EP4440981A1 - Kontinuierliches reinigungssystem für halogensalze - Google Patents
Kontinuierliches reinigungssystem für halogensalzeInfo
- Publication number
- EP4440981A1 EP4440981A1 EP22823360.7A EP22823360A EP4440981A1 EP 4440981 A1 EP4440981 A1 EP 4440981A1 EP 22823360 A EP22823360 A EP 22823360A EP 4440981 A1 EP4440981 A1 EP 4440981A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- halogen salt
- salt
- halogen
- active metal
- mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G1/00—Methods of preparing compounds of metals not covered by subclasses C01B, C01C, C01D, or C01F, in general
- C01G1/06—Halides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D3/00—Halides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
- C01D3/14—Purification
- C01D3/20—Purification by melting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D3/00—Halides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
- C01D3/04—Chlorides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F5/00—Compounds of magnesium
- C01F5/26—Magnesium halides
- C01F5/30—Chlorides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/10—Liquid materials
- C09K5/12—Molten materials, i.e. materials solid at room temperature, e.g. metals or salts
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for reducing impurities in halogen salts by contacting the halogen salt with an active metal.
- the halogen salts purified in this way are suitable for use as high-temperature storage materials in thermal power plants or batteries, as well as for industrial process heat.
- Molten salts have been used commercially in solar thermal power plants for a number of years and make it possible to transfer and store thermal energy for large-scale power plants in an environmentally friendly manner.
- a mixture of two nitrate salts (so-called solar salt, a mixture of 40% by weight potassium nitrate and 60% by weight sodium nitrate) is currently often used as a heat carrier and storage medium in solar thermal power plants.
- This mixture has a specific operating range in terms of minimum temperature (due to melting temperature) and maximum temperature (due to thermal decomposition).
- the maximum working temperature of solar salt is limited to about 560°C due to thermal decomposition.
- Molten salts with higher maximum working temperatures can significantly improve the efficiency of downstream processes in solar power plants (e.g. in steam cycles for power generation) and offer options for high-temperature heat transfer fluids in other industrial applications.
- nitrate salts are mainly used as fertilisers, so there may be price influences between the fertilizer and energy storage markets. Overall, there are therefore disadvantages with regard to the availability of nitrate salts.
- halogen salts are suitable as high-temperature heat storage materials. They have a high thermal stability of >800 °C. However, due to impurities in the melt, such as hydroxides, they are highly corrosive. Anhydrous halogen salts are mostly hygroscopic. When in contact with air, the humidity in the air is sufficient for hydration. The corrosive impurities then form during the heating of the halogen salts.
- halogen salts As a crude salt, halogen salts have a proportion of corrosive impurities of typically >1% by weight. However, in order for halogen salts to be used as high-temperature heat accumulators, it is necessary to reduce this proportion to 0.05% by weight or less, in particular 0.01% by weight or less.
- WO 2017/093030 A1 discloses a process for preparing essentially anhydrous and oxygen-free halogen salts of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal or a transition metal or a metal from group 13 or 14 of the periodic table, the halogen salt being heated at a heating rate of 0.2 K/ min to 30 K/min starting from room temperature. The heating takes place in particular in the presence of an additive such as ammonium chloride or magnesium.
- an additive such as ammonium chloride or magnesium.
- the object on which the present invention is based is therefore achieved by a process for reducing impurities in a halogen salt or halogen salt mixture of two, three or more halogen salts, comprising the following steps a) providing a container in which the halogen salt or halogen salt mixture with an active metal is contacted, b) providing the halogen salt or halogen salt mixture which is in liquid form, c) providing an active metal, d) contacting the halogen salt or halogen salt mixture and the active metal in an inert atmosphere at a temperature which is above the melting temperature of the active metal, causing impurities in the halogen salt or halogen salt mixture to react with the active metal to form a halogen salt or halogen salt mixture with an impurity content of 0.05% by weight or less, in particular 0.01% by weight or less, e)
- the active metal is not miscible with the melt of one, two, three or more halogen salts, ie the halogen salt melt. According to the invention, this means that the liquid phase of active metal and the liquid phase of the halogen salt are present separately next to one another. Furthermore, the active metal, even in its liquid form, does not react with the purified halogen salt. This means that the electromotive force (EMF) of the active metal is less than or equal to, but in no case greater than, that of all metals in the halogen salt melt, which originate from the halogen salt. In addition, the electromotive force of the active metal is larger than that of the corrosive impurity of the halogen salt. This leads to the desired reaction and thus to the purification of the halogen salt or the halogen salt mixture.
- EMF electromotive force
- the active metal reacts with the corrosive impurities of the halogen salt. This creates a reaction product from the contamination with the active metal.
- a metal oxide is usually formed. The metal oxide has a higher Density increases and therefore sinks to the bottom of the container, separating it from the active metal and halogen salt.
- liquid halogen salts by bringing them into contact with a liquid active metal.
- impurities are in particular those impurities and thus compounds which contain oxygen and/or hydrogen in addition to the cation and the anion of the halogen salt.
- a particularly common impurity is one in which the halogen salt has a hydroxy group. If the halogen salt is magnesium chloride, for example, then this can have MgOHCl as a highly oxidative corrosive impurity, to name just one example.
- the contacting of the halogen salt with the active metal is carried out at a temperature above the melting temperature of the active metal and above the melting temperature of the halogen salt.
- the halogen salt and the active metal are present as liquids during the process of the invention. According to the invention, it is irrelevant whether the active metal and the halogen salt are first mixed together as a solid and then heated until the active metal melts, or whether the active metal is initially introduced and melted and then the halogen salt is added. It is also conceivable to initially introduce the halogen salt and then to feed the liquid active metal, which has been heated and melted in a separate container, to the halogen salt.
- the container according to the invention has a heating device.
- the heater can heat the container to the working temperature above the melting temperature of the active metal and above the melting temperature of the halogen salt and maintain it at the working temperature of the container.
- the operating temperature of the container should be above the melting temperature of the active metal and above the melting temperature of the halogen salt, and below the decomposition temperature of the halogen salt. According to the invention, it is irrelevant whether the active metal or the halogen salt/halogen salt mixture is first introduced into the container and heated. If the active metal or the halogen salt/halide salt mixture is liquid, then the other component is added.
- the metal is initially introduced and melted, the halogen salt is then added; if the halogen salt/halogen salt mixture is introduced and melted, the active metal is then added.
- the active metal it is also possible for both the active metal and the halogen salt/halogen salt mixture to be placed in the container and then to be heated.
- the order of addition is particularly relevant at the beginning of the process. It is preferred according to the invention that the purification process runs continuously, so that during operation halogen salt/halogen salt mixture is continuously added to the container for purification and consumed active metal is replenished if necessary.
- halogen salt with the active metal allows the corrosive impurities of the halogen salt/halide salt mixture to react with the active metal to form non-corrosive species, e.g., metal oxide of the active metal and halogen salt.
- Metal oxides when formed, usually have low solubility and precipitate in the liquid (liquid active metal); this allows the metal oxide to be separated from the molten salt and the active metal.
- the halogen salt itself is cleaned so that no other corrosive impurities are present.
- the purified halogen salt is then separated from the active metal and any precipitated metal oxide formed. This is done in particular because the components have different densities.
- the Metal oxide has the highest density and is found at the bottom of the container. If the halogen salt/halogen salt mixture has a greater density than the liquid active metal, it is above the metal oxide in the spatial direction and the active metal is above it in the spatial direction.
- the components are therefore arranged in three zones in the container due to the different densities: active metal at the top; cleaned melt as the largest volume in the middle; metal oxide at the bottom.
- the halogen salt floats on the active metal and is removed from the surface if it has a lower density than the active metal.
- the halogen salt and the active metal and metal oxide have different densities from each other.
- the purified halogen salt has a greater density than the molten active metal.
- This sinking action of the halogen salt prolongs the reaction time and also increases the contact area of the halogen salt with the liquid active metal.
- the total reaction time is dependent on the contact time and the reaction rate is dependent on the contact area, both of which can be controlled by container design and amount of active metal. If the halogen salt is described in the present application, it also means a mixture of two, three or more halogen salts.
- the active metal it is critical that the active metal be immiscible with the halogen salt and also not react with the constituents of the purified halogen salt. However, a reaction with the contaminated halogen salt or the impurities present in the halogen salt, ie in particular with oxygen and/or hydrogen and/or hydroxides.
- the active metal must have certain properties. For example, it must only react with corrosive impurities in the halogen salt, but not with the halogen salt itself.
- the active metal is particularly preferably selected from magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc and/or aluminum, in particular from magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc or aluminum. Mixtures of 2, 3 or more of these metals are thus included. Also included according to the invention are alloys of 2, 3 or more of these metals. These effectively remove impurities from halogen salts. However, depending on the type of halogen salt, sodium, potassium, and calcium will eventually exchange cations in the halogen salt, causing the halogen salt itself to be altered.
- the active metal magnesium is therefore particularly preferred for Mg-containing halogen salts or mixtures, in particular for MgC-containing halogen salts or mixtures.
- the contacting between active metal and halogen salt takes place at a temperature which is above the melting point of the active metal and the halogen salt/halo salt mixture.
- the contacting takes place at a temperature of 650°C to 750°C, in particular at 700°C.
- the contacting takes place at a temperature of 660°C or more, in particular at 680°C or more, preferably at about 700°C. At this temperature, an effective reaction with the impurities takes place.
- the contacting of the halogen salt with the active metal takes place in an inert atmosphere.
- an inert atmosphere This can be achieved by nitrogen or noble gases, with argon, nitrogen, helium, neon or mixtures of two or three of these being particularly suitable.
- the inert atmosphere is particularly preferably composed of one or more noble gases selected from argon, helium and/or neon formed.
- the reaction particularly preferably takes place in an argon atmosphere, since this inert gas is cheaper and more easily available than the other inert gases.
- the halogen salt is particularly preferably a chloride salt and/or a fluoride salt, particularly preferably a chloride salt.
- the cation of the halogen salt is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or a transition metal or a metal of group 13 or 14 of the periodic table.
- the cation is particularly preferably selected from magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, lithium, strontium, barium, zinc, aluminum, tin, iron, chromium, manganese or nickel. More preferably, the cation of the halogen salt is selected from magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, lithium, strontium and barium.
- the halogen salt can also be a mixture of 2, 3 or more different halogen salts. More preferably, the halogen salt is a mixture of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride and zinc chloride, or magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride and zinc chloride, or magnesium chloride, potassium chloride and calcium chloride. Other mixtures are also included in the invention. It should be pointed out again that all statements relating to a halogen salt also relate to mixtures of 2, 3 or more halogen salts.
- the contacting In order to effectively remove the impurities from the halogen salt, the contacting must be done for a sufficient period of time. This length of time is determined by the difference in density between liquid halogen salt and liquid active metal. However, this period of time can be influenced according to the invention.
- One possibility for this is, for example, the movement of the liquid, ie the mixture of liquid active metal and liquid halogen salt in the container. The movement can take place in that, for example, the container itself is moved. Movement can also be achieved by injecting inert gas. The components are mixed by the bubbles that form in the liquid active metal/halogen salt. The surface becomes larger and the separation is slower due to the difference in density. Thorough mixing can also take place by stirring.
- Stirring also results in thorough mixing of the salt with the liquid active metal. If the density of the active metal is less than that of the halogen salt, stirring will cause the salt to sink more slowly to the bottom of the container. If the halogen salt has a lower density than the liquid active metal, the stirrer ensures that the salt is mixed with the liquid active metal and only slowly floats to the surface.
- movement therefore includes any type of movement that directly or indirectly moves the liquid metal and the liquid halogen salt melt, such as stirring, blowing in gas, pumping, convection currents, etc.
- current or voltage it is not provided or necessary that current or voltage be used during the process is created.
- a preferred embodiment therefore provides that no current and/or voltage is applied during the entire method and in particular during step d) of the method. By this is meant the application of current/voltage that would in some way affect the reaction between the active metal and the halogen salt.
- Agitation speed can further affect the time of contact and the rate of reaction (i.e., rate of purification).
- rate of purification i.e., rate of purification
- the inert gas preferably corresponds to that which forms the inert atmosphere inside the container.
- stirring and inert gas blowing cause the contact area to increase and corrosive impurities of the halogen salt to react with the active metal more quickly, thereby improving the purification rate.
- the container is filled with halogenated salt and active metal.
- the purified halogen salt and, if necessary, the molten active metal are removed.
- the container can be refilled with the new crude halogen salt which will react with the molten active metal remaining in the container.
- the process according to the invention continuously. In this case, the purified halogen salt is continuously removed from the container and the impure salt is continuously supplied.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic of a device for carrying out a method according to the invention as a continuous process.
- the halogen salt/halogen salt mixture (1) is placed in the container (3) in which the molten active metal (6) is located.
- a stirrer (2) is located inside the container.
- Active metal can be supplied via the feed line (4).
- the metal oxide (9) that forms during cleaning collects at the bottom of the container (3).
- the purification of the halogen salt can be monitored using CVM (7). If the concentration of impurities is sufficiently low, the purified halogen salt (5) can be pumped into a tank (5) via suitable lines (10).
- the lines (10) preferably have filters to separate metal oxide (9) from the purified halogen salt (5).
- the proportion of impurities in the halogen salt or other measurements of the corrosiveness of the molten salt can be continuously monitored by means of cyclic voltammetric measurements (CVM). Only when the proportion of impurities or the corrosiveness of the molten salt is sufficiently low does the halogen salt and active metal separate.
- the purified salt can be transferred to a suitable storage tank so that it is then available for thermal storage.
- This pumping process can also be monitored using cyclic voltammetry or OCP measurements to ensure the quality of the purified halogen salt.
- concentration of hydrogen in the inert gas can be monitored with a hydrogen sensor to keep the container safety and high purification rate.
- the reaction of the liquid active metal with the impurities in the halogen salt produces impurities in the active metal or gas, such as metal oxides and hydrogen. These metal oxides are usually denser than the liquid active metal, so these contaminants collect at the bottom of the container. These impurities can be removed from the container continuously or at certain time intervals, for example the metal oxides can be filtered off with a ceramic filter; Hydrogen can be removed from the inert gas with a hydrogen separation membrane.
- Purification by the method of the present invention reduces the impurity concentration in the halogen salt to 0.05% by weight or less, particularly 0.01% by weight or less.
- the material of the container such that it has on the inside where there are halogen salts and liquid metals Contacted, consists of stainless steel and/or a ceramic material and/or a carbon material and/or alumina-forming steels. If magnesium is used as the active metal, the steel should not contain nickel because nickel can be dissolved in the liquid Mg. Known steels such as 1.0XXX, 1.1XXX, 1.47XX or 1.49XX can be used.
- the halogen salt/the halogen salt mixture therefore particularly preferably has a proportion of corrosive impurities of 3% by weight or less, preferably 2% by weight or less, in particular 1% by weight or less.
- excess active metal can be stored separately in a discontinuous process and reused at a later point in time, or remain in the container for the next salt purification.
- the amount of active metal required is thus high only at the beginning of the reaction. Since only small amounts are consumed by reaction with impurities, active metal consumption is low. It only need minor Amounts are tracked to provide a sufficient amount ready so that an effective reaction with the halogen salt can be made possible.
- the metal oxide which is usually formed after the reaction with the impurity of the halogen salt, has a higher density than the purified halogen salt and the molten metal, so that it can be separated by sedimentation alone.
- a suitable filter can be provided which separates magnesium oxide from the halogen salt. Removal of the purified halogen salt from the container should be done with little agitation to keep the purified halogen salt free from other materials.
- the inert atmosphere is contaminated by the generated hydrogen.
- the amount of impurity is small because the content of impurities in the halogen salt is preferably small.
- a continuous purification of the inert gas is particularly preferred, in which the inert gas is removed from the container, cleaned of hydrogen and then recycled.
- the resulting hydrogen can be separated and stored for any other process.
- magnesium chloride MgC
- potassium chloride KCl
- sodium chloride NaCl
- the use of liquid magnesium as the active metal is particularly suitable because it is the metal with the smallest EMF that is not associated with MgC , KCl and NaCl reacts.
- MgOHCl exists as an impurity because it has high solubility in the molten halogen salt.
- MgOHCI reacts with a metal, for example in a steel tank, MgO and the corresponding metal chloride are formed. hydrogen escapes. The steel tank thus dissolves.
- magnesium oxide is continuously removed as it sinks to the bottom due to its higher melting point and high density. Hydrogen can also escape as a gas. This shifts the equilibrium of the reaction to the right. This gives purified MgC, which is available as a high-temperature heat storage material.
- Hydrogen can escape from the melt. It is then in the inert atmosphere above the active metal melt. Preferably, therefore, the pressure in the container is controlled. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the inert gas can be exchanged regularly or purged continuously in order to avoid excessive amounts of hydrogen in the atmosphere. The noble gas can be cleaned and reused.
- the respective states of aggregation are given as indices in the reaction equations.
- s means: solid
- I liquid (liquid)
- g gaseous.
- the states of aggregation refer to the prevailing temperature during the reaction.
- FIG. 2 shows an SEM recording of the sample which was immersed in a halogen salt melt for 2000 hours.
- EDX analyzes show that magnesium oxide is deposited on the surface.
- the EDX analysis has also shown that no chromium has escaped or any other form of corrosion has occurred.
- the corresponding EDX analysis is also included in FIG.
- the method according to the invention thus enables the use of halogen salts as a thermal store for generating or storing energy.
- Halogen salts are also used in corresponding batteries and as a heat transfer medium.
- the method according to the invention also offers the possibility of providing adequate purification for this application.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021131250.7A DE102021131250A1 (de) | 2021-11-29 | 2021-11-29 | Kontinuierliches Reinigungssystem für Halogensalze |
| PCT/EP2022/083584 WO2023094684A1 (de) | 2021-11-29 | 2022-11-29 | Kontinuierliches reinigungssystem für halogensalze |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4440981A1 true EP4440981A1 (de) | 2024-10-09 |
Family
ID=84535921
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22823360.7A Pending EP4440981A1 (de) | 2021-11-29 | 2022-11-29 | Kontinuierliches reinigungssystem für halogensalze |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250026656A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4440981A1 (de) |
| CL (1) | CL2024001601A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021131250A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023094684A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN120291090B (zh) * | 2025-06-11 | 2025-08-19 | 武汉科技大学 | 一种氯化物熔盐介质的镁基可控释放缓蚀剂及其制备方法和应用 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102015224297A1 (de) | 2015-12-04 | 2017-06-08 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Wärmespeichermaterial für den Hochtemperaturbereich und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| US20190376192A1 (en) | 2018-06-08 | 2019-12-12 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Methods for reducing the corrosiveness of a fluid material for a high-temperature range and devices therefore |
| CA3111844A1 (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2020-03-26 | Terrapower, Llc | Corrosion-resistant coolant salt and method for making same |
| DE102019107393A1 (de) | 2019-03-22 | 2020-09-24 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Verfahrenstechnik für Halogensalze mit zwei identischen Elektroden |
-
2021
- 2021-11-29 DE DE102021131250.7A patent/DE102021131250A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-11-29 WO PCT/EP2022/083584 patent/WO2023094684A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2022-11-29 EP EP22823360.7A patent/EP4440981A1/de active Pending
- 2022-11-29 US US18/713,741 patent/US20250026656A1/en active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-05-28 CL CL2024001601A patent/CL2024001601A1/es unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2023094684A1 (de) | 2023-06-01 |
| DE102021131250A1 (de) | 2023-06-01 |
| US20250026656A1 (en) | 2025-01-23 |
| CL2024001601A1 (es) | 2024-11-15 |
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