Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
  • C08J7/04—Coating
  • C08J7/06—Coating with compositions not containing macromolecular substances
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/14—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts, e.g. denser near its faces
  • B32B5/145—Variation across the thickness of the layer
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  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/16—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin specially treated, e.g. irradiated
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  • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
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  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
  • B32B27/304—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl halide (co)polymers, e.g. PVC, PVDC, PVF, PVDF
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  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/06—Interconnection of layers permitting easy separation
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  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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  • C08J7/04—Coating
  • C08J7/043—Improving the adhesiveness of the coatings per se, e.g. forming primers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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  • C08J7/04—Coating
  • C08J7/046—Forming abrasion-resistant coatings; Forming surface-hardening coatings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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  • C08J7/06—Coating with compositions not containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J7/065—Low-molecular-weight organic substances, e.g. absorption of additives in the surface of the article
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  • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
  • C08J7/08—Heat treatment
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  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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  • C08J7/12—Chemical modification
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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  • C08K5/05—Alcohols; Metal alcoholates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L27/04—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
  • C08L27/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
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  • C09D175/14—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
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  • C09D175/14—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C09D175/16—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds having terminal carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D4/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond ; Coating compositions, based on monomers of macromolecular compounds of groups C09D183/00 - C09D183/16
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
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  • C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2327/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08J2327/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
  • C08J2327/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride
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  • C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes

Definitions

• the present inventive subject matter relates generally to the art of protective films and/or laminates. Particular relevance is found in connection with adhesive sheets useful for protecting various surfaces to which the adhesive sheets are applied, e.g., such as the surfaces of automotive bodies, consumer electronics, and accordingly the present specification makes specific reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that aspects of the present inventive subject matter are also equally amenable to other like applications.
• a protective film and/or laminate which performs suitably in accordance with one or more evaluation criteria, e.g., such as: good chemical resistance, good scratch and impact resistance, non-stick and non-wetting properties, good stain resistance, anti-graffiti and anti-fouling properties, good weather resistance, a low degree of yellowing over time, good optical clarity for see-through applications, a high degree of flexibility for conforming to non-planar surfaces, etc. Accordingly, a new and/or improved protective film and/or laminate is disclosed which addresses the above-referenced probiem(s) and/or others.
• a surface treated protective film or laminate is provided.
• FIGURE 1 is diagrammatic illustration showing an exemplary construction of a surface treated film and/or laminate in accordance with aspects of the present inventive subject matter.
• FIGURE 2 is graph showing measured 60 degree gloss values for each of several tested sample films treated with exemplary treatment solutions prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter and comparative examples.
• FIGURE 3 is graph showing measured b values for each of several tested sample films treated with exemplary treatment solutions prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter and comparative examples after exposure to a used motor oil test.
• FIGURE 4 is graph showing measured b values for each of several tested sample films treated with exemplary treatment solutions prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter and comparative examples after exposure to a used motor oil test.
• FIGURE 5 is graph showing measured tensile stress at 100% elongation for each of several tested sample films treated with exemplary treatment solutions prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter and comparative examples.
• FIGURE 6 is graph showing measured delta b and delta E values for each of several tested sample films treated with exemplary treatment solutions prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter and comparative examples after exposure to weatherometer testing.
• FIGURE 7 is graph showing the pencil hardness and stretchab ⁇ ity of different plastic films with and without a hard coat
• FIGURE 8 is graph showing measured b values for each of several tested sample films treated with exemplary treatment solutions prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter and comparative examples after exposure to a used motor oil test.
• FIGURE 9 is graph showing measured tensile stress at 100% elongation for each of several tested sample films treated with exemplary treatment solutions prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter and comparative examples.
• FIGURE 10 is photomicrograph showing a comparative sample film treated with an exemplary treatment solution prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter.
• FIGURE 11 is photomicrograph showing an exemplary sample film treated with an exemplary treatment solution prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter.
• FIGURE 12 is graph showing the relative intensity of a spectra! analysis peak associated with an exemplary treatment solution prepared in accordance with the present inventive subject matter as a function of depth into an exemplary film receiving the treatment.
• the present specification discloses a new protective film or laminate that has at least one major surface of a plastic substrate treated with a suitable material to enhance the properties of the protective film or laminate while retaining a sufficient portion of the pristine plastic substrate property, such as flexibility and/or extensibility.
• the surface treatment proposed herein is distinguished from an otherwise conventional top coating in that a substantial portion of the materia! applied during the surface treatment does not ultimately remain extending above or sitting on top or proud of the upper surface of the underlying film or laminate so treated. That is to say, rather than forming a largely distinct layer with a well defined boundary on top of the underlying film or laminate, the coating materia!
• the coating materia! used in the surface treatment generally includes a solvent based coating solution or dispersion.
• a coating solution refers to a clear liquid where the coating ingredients are either totally soluble in an organic solvent or water, or their size is smaller than the visible wavelength of light and do not scatter light. Nano-sized particles generally fall into this latter category.
• a coating dispersion refers to a coating iiqu'd that appears cloudy either because the coating ingredients are not totally soluble in an organic solvent or water, or their si?e is larger than the visible wavelength of light and scatter light.
• the solvent operates to expand the matrix of the underlying film or substrate material to facilitate penetration of one or more coating ingredient(s) into the film or substrate.
• the solvent is selected to be compatible with the chosen film or substrate material in this fashion, and the coating materials are likewise chosen, e g., based on physical size and/or other appropriate properties, to achieve the desire penetration in view of the film materia! and selected solvent.
• the coating materials used in the surface treatment include one or more of the following curable ingredients: monomer and oligomer, such as radiation curable (electron beam, gamma irradiation or ultraviolet including both free radical or catsonic) or thermally curable monomer and oligomer, additives such as surfactant and defoamer, and small particle of organic compound, inorganic compound OF hybrid organic-inorganic compound These materials are small in size and easily penetrate into the matrix of the plastic filrr or laminate.
• the ssze of the monomer or oligomer or particle is less than lO ⁇ m, more preferably less than b ⁇ m, and even more preferably less than l ⁇ m.
• the coating material used in the surface treatment comprises POSS (Polyhedral Oligome ⁇ c Silsesquioxanes) or other like nano-structured organic-inorganic hybrid material.
• POSS Polyhedral Oligome ⁇ c Silsesquioxanes
• suitable silsesquioxane derivatives are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,235,619 issued June 25 2007 to Mo ⁇ moto, et al. and U.S. Patent No. 7,053,167 issued May 30, 2006 to Ito. et ai , both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
• POSS materials with various functionalities are available from Hybrid Plastics Inc. (Hattiesburg, MS).
• the surface treatment proposed herein comprises a POSS material applied to the underlying substrate or film in the forn of a solvent based, UV (ultraviolet) curable solution.
• this solution contains a siisesquioxane compound dissolved in MIBK (Methyl lsobutyi Ketone) solvent with a 40% solid loading.
• MIBK Metal lsobutyi Ketone
• one such suitable solution is made by Chisso Corporation (Osaka, Japan) and is sold under the trade name 5i!a-Max ' M .
• a surface treated with such a solution exhibits a low surface energy (e.g., approximately 21.8 mN/cm), which leads to good chemical resistance while providing added properties such as non-stick and non-wetting properties, anti-graffiti and anti-fouling properties and a low coefficient of friction which also contributes to good scratch and impact resistance.
• the first example treatment material possesses excellent optical clarity,, e.g.,. with less than approximately 1% haze, which is advantageous for applications that call for see-through properties.
• the first example treatment material when coated to a film with low porosity such as polyester or polycarbonate, the first example treatment material also possesses a high surface hardness (e.g., around 3H pencil hardness), which makes it highly impact resistant and well suited for surface protection, e.g., of automotive bodies, consumer electronics, and other products.
• a high surface hardness e.g., around 3H pencil hardness
• a suitable, extensible polymeric film is surface treated as described herein (e.g., using the first example treatment material), such as by gravure coaling, spray, fiexography, slot die coating, roll coating or other suitable methods
• the film or the laminate largely retains significant extensibility with improved optical clarity due to smoothing of the film surface by the treatment materials.
• dramatic improvement is observed in chemical resistance, e.g., such as the resistance to used motor oil and to chemicals used for automotive body cleaning.
• the surface treated film or laminate when used as a protective sheet applied to the surface of an automobile body (e.g., to protect the paint or finish thereon against scratches and staining), a more pleasing appearance and/or other benefits are generally achieved when the film or lam ⁇ ate conforms to the contour of the automobile body.
• other coating materials e.g., as described herein, may also optionally be used for the surface treatment.
• the surface treatment described herein can be applied to any suitable substrates, e g , including both rigid and flexible or extensible substrates.
• substrates include but are not limited to plastics, glass, metal, ceramics, woods, composites, etc.
• a flexible plastic film substrate is advantageous for application as a protective sheet to be applied to complex geometries, curved surfaces and/or other application which generally benefit from high conformabilit/ (e.g , such as a protective sheet for an automotive body surface).
• plastic films include but are not limited to, e.g., poiyurethanes, polyvinyl chloride, poiyolefins, polyesters, poiyamides, polyacryiates, poiysilicones, etc.
• a polyurethane (PU) film of about 150 to 200u ⁇ in thickness is particularly suitable for such applications.
• PU polyurethane
• polyurethane films made by Deerfield Urethane, Inc. (Whateiy, Massachusetts) and sold under the trade name Durefiex* 1 (referred to herein as the first sample OF exemplary film material) and polyurethane filrrs rrade by Argotec, inc.
• the elastic property of the poiyurethane film also provides additional cushion that benefits the impact resistance of the final film or laminate.
• FIGURE 1 illustrates a suitable construction in accordance with aspects of the present inventive subject matter.
• a plastic film 10 is laminated to a release iiner 12 coated with a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) 14
• PSA pressure sensitive adhesive
• reference numeral 16 identifies a surface created via surface treatment of the plastic film 10 with the coating material as disclosed herein.
• the film 10 is optionally a PU film.
• the surface treatment of the film 10 creates a surface 16 which is not a distinct layer with respect to the film 10 That is to say, there is no strictly defined border between the surface 16 and the film 10 which separates the two into otherwise distinct layers. Rather, the surface 16 is formed by a chemical treatment of the film 1.0 such that the materia! composition gradually transitions from one materia! to the next.
• the coating solvent is selected to have good compatibility with the polyurethane film. Accordingly, the solvent swells the polyurethane film and carries the solid coating materials from the surface treatment inside the matrix of the polyurethane film. The inclusion of the coating solids from the treatment in the PU film matrix increases the density of the sub-surface. Second, the outermost surface of the PU film, like all plastic materials, is generally rough on a nano-meter scale.
• the valley areas are filled with the coating materials, which also beneficially leads to a smoother surface, in any event, at least in part due to these two effects, as visible under magnification, the thickness and/or amount of the coaling material from the treatment which remains above or proud of the top surface of the underlying substrate material is relatively small in view of the coating weight used to apply the treatment material - in fact, in some embodiments it may even be unperceivable.
• the ability of a coating ingredient diffusing or migrating into a plastic film depends on many factors such as the physical size of the coating ingredient, the compatibility with the plastic film, etc.
• a coating ingredient of smaller size and/or having good affinity with the plastic film will diffuse faster than the ingredient that is larger and/or having poor affinity.
• the composition of the coating materials that have diffused/migrated into the plastic film may be substantially different from the composition of the starting formulation. This in turn leads to a new composition for the coating iaver that remains above the plastic tii ⁇ >, different from the composition of the starting coating formulation as we!!.
• the surface treatment in one embodiment includes applying the surface treatment materia! at a dry coating thickness in the range of about 0.1 to 25 ⁇ rn.
• the surface treatment includes applying the surface treatment materia! at a dry coating thickness in the range of about 1 to 15 ⁇ m.
• the surface treatment includes applying the surface treatment materia! at a dry coating thickness in the range of about 4 to lO ⁇ m.
• the resulting thickness of the coating materia! which is distinguishable from and/or remains extending above or sitting proud of the top surface of the substrate materia! is substantially less than the applied coating volume.
• the two effects described above lead at least in part to the relatively thin thickness of the surface treatment materia! which remains above the top surface of the underlying substrate. Accordingly, this relatively thin thickness along with the graduation transitioning nature contribute to the fact that the flexibility and/or extensibility of the treated film or laminate is largely retained even though the treatment materials (e.g., such as the Silia-MaxTM) are only more generally known for rigid surface applications due to their relatively high surface hardness.
• the treatment materials e.g., such as the Silia-MaxTM
• the treated film or laminate disclosed herein withstands at least 20% elongation without failing (i.e., cracking, breaking, clouding, etc j. in yet another embodiment, the treated film or laminate disclosed herein withstands at least 50% elongation without failing.
• the treated film or laminate disclosed herein withstands at least 80% elongation without failing.
• elongations may be achieved without failure of the treated laminate/film.
• lower coat weight and/or higher penetration into the plastics film leads to higher extensibility.
• failing refers to the start of loss of clarity and/or increase in haze, e g , as exhibited by cracking, hazing or whs-ensng.
• FIGURE 2 illustrates gloss value measurements with illumination applied at a 60 degree angle of incidence
• the listed sample ⁇ represent 150 ⁇ m thick l ir sample films treated with the ⁇ ⁇ exemplary treatment solution applied at the respective coat weights indicated.
• the listed control sample was untreated.
• a 150 ⁇ m thick l at sample film laminated to a (PSA) on a release liner was surface treated with a 5 ⁇ m and a 15 ⁇ m (wet thickness) coat weight of the 1 st exemplary treatment material disclosed herein, i.e., the Sila-MaxTM coating material.
• the surface treated samples were dried in a thermal oven at about 80 13 C for about 3 to 5 minutes and further cured by UV irradiation using a mercury lamp with 206mJ/cm 2 irradiation energy, at a speed of 100 feet/min. After curing, the release liner was removed and the surface treated PU films were attached to aluminum (Ai) piate ⁇ via the PSA iayer.
• FIGURE 3 illustrates measured b values of the samples on an L a b color scale after subjecting the samples to the aforementioned used motor oil test.
• the listed samples represent ISO ⁇ m PU film treated with the I s exemplary treatment solution applied at the respective coat weights indicated.
• the samples were then dried at about 80°C for about 3 to 5 minutes and further cured by UV using a mercury lamp with 206mJ/crrT irradiation energy, at a speed of IOC feet/mm.
• the treated samples were again tested in the used motor oii following the same procedure
• the b values for both the control and treated PU samples are shown in FIGURE 4.
• the control samples of the ⁇ ⁇ and 2" d exemplary films have comparable b values, which were significantly reduced after the treatment with the 1 t exemplary treatment solution.
• the treated samples performed much better than the commercial products tested, even with 5 ⁇ rn wet coating thickness.
• the b values decrease slightly by increasing the coating thickness from 5 ⁇ m to IG ⁇ m, which has almost the same b value as the IS ⁇ rn sample.
• FIGURE 4 illustrates measured b values of the samples on a Lab color scale after subjecting the samples to the aforementioned used motor oil test.
• the listed samples represent IS ⁇ rn thick film in accordance with exemplary films 1 and 2 as indicated treated with the l rt exemplary treatment solution applied at the respective coat weights indicated.
• the listed control samples were untreated.
• the surface treated film sample in accordance with aspects of the present inventive subject matter shows a stress at 100% elongation which is (i) comparable to that of the commercially available comparison sample Product-1, ( ⁇ i) slightly lower than that of the commercial !y available comparison sampie Product-2, and (iii) slightly higher than that of the commercially available comparison sample Product-3.
• the impact resistance of the surface treated 1 st exemplary film having a PSA layer on the bottom surface was also evaluated using an appropriate testing method ⁇ namely a modified ASTM D968-93 established by ASTM Internationa!,, originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). More specifically, samples were prepared and tested as follows. The release liner of the laminate was first removed and the surface treated PU film was laminated to an Al panel through the PSA layer. To emulate the exposure to airborne stones and debris of the driving environment, the Al panel was firmly mounted on a heavy metal holder.
• UV Xenon weatherometer tests were performed on a ISO ⁇ m thick sampie of the 1 ⁇ exemplary film treated with 15 ⁇ m wet coating weight of the 1 st exemplary treatment solution.
• Commercial products i.e., Product-1, Product-2 and Product-3 were also tested along with an untreated sample of the ⁇ exemplary film (i.e., the Control).
• the changes in the b* values ( ⁇ b*) and in the total color ( ⁇ E) were measured before and after exposure to the testing. As shown in FIGURE 6, very little changes are observed for all the samples after 2000 hours. In fact any color variation that is below 1.0 is nearly unperteivable if at all by human eyes.
• the first exemplary treatment solution i.e., the SiIa MaxTM coating
• the 1 st and 2 rQ exemplary PU films have a pencil hardness of about 3 B, which is several grades lower than the aforementioned coating.
• the treated PU film substantially retains its flexibility and remains stretchabl ⁇
• Such contradictory properties are largely unexpected and/or unseen in the prior art.
• FIGURE 7 is compared the hardness and the stretchabsiity of different plastic films with or without a hard coat
• stretchability means that the plastic film can be elongated at room temperature by hands without failing
• Commercially available stretchabie plastic films such as PU, polyvinyl chloride, rubbers, and poiyoiefins ail have very soft surfaces
• Plastic films with harder surfaces such as acrylic and polycarbonate are not strelchable.
• the treated PU film in accordance with aspects of the present inventive subject matter effectively combines a very hard surface with a very soft plastic core, which is a result of gradual transition from the soft PU to a very hard coating.
• E he penetration of coating materials into the plastic film or laminates also leads to other desired benefits, such as strong adhesion.
• the adhesion is particularly important when the coated film is subject to bending or has to conform to irregular surfaces, with or without stretching
• the PU film surface was treated with treatment solutions that are thermally curable Those solutions each contained two parts namely, a resin solution with 10% solids in a co-solvent of MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) and IPA (l ⁇ opropyl alcohol), and a corresponding curing agent.
• the resin solution for the first thermally curable treatment solution had a viscosity of 0.9OmPa.
• S and the resin solution for the second thermally curable treatment solution had a viscosity of Q.93mPa.5. Both curing agents were white solid powders.
• the thermal curable coating solutions were prepared by mixing 0.5wt parts of the curing agent in lOOwt parts of the resin solution. To obtain a coating with high optical clarity, it is recommended that the dry thickness of the coating be less than I ⁇ m, as thicker coatings lead to a higher haze%.
• the PU film treated with the 1 st exemplary treatment solution also showed a significant reduction in the surface energy as shown in Table 3, due to the low surface energy of the treatment materials, in fact, one of the properties of the 1 st exemplary treatment solution is that the treated surface exhibits a concentration gradient across the thickness for the nan ⁇ -partides, with more nano-particies being located on the outermost surface rather than in the sub-surface, it is theorized that during the coating process, the nano-particies migrate to the top surface prior to curing and are locked in place upon curing The migration of the low surface energy components to the surface is associated with the natural force that has the tendency Lo minimize the surface energy.
• the low surface energy of the PU film created by the surface treatments described herein provides an excellent release surface.
• the surface energy shown in Table 3 was obtained through contact angle measurements, The measurements were conducted on a NRL Contact Angle Goniometer and using D. I. water and T ⁇ cresylphosphat ⁇ (TCP) testing liquids. The surface energy values were calculated using the Geometric Mean Mode!
• the control PU film has a total surface energy of 40. i mN/crn with a polar component of 34.6miM/cm and non-polar component of 5.5mN/cm. The total surface energy was significantly reduced after treatment with the ⁇ ' exemplary treatment solution, more so for the polar component than for the non-polar component.
• the low surface energy property allows the treated film to be a self-wound,, tape like laminate comprising a surface created via the surface treatment, a plastic substrate and a PSA layer.
• the release liner or backing sheet is eliminated from the construction, e.g., shown in FIGURE 1. Accordingly, this both reduces the cost and eliminates the waste of a release liner or other like backing materials.
• the surface treatment comprises a composite of the l rt exemplary treatment solution and an aliphatic urethane acrylate.
• a treatment solution was made by mixing the 1 st exemplary treatment solution with an aliphatic urethane diacrylate m different weight ratios [w/w].
• Mixing the 1 st exemplary treatment solution with the urethane j ⁇ ylate can significantly reduces the cost of the surface treatment solution (with the same amount of coaling materials) and/or increases the solid content ( ⁇ e., the ⁇ exemplary treatment solution has 40% solid loading, while the acryate has 100% solid loading). Higher solid content is advantageous for coating a thicker film.
• a suitable urethane diacrylate is available from Sariomer Company, Inc. (Extom, PA) and sold under the product designation CN2285.
• the mixture of the l c exemplary treatment solution and the foregoing urethane diacrylate can be UV cured at the same sate (i.e., at 100 feet/mm, using a mercury lamp with 206mJ/crrr irradiation energy) with up to about 75% wt of the urethane diacrylate in the formulation.
• the photo curing agent contained in the l r exemplary treatment solution is sufficient to cure the composite. Additional phot ⁇ initiator may be added upon further increase in the urethane diacryiate content in order to maintain the same curing rate.
• a 15 ⁇ rn wet coating weight or thickness of the aforementioned coatmg solutions [i e . mixture of the 1 st exemplary treatment solution and aliphatic urethane diacryiate) were used to surface treat a 200 ⁇ m thick sample of the l rt exempiary fiim.
• the samples were then dried at about 80 " C for about 3-5 min followed by UV curing at about 100 feet/mm using a mercury lamp with about 206mJ/cm 2 irradiation energy.
• the resistance to the used motor oils and the tensile stress at 100% elongation were evaluated and shown in FiGURE 8 and FIGURE 9, respectively.
• An untreated sample i e , the Control
• the PU film surface was treated with another treatment solution comprising a different POSS material (i.e., a 2 nJ exempiary treatment solution).
• a different POSS material i.e., a 2 nJ exempiary treatment solution
• the coating solution was obtained from Hybrid Plastics (Hatliesburg, MS) and sold under the product designation POSS* Coat MA2310. This coating solution comprises a mixture of POSS nano particles and acrylates. it is a 100% solid, irradiation curable solution.
• a sample was prepared by surface treating a 200 ⁇ m thick sample of the 1 st exempiary film with a i5 ⁇ m wet thickness coating of the foregoing solution and UV cured at iOO feet/mm using a fusion lamp with 2 ⁇ 6mJ/ ' cm/ irradiation energy.
• the resistance to the used motor oil of the PU film treated with the 2 ns exemplary treatment solution showed a b value of 8.2, which is significantly better than the uncoated PU film (see, e.g., FIGURE 4).
• the coating or treatment solution formulation may contain inorganic particles, inorganic-organic hybrid particies and/or polymeric particles.
• Suitable inorganic particles include, for example, caiciurn carbonate, titanium dioxide, siiica, alumina, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide, barium sulfate, etc.
• Suitable organic-inorganic particles include materials derived from silsesquinoxane compounds. For example, many organic-inorganic hybrid particles of Poiyhydrai Oiigomeric Silsesquinoxane (POSS) materials with a vast variety of functionalities are commercially available.
• Suitable organic particles include, for example, p ⁇ lyolefin, polyamide, polyester, and poiyurethane particles. These particles can be used alone or in combinations.
• an optically clear stretchabie film was obtained via a treatment prepared by mixing a UV curable POSS containing material (avaiiabie from Hybrid Plastics (Hattiesburg,
• the thus coated poiyurethane film can be stretchable to more than 100% without noticeable change in the optical ciarity.
• This result compared to the PU film treated with POSS' 3 Coat MA2310 described above, suggests that the presence of an organic solvent is important for the coating ingredients to penetrates into and maintain the flexibility of the treated PU film.
• the b value of the coated poiyurethane film after dipping in a used motor oil for 2 days changed from 1.77 to 5.23.
• a matte finish stretchable protective film was obtained by treatment with a solvent based dispersion comprising a polyamide based polymeric particle.
• the treatment included; MEK as the solvent; an ultra-fine polyamide powder having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m (available under the designation Orgasoi ® 2001 UD Nat 2 from Arkema Inc.); a UV curable aliphatic urethane acrylate (i.e., CN2285 available from Sartomer Inc.); a UV curable
• POSS material i.e., Acryio POSS Cage Mixture (MA0736) obtained from Hybrid Plastics Inc.); and, Benzophenone (available from Sigma-Aldrich) as photoinitiator.
• the composition of each component is listed in Table 5.
• E he coating dispersion was applied to a 2m ⁇ l MehnexTM PtT substfate and a 200 ⁇ m 1st exemplary PU f ⁇ im with 15 ⁇ m wet thickness.
• the samples were dried at 80°C for 5n ⁇ n and UV " cured using a mercury lamp at 200mJ/cm 2 i ⁇ adiation energy the 60deg gloss and the stretchabiiity of the coated film samples were measured and lifted in f able 6.
• the 60deg gloss of the coating applied to the PU film is substantially lower than the same coating applied to the PFT substrate, end the coated PU film remains stretchable up to more than 300% without cracksng Ir is theorized that the lower gloss value for the coating applied to the PU film is associated with the migration of the coating components into the PU film.
• the solvent and other smaller molecules such as POSS ® MA0736 and CN2285 quickly diffuse into the PU film.
• the poiyamide particle which is relatively large, is left behind. This leads to a coating layer with higher concentration of poiyamide particles than in the starting coating composition.
• the coating layer when the coating is applied to the PET film where little or no diffusion occurred, the coating layer remains uniform with the same concentration as the initial coating composition
• This "concentrating” or “filtering” effect enabled by a non-uniform, differentiated diffusion of different coating ingredients into the plastic film allows to maximize surface related coating properties such as abrasion resistance, low gloss, anti-glare, chemical resistance, etc
• a desired concentration of particles on the coating surface can be obtained using a coating formulation having lower roncentration of particles than on the coating surface. As a result, the amount of particles in the coatmg formulation tan be reduced and the coating formulation can be made with a lower viscosity.
• a treatment solution was prepared with a 10% acrylic polymer (available under the designation Piexiglas V825 from Arkema Inc.) in l-Methoxy-2-Propano! solvent.
• the solution was coated onto a 200 ⁇ m thick 2 rd exemplary PU film with 15 ⁇ m wet thickness and dried at 80°C for 5min.
• the coated PU film thus obtained *as opticaliy clear
• the treated PU film becomes hazy and cracks instantly. It is theorized that because of the large size of the acrylic polymer chain, the acrylic material was not able to diffuse into the PU film and consequently, the coating becomes hazy and cracks upon stretching.
• FIGURES 10 and 11 photomicrographs show penetration or migration of the treatment solution into various films as indicated, in both cases, the same wet coating weight of the 1st exemplary treatment solution was applied to a 2nd exenpiary PU film and Io a MelmexTM PET film for comparison.
• a significant distinct layer i e., of about / ⁇ m
• a substantially less thick layer i.e., of about 0.5 ⁇ m is so formed on and/or over the surface of the PU film .
• layer formed on and/or over the surface of the PU film is less than or equal to about 2 microns.
• the thickness of the coating which remains on the surface of the PU film is between about G.S ⁇ m and about 3 ⁇ m.
• the coating which remains on the surface of the PU film is between about O.S ⁇ rn and about l.Q ⁇ rr.
• FTIR imaging analyses were performed to study the penetration, diffusion and/or migration of the T * exemplary treatment solution into the treated PU film shown in FiGURF 11.
• the samples were cut into slices of about 15 to 20um thick and analyzed by an ATR Imaging system (Perkirt Elmer Spotlight ⁇ 00) with a pixel ss?e l .S ⁇ m.
• the FTiR images were collected with a spectral resolution of 4cm ⁇ and a spatial resolution of about 3um. For 400x400 ⁇ r ⁇ r image dimension, 2 scans were average at each point, while for 25x85 ⁇ m 2 image dimension, 32 scans were average at each point in order to obtain better quality spectra.
• the IR absorption peak at 810cm 1 associated with the unreacted double bond from the SiIa Max M treatment solution is used as representative of the SiIa Max M coating materials.
• the IR absorption peak at 779cm " associated with the C-H out of plane bending deformation is used to represent the PU materials.
• the relative peak intensity of 810cm l to 779 cm- 1 falls off gradually with increased depth but remains visible up to at least 25 ⁇ m. Accordingly, this indicates that the treatment solution penetrates, diffuses or migrates into the PU film to a depth of at least 25 ⁇ m with a concentration that gradually decrease from the surface of the PU film to deeper within the PU film.
• the surface treatment penetrates, diffuses or migrates as much as 25 ⁇ m into the film
• the surface treatment penetrates, diffuses or migrates as much as 50 ⁇ m into the film.
• the treatment solution migrates into or penetrates the film such that it has a concentration gradient that graduaily decreases with the depth of penetration into the film.
• the release liner 12 is removed from the construction and the PSA layer 14 is used to adhere the treated film 10 to the surface of a desired obiect with the treated surface 16 of the film 10 facing outward therefrom.
• the film is optionally applied in this manner to an auto body surface or other like surface one wishes to protect.
• stretchability, flexibility and/or extensibility is maintained, the film 10 can be readily and smoothly be applied to complex geometries and/or otherwise curved surface.
• alternate means can be used to adhere or otherwise stick the film 10 to a desired surface.
• an optionally adhesive free functional layer may be employed.
• the functional layer easily spreads and/or conforms onto the surface of the object to which it is applied, and as air is squeezed out from between the functional layer and the object surface, a vacuum is created therebetween. This vacuum and/or the external air pressure act to hold the film 10 to the surface of the object.
• adhesive free options known in the art may also be employed, e.g., such a gecko-mimetic functional material.
• FiGURF 1 may have their functionality suitably implemented via hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. Additionally, it is to be appreciated that certain elements described herein as incorporated together may under suitable circumstances be stand alone elements or otherwise divided. Similarly, a plurality of particular functions described as being carried out by one particular element may be carried out by a plurality of distinct elements acting independently to carry out individual functions, or certain individual functions may be split-up and carried out by a plurality of distinct elements acting in concert. Alternately, some elements or components otherwise described and/or shown herein as distinct from one another may be physically or functionally combined where appropriate. [0078] The laminate shown in FiGURF 1 can be manufactured in different ways.
• a I SO ⁇ m thick 2 nd exemplary PU film extruded onto a 2mil thick polyester carrier is obtained from Argotec inc..
• the PU film has the l sl and 2 lld major surfaces. The ⁇ ⁇ major surface is exposed and the 2 nd major surface is attached to the polyester carrier.
• the I s* exemplary Siia Max llv treatment solution was obtained from Chisso Corp..
• a solvent based PSA solution was also made.
• the PSA solution was first coated onto the l £t major surface of the PU film and the solvent was eliminated by drying at high temperatures.
• the PSA coated PU film was subsequently laminated to a polyester release liner 12 as shown in FIGURE I and the polyester carrier was peeled off.
• the 2 ra major surface of the PU film is now exposed.
• the S ⁇ a Max ' M treatment solution was applied to the 2 nd major surface of the PU film, d ⁇ ed at high temperatures to eliminate the solvent and subsequently cured using a mercury UV lamp.
• the treatment may include thermal and/or radiation curing.
• FNm 10 be at least partially transparent to the curing radiation so that the material diffused into the film receives and/or is otherwise exposed to the curing radiation.

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• 2010
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