FI961157A0 - Förfarande för att förändra, nedbryta eller bleka lignin, ligninhaltigt material eller liknande ämnen - Google Patents
Förfarande för att förändra, nedbryta eller bleka lignin, ligninhaltigt material eller liknande ämnenInfo
- Publication number
- FI961157A0 FI961157A0 FI961157A FI961157A FI961157A0 FI 961157 A0 FI961157 A0 FI 961157A0 FI 961157 A FI961157 A FI 961157A FI 961157 A FI961157 A FI 961157A FI 961157 A0 FI961157 A0 FI 961157A0
- Authority
- FI
- Finland
- Prior art keywords
- lignin
- pct
- modifying
- bleaching
- decomposing
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/395—Bleaching agents
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/10544—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum
- G06K7/10821—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum further details of bar or optical code scanning devices
- G06K7/1093—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum further details of bar or optical code scanning devices sensing, after transfer of the image of the data-field to an intermediate store, e.g. storage with cathode ray tube
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
- C11D3/38654—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase containing oxidase or reductase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
- C11D3/3902—Organic or inorganic per-compounds combined with specific additives
- C11D3/3905—Bleach activators or bleach catalysts
- C11D3/3907—Organic compounds
- C11D3/3917—Nitrogen-containing compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
- D21C5/005—Treatment of cellulose-containing material with microorganisms or enzymes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
- G06K7/1404—Methods for optical code recognition
- G06K7/1408—Methods for optical code recognition the method being specifically adapted for the type of code
- G06K7/1417—2D bar codes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
- G06K7/1404—Methods for optical code recognition
- G06K7/1439—Methods for optical code recognition including a method step for retrieval of the optical code
- G06K7/1456—Methods for optical code recognition including a method step for retrieval of the optical code determining the orientation of the optical code with respect to the reader and correcting therefore
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4319696 | 1993-06-16 | ||
PCT/EP1994/001966 WO1994029510A1 (de) | 1993-06-16 | 1994-06-16 | Verfahren zur veränderung, abbau oder bleichen von lignin, ligninhaltigen materialien oder ähnlichen stoffen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FI961157A FI961157A (sv) | 1996-03-13 |
FI961157A0 true FI961157A0 (sv) | 1996-03-13 |
Family
ID=6490324
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FI956023A FI956023A (sv) | 1993-06-16 | 1995-12-14 | Blekningssystem med flera komponenter |
FI961157A FI961157A0 (sv) | 1993-06-16 | 1996-03-13 | Förfarande för att förändra, nedbryta eller bleka lignin, ligninhaltigt material eller liknande ämnen |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FI956023A FI956023A (sv) | 1993-06-16 | 1995-12-14 | Blekningssystem med flera komponenter |
Country Status (22)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6103059A (sv) |
EP (2) | EP0705327B1 (sv) |
JP (1) | JP3789933B2 (sv) |
KR (1) | KR960703428A (sv) |
CN (2) | CN1043913C (sv) |
AT (2) | ATE169699T1 (sv) |
AU (2) | AU680666B2 (sv) |
BR (1) | BR9406854A (sv) |
CA (2) | CA2182182A1 (sv) |
CZ (1) | CZ332595A3 (sv) |
DE (2) | DE59409297D1 (sv) |
DK (2) | DK0739433T3 (sv) |
ES (2) | ES2122299T3 (sv) |
FI (2) | FI956023A (sv) |
GR (1) | GR3033969T3 (sv) |
HU (1) | HU222280B1 (sv) |
NO (2) | NO955111L (sv) |
NZ (2) | NZ268359A (sv) |
PT (1) | PT705327E (sv) |
RU (1) | RU2121025C1 (sv) |
SK (1) | SK157995A3 (sv) |
WO (2) | WO1994029425A2 (sv) |
Families Citing this family (75)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE505980C2 (sv) * | 1993-12-23 | 1997-10-27 | Bim Kemi Ab | Sätt att förhindra peroxidnedbrytande enzymer vid blekning med väteperoxid |
DE4445088A1 (de) * | 1994-12-16 | 1996-06-20 | Ibv Ind Bioverfahren | Mehrkomponentenbleichsystem aus Oxidoreductasen, Oxidationsmitteln, Mediatoren und Mediator-verstärkenden oder recyclierenden Verbindungen zur Verwendung mit waschaktiven Substanzen |
EP0717143A1 (de) * | 1994-12-16 | 1996-06-19 | Lignozym GmbH | Mehrkomponentensystem zum Verändern, Abbau oder Bleichen von Lignin, ligninhaltigen Materialien oder ähnlichen Stoffen sowie Verfahren zu seiner Anwendung |
JPH11508136A (ja) * | 1995-08-08 | 1999-07-21 | チバ スペシャルティ ケミカルズ ホールディング インコーポレーテッド | 酵素の活性を増強する方法、酵素活性増強組成物、およびかかる化合物を含有する洗剤 |
DE19612193A1 (de) * | 1996-03-27 | 1997-10-02 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Mehrkomponentensystem zum Verändern, Abbau oder Bleichen von Lignin, ligninhaltigen Materialien oder ähnlichen Stoffen sowie Verfahren zu seiner Anwendung |
DE19612194A1 (de) * | 1996-03-27 | 1997-10-02 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Mehrkomponentensystem zum Verändern, Abbau oder Bleichen von Lignin, ligninhaltigen Materialien oder ähnlichen Stoffen sowie Verfahren zu seiner Anwendung |
EP0845026A1 (de) * | 1996-06-19 | 1998-06-03 | CALL, Hans-Peter Dr. | Mehrkomponentensystem zur verwendung mit waschaktiven substanzen |
DE19632623A1 (de) * | 1996-08-13 | 1998-02-19 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Mehrkomponentensystem zum Verändern, Abbau oder Bleichen von Lignin, ligninhaltigen Materialien oder ähnlichen Stoffen sowie Verfahren zu seiner Anwendung |
DE19704054C2 (de) | 1997-02-04 | 2000-08-10 | Stockhausen Chem Fab Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Faserstoffen mit verbesserten Eigenschaften |
DE19820947B4 (de) * | 1997-05-12 | 2005-12-01 | Call, Krimhild | Enzymatisches Bleichsystem mit neuen enzymwirkungsverstärkenden Verbindungen zum Verändern, Abbau oder Bleichen von Lignin, ligninhaltigen Materialien oder Verändern oder Abbau von Kohle sowie Verfahren unter Verwendung des Bleichsystems |
WO1998051772A1 (de) * | 1997-05-12 | 1998-11-19 | Call, Krimhild | Enzymatisches bleichsystem mit neuen enzymwirkungsverstärkenden verbindungen |
DE19723629B4 (de) * | 1997-06-05 | 2008-12-11 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zum Behandeln von Lignin, ligninhaltigen Materialien oder ähnlichen Stoffen |
DE19723631A1 (de) * | 1997-06-05 | 1998-12-10 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Mehrkomponentensystem zum Verändern, Abbau oder Bleichen von Lignin, ligninhaltigen Materialien oder ähnlichen Stoffen sowie Verfahren zu seiner Anwendung |
DE19723890A1 (de) * | 1997-06-06 | 1998-12-10 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Verfahren zur Herstellung von aromatischen und heteroaromatischen Aldehyden und Ketonen |
DE19723889A1 (de) | 1997-06-06 | 1998-12-10 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | System zur elektrochemischen Delignifizierung ligninhaltiger Materialien sowie Verfahren zu seiner Anwendung |
EP1025305B1 (en) | 1997-08-14 | 2003-11-19 | Takashi Watanabe | Chemical method for lignin depolymerization |
EP0905306A1 (de) | 1997-09-26 | 1999-03-31 | Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie GmbH | Mehrkomponentensystem zum Verändern, Abbau oder Bleichen von Lignin, ligninhaltigen Materialien sowie Verfahren zu seiner Anwendung |
FI974139A (sv) * | 1997-11-04 | 1999-05-05 | Valtion Teknillinen | Förfarande för modifiering av cellulosa |
US6228128B1 (en) | 1997-11-10 | 2001-05-08 | Charlotte Johansen | Antimicrobial activity of laccases |
US6048367A (en) * | 1997-12-23 | 2000-04-11 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Process for removal of excess dye from printed or dyed fabric or yarn |
RU2220243C2 (ru) * | 1997-12-23 | 2003-12-27 | Новозимес А/С | Способ удаления избыточного красителя с набивной или окрашенной ткани или пряжи |
US6248134B1 (en) * | 1998-01-12 | 2001-06-19 | Novozymes A/S | Process for removal of excess dye from printed or dyed fabric or yarn |
PT1082486E (pt) * | 1998-04-16 | 2002-12-31 | Pulp Paper Res Inst | Processo de oxidase para pasta de papel e oxidacao de corante |
AU3408199A (en) | 1998-05-01 | 1999-11-23 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Enhancers such as n-hydroxyacetanilide |
US6034047A (en) * | 1998-09-04 | 2000-03-07 | Au; Van | Bleach detergent compositions comprising nitrones and nitroso spin traps |
DE19842662A1 (de) * | 1998-09-17 | 2000-03-30 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Zusammensetzung und Verfahren zum Verändern, Abbau oder Bleichen von ligninhaltigen Materialien |
US6592867B2 (en) | 1998-11-09 | 2003-07-15 | Novozymes A/S | Antimicrobial composition containing an oxidoreductase and an enhancer of the N-hydroxyanilide-type |
CA2349490C (en) * | 1998-11-09 | 2011-06-14 | Novozymes A/S | Antimicrobial composition comprising an oxidoreductase and an enhancing agent of the n-hydroxyanilide-type |
US6599326B1 (en) * | 1999-01-20 | 2003-07-29 | Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation | Inhibition of pulp and paper yellowing using hydroxylamines and other coadditives |
ATE324384T1 (de) | 1999-02-24 | 2006-05-15 | Sca Hygiene Prod Gmbh | Oxidierte zellulose enthaltende fasermaterialien und daraus hergestellte produkte |
US6610172B1 (en) * | 1999-05-06 | 2003-08-26 | Novozymes A/S | Process for treating pulp with laccase and a mediator to increase paper wet strength |
US6294047B1 (en) | 1999-07-30 | 2001-09-25 | Institute Of Paper | Methods for reducing fluorescence in paper-containing samples |
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DE19953591A1 (de) | 1999-11-08 | 2001-05-17 | Sca Hygiene Prod Gmbh | Metallvernetzbare oxidierte cellulosehaltige Faserstoffe und daraus hergestellte Produkte |
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US20030094251A1 (en) * | 2001-09-10 | 2003-05-22 | Cheng Huai N. | Enhancing laccase activity using pro-oxidants and pro-degradants |
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CA2466505A1 (en) * | 2001-11-09 | 2003-05-15 | Biopulping International, Inc. | Microwave pre-treatment of logs for use in making paper and other wood products |
DE10203135A1 (de) * | 2002-01-26 | 2003-07-31 | Call Krimhild | Neue katalytische Aktivitäten von Oxidoreduktasen zur Oxidation und/oder Bleiche |
WO2003071025A2 (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2003-08-28 | Gilles Gervais | Process of treating lignocellulosic material to produce bio-ethanol |
SE525872C2 (sv) * | 2002-09-06 | 2005-05-17 | Stora Enso Ab | Metod att tillverka mekanisk massa med reducerad energikonsumtion |
SE0202869D0 (sv) * | 2002-09-27 | 2002-09-27 | Skogsind Tekn Foskningsinst | Method for obtaining a fraction |
PT1883731E (pt) * | 2005-05-24 | 2016-01-26 | Int Paper Co | Fibras kraft modificadas |
US20080105392A1 (en) * | 2006-11-03 | 2008-05-08 | Duggirala Prasad Y | Method and composition for improving fiber quality and process efficiency in mechanical pulping |
CN102234948A (zh) * | 2010-04-27 | 2011-11-09 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | 秸秆漆酶组合预处理脱木质素的方法 |
CN103080415B (zh) * | 2010-07-01 | 2016-08-10 | 诺维信公司 | 纸浆的漂白 |
US20130193071A1 (en) | 2010-09-21 | 2013-08-01 | Novozymes Avs | Removal of selenocyanate or selenite from aqueous solutions |
MX2013012325A (es) | 2011-04-28 | 2013-11-01 | Novozymes Inc | Polipeptidos que tienen actividad de endoglucanasa y polinucleotidos que codifican los mismos. |
US8932435B2 (en) | 2011-08-12 | 2015-01-13 | Harris Corporation | Hydrocarbon resource processing device including radio frequency applicator and related methods |
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EP2740840A1 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-11 | Novozymes A/S | Improving drainage of paper pulp |
WO2014090940A1 (en) | 2012-12-14 | 2014-06-19 | Novozymes A/S | Removal of skin-derived body soils |
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CN104695265A (zh) * | 2015-03-26 | 2015-06-10 | 广西大学 | 一种利用木聚糖酶辅助纸浆二氧化氯漂白减少aox生成的方法 |
CN105603795B (zh) * | 2016-01-18 | 2017-10-20 | 华南理工大学 | 一种生产纤维素微丝的方法 |
US11155569B2 (en) | 2016-12-30 | 2021-10-26 | Green Valley (Shanghai) Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. | Method of degrading polysaccharide using ozone |
BR102017000578B1 (pt) | 2017-01-11 | 2019-04-02 | Natura Cosméticos S.A. | Processo de obtenção de ramnolipídeo produzido por pseudomonas ou enterobacter utilizando o resíduo de semente de andiroba ou murumuru |
CA3071071A1 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2019-02-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method of cleaning |
CA3071086A1 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2019-02-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Cleaning agent |
WO2019035037A1 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2019-02-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | CLEANING KIT |
EP3802953A1 (en) | 2018-05-31 | 2021-04-14 | Novozymes A/S | Method for treating dissolving pulp using lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase |
WO2021018751A1 (en) | 2019-07-26 | 2021-02-04 | Novozymes A/S | Enzymatic treatment of paper pulp |
CN111021124A (zh) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-04-17 | 广西大学 | 一种采用α-淀粉酶预处理降低磺化化学机械浆纸张返黄值的方法 |
CN111393667B (zh) * | 2020-03-26 | 2021-01-29 | 南京工业大学 | 一种改性木质素及其制备方法与在酚醛树脂胶粘剂中的应用 |
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GB2288408A (en) * | 1994-03-29 | 1995-10-18 | Procter & Gamble | Lipoxidase enzyme compositions |
US6048367A (en) * | 1997-12-23 | 2000-04-11 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Process for removal of excess dye from printed or dyed fabric or yarn |
US5948122A (en) * | 1998-11-24 | 1999-09-07 | Novo Nordisk Biotech, Inc. | Enzymatic methods for dyeing with reduced vat and sulfur dyes |
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1994
- 1994-06-16 AU AU71240/94A patent/AU680666B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-06-16 CN CN94193126A patent/CN1043913C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-16 WO PCT/EP1994/001967 patent/WO1994029425A2/de active IP Right Grant
- 1994-06-16 ES ES94920456T patent/ES2122299T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-16 RU RU96107218A patent/RU2121025C1/ru active
- 1994-06-16 US US08/682,506 patent/US6103059A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-16 JP JP50135495A patent/JP3789933B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-16 DE DE59409297T patent/DE59409297D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-16 CA CA002182182A patent/CA2182182A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-06-16 AT AT94920456T patent/ATE169699T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-16 EP EP94928310A patent/EP0705327B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-16 CZ CZ953325A patent/CZ332595A3/cs unknown
- 1994-06-16 EP EP94920456A patent/EP0739433B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-16 AT AT94928310T patent/ATE191927T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-16 NZ NZ268359A patent/NZ268359A/en unknown
- 1994-06-16 SK SK1579-95A patent/SK157995A3/sk unknown
- 1994-06-16 BR BR9406854A patent/BR9406854A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-16 KR KR1019950705749A patent/KR960703428A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-06-16 PT PT94928310T patent/PT705327E/pt unknown
- 1994-06-16 DK DK94920456T patent/DK0739433T3/da active
- 1994-06-16 CA CA002165426A patent/CA2165426C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-16 CN CN94192800A patent/CN1127523A/zh active Pending
- 1994-06-16 AU AU77397/94A patent/AU7739794A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-06-16 WO PCT/EP1994/001966 patent/WO1994029510A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1994-06-16 DE DE59406698T patent/DE59406698D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-16 HU HU9503600A patent/HU222280B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-16 ES ES94928310T patent/ES2147579T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-16 NZ NZ273923A patent/NZ273923A/en unknown
- 1994-06-16 DK DK94928310T patent/DK0705327T3/da active
-
1995
- 1995-12-14 FI FI956023A patent/FI956023A/sv not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-12-15 NO NO955111A patent/NO955111L/no unknown
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1996
- 1996-03-13 FI FI961157A patent/FI961157A0/sv active IP Right Revival
- 1996-03-25 NO NO961205A patent/NO961205L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
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1997
- 1997-09-24 US US08/936,714 patent/US6358904B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2000
- 2000-07-19 GR GR20000401654T patent/GR3033969T3/el not_active IP Right Cessation
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