EP2583310A1 - Kunststoff-photovoltaik-modul und verfahren zu seiner herstellung - Google Patents

Kunststoff-photovoltaik-modul und verfahren zu seiner herstellung

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Publication number
EP2583310A1
EP2583310A1 EP11724154.7A EP11724154A EP2583310A1 EP 2583310 A1 EP2583310 A1 EP 2583310A1 EP 11724154 A EP11724154 A EP 11724154A EP 2583310 A1 EP2583310 A1 EP 2583310A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
meth
acrylate
weight
page
module according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11724154.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Thomas Rhein
Torsten Frank
Gunther Benz
Uwe Numrich
Florian Schwager
Michael Olbrich
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Evonik Industries AG
Original Assignee
Evonik Industries AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Evonik Industries AG filed Critical Evonik Industries AG
Publication of EP2583310A1 publication Critical patent/EP2583310A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B32B27/308—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
    • B32B27/325—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins comprising polycycloolefins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
    • B32B27/365—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters comprising polycarbonates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S10/00—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power
    • H02S10/40—Mobile PV generator systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/412—Transparent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
    • B32B2307/51—Elastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
    • B32B2307/558—Impact strength, toughness
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/712—Weather resistant
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2309/00—Parameters for the laminating or treatment process; Apparatus details
    • B32B2309/60—In a particular environment
    • B32B2309/68—Vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
    • B32B2457/12—Photovoltaic modules
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a lightweight photovoltaic module (PV) with high
  • Caravan is suitable, as well as a method for its production.
  • a photovoltaic module is understood below to mean an arrangement of one or more solar cells, an encapsulation of the solar cells and
  • the fastening means of the photovoltaic module on a support optionally the fastening means of the photovoltaic module on a support.
  • Photovoltaic power generators can make a significant contribution to
  • the adhesive consists of an uncrosslinked copolymer composed of an amino group-containing, monoethylenically unsaturated, radically polymerizable monomer and an alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid. Page 3 of 39
  • (Meth) acrylate monomers the functional monomers having tertiary or quaternary amino groups and further containing 0.1 wt .-% to 45 wt .-% of an acid group-containing acrylate or (meth) acrylate polymers or copolymers and a plasticizer.
  • (Meth) acrylate monomers the functional monomers having tertiary or quaternary amino groups and further comprises 0.1 wt .-% to 15 wt .-% of an organic di- or tricarboxylic acid and a plasticizer.
  • Load changes in use can not break the cells.
  • the cover must be inert to the usual environmental influences, such as rain or hail
  • FIG. It consists of a plastic disc, an elastic intermediate layer with embedded PV cells and a barrier foil or a second one
  • Plastic disc as a barrier plate.
  • the structure consists of a weather-resistant, transparent plastic disc made of a thermoplastic material with sufficient mechanical strength, eg PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) or PC (polycarbonate) with about 5 mm thickness.
  • the thickness of the transparent plastic disc made of a thermoplastic material is between 1 mm and 10 mm, preferably 2 mm to 8 mm and completely Particularly preferably 3 mm to 6 mm, a durable in the service temperature range (-40 to +80 degrees C) intermediate layer (eg a polyacrylate or a silicone with about 0.1 mm - 5.0 mm thickness, preferably between 0 , 15 mm - 4.5 mm and most preferably 0.2 mm - 4.0 mm thickness), in which the PV cells are embedded and a barrier layer or barrier plate, which protects the PV cells from external mechanical and climatic influences (eg PET, PVF, PMMA, PC with approx. 0.1 mm - 4.0 mm thickness).
  • a barrier layer or barrier plate which protects the PV cells from
  • Polycarbonates are known in the art. Polycarbonates can be formally considered as polyesters of carbonic acid and aliphatic or aromatic dihydroxy compounds. They are readily accessible by reaction of diglycols or bisphenols with phosgene or carbonic diesters in
  • polycarbonates are preferred which are derived from bisphenols.
  • bisphenols include in particular 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (bisphenol A), 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) butane (bisphenol B), 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl ) cyclohexane (bisphenol C), 2,2'-methylenediphenol (bisphenol F), 2,2-bis (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (tetrabromobisphenol A) and 2,2-bis (3,5-bis) dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (tetramethyl bisphenol A).
  • the bisphenols are used as an aqueous, alkaline solution in inert organic solvents, such as
  • Step reaction reacted with phosgene.
  • Amines are used as catalysts, and in the case of sterically hindered bisphenols also phase transfer catalysts are used.
  • the resulting polymers are soluble in the organic solvents used. Page 6 of 39
  • Cycloolefinic polymers are polymers obtainable using cyclic olefins, especially polycyclic olefins.
  • Cyclic olefins include, for example, monocyclic olefins, such as cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene and alkyl derivatives of these monocyclic olefins having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, such as methylcyclohexene or dimethylcyclohexene, and acrylate and / or methacrylate derivatives of these monocyclic Links.
  • cycloalkanes having olefinic side chains can also be used as cyclic olefins, such as cyclopentyl methacrylate.
  • bridged, polycyclic olefin compounds Preference is given to bridged, polycyclic olefin compounds. These polycyclic olefin compounds may have the double bond both in the ring, which are bridged polycyclic cycloalkenes, as well as in
  • Compounds may further include alkyl, aryl or aralkyl substituents.
  • Exemplary polycyclic compounds are, without thereby a
  • the cycloolefinic polymers are prepared using at least one of the cycloolefinic compounds described above, in particular the
  • cycloolefinic polymers in the preparation of the cycloolefinic polymers further olefins can be used which can be copolymerized with the aforementioned cycloolefinic monomers. These include u.a. Ethylene, propylene, isoprene, butadiene,
  • Methyl pentene, styrene and vinyl toluene Methyl pentene, styrene and vinyl toluene.
  • olefins especially the cycloolefins and polycycloolefins, can be obtained commercially.
  • many cyclic and polycyclic olefins are available through Diels-Alder addition reactions.
  • the preparation of the cycloolefinic polymers can be carried out in a known manner, as described i.a. Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 1 1818/1972, 43412/1983, 1442/1986 and 19761/1987, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei.
  • the cycloolefinic polymers can be polymerized in a solvent using, for example, aluminum compounds, vanadium compounds, tungsten compounds or boron compounds as a catalyst.
  • the catalyst used can be carried out under ring opening or under opening of the double bond.
  • plastic preferably of PMMA
  • a weight saving of the order of 50% is achieved.
  • Another preferred plastic comprises poly (meth) acrylates. These polymers are generally obtained by free radical polymerization of mixtures containing (meth) acrylates.
  • the term (meth) acrylates include methacrylates and acrylates as well as mixtures of both.
  • (Meth) acrylates derived from saturated alcohols, such as methyl acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butyl (meth) acrylate, pentyl (meth) acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate;
  • Cycloalkyl (meth) acrylates such as 3-vinylcyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, bornyl (meth) acrylate; Hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylates, such as 3-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate,
  • Glycol di (meth) acrylates such as 1,4-butanediol di (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylates of ether alcohols, such as
  • Pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate Pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate.
  • these mixtures contain at least 40% by weight, preferably at least 60% by weight and more preferably at least 80% by weight, based on the weight of the
  • compositions to be polymerized may also contain other unsaturated monomers which are copolymerizable with methyl methacrylate and the abovementioned (meth) acrylates.
  • 1-alkenes such as hexene-1, heptene-1
  • branched alkenes such as vinylcyclohexane, 3,3-dimethyl-1-propene, 3-methyl-1-diisobutylene, 4-methylpentene-1
  • acrylonitrile Vinyl esters, such as vinyl acetate
  • Styrene substituted styrenes having an alkyl substituent in the side chain, such as.
  • ⁇ -methylstyrene and ⁇ -ethylstyrene substituted styrenes having an alkyl substituent on the ring, such as
  • Heterocyclic vinyl compounds such as 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, 3-ethyl-4-vinylpyridine, 2,3-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridine, vinylpyrimidine, vinylpiperidine, 9-vinylcarbazole, 3-vinylcarbazole, 4-vinylcarbazole, 1-vinylimidazole,
  • these comonomers are used in an amount of 0% by weight.
  • Page 10 of 39 is preferably 0 wt .-% to 40 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0 wt .-% to 20 wt .-%, based on the weight of the monomers used, wherein the compounds individually or as a mixture can be used.
  • Page 10 of 39 is preferably 0 wt .-% to 40 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0 wt .-% to 20 wt .-%, based on the weight of the monomers used, wherein the compounds individually or as a mixture can be used.
  • the polymerization is generally started with known free-radical initiators.
  • free-radical initiators include the azo initiators well known in the art, such as AIBN and 1,1-azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile, as well as peroxy compounds such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, acetyl acetone peroxide,
  • These compounds are often used in an amount of from 0.01% to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.5% to 3% by weight, based on the weight of
  • the aforementioned polymers may be used singly or as a mixture. It is also possible to use various polycarbonates, poly (meth) acrylates or cycloolefinic polymers which are present, for example, in the
  • plastic substrates according to the invention can be made, for example
  • thermoplastic molding processes such as extrusion or injection molding.
  • the weight-average molecular weight M w of the present invention as a molding composition for producing the plastic substrates to be used homo- and / or
  • Copolymers can vary widely, the molecular weight usually being based on the application and the processing of the
  • Molding compound is tuned. In general, however, it is in the range between Page 11 of 39
  • plastic substrates can be produced by Gußsch.
  • suitable (meth) acrylic mixtures are added in a mold and polymerized.
  • Such (meth) acrylic mixtures have in the
  • the weight average molecular weight of polymers prepared by cast-chamber processes is in the range of 500,000 to 10,000,000 g / mol, but is not intended to be limiting.
  • the (meth) acrylic mixtures can be the copolymers described above and, in particular for adjusting the viscosity, polymers, in particular
  • Mold release agents flame retardants, lubricants, dyes,
  • Phosphorus compounds such as phosphites, phosphorinanes, phospholanes or
  • the plastic substrates made of PMMA can be made impact-resistant.
  • the impact-modified poly (meth) acrylate plastic consists of 20 wt .-% to 80 wt .-%, preferably 30 wt .-% to 70 wt .-% of a poly (meth) acrylate matrix and 80 wt .-% bis 20% by weight, preferably 70% by weight to 30% by weight, of elastomer particles having an average particle diameter of 10 to 150 nm (measurement, for example, by the ultracentrifuge method).
  • the elastomer particles dispersed in the poly (meth) acrylate matrix have a core with a soft elastomer phase and a bonded thereto
  • the impact-modified poly (meth) acrylate plastic consists of a proportion of matrix polymer polymerized from at least 80 wt .-% units
  • the matrix polymer consists in particular of 80% by weight to 100% by weight, preferably 90% by weight - 99.5% by weight, of free-radically polymerized
  • the average molecular weight M w (weight average) of the matrix is preferably in the range from 90,000 g / mol to 200,000 g / mol, in particular from 100,000 g / mol to 150,000 g / mol (determination of M w by means of
  • the determination of the molecular weight M w can Page 13 of 39 for example by gel permeation chromatography or by scattered light method (see, for example, BHF Mark et al., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and
  • VET ISO 306-B50
  • VET ISO 306-B50
  • the impact modifier is the impact modifier
  • the polymethacrylate matrix contains an impact modifier, which z. B. may be a two- or three-shell constructed impact modifier.
  • Impact modifiers for polymethacrylate plastics are well known. Production and construction of impact-modified polymethacrylate molding compositions are, for. In EP-A 0 1 13 924, EP-A 0 522 351, EP-A 0 465 049 and EP-A 0 683 028.
  • the polymethacrylate matrix are 1 wt .-% to 30 wt .-%, preferably 2 wt .-% to 20 wt .-%, particularly preferably 3 wt .-% to 15 wt .-%, in particular 5 wt .-%. % to 12% by weight of an impact modifier which is an elastomeric phase of crosslinked polymer particles.
  • the impact modifier is prepared in per se known manner by bead polymerization or by
  • crosslinked particles obtainable by means of bead polymerization and having an average particle size in the range from 10 nm to 150 nm, preferably 20 nm to 100 nm, in particular 30 nm to 90 nm. These usually consist of at least 40% by weight %, preferably 50% by weight - 70% by weight
  • Methyl methacrylate 20% to 40%, preferably 25% to 35%, by weight Page 14 of 39
  • (Meth) acrylate such.
  • Preferred impact modifiers are polymer particles which may have a two- or three-layer core-shell structure and by
  • Emulsion polymerization see, for example, EP-A 0 1 13 924, EP-A 0 522 351, EP-A 0 465 049 and EP-A 0 683 028). Suitable particle sizes of these
  • emulsion polymers must be in the range from 10 nm to 150 nm, preferably from 20 nm to 120 nm, particularly preferably 50 nm to 100 nm.
  • a three-layer or three-phase structure with a core and two shells can be designed as follows.
  • An innermost (hard) shell may, for. B consists essentially of methyl methacrylate, small proportions of comonomers, such as. For example, ethyl acrylate and a crosslinker, z. As allyl methacrylate, exist.
  • the middle (soft) shell can z. B. from butyl acrylate and optionally styrene, while the outermost (hard) shell substantially corresponds to the matrix polymer, whereby the compatibility and good binding to the matrix is effected.
  • the polybutyl acrylate content of the impact modifier is crucial for the impact strength and is preferably in the range of 20 wt .-% to 40 wt .-%, particularly preferably in the range of 25 wt .-% to 35 wt .-%.
  • the toughening modifier and matrix polymer can be melt-blended into toughened polymethacrylate molding compositions.
  • the discharged material is usually first to granules Page 15 of 39 cut. This can be further processed by means of extrusion or injection molding into moldings, such as plates or injection-molded parts.
  • a system known in principle from EP 0 528 196 A1 which is a two-phase, impact-modified polymer of: a1) 10% by weight to 95% by weight of a coherent hard phase with a glass transition temperature T mg above 70 ° C, composed of a1 1) 80 wt .-% to 100 wt .-% (based on a1) of methyl methacrylate and
  • Monomers, and a2) from 90% by weight to 5% by weight of a hard phase advantageous toughening phase having a glass transition temperature T mg below -10 ° C., synthesized from a21) from 50% by weight to 99.5% by weight a C 1 -C 10 -alkyl acrylate (based on a2)
  • Emulsion polymerization are generated in water, such as. B. in DE-A 38 42 796 described.
  • the toughening phase a2) is produced which is composed of at least 50% by weight, preferably more than 80% by weight, of lower alkyl acrylates, resulting in a glass transition temperature T mg of this phase of below -10 ° C. results.
  • crosslinking monomers a22) are (meth) acrylic esters of diols, such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate or 1, 4-butanediol dimethacrylate, aromatic compounds having two vinyl or allyl groups, such as divinylbenzene, or other crosslinkers having two ethylenically unsaturated, radically polymerizable radicals, such as , As allyl methacrylate as Pfropfvern etzer used.
  • crosslinkers containing three or more unsaturated, radically polymerizable groups such as allyl groups or (meth) acrylic groups
  • examples of crosslinkers containing three or more unsaturated, radically polymerizable groups include triallyl cyanurate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and trimethacrylate, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and tetramethacrylate. Further examples are given in US Pat. No. 4,513,118.
  • the ethylenically unsaturated, free-radically polymerizable monomers mentioned under a23) can be, for example, acrylic or methacrylic acid and also their
  • the particle size of the toughening phase essentially depends on the concentration of the emulsifier.
  • the particle size can be controlled by the use of a seed latex. Particles having an average particle size (weight average) below 130 nm, preferably below 70 nm, and with a nonuniformity U 80 of Page 17 of 39
  • Emulsifier concentrations of 0.15 wt .-% to 1, 0 wt .-%, based on the water phase reached. This is especially true for anionic emulsifiers, such as the most preferred alkoxylated and sulfated paraffins.
  • polymerization initiators z. B. 0.01 wt .-% to 0.5 wt .-% alkali or ammonium peroxodisulfate, based on the water phase used and the
  • Polymerization is initiated at temperatures of 20 to 100 ° C. Preference is given to redox systems, for example a combination of 0.01 to 0.05% by weight of organic hydroperoxide and 0.05% by weight to 0.15% by weight.
  • the hard phase a1) covalently bonded to the toughening phase a2) to at least 15% by weight has a glass transition temperature of at least 70 ° C. and can be composed exclusively of methyl methacrylate.
  • Comonomers a12) may contain up to 20% by weight of one or more further ethylenically unsaturated, radically polymerizable monomers in the hard phase, alkyl (meth) acrylates, preferably alkyl acrylates having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, being used in amounts such that the above
  • the polymerization of the hard phase a1) in a second stage also proceeds in emulsion using the usual auxiliaries, as used, for example, for the polymerization of the tough phase a2).
  • the hard phase contains low molecular weight and / or copolymerized UV absorbers in amounts of 0.1 to 10 wt .-%, preferably 0.5 to 5 wt .-%, based on A as a component of the comonomers
  • Low molecular weight UV absorbers may be, for example, derivatives of 2-hydroxybenzophenone or 2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole or salicylic acid phenylester. In general, the low molecular weight UV absorbers have a molecular weight of less than 2 x
  • UV absorbers with low volatility at the processing temperature and homogeneous miscibility with the hard phase a1) of the polymer A.
  • Particularly preferred molding compositions containing poly (meth) acrylates are commercially available under the trade name PLEXIGLAS ® by the company. Evonik Röhm.
  • Preferred molding compositions comprising cycloolefinic polymers can be obtained under the trade names Topas® from Ticona and Zeonex® from Nippon Zeon.
  • Polycarbonate molding compounds are available, for example, under the trade names Makroion® from Bayer or Lexan® from General Electric.
  • the plastic particularly preferably comprises at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the substrate,
  • the plastic substrates are made of polymethyl methacrylate, wherein the polymethyl methacrylate may contain conventional additives.
  • plastics can be a
  • the plastic with a
  • Scratch-resistant siloxane coatings which can be used to prepare the coating are known per se and are used to furnish polymeric glazing materials. They are characterized by their inorganic character by good resistance to UV radiation and weathering.
  • siloxane varnishes can be obtained, inter alia, by condensation or hydrolysis of organic silicon compounds of the general formula (I) wherein R 1 represents a group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, X represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a halogen, and n represents an integer of 0 to 3, wherein different groups X or R 1 may each be the same or different.
  • a group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms denotes radicals of organic compounds having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. It includes alkyl, cycloalkyl, aromatic groups, alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and heteroaliphatic and heteroaromatic groups, which in addition to carbon and hydrogen atoms in particular oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus atoms.
  • the groups mentioned may be branched or unbranched, it being possible for the radical R 1 to be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the substituents include in particular halogens, 1 to 20
  • halogen denotes a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
  • the preferred alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1, 1 Dimethylpropyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, nonyl, 1-decyl, 2-decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, pentadecyl and the eicosyl groups ,
  • the preferred cycloalkyl groups include the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl groups, which
  • the preferred alkenyl groups include the vinyl, allyl, 2-methyl-2-propene, 2-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 2-decenyl and 2-eicosenyl groups.
  • the preferred alkynyl groups include the ethynyl, propargyl, 2-methyl-2-propyne, 2-butynyl, 2-pentynyl and 2-decynyl groups.
  • Preferred alkanoyl groups include the formyl, acetyl, propionyl, 2-methylpropionyl, butyryl, valeroyl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl, decanoyl and the
  • Preferred alkoxycarbonyl groups include the methoxycarbonyl
  • the preferred alkoxy groups include the methoxy, epoxy, propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, hexyloxy, 2-methylhexyloxy, decyloxy or dodecyloxy group.
  • the preferred cycloalkoxy groups include cycloalkoxy groups whose hydrocarbon radical is one of the aforementioned preferred
  • Cycloalkyl groups is. Page 21 of 39
  • Preferred heteroaliphatic groups include those listed above
  • said preferred cycloalkyl radicals in which at least one carbon unit is replaced by O, S or a group NR 8 and R 8 is hydrogen, an alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy or an aryl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • aromatic groups are radicals of mononuclear or polynuclear aromatic compounds having preferably 6 to 14, in particular 6 to 12, carbon atoms.
  • Heteroaromatic groups denote aryl radicals in which at least one CH group has been replaced by N and / or at least two adjacent CH groups have been replaced by S, NH or O.
  • Aromatic or heteroaromatic groups which are preferred according to the invention are derived from benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane, diphenyldimethylmethane, bisphenone,
  • Preferred radicals R 1 can be represented by the formulas (II),
  • the radical R 1 represents a methyl or ethyl group.
  • the alkyl radical of the alkoxy group preferably also by the above formulas (II), (III) or (IV) is representable.
  • the group X preferably represents a methoxy or ethoxy radical or a bromine or chlorine atom.
  • These compounds may be used singly or as a mixture to prepare siloxane varnishes.
  • chains or branched siloxanes are formed by hydrolysis or condensation from the silane compounds of the formula (I).
  • at least 60% by weight, in particular at least 80% by weight, of the silane compounds used have at least three alkoxy groups or halogen atoms, based on the weight of the condensable silanes.
  • Tetraalkoxysilanes include tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane,
  • Trialkoxysilanes include methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane,
  • Dialkoxysilanes include dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, diethyldimethoxysilane, diethyldiethoxysilane, di-n-propyldimethoxysilane,
  • Di-n-octyl-diethoxysilane di-n-cyclohexyl-dimethoxysilane, di-n-cyclohexyl-diethoxysilane, diphenyl-dimethoxysilane and diphenyl-diethoxysilane.
  • methyltrimethoxysilane methyltriethoxysilane
  • Alkyltrialkoxysilanes at least 80 wt .-%, in particular at least 90 wt .-%, based on the weight of the silane compounds used.
  • siloxane coatings described above can be commercially available under the
  • the plastic disc can be flat or e.g. be arched by previous forming.
  • the radius of curvature of the plastic disk may be between 0.4 m and 100 m, preferably between 0.5 m and 80 m and most preferably between 0.6 m and 60 m.
  • the permanently elastic intermediate layer must have a low elastic modulus of a maximum of 500 MPa according to DIN ISO 527 and good adhesion to the
  • Plastic disk, to the PV cells and the barrier layer have.
  • the adhesion can be improved if necessary by a primer as adhesion promoter.
  • suitable substrates for the elastic intermediate layer are acrylates (DuploCOLL ® VP20618 or CPT 3000 from Fa. Lohmann), silicones (Silgel ® 612 from Fa. Wacker), polyurethanes (Vestanat ® T / oxyesters T of Fa. Evonik) or thermoplastic elastomers ( TPU Krystalflex ® PE 429 of Messrs. Huntsman)
  • silicone resins in aliphatic hydrocarbon for example, primer from Wacker: Primer G 790
  • primers from Wacker: Primer G 790 silicone resins in aliphatic hydrocarbon
  • PV cells all known cell types, e.g. monocrystalline,
  • multicrystalline silicon cells or thin-film PV cells are used.
  • the barrier layer is usually transparent or non-transparent
  • PET such as for example Tritan ® FX 100 (Eastman), for example, PVF Tedlar ((DuPont), PMMA eg PLEX ® 8943 F (Evonik)).
  • the manufacturing process of the PV module is effected by lamination in a moderate temperature range (for example between about 0 degrees C and 90 degrees C, preferably between 10 degrees C and 80 degrees C and most preferably between 15 degrees C and 75 degrees C).
  • a moderate temperature range for example between about 0 degrees C and 90 degrees C, preferably between 10 degrees C and 80 degrees C and most preferably between 15 degrees C and 75 degrees C.
  • the elastic intermediate layer may be in one or two stages in the form of films or in the form of thermoplastic or liquid, optionally more reactive
  • Components e.g., 2K systems.
  • a film (2a) of the elastic intermediate layer is applied to the plastic disc (1).
  • the already soldered to strings PV cells are placed and then covered with a second film (2b) of the elastic intermediate layer.
  • the barrier film (3) is applied.
  • the barrier film has been provided as a composite film on one side with the elastic intermediate layer (3 + 2b), the separate process step with the film (2b) is unnecessary.
  • the composite thus obtained is then pressed in a suitable shape adapted to the geometry or curvature of the plastic disk.
  • Process step is characterized in that it can be done without heat or with only low heat.
  • Page 26 of 39
  • the pressing pressure is between 0.001 N / mm 2 and 10 N / mm 2 , preferably between 0.01 N / mm 2 and 5 N / mm 2 and very particularly preferably between 0.03 N / mm 2 and 3 N / mm 2 .
  • the compression can be carried out under vacuum to remove air bubbles, the pressure range is between 0.00001 bar and 0.9 bar, preferably in the range between 0.0001 bar and 0.5 bar, most preferably in the range between 0.001 bar and 0.3 bar.
  • the second and third laminating step may advantageously coincide if the barrier film is previously unilaterally with the elastic
  • lamination can be done under vacuum to remove air bubbles.
  • a plate PMMA / PMMA-Solar (brand: PLEXIGLAS ® Solar, manufactured and sold by Evonik Röhm GmbH) is used in a laminator with a
  • the nip has the width of the cumulative thicknesses of the individual components minus zero to five tenths of a millimeter.
  • the plate is preferably covered with photovoltaic cells in a vacuum and the composite is laminated again with an acrylate adhesive layer.
  • the nip width results from the formula of the first lamination.
  • the composite can now be additionally provided with sheet metal or a sandwich component. All steps are done at room temperature
  • a strand PMMA / PMMA-Solar (Brand: Solar PLEXIGLAS ®, manufactured and marketed by Evonik Röhm GmbH) is immediately after extrusion in a laminator with a Acrylatklebetik (CPT DuploCOLL ® 500, manufactured by Fa Lohmann.) Coated.
  • CPT DuploCOLL ® 500 Acrylatklebetik 500, manufactured by Fa Lohmann.
  • the nip has the width of the cumulative thicknesses of the individual components minus zero to five tenths of a millimeter.
  • the plate is preferably covered with photovoltaic cells in a vacuum and the composite is laminated again with an acrylate adhesive layer.
  • the nip width results from the formula of the first lamination. Page 28 of 39
  • the composite can now be additionally provided with sheet metal or a sandwich component. At the end of the route, there is lamination and the length of the strand to form individual modules.
  • PMMA / PMMA-Solar brand: PLEXIGLAS ® Solar, manufactured and sold by Evonik Röhm GmbH
  • one or more dispensers are used to apply one grade of silicone (Silgel ® 612 from Wacker) or several types of silicone.
  • the application thickness is 0.5 mm to 3 mm.
  • Silicone layer is now under UV lamps or infrared radiators or a
  • the plate is preferably covered in vacuum with photovoltaic cells.
  • a layer of silicone On the composite is now applied again a layer of silicone.
  • This layer can again consist of several types of silicone and has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3 mm.
  • the reaction of the silicone layer is now carried out under UV lamps or infrared radiators or a combination of both.
  • the nip has the width of the cumulative thicknesses of the individual components minus zero to five tenths of a millimeter. Page 29 of 39
  • the composite can now be additionally provided with sheet metal or a sandwich component.
  • PMMA / PMMA-Solar brand: PLEXIGLAS ® Solar, manufactured and sold by Evonik Röhm GmbH
  • silicone Silicongel ® 612 from Wacker
  • the application thickness is 0.5 mm to 3 mm.
  • the silicone layer is now carried out under UV lamps or infrared radiators or a combination of both.
  • the plate is preferably covered in vacuum with photovoltaic cells.
  • a layer of silicone On the composite is now applied again a layer of silicone.
  • This layer can again consist of several types of silicone and has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3 mm.
  • the reaction of the silicone layer is now carried out under UV lamps or infrared radiators or a combination of both.
  • the nip has the width of the cumulative thicknesses of the individual components minus zero to five tenths of a millimeter.
  • the composite can now be additionally provided with sheet metal or a sandwich component. At the end of the route, there is lamination and the length of the strand to form individual modules. Page 30 of 39
  • PMMA / PMMA-Solar brand: PLEXIGLAS ® Solar, manufactured and sold by Evonik Röhm GmbH
  • one or more dispensers are used to apply one grade of silicone (Silgel ® 612 from Wacker) or several types of silicone.
  • the application thickness is 0.5 mm to 3 mm.
  • the silicone layer is now carried out under UV lamps or infrared radiators or a combination of both.
  • the plate is preferably covered in vacuum with photovoltaic cells.
  • a layer of silicone On the composite is now applied again a layer of silicone.
  • This layer can again consist of several types of silicone and has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3 mm.
  • the reaction of the silicone layer is now carried out under UV lamps or infrared radiators or a combination of both.
  • the nip has the width of the cumulative thicknesses of the individual components minus zero to five tenths of a millimeter.
  • the composite can now be additionally provided with sheet metal or a sandwich component.
  • Polyurethane embedding composition :
  • PMMA / PMMA-Solar (brand: PLEXIGLAS ® Solar, produced and sold by Evonik Röhm GmbH) is connected directly to the extrusion line by means of one or more dispensers of a mixture of one or more types Page 31 of 39
  • the plate is preferably covered in vacuum with photovoltaic cells.
  • a layer of polyurethane On the composite is now applied again a layer of polyurethane.
  • This layer may again consist of several types of polyurethane and has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3 mm.
  • Infrared radiators or a combination of both.
  • the nip has the width of the cumulative thicknesses of the individual components minus zero to five tenths of a millimeter.
  • the composite can now be additionally provided with sheet metal or a sandwich component. At the end of the route, there is lamination and the length of the strand to form individual modules.
  • a plate PMMA / PMMA-Solar (Brand: Solar PLEXIGLAS ®, manufactured and marketed by Evonik Röhm GmbH) is coated in a laminator with a TPU layer (Krystalflex ® PE 429, manufactured by Huntsman.).
  • TPU layer Kerstalflex ® PE 429, manufactured by Huntsman.
  • the PMMA plate from below and the TPU film are guided under the influence of temperature from above into the nip.
  • the nip has the width of the cumulative thicknesses of the individual components minus zero to five tenths of a millimeter.
  • the plate is preferably covered in vacuum with photovoltaic cells and the composite again laminated with an adhesive layer of a TPU.
  • Nip width results from the formula of the first lamination. Page 32 of 39
  • the composite can now be additionally provided with sheet metal or a sandwich component. All steps are done at room temperature
  • a strand PMMA / PMMA-Solar (Brand: PLEXIGLAS ® Solar, manufactured and sold by Evonik Röhm GmbH) is immediately after extrusion in a laminator with a TPU layer (Krystalflex ® PE 429, manufactured by Huntsman.) Coated.
  • a laminator with a TPU layer (Krystalflex ® PE 429, manufactured by Huntsman.) Coated.
  • the PMMA strand from below and the TPU film under
  • the nip has the width of the cumulative thicknesses of the individual components minus zero to five tenths of a millimeter.
  • the plate is preferably covered in vacuum with photovoltaic cells and the composite again laminated with an adhesive layer of a TPU.
  • Nip width results from the formula of the first lamination.
  • the composite can now be additionally provided with sheet metal or a sandwich component.
  • the PV modules were examined for weathering stability.
  • the PV modules were examined for weathering stability.
  • PV modules according to the invention are generally very resistant to Page 33 of 39
  • the weathering resistance according to DIN 53387 (Xenotest) is at least 5,000 hours.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
EP11724154.7A 2010-06-15 2011-05-30 Kunststoff-photovoltaik-modul und verfahren zu seiner herstellung Withdrawn EP2583310A1 (de)

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SG185441A1 (en) 2012-12-28
JP2013530533A (ja) 2013-07-25
WO2011157533A1 (de) 2011-12-22
DE102010030074A1 (de) 2011-12-15
CN102870232A (zh) 2013-01-09
KR20130120992A (ko) 2013-11-05
TW201212254A (en) 2012-03-16

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