087mmol) の2′−アセチルロリジンAに対して、0.025 g(0.25mmol)の無水コハク酸と35mlのトリエチルアミンを付加した。触媒として、数個のジメチルアミノピリジン結晶を付加した。反応混合物を室温で24時間撹拌した。反応完了後、顕色用溶剤として5%のMeOH−CH2Cl2を用いて薄層クロマトグラフィを行なった。反応の終了時点で30mlの氷酢酸を付加した。反応混合物からの溶剤を、減圧下で除去し乾燥させた。粗製生成物は水と酢酸エチルの間で分割させた。減圧下で、一緒にした酢酸エチル画分からの溶剤を除去した。粗製生成物をシリカゲルカルムを通して精製し、 0.039g (66%の7を白色固体として得た。
2mlのジクロロメタン中の 0.036g (0.0050mmol) の2′−アセチル13′−ロリジンAヘミコハク酸に対して 0.009g(0.09mmol)のN−ヒドロキシスクシンイミドを付加した。撹拌した溶液に対して、 0.012g(0.059mmol) のジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミドを付 加した。反応混合物を、8時間室温で撹拌した。反応完了後、顕色用溶剤として5%のMeOH−CH2Cl2を用いてシリカゲル薄層クロマトグラフィを行なった。反応混合物に対して数滴の氷酢酸を付加した。反応混合物からの溶剤を、減圧下で除去し、乾燥させた。溶離用溶剤として5%のMeOH−CH2Cl2を用いてシリカゲルカラム上で粗製生成物を精製させた。組合せた溶離液からの溶剤を真空下で除去して、白色固体として 0.025g(61%)の8を除去した。
ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィによる精製に先立ち45分間穏やかに混合しながら室温で25%のジメチルスルフォキシド (DMSO) 溶剤の存在下でホウ酸緩衝液中でpH8.0 にて、接合反応を行なった。トリコテセン薬物前駆体抗体のモル提供比は、2′及び13′ロリジンA類似体(3及び8)について、それぞれ25:1及び40:1であった。抗体濃度は、接合反応中 0.9〜1.0 mg/mlであった。
リン酸緩衝液(すなわち PBS;150mM のNaCl, 6.7mM のリン酸塩、pH7.3)中1mlにつき 5.3mgのAb 4.7mlに対して、10mlの PBS及び5mlのホウ酸緩衝液(0.5M, pH8.0)を付加した。穏やかに撹拌しながら、反応混合物に対して、次に、1.37mgのスクシンイミジル2′ロリジンAヘミスクシネート(3)を含む 6.3mlのDMSOを15秒間にわたり滴下で加えた。
精製するためには、 PBS中で平衡化されたPharmacia PD−10セファロース(商標)カラムに対して、1mlの反応アリコートを加えた。 2.4〜4.8 mlの画分で、溶離された接合体を収集した。次にPD−10で精製した接合体アリコートをプールし、Amiconの PM-10 DiA-flo・濃縮器上で 1.5〜2.0 mgのAb/mlまで濃縮させた:次に、 0.2μの Gelman Acrodisc(商標)を通して無菌ろ過し、5mlの体積で無菌ガラスバイアル中に充てんした。
2′の接合体を液体窒素内で急速凍結させ、次に使用するまで−70℃で保管した。13′ロリジンA NR−AN−01接合体を凍結状態又は冷蔵状態(すなわち5〜10℃)で保管した。
銅試薬方法(Pierce Chemical Corp.)を用いてBCA 検定によりタンパク質濃度を決定した。
抗体誘導体化の度合の評価は、4時間(2′接合体については室温で又は13′接合体については37℃で)pH10.3の 0.2Mの炭酸塩中で接合体アリコートをまず加水分解させ、次にPM−30膜を通してろ過することによって行なった。次にそれぞれ50:48:2の CH3CN:H2O :HOAC比の流動層を用いてC−18逆相HPLC上でロリジンAについてろ液を検定した。13′接合体の加水分解中極性生成物を生成する平行した大環状環分解について補正するべく、1.32の補正係数を用いた。
ストレプトアビジン/ペルオキシダーゼ検出を伴うビオチニル化−Abを用いた競合ELISA によって、又は 125Iで標識付けされた抗体を用いた競合細胞結合検定によって、ロリジンA−抗体接合体の免疫検定を行なった。代替的には、免疫反応性は、抗体がまずクロラミンT方法によりI−125 で追跡標識づけされ次にひき続き2′及び13ロリジンA前駆体で誘導体化される細胞結合検定において抗体飽和条件下で測定された。
トリコテセンの構造式は以下のとおりである:
静脈内カテーテルによる投与のためには、本発明の治療用接合体が3〜5分以内に投与され、かくして患者の体内で血液流が再度樹立され得ることが望ましい。従って、 109リットル/モルを上回るKaで平滑筋結合タンパク質の結合反応速度を決定するための研究が行なわれた。ヒトの血管平滑筋細胞は培養中でゆっくりと成長し、比の平滑筋細胞はヒトのCSPG細胞表面標識を発現することがわかっていたことから;以下の例で記述する研究の多くにおいて、CSPG表面標識を支持するB054比動脈平滑筋細胞及びヒトのA375M/M(黒色腫:ATCC#CRL1619) 細胞を使用した。
図4A及び図4Bに示された結果は、20ng/mlという最低の用量でさえ4℃で5分以内にA375及びB054細胞に対するNR−AN−01の有意な結合を示している。
細胞タンパク質合成(即ち 3H−ロイシン取り込みにより)及び代謝活性(即ちミトコンドリアMTT 検定により)に及ぼすロリジンA(RA)及びRA−NR−AN−01接合体の作用を以下の実施例5及び6に詳述した実験で試験した。実施例4の実験は、薬剤による長時間(即ち24時間)処理の効果を測定するための実験を含む。実施例5の試験は、細胞に及ぼす“パルス”(即ち5分)処理の効果を測定するための実験を含む。両試験において、“標的”細胞(即ちCSPG“マーカー”を有する細胞)及び非標的細胞を含入することにより、効果の細胞特異性を評価した。比較のために、遊離RA(即ち非結合)も試験に含めた。細胞タンパク質合成又は代謝活性に及ぼす作用を処理直後に評価するかあるいは“回復期間”を置いて(即ち37℃で細胞を一夜インキュベートして)細胞集団に及ぼす薬剤の長時間効果を測定した。
モノクローナル抗体−薬剤抱合体がin vivo で用いた場合にはマーカー抗原を保有する細胞に対してある程度の特異性を有することは公知である一方、特に親液性の化合物を用いて効果のin vitroでの特異性を立証することは多数の系においては困難であることが示されている。したがって、RA−NR−AN−01−ロリジンA抱合体の阻害作用を24時間に亘って標的及び非標的細胞に関して調べる本実験を実施した。RA−NR−AN−01を用いた場合の結果を同じく24時間の遊離ロリジンAの作用と比較した。修飾メチルテトラゾリウム青(MTT)検定を利用して臭化3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾール−2−イル)−2,5−ジフェニルテトラゾリウム(Sigma)を用いて細胞代謝活性を測定した。この検定は、細胞ミトコンドリアデヒドロゲナーゼ活性を測定すると考えられる。
この型の非特異的阻害は生物学的アテロエクトミーにとって有益であるかもしれないと考えられる一方、死滅した並びに死に瀕した細胞が平滑筋増殖を刺激する因子を放出する可能性がある血管形成術後の再狭窄の治療には望ましいとは思えなかった。
細胞に及ぼすロリジンA含有治療用抱合体への短時間、即ち5分間曝露の効果を評価するために別の試験を実施した。これらの試験では、代謝活性(MTT検定で測定)及び細胞タンパク質合成(3H−ロイシン取り込みにより測定)の両方を評価した。
遊離ロリジンA(RA)又は治療用抱合体への5分間曝露の効果を評価した。2′位置(2′RA−HS−NR−AN−01)又は13′位置(13′RA−HS−NR−AN−01)でヘミスクシニル(HS)を介して結合するロリジンA−NR−AN−01を用いた(13′RA−HS−NR−AN−01の場合はさらに、ロリジンAの2′位置をアセチル化した)。RA、2′又は13′RA−NR−AN−01抱合体を、 400ng/ml− 780pg/mlの濃度範囲の滅菌DMEM又はロリジンA中で2倍に希釈した(被験物質はすべてロリジンAに対して標準化したので、匹敵する用量で効果を直接比較することができた)。試料を2通りのマイクロ滴定プレート中に 100ml/ウエルでアリコート化(2通り)して、室温で5分間インキュベートした。
RA又はRA−NR−AN−01抱合体への標的及び非標的細胞の5分間曝露後48時間目にMTT 検定を実施した。これらの試験における標的細胞としてはBO54及びA375 が挙げられ、非標的細胞としてはHT29細胞が挙げられる。滅菌96ウエルマイクロ滴定プレートに2500細胞/ウエルで接種して、アルミ箔でくるんで、5% CO2/95%空気を含有する湿潤室中で16−18時間インキュベートした。ロリジンA(RA)、2′RA−HS−NR−AN−01及び13′RA HS−NR−AN−01の 400ng/mlから 780pg/mlまでの連続2倍希釈液を調製し、希釈液の 100mlアリコートを二通りのウエル中に分散させた。
本発明の治療用接合体は外傷又は疾病後の狭窄を阻止するのに有用である。実例では、血管形成術を実施するために用いたカテーテルを除去し、血管中にバルーン注入カテーテルを挿入することにより、血管形成術中に引き起こされる血管性外傷を外科手術中に処置する。注入カテーテルを血管の外傷領域に点滴注入口(あるいは浸透膜領域)を付けて配置し、圧力を掛けて治療用接合体を導入する。例えば、2個のバルーン付き注入カテーテルを用いて、1個のバルーンを外傷部位のどちらかの側で膨らませて、治療用接合体を含有する適切な注入液が充填され得る液体間隙を作る。
バルーンカテーテル誘発性外傷に派生する血管内膜平滑筋増殖は、血管形成術後の再狭窄を含めた血管性外傷によるin vivo の平滑筋細胞活性の阻害に対する接合体の治療効力を評価するための良いモデルである。家畜ブタを用いてNR−AN−01(即ち血管平滑筋結合タンパク質又はこれらの試験においては単にVSMBP と呼ぶ;そしてロリジンAを伴う治療用接合体をVSMBP −RAと呼ぶ)の効果を試験した。一般にブタ動脈におけるバルーン血管形成術に派生する出来事は以前に記載されている(12)。これらの試験では、特大バルーン(およそ 1.5:1のバルーン:動脈比)を用いた頸動脈の拡張は、長さ 1.5−2センチの領域の完全内皮裸出を引き起こした。
被験接合体及び対照化合物を1回動脈内注入として、バルーンカテーテルにより引き起こされた内皮裸出及び外傷部位に投与した。わずかに抵抗を生じるように食塩水で十分に膨張させたサイズ3(大腿)及びサイズ4(頸)Uresil Vascu-Flo・シリコーン閉塞バルーンカテーテル(Uresil Technology Center, Skokie, 11) を管内を23cmの長さ通過させて内皮を1−2cmに亘って剥離させた。この技法により動脈がわずかに膨張した。この処理後、近位及び遠位スリップ結紮(3−0 絹糸)を剥離領域末端近くに施して、Inflation Pro ・(USCI, C. R. Bard, Inc., Billerica, MA)圧力注射器に取り付けたサイズ8のFrench, Infant Feeding Catheter (Cutter Resiflex, Berkeley, CA) を用いて被験接合体及び対照化合物を3気圧で3分間、裸出セグメントに直接投与した。
手術後、ブタは隔離及び手術回復期間中は3×5フィートのセメント床室内囲い場内で飼育した。その後、5週間治癒期間の残りを過ごさせるために動物を室内/室外囲いに移した後に、組織学的検査用組織を収集した。
動物は手術から正常に回復し、手術部位の出血又は炎症は認められなかった。処理後5−6日目に、ドップラー聴診器で6頭すべてを検査し、各動物の全動脈を開存させた。処理後、全動物が正常な食欲、活動性及び体重増加を示した。
動脈の外傷化及び処理後5週目に、筋注により体重30ポンド当たり 0.6mlのテラゾール Telazol・(塩酸チレタミン;A. H. Robins Co., Richmond, VA) 及び 0.5mlのキシラジン (Lloyd Laboratories, Shenandoah, IA) で鎮静させて、ヘパリンを加え(ナトリウムヘパリン2mlを静注、1000単位/ml) 、静注ペントバルビタールにより安楽死させた。左右の頸及び大腿動脈を、処理セグメントに近位及び遠位のものが含まれる正常血管とともに取り出した。動脈を測定し、結紮及び肉眼的異常の位置に留意した。動脈を2mm間隔で横断し、O.C.T (最適切断温度) 化合物 (Tissue Tek・, Miles Laboratories Inc., Elkhart, IN) 付クリオモルドに順に並べ、液体窒素中で凍結させた。形態学的試験用に、ブロックを5μに切断して、H&E、マッソントリクローム Massons Trichrome及びモパトペンタクローム Movats Pentachrome で染色した。切片はさらに血管平滑筋の免疫組織学的染色に用いた。
これらの組織学的試験においてさらに2′及び13′−ロリジンA抱合体の有効性を比較した結果、13′抱合体(即ち13′RA−HS−NR−AN−01)は平滑筋細胞の内膜肥厚を阻止するに際して2′抱合体(即ち2′RA−HS NR−AN−01)よりも活性であると考えられるという所見を得た。この試験においては、13′抱合体の低圧注入は高圧よりも有効に平滑筋増殖を阻害し、そして13′抱合体はさらに2′接合体よりも有効であると思われた。
血管平滑筋細胞におけるDNA 合成及びタンパク質合成を阻害する種々の治療薬の能力を調べた。 3H−ロイシン及び 3H−チミジン取り込み並びに細胞毒性検定を以下のプロトコールに従って実施した。
40,000細胞/mlの血管平滑筋細胞を滅菌24ウエルプレート中に1ml/ウエルで植え付けた。湿潤大気(飽和)中に5% CO2,95%空気で37度Cでプレートを一夜インキュベートした。問題の治療薬の対数希釈液を5分間又は24時間、血管平滑筋細胞とともにインキュベートした。治療薬の試料を、5%ウシ胎児血清(FBS, Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) 及び5%血清プラスSerum Plus・ (JRH Biosciences, Lenexa, KS)を含有するDMEM:F−12培地中で希釈した。
血管平滑筋細胞を滅菌24ウエルプレート中の湿潤5%CO2 環境で37℃で一夜、5%FBS (Gibco) を含む完全培地中でインキュベートした。培地をウエルから吸引し、成長因子 (DMEM:インシュリン(5μg/ml) 、トランスフェリン(5μg/ml) 及びナトリウムセレナイト(5ng/ml)(SigmaChemical, St. Louis, Missouriから購入) を含有する成長因子カクテル(カタログ番号・1884) を補充したF−12基礎培地) を補充した血清無含有培地を加えた。細胞をこの培地中で24時間インキュベートした。5分間治療薬曝露のために、治療薬の対数希釈液を細胞とともに完全培地中でインキュベートした。
これらのプロトコールは、他の標的細胞集団、特に付着性単層細胞型にも用い得る。
血管平滑筋細胞を 4.0×104 細胞/培地1ml/ウエルで、市販の4ウエルスライド(Nunc, Inc., Naperville, lllinois) 上に植え付けた。2つのパルス曝露長(5分間及び24時間)に十分なスライドに植え付けされ、増分評価点(24時間及び 128時間) が規定された。スライドは全て2通り試験してあらゆる検定異常を明示した。 3H−ロイシン及び 3H−チミジン検定に用いたのと同じ培地中に本治療薬を希釈した。各4ウエルスライドは、上記の 3H−ロイシン及び 3H−チミジン検定により確定されたように、最小有効濃度(ウエル“C”)より高い一対数濃度(ウエル“B”)、より低い一対数濃度(ウエル“D”)に一まとめにした濃度であった。正常形態に関する対照として、あるウエル(ウエル“A”)を未処理(培地のみ)のままにした。
24時間 3H−ロイシンタンパク質阻害検定及び24時間 3H−チミジンDNA 合成阻害検定の結果を、スラミン、スタウロスポリン、ニトログリセリン及びサイトカラシンBに関してそれぞれ図10A−10Dに示す。被験化合物はすべて、利用可能な治療範囲( 3H−ロイシン検定の曲線下の面積は 3H−チミジン検定のものより大きい)を明示し、このことは本発明の持続性放出投与形態態様の実施に際して有用であることを示す。さらに、本化合物は血管平滑筋細胞のタンパク質合成を阻害するよりも大きく5% FBSの存在下でDNA 合成を行う血管平滑筋細胞の能力を阻害した。5分間及び24時間パルス曝露中のスラミン、スタウロスポリン、ニトログリセリン及びサイトカラシンBのタンパク質及びDNA 合成阻害効果を、図10A−Dにそれぞれ示す。
結合タンパク質又はペプチドで被覆された粒子を結合し、インターナライズする血管平滑筋細胞の能力を、モノクローナル抗体(NR−AN−01)被覆金ビーズを用いてin vitro及びin vivo の両方で立証した。血管平滑筋細胞組織培養(BO54) 、抗原陽性対照細胞株(A375)及び抗原陰性対照細胞株(HT29) を10nmの金ビーズとともに、NR−AN−01で被覆した一群及び二次非被覆対照群を用いてインキュベートした。細胞を単層及び細胞懸濁培養としてビーズに曝露し、電子顕微鏡により結合及びインターナリゼーションに関して6つの時点(即ち1分、5分、15分、30分、60分及び24時間) で調べた。
血管平滑筋細胞におけるin vitro DNA及びタンパク質合成を阻害するスタウロスポリン及びサイトカラシンの能力を試験した。以下のプロトコールに従って、 3H−ロイシン及び 3H−チミジン取込み並びに細胞毒性検定を実施した。
大動脈ヒヒ平滑筋細胞の外植片からBO54細胞(ヒヒ平滑筋細胞)を得た。細胞を5%ウシ胎児血清(FBS, Gibco)及び5% Serum Plus (商標)(JRH Biologicals)を含有するDMEM (Dulbeccoの修正イーグル培地):F−12培地(Whittaker Bioproducts, Walkersville, Maryland)(“完全培地”)中に広げて、細胞の種一組を液体窒素中で凍結して継代7回での将来の使用に備えた。
血管平滑筋細胞を40,000−50,000細胞/mlで植え付けて、実施例8の“5分間曝露; 3H−ロイシン取込み”に記載されているように処理した。スタウロスポリンの対数希釈液(200ng/ml,20ng/ml,2ng/ml, 0.2ng/ml及び0.02ng/ml)を完全培地中に分散させた。サイトカラシンBに関しては、20ng/ml,2ng/ml, 0.2ng/ml,0.02ng/ml及び 0.002ng/mlの対数希釈液を完全培地中に分散させた。次に完全培地を対照ウエルに加えた。1ml/ウエルの各治療薬希釈液を4通りのウエルに加え、問題の薬剤を血管平滑筋細胞とともに滅菌通風口付集風器中で室温で5分間インキュベートした。治療薬インキュベーション後、ウエルを実施例8の“5分間曝露; 3H−ロイシン取込み”に記載されているように処理した。
血管平滑筋(BO54)細胞を植え付けて、上記の“5分間曝露;タンパク質合成検定”に記載されているように処理した。被験治療薬で5分間インキュベーション後、培地を吸引して、完全培地に分散させた1ml/ウエルの 1.0μCi/ml 3H−チミジン( 3H−ロイシンでなく)を加えた。次に湿潤5% CO2環境で37℃で一夜、細胞をインキュベートした。次いで、上記のタンパク質合成検定に記載されているように、治療薬の毒性効力を確定した。
血管平滑筋(BO54)細胞を20,000細胞/mlで滅菌24ウエルプレートに植え付けて、湿潤大気(飽和)中5% CO2,95%空気で37℃で一夜、完全培地(1ml/ウエル)中でインキュベートした。スタウロスポリンの対数希釈液(100ng/ml,10ng/ml,1ng/ml, 0.1ng/ml及び0.01ng/ml)を、次いで下記のように2つの培地中に分散させた。サイトカラシンBに関しては、10ng/ml,1ng/ml, 0.1ng/ml,0.01ng/ml及び 0.001ng/mlの対数希釈液を下記のように2つの培地中に分散させた:
培地(1)−完全培地;及び
培地(2)−DMEM(ロイシン無含有)。 0.5μCi/mlの 3H−ロイシンを含む。培地(2)は、実験の最終24時間インキュベーション期間に用いる。
“24及び 120時間曝露;タンパク質合成検定”に関して記載された手順にしたがって本発明を実施したが、但し本24及び 120時間DNA 合成検定における培地(2)は:
培地(2)=完全培地。 1.0μCi/mlの 3H−チミジンを含む。
培地(2)は、実験の最終24時間インキュベーション期間に用いる。
これらのタンパク質及びDNA 合成検定は、他の標的細胞集団、特に付着性単層細胞型にも用いうる。
培地のみで処理した対照のパーセンテージとして、各薬剤の最小有効用量(MED)を確定した;対照の50%値を細胞毒性基準として選択した。5分間曝露で、スタウロスポリンはタンパク質合成検定では 100ng/ml、DNA 検定では1ng/mlのMED を立証した。スタウロスポリンに関する24時間MED はタンパク質合成検定では10ng/ml、DNA 合成検定では1ng/mlであった。両検定は、スタウロスポリンの 120時間曝露に関しては1ng/mlのMED を示した。
サイトカラシンBによる平滑筋細胞移動阻害の程度を確定するための引っ掻き検定を、以下のプロトコールに従って実施した:
実施例10に記載されているように、ヒヒ大動脈平滑筋の外植片から血管平滑筋細胞(BO54)を得た。細胞を約5mlの培地を入れた平底6ウエル組織培養プレートで増殖させた。血管平滑筋細胞を 200,000細胞/ウエルで平板培養して、湿潤5% CO2インキュベーター中に37℃で1時間置いた。次に片刃剃刀をクランプ又はプライヤーで保持して、90度の角度でウエルの底に無菌的に接触させて、滅菌した部分でウエルを引っ掻いた。刃をウエルの底に接触させたままで、滅菌綿棒で引っ掻き部分に沿った小領域から細胞を取り出した。インキュベーション後、“引っ掻き”領域中の細胞の存在は、引っ掻き線を横切って細胞が移動したことを示す。対照インキュベーションは有意の細胞移動を示し、治療薬に曝露された細胞の移動を比較する基準として役立つ。
A組: 1,3,6,8及び10日間被験薬剤曝露のみ;
B組: 1,3,6,8及び10日間被験薬剤曝露。その後対照培地で7日間の回復時間。
曝露終了時に、両組のプレートを固定し(PBSに溶解した10%ホルマリン)、染色(0.02%クリスタルバイオレット)した。サイトカラシンBの試験濃度は、1,0.1 及び0.01μg/mlで、陰性培地対照も含まれた。新鮮な培地及び薬剤を週に3回供給した。
血管平滑筋細胞を2つの曝露フォーマットのうちの1つで治療薬に曝露した:
パルス曝露: パルス曝露プロトコールは実施例8に記載されている(“形態学的細胞毒評価−パルス曝露”参照)。
薬剤検定: 細胞DNA 合成及び増殖中の塩基類似体 5−ブロモ−2′−デオキシウリジン(BRDU, Sigma Chemical Co.から購入)のDNA への取り込みを測定することにより、in vivo 血管平滑筋増殖を定量した。市販の抗BRDUモノクローナル抗体を組織化学的に用いて、BRDU取込みを立証した。1時間パルス標識によりパルス期間に分裂中の細胞の数を査定できる。
上記のBRDUパルス標識プロトコールをin vivo ブタ血管試験に関する標準評価法として用いる。手術及び処理操作(例えば本明細書の実施例7及び11で考察)並びに術後回復期間後、ブタを鎮静化し、BRDUでパルス処理して1時間後に組織を収集した。
BRDU(1g BRDU を滅菌水17ml及び1N NaOH3ml中に希釈)パルス標識並びに試験動脈セグメント除去及び切片作製(上記)後、抗BRDUモノクローナル抗体を用いた免疫組織化学的染色により、特異化期間中の有糸分裂指数を測定する視覚的手段が提供される。免疫組織化学的染色は以下のように実施した:
1)被験動脈の5μm切片を冷アセトン(−20℃)で10分間脱水した;
2)切片をガラス顕微鏡スライド上に載せて、スライドを37℃で10分間乾燥させた;
3)スライドをPBS 中で10分間、再脱水した;
4)1N HCl を用いてスライドにホイルゲン酸加水分解を施す。この場合、処理前に1N HCl の2つのアリコートを37℃及び60℃に予熱する;
6)スライドを60℃の1N HCl に15分間移した;
7)スライドを37℃で1分間、1mlの1N HCl で洗浄した;
8)スライドを室温PBS で洗浄した。PBS は5分間隔で3回換えた;
9)切片上の内因性交差反応部位を正常ヤギ血清(PBS中1:25)で20分間遮断した;
10)工程8と同様に、スライドをPBS で洗浄した;
11)切片をマウス抗BRDU抗体(DAKO Corporation, Carpinteria, CA)とともに10μg/mlで30分間インキュベートした;
12)工程8と同様に、スライドをPBS で洗浄した;
14)工程8と同様に、スライドをPBS で洗浄した;
15)切片を色素原(3,3′−ジアミノベンジジン(DAB; Sigma), 200ml PBS中に5mg/mlで)及び 200μlの30%H2O2とともに10分間インキュベートした;
16)工程8と同様に、スライドをPBS で洗浄した;
18)工程8と同様に、スライドをPBS で洗浄した;青み溶液(dH2O 500ml中に炭酸リチウム1gm)で濯ぎ;脱イオン水で洗浄した;そして
19)被験試料を脱水し、浄化して、カバーグラスをかけた。
殺細胞剤は、PBS 対照に関してBRDU取込みを阻害した;しかしながら、サイトカラシンB及びスタウロスポリンは、血管平滑筋細胞を殺さずにBRDU取込み(即ち細胞増殖)を阻害した。BRDUで標識された血管平滑筋細胞の数を、以下のように 400倍の倍率での等級に割り当てた:
1=≦1/高パワー領域(HPF);
2=2−5/HPF ;
3=>5−≦10/HPF ;及び
4=>10/HPF 。
サイトカラシンBで処理したバルーン外傷化ブタ動脈は、他の被験薬で処理した動脈又は対照と比較した場合、より大きな管腔面積を示した。10本の大腿動脈(実施例7に記載の1回投与プロトコールに従って処理した5頭のブタの各々から2本ずつ得た動脈)を組織学的に評価した。各動脈の最大管腔面積を、BQシステムIVコンピューター処理計測学的分析システム(R & M Biometrics, Inc., Nashville, TN)によるデジタル化顕微鏡像から測定し、算出した。さらに5頭のブタ(1頭につき動脈2本;サイトカラシンB用量= 0.1μg/ml,1気圧で3分間適用;同一時点)を用いて、本実験を繰り返した。2つの実験から得たデータを合わせた。サイトカラシンB処理後3週間目の時点での管腔面積の増大が観察された。
抗体被覆ラテックス粒子(抗体被覆持続性放出投与形態のモデル)は、以下の無菌法を用いて得られる:
0.01% Tween−20(商標)(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノラウレート,Sigma)を含有する0.05Mホウ酸ナトリウム4mlに、5mgのNR−AN−01モノクローナル抗体を含有するPBS 0.5ml を加えた。室温で撹拌しながら、この溶液に直径1μmのカルボキシル化ラテックス粒子50mgを含有する水性懸濁液 2.5mlを加えた。その直後に、 100mgの新たに溶解させた1(3−ジメチル−アミノプロピル)3−エチルカルボジイミドHCl を含有する0.50mlの水を撹拌しながら加える。次に溶液を撹拌しながら室温で1−2時間インキュベートする。その後反応混合物を、0.2%ゼラチン安定剤(リン酸塩/ゼラチン緩衝液)を含有する50mMリン酸塩緩衝液(pH6.6) 50mlで希釈する。混合物を40,000xgで、4−10℃で2時間遠心分離する。上清をデカントし、低レベル音波処理を10秒間用いて、ペレットをリン酸塩/ゼラチン緩衝液50ml中に再懸濁する。遠心分離を繰り返し、ペレットを2回再懸濁して、その後リン酸塩/ゼラチン緩衝液中に再懸濁する。次に標準プロトコール及びソルビタール賦形剤を用いて、接合粒子を親液化する。
(a)整粒: レーザー異方性により、1μmより大きい粒子に関しては顕微鏡検査によって、粒子サイズ均等性を査定する。
(b)特異的結合査定: 抱合粒子とのタンパク質/ペプチド抱合体のインキュベーション(インキュベーション混合物には遮断剤タンパク質/ペプチドが含まれないこともある)後、組織又は細胞ペレットミクロトーム薄片の組織学的検査により、平滑筋細胞との特異的結合を調べる。好ましい検出方法としては、二次抗体検定(即ち抗マウスIg)又は競合検定(即ち放射性同位元素標識化タンパク質/ペプチド接合体と関連したラジオシンチグラフによる検出)が挙げられる。
(c)タンパク質/ペプチド誘導化の程度の査定:ラテックス粒子を放射性同位元素標識化抗体で被覆して、その後被覆粒子に関連した放射能を検出することにより、この測定を実施する。
抗体被覆粒子の特性表示を表8に記載する。
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Claims (26)
- 哺乳類血管平滑筋細胞の収縮又は移動を抑制するのに効果的な量の細胞増殖抑制剤を含んで成り、前記の量が、細胞外マトリクスを分泌する管平滑筋細胞の能力を除去しない量である、外傷を有する哺乳類血管を生物学的に伸長させる剤。
- 細胞を実質的に殺すことなく、外傷を有する哺乳類管平滑筋細胞の病的収縮又は移動を抑制するのに有効な量の細胞増殖抑制剤を含んで成り、前記の量が、細胞外マトリクスを分泌する管平滑筋細胞の能力を除去しない量である、管腔直径を維持又は拡張するための剤。
- 哺乳類管平滑筋細胞の増加を抑制するのに効果的な抗増殖剤の持続放出型を含んで成る、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 前記剤が持続放出型である、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 局所投与形である、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- カテーテルにより投与される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 外傷の前もしくは後、又は外傷中に投与される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 全身的に投与される、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 前記持続放出型が、ミクロ粒子又はナノ粒子である、請求項4に記載の剤。
- 細胞体質阻害剤である、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 前記細胞体質阻害剤がタキソール又はその類似体である、請求項10に記載の剤。
- 前記細胞体質阻害剤が、サイトカラシン又はその誘導体もしくは類似体である、請求項10に記載の剤。
- 前記細胞体質阻害剤がサイトカラシンB又はその誘導体もしくは類似体である、請求項12に記載の剤。
- 哺乳類血管平滑筋細胞の病的増加を抑制するために効果的な量の殺細胞剤及び持続放出型の細胞増殖抑制剤を含んで成る、哺乳類の外傷を有する血管に投与するための組成物。
- 前記細胞増殖抑制剤がタキソール又はその類似体である、請求項14に記載の組成物。
- 前記細胞増殖抑制剤が、サイトカラシン、又はその誘導体もしくは類似体である、請求項14に記載の組成物。
- タキソール又はその類似体を含んで成る、哺乳類血管の狭窄又は再狭窄の治療剤。
- タキソールを含んで成る、請求項17に記載の剤。
- 局所投与用の、請求項17に記載の剤。
- カテーテルを介して投与される、請求項17に記載の剤。
- 全身的に投与される、請求項17に記載の剤。
- 経口投与される、請求項17に記載の剤。
- 血管が工程血管外傷にかかっている、請求項17に記載の剤。
- 前記外傷が、血管形成し得る、ステントの設置、又は移植に関連する、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 前記の量が、血管平滑筋細胞の増殖を抑制するために有効な量である、請求項17に記載の剤。
- アクチンの重合を抑制する、請求項2に記載の剤。
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-
1994
- 1994-01-26 AT AT94907364T patent/ATE485825T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-01-26 EP EP10176079A patent/EP2298310A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-01-26 CA CA2154698A patent/CA2154698C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-01-26 ES ES94907364T patent/ES2355184T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-26 JP JP6517355A patent/JPH08506112A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-01-26 WO PCT/US1994/001034 patent/WO1994016706A1/en active Application Filing
- 1994-01-26 DE DE69435318T patent/DE69435318D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-26 EP EP94907364A patent/EP0681475B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1994-01-26 EP EP10176077A patent/EP2324829A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-01-26 EP EP04010939A patent/EP1447098A3/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-03-27 JP JP2006086436A patent/JP2006176541A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0681475A4 (en) | 2000-01-05 |
EP0681475B1 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
EP2324829A1 (en) | 2011-05-25 |
EP1447098A2 (en) | 2004-08-18 |
EP2298310A3 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
EP1447098A3 (en) | 2005-06-29 |
JPH08506112A (ja) | 1996-07-02 |
CA2154698C (en) | 2010-02-23 |
CA2154698A1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
EP0681475A1 (en) | 1995-11-15 |
DE69435318D1 (de) | 2010-12-09 |
EP2298310A2 (en) | 2011-03-23 |
ATE485825T1 (de) | 2010-11-15 |
ES2355184T3 (es) | 2011-03-23 |
WO1994016706A1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
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