Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
  • C07C2/76—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
  • C07C2/54—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition of unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbons or to hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
  • C07C2/64—Addition to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C2/66—Catalytic processes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
  • C07C2/76—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
  • C07C2/82—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen oxidative coupling
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
  • Y10S585/929—Special chemical considerations
  • Y10S585/943—Synthesis from methane or inorganic carbon source, e.g. coal

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the non-oxidative dehydroaromatization of a CrC 4 -Aliphaten-containing reactant stream by reacting the E- duktstrom in the presence of a catalyst in a reaction zone 1 to a aromatic hydrocarbon-containing product stream P and regeneration of coke deposited by its activity reduced catalyst with a hydrogen-containing mixture H in a reaction zone 2, removal of the catalyst from the reaction zone 2 and recycling of the catalyst in reactor zone 1.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene and naphthalene are important intermediates in the chemical industry, and their demand is still increasing. As a rule, they are obtained by catalytic reforming from naphtha, which in turn is obtained from petroleum. Recent research shows that world oil reserves are more limited compared to natural gas reserves. Therefore, the production of aromatic hydrocarbons from educts that can be obtained from natural gas is now an economically interesting alternative.
• the main component of natural gas is usually methane.
• a possible reaction route for the production of aromatics from aliphatics is the non-oxidative dehydroaromatization (DHAM).
• the reaction takes place here under non-oxidative conditions, in particular with the exclusion of oxygen.
• dehydrogenation and cyclization of the aliphatic compounds to the corresponding aromatics takes place, releasing hydrogen.
• a major problem for the industrial use of dehydroaromatization under non-oxidative conditions is the coking because it reduces the activity of the catalyst in a relatively short time, resulting in short production cycles and a high regeneration requirement. Frequently, the coking is accompanied by a shortened life of the catalyst.
• the regeneration of the catalysts is not without problems, since for an economic process on the one hand regularly the output activities must be restored and on the other this must be possible over a large number of cycles.
• the coke deposits also have an unfavorable effect on the material balance or the yield, since every molecule of starting material that is converted into coke is no longer available for the desired reaction to aromatics.
• the hitherto in the state of the tech- The coke selectivities achieved in most cases are more than 20%, based on the reacted aliphatics.
• DHAM is an endothermic reaction that relies on external heat input. If the reaction is heated indirectly, large heat exchanger surfaces are required, which make the process complex in terms of apparatus and economy. In addition, unwanted side reactions take place on the heat exchanger surfaces due to the higher temperatures, for example coking.
• WO-A 03/000826 describes a process for the aromatization of methane, in which the methane is reacted in a reaction zone in the presence of an active catalyst, wherein the catalyst is deactivated. A portion of the deactivated catalyst is regenerated in a regeneration zone with a regeneration gas, with the catalyst circulating between the reaction zone and the regeneration zone. As regeneration gases oxygen or air, hydrogen and water vapor can be used. The gases produced during regeneration are no longer used. The heat generated during the regeneration is transferred by the catalyst itself or other heat exchange media into the reaction zone.
• US-A 2007/0249879 relates to a process for the conversion of methane into higher hydrocarbons including aromatics.
• the reactor used consists of at least two series-connected reaction zones.
• the particulate catalyst is passed from the first to the second reaction zone, the methane-containing stream in the reverse direction from the second to the first reaction zone.
• a conversion of methane to product takes place.
• Parts of the catalyst can be removed for regeneration and recycled after regeneration.
• the regeneration takes place by means of an oxygen-containing gas.
• the catalyst is optionally subsequently activated with a hydrogen-containing gas.
• a portion of the catalyst may be withdrawn and heated in a separate heating zone with combustion gases derived from an additional source of fuel. The heated catalyst is then returned to the reaction zone.
• US-A 2007/0249880 discloses a process for reacting methane to aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the reaction zone is operated with an inverse temperature profile. Again, the catalyst can be regenerated after removal or at temperatures above the Reacti- be heated onstemperatur by means of combustion gases and then recycled in each case in the reaction zones.
• the catalyst particles are exposed to strong mechanical stresses as a result of the many transport processes required between reaction zone, regeneration zone and heating zone, which lead to a shortening of the service life of the catalysts. Furthermore, the recycling, i. a conversion into the desired product of the resulting in the regeneration of the catalyst exhaust gases in the case of oxidative regeneration not at all or connected with regeneration with hydrogen with a certain technical effort.
• reaction zone 2 Due to the spatially adjacent arrangement of the reaction zone 1, in which the DHAM is carried out, and the regeneration zone (reaction zone 2), transport paths are saved and the mechanical stress is reduced by the transport for the catalyst particles.
• the heat generated in the regeneration of the catalyst is transferred directly by the recycling of at least a portion of the catalyst and the gas stream M in the reaction zone 1.
• a portion of the heat of reaction required for the aromatization is generated in the system itself, which is a technically particularly easy way to supply energy.
• the inventive zoning of the reactor or reaction bed in at least one aromatization zone (reaction zone 1) and adjoining a regeneration zone (reaction zone 2) allows better utilization of the material and heat flows at lower mechanical stress of the catalyst used.
• Non-oxidative according to the present invention means with respect to the DHAM, that the concentration of oxidizing agents such as oxygen or nitrogen oxides in the reactant stream E below 5 wt .-%, preferably below 1 wt .-%, more preferably below 0.1 % By weight. Most preferably, the mixture is free of oxygen. Also particularly preferred is a concentration of oxidizing agents in the mixture E which is equal to or less than the concentration of oxidizing agents in the source from which the CrC 4 aliphates originate.
• non-oxidative in the context of the present invention means that the coke deposits originating from the DHAM on the catalyst for its regeneration are not converted into CO and / or CO 2 by means of oxidizing agents such as air or oxygen.
• concentration of oxidizing agents in the mixture H to be used for the regeneration in step III is below 5% by weight, preferably below 1% by weight, particularly preferably below 0.1% by weight.
• the reactant stream E contains at least one aliphatic having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• these aliphatics include, for example, methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, ethene, propene, 1- and 2-butene, isobutene.
• the reactant stream E comprises at least 50 mol%, preferably at least 60 mol%, particularly preferably at least 70 mol%, even more preferably at least 80 mol%, in particular at least 90 mol%, of C 1 -C 4 -aliphatics.
• the saturated alkanes are particularly preferably used.
• Educt stream E then preferably contains at least 50 mol%, preferably at least 60 mol%, particularly preferably at least 70 mol%, even more preferably at least 80 mol%, in particular at least 90 mol% of alkanes having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• the reactant stream E preferably contains at least 50 mol%, preferably at least 60 mol%, particularly preferably at least 70 mol%, very preferably at least 80 mol%, in particular at least 90 mol%, of methane.
• the typical composition of natural gas is as follows: 75 to 99 mol% methane, 0.01 to 15 mol% ethane, 0.01 to 10 mol% propane, up to 6 mol% butane, up to 30 mol% % Carbon dioxide, up to 30 mol% hydrogen sulphide, up to 15 mol% nitrogen and up to 5 mol% helium.
• the natural gas can be purified and enriched prior to use in the process according to the invention by methods known to those skilled in the art. Purification includes, for example, the removal of any hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide present in the natural gas and further compounds which are undesirable in the subsequent process.
• the Ci-C 4 -aliphatates contained in the reactant stream E can also originate from other sources, for example, be incurred in petroleum refining.
• the CrC 4 aliphatics may also have been produced regeneratively (eg biogas) or synthetically (eg Fischer-Tropsch synthesis).
• the feedstock stream E may additionally contain ammonia, traces of lower alcohols and further admixtures typical of biogas.
• LPG liquid petroleum gas
• LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
• the reactant stream E preferably contains hydrogen, preferably 0.1 to 10% by volume of hydrogen, particularly preferably 0.1 to 5% by volume of hydrogen.
• the reactant stream E is fed to a reaction zone 1.
• the reaction of the reactant stream E takes place under non-oxidative conditions in the presence of a particulate catalyst to a product stream P containing aromatic hydrocarbons.
• This reaction is a dehydroaromatization, ie the CrC 4 -aliphatic compounds contained in the reactant stream E react under dehydrogenation and cyclization to give the corresponding aromatics, hydrogen being liberated.
• the DHAM is carried out in the presence of suitable catalysts.
• all catalysts which catalyze the DHAM can be used in step I of the process according to the invention.
• the DHAM catalysts contain a porous support and at least one metal deposited thereon.
• a crystalline or amorphous inorganic compound is usually used.
• the catalyst preferably contains at least one metallosilicate as carrier. It is preferred to use aluminum silicates as the carrier. Very particularly preferred zeolites are used according to the invention as the carrier. According to the invention, the zeolite contained in the catalysts has a structure which is selected from the structure types pentasil and MWW and is particularly preferably selected from the structure types MFI, MEL, mixed structures of MFI and MEL and MWW. Very particular preference is given to using a zeolite of the ZSM-5 or MCM-22 type. The designations of the structure types of the zeolites correspond to the statements in WM Meier, DH Olson and Ch.
• zeolites can, for example starting from alkali aluminate, alkali metal silicate and ⁇ -morphological Si0 2 under hydrothermal conditions, whereby the type of channel systems formed in the zeolite can be controlled by means of organic template molecules, temperature and other experimental parameters.
• the zeolites may contain other elements such as Ga, B, Fe or In besides AI.
• the DHAM catalyst contains at least one metal.
• the metal is selected from Groups 3 to 12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements (IUPAC).
• the DHAM catalyst preferably contains at least one element selected from the transition metals of the main groups 6 to 11.
• the DHAM catalyst particularly preferably contains Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au.
• the DHAM catalyst contains at least one element selected from Mo, W, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu.
• the DHAM catalyst contains at least one element selected from Mo, W and Re.
• the DHAM catalyst contains at least one metal as active component and at least one further metal as doping.
• the active component is selected according to the invention from Mo, W, Re, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt.
• the doping is selected according to the invention from the group Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Zn, Zr and Ga, preferably from the group Fe, Co, Ni, Cu.
• the DHAM catalyst may contain more than one metal as active component and more than one metal as doping. These are each selected from the metals specified for the active component and the doping.
• the at least one metal is applied wet-chemically or dry-chemically to the carrier by the methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the catalyst contains 0.1 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.2 to 15 wt .-%, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the catalyst of the at least one metal.
• the catalyst may contain at least one metal from the group of the active component in combination with at least one metal selected from the group of the doping.
• the concentration of the active component is 0.1 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.2 to 15 wt .-%, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the catalyst ,
• the doping in this case in the catalyst according to the invention in a concentration of at least 0.1 wt .-%, preferably at least 0.2 wt .-%, most preferably at least 0.5 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
• the catalyst is mixed with a binder.
• Suitable binders are the customary binders known to the person skilled in the art, such as aluminum oxide and / or Si-containing binders. Particularly preferred are Si-containing binders; In particular, tetraalkoxysilanes, polysiloxanes and colloidal Si0 2 sols are suitable. If the catalyst according to the invention contains a binder, this is present in a concentration of from 5 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of the catalyst, preferably from 10 to 50% by weight, particularly preferably from 10 to 30% by weight. ,
• a shaping step is carried out, in which the catalyst composition is processed into shaped bodies according to the processes known to the person skilled in the art.
• Forming procedures include, for example, spray a suspension containing the carrier or the catalyst mass, spray drying, tabletting, pressing in the wet or dry state and to name extrusion. Two or more of these methods can also be combined.
• Auxiliaries such as pore formers and pasting agents or else other additives known to the person skilled in the art can be used for shaping.
• Pore formers and / or pasting agents are preferably removed after deformation from the resulting shaped body by at least one suitable drying and / or calcination step.
• the conditions required for this can be selected analogously to the parameters described above for calcination and are known to the person skilled in the art.
• the geometry of the catalysts obtainable according to the invention can be, for example, spherical (hollow or full), cylindrical (hollow or full), ring, saddle, star, honeycomb or tablet shape.
• extrudates are for example in strand, Trilob, Quatrolob, star or hollow cylindrical shape in question.
• the catalyst mass to be molded can be extruded, calcined and the extrudates thus obtained broken and processed into a split or powder. The split can be separated into different sieve fractions.
• the catalyst is used as spray-dried particles, preferably spray powder. These are preferably round particles.
• the catalyst particles preferably have a size of 20 to 100 microns.
• catalyst geometries are used, as they are known from the FCC method (filling catalytic cracking).
• This activation can be carried out with a C 1 -C 4 alkane, such as, for example, ethane, propane, butane or a mixture thereof, preferably butane.
• the activation is carried out at a temperature of 250 to 850 ° C, preferably at 350 to 650 ° C, and a pressure of 0.5 to 5 bar, preferably at 0.5 to 2 bar performed.
• the GHSV Gas Hourly Space Velocity
• the feedstock stream E contains the CrC 4 -alkane, or a mixture thereof, per se, or the CrC 4 -alkane, or a mixture thereof, is added to the educt stream E.
• the activation is carried out at a temperature of 250 to 650 ° C, preferably at 350 to 550 ° C, and a pressure of 0.5 to 5 bar, preferably at 0.5 to 2 bar performed.
• the catalyst is activated with a H 2 -containing gas stream which may additionally contain inert gases such as N 2 , He, Ne and Ar.
• the dehydroaromatization of CrC 4 -Aliphaten in the presence of a catalyst at temperatures of 400 to 1000 ° C, preferably from 500 to 900 ° C, more preferably from 600 to 800 ° C, in particular from 700 to 800 ° C, at a pressure from 0.5 to 100 bar, preferably at 1 to 30 bar, more preferably at 1 to 10 bar, in particular 1 to 5 bar carried out.
• the reaction is carried out at a GHSV (gas hourly space velocity, volume flow starting material / volume of the catalyst bed) of from 10 to 10 000 h -1 , preferably from 20 to 3000 h -1 .
• the CrC 4 -Aliphaten be implemented in step I according to the invention with the release of H 2 to aromatics.
• the product stream P therefore contains at least one aromatic hydrocarbon selected from the group of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene and naphthalene. Most preferably, it contains benzene and toluene.
• the product stream containing unreacted CrC 4 -Aliphaten hydrogen and the inert gases contained in the reactant stream E such as N 2 , He, Ne, Ar, the reactant stream E added substances such as H 2 and already present in E impurities.
• the catalyst used for the DHAM in step I is regenerated regularly with the hydrogen contained in the gas stream H in step III. At least part of the deposited coke is converted into methane.
• the regeneration according to stage III in reaction zone 2 is at temperatures of 600 ° C to 1000 ° C and more preferably from 700 ° C to 900 ° C and pressures of 1 bar to 30 bar, preferably from 1 bar to 15 bar and more preferably from 1 to 10 bar performed.
• the result is a methane-containing gas stream M, which in addition to the resulting methane further formed in the regeneration compounds, unreacted hydrogen and already in mixture H contained substances.
• the temperature of the catalyst is at the entrance to the reaction zone 1 above the temperature at the entrance to the reaction zone 2.
• the inlet temperature in the reaction zone 1 is at least 50 ° C, preferably at least 75 ° C, more preferably min - at least 100 ° C above the inlet temperature in the reaction zone. 2
• at least part of the methane produced in the regeneration is fed to the reaction zone 1.
• Particularly preferred are at least 50%, particularly preferably at least 80%, very particularly preferably at least 90% of the gas stream M and in particular the entire gas stream M from the reaction zone 2 is fed to the reaction zone 1.
• the amount of hydrogen fed to the reaction zone 2 and the geometric dimension of the reaction zone 2 are matched to the catalyst to be regenerated in such a way that the gas stream M entering the reaction zone 1 is at most 10% by volume. preferably contains no more than 5% by volume and very particularly no more hydrogen, ie that the supplied hydrogen was consumed as far as possible and preferably completely during the regeneration in step III. This has an unfavorable effect on the reaction equilibrium of the DHAM in the reaction zone 1.
• the mean flow direction of the gas stream M is according to the invention in opposite directions to the mean flow direction of the particulate catalyst.
• the reaction zone 2 is arranged below the reaction zone 1.
• the reactant stream E is in this case preferably fed to the lower part of the reaction zone 1, more preferably to the lower third and very particularly preferably to the lowermost quarter of the reaction zone 1.
• the product stream P formed in the DHAM is carried out from the upper part of the reaction zone 1, preferably from the upper third and particularly preferably from the uppermost fourth of the reaction zone 1 from the reaction zone 1.
• the hydrogen-containing gas stream H is supplied in step III in the arrangement of the reaction zone 2 below the reaction zone 1 to the lower part, preferably the lower third and more preferably the lowest quarter of the reaction zone 2.
• the catalyst which is optionally heated outside the reaction zone 2 is very particularly preferred when the reaction zone 2 is arranged below the reaction zone 1 in step V, preferably in the upper part of the reaction zone 1, preferably in the upper third and more preferably in the uppermost fourth of the reaction zone 1 the catalyst is returned from above into the reaction zone 1.
• the catalysts may be present as a fluidized bed, moving bed or fluidized bed in the appropriate, suitable reactor types.
• the catalyst is present in the reaction zone 1, in the reaction zone 2 or in both reaction zones as a fluidized bed.
• the operating parameters, reactor design, and reactor dimensions are selected so that substantially no gas backmixing occurs between the reaction zone 1 and reaction zone 2 to prevent entry of CrC 4 aliphates from reaction zone 1, if possible. Since methane is formed in the reductive regeneration of the catalyst, an entry of CrC 4 -aliphatics, in particular of methane, has a negative effect on the reaction equilibrium of the regeneration.
• the reaction zone 2 is particularly preferably operated as a fluidized bed, with essentially no internal mixing occurring.
• the internal mixing should be prevented as much as possible in order to avoid or at least reduce backmixing of the methane-containing gas stream M into the reaction zone 2 and thus to ensure as pure as possible a hydrogen atmosphere in the reaction zone 2.
• a methane-lean gas phase in the reaction zone 2 leads to a higher conversion of methane in the reaction zone 1, as shown in the example.
• a more uniform residence time profile of the catalyst particles to be regenerated is achieved by reducing the internal mixing.
• reaction zone 2 Another way to reduce the internal mixing in the reaction zone, the installation or the arrangement of devices that hinder the internal mixing. These devices may be, for example, perforated plates, structured packings, baffles and other internals known to the person skilled in the art. According to a preferred embodiment, at least one such device is arranged in the reaction zone 2.
• the extent of internal mixing can be determined, for example, from the vertical dispersion coefficients. Preferably, less than 10 mol% of Ci-C 4 -aliphat, in particular methane, based on the stream H by backmixing of the reaction zone 1 in the reaction zone 2 registered.
• the transition region between reaction zone 1 and 2 is preferably at most 25%, more preferably at most 10%, and most preferably at most 5% of the length of the reaction zone 1.
• the length of the reaction zone 1 means the expansion of the reactor in the flow direction of the stream E.
• the reaction zone 1 is preferably separated from the reaction zone 2 by at least one device which is permeable to the reaction gases and the catalyst particles and which is arranged in the transition region between the reaction zones 1 and 2.
• These devices may be perforated plates, baffles, structured packings and further devices known to the person skilled in the art and suitable for this purpose, as described, for example, in the Handbook of Fluidization and Fluid Particle Systems, New York, 2003, Editor W. Yang. Chapter 7, pages 134 to 195 described.
• reaction gases are the entirety of the gas streams involved in reaction zones 1 and 2, that is to say the gas streams E, H, P and M.
• the reaction zone 1 is operated according to the invention preferably as a bubbling or turbulent fluidized bed, usually at Leerrohrgas Oberen of 10 to 80 cm / s.
• the catalyst, on the one hand, and the various gas streams E, H and M, on the other hand are conducted in countercurrent flow.
• the reaction zone 2 according to the preferred embodiment described above is arranged below the reaction zone 1, this means that the catalyst flows on average from top to bottom and the gas streams E, H, M and P have an average flow direction from bottom to top.
• the reactor shape (a) is cylindrical in the region of the reaction zone 1 and also in the region of the reaction zone 2, which is arranged below the reaction zone 1, likewise cylindrical in shape with the same diameter as in the region for the reaction zone 1.
• the reactor with the reactor shape (b) is cylindrical in the region of the reaction zone 1 and likewise cylindrical in the region for the reaction zone 2, but with a smaller diameter than in the region for the reaction zone 1, and has a conically shaped transition part.
• the reactor shape (c) also has a cylindrical shape formed region for the reaction zone 1 and is completely conically shaped in the region of the reaction zone 2 arranged below it.
• the route of the catalyst through the reactor is characterized by "K.” According to the invention, more than one reaction zone 1 and more than one reaction zone 2 can be present, only at least one reaction zone 1 and at least one reaction zone 2 must be present, which each adjoin one another spatially.
• the catalyst can be used undiluted or mixed with inert material.
• the inert material may be any material which is inert at the reaction conditions prevailing in the reaction zones, i. not reacted.
• the undoped catalyst used for the catalyst is particularly suitable, but also inert zeolites, alumina, silica, etc.
• the particle size of the inert material is in the range of the size of the catalyst particles.
• the catalyst is used mixed with inert material.
• the inert material serves as a cost-effective heat transfer medium in order to introduce heat energy into the reaction zone 1.
• the heat produced in the regeneration of the catalyst in step III in the reaction zone 2 is supplied to the reaction zone 1 to at least partially contribute to the energy required in step I for the DHAM.
• the heat is supplied by transferring at least part of the regenerated catalyst from the reaction zone 2 into the reaction zone 1.
• the regenerated catalyst serves as a heat carrier. At least one further part of the heat produced in the regeneration of the catalyst in step III in the reaction zone 2 is fed directly through the gas stream M to the reaction zone 1.
• the supply of a portion of that in the reaction zone 1 in step I of the present Indirectly required energy, for example, by a heat exchanger bundle in reaction zone.
• a portion of the energy required in reaction zone 1 in step I of the present process is supplied by at least a portion of the catalyst carried out with the optionally present inert material after step IV and before step V to a temperature above the Temperature is heated in the reaction zone 1.
• the method then according to the invention comprises the steps
• the heating of the catalyst carried out can be direct or indirect.
• the catalyst carried out is heated directly, for example by combustion gases are passed through the catalyst.
• an inert gas is heated, for example with combustion gases, which then heats the catalyst in direct contact.
• the heating of the catalyst Sators and optionally the inert material is preferably carried out in a so-called riser known to the expert.
• the catalyst is reductively and / or oxidatively regenerated after the reaction from the reaction zone 2 in step V and before being recycled to reaction zone 1, and optionally activated.
• This additional regeneration step is carried out at most after each second pass, preferably at most after every tenth and particularly preferably at most after every 50th pass of the catalyst.
• Reductive regeneration means that the regeneration takes place in a reductive atmosphere, especially in a hydrogen atmosphere.
• the oxidative regeneration is carried out under oxidizing conditions, ie in the presence of oxidizing agents, in particular in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas such as air.
• oxidative regeneration the carbon deposited on the catalyst is converted to CO and C0 2 .
• the oxidative regeneration is usually followed by a reactivation step, as described above for the activation of the freshly prepared catalyst.

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