EP2401506B1 - Ventilatorschaufel und befestigungsmittel dafür - Google Patents

Ventilatorschaufel und befestigungsmittel dafür Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2401506B1
EP2401506B1 EP10706538.5A EP10706538A EP2401506B1 EP 2401506 B1 EP2401506 B1 EP 2401506B1 EP 10706538 A EP10706538 A EP 10706538A EP 2401506 B1 EP2401506 B1 EP 2401506B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fastening means
blade
fan
section
connecting portion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP10706538.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2401506A1 (de
Inventor
Henrik Witt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
W & S Management & Co KG GmbH
Original Assignee
W & S Management & Co KG GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by W & S Management & Co KG GmbH filed Critical W & S Management & Co KG GmbH
Publication of EP2401506A1 publication Critical patent/EP2401506A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2401506B1 publication Critical patent/EP2401506B1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/38Blades
    • F04D29/388Blades characterised by construction
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/34Blade mountings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/02Selection of particular materials
    • F04D29/023Selection of particular materials especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/321Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps for axial flow compressors
    • F04D29/322Blade mountings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/38Blades
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/60Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling
    • F04D29/64Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling of axial pumps
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/60Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling
    • F04D29/64Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling of axial pumps
    • F04D29/644Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling of axial pumps especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/646Mounting or removal of fans
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00Manufacture
    • F05D2230/60Assembly methods
    • F05D2230/64Assembly methods using positioning or alignment devices for aligning or centring, e.g. pins
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/10Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
    • F05D2300/17Alloys
    • F05D2300/171Steel alloys

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fastening means for fastening a blade section of a fan blade, in particular a smoke extraction fan, to a fan hub.
  • the invention also relates to a fan blade, in particular for smoke extraction fans, with fastening means for fastening the fan blade to a fan hub and with a blade section.
  • Fans for subways or tunnels and / or closed vehicle buildings, such as underground garages have to work reliably over an extremely long service life under a wide variety of load and environmental conditions.
  • the installation of fans in subways, tunnels or underground garages is typically designed for operation over several years or decades.
  • the metro or tunnel operator has requirements regarding the operability of the fan at high temperatures, such as occur in particular in the event of a fire. Some of the requirements are prescribed by law.
  • fans As is generally the case, there is a desire to manufacture fans as cheaply and economically as possible.
  • the basic structure of fans consists of a fan hub to which a number of generic fan blades are attached radially.
  • the generic fan blades are fastened with the aid of generic fasteners, which are usually designed as blade bases.
  • fans are known against the background of the general requirements for fans described above.
  • fans are known whose fan blades are cast from solid aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
  • a disadvantage of fan blades made of aluminum is their limited usability at temperatures above approximately 300 ° C. The tensile strength of aluminum decreases sharply at the temperatures mentioned, so that the aluminum gradually begins to flow. Even special aluminum alloys, such as sand casting alloy, cannot improve this inadequacy significantly.
  • fan blades made of cast aluminum can become detached from the hub at high temperatures, as can occur, for example, in the case of fires.
  • EP 1 571 346 A2 a blade for the impeller of a fan is known in which an inner support part made of a tough, high-strength material is encapsulated by an outer part made of aluminum or a comparable light metal alloy in such a way that it is embedded therein.
  • the inner support part in turn consists of two plates which are inserted into one another by slots formed in each plate such that they are at a right angle to one another in the direction of view of the blade axis.
  • the well-known blade is connected to the hub by: is clamped between two hub bodies by pressing. To this end, the two hub bodies must be present as castings, or they must be cost-effective as a welded construction. This is particularly disadvantageous in the case of one-off production of large fans or in small series.
  • fastening means for fastening a blade section of a fan blade, in particular a smoke extraction fan, to a fan hub and a fan blade of the type mentioned at the outset, which avoid the problems mentioned.
  • the fastening means according to the invention and the fan blade according to the invention are intended to ensure a high tensile strength even at high temperatures and rotational speeds, the fastening means and fan blades being made as weight-saving as possible.
  • the fasteners should be inexpensive to manufacture, in particular to be economically suitable for one-off production.
  • this object is achieved by a fastening means for fastening a blade section of a fan blade of a smoke extraction fan to a fan hub, the fastening means having a connecting section designed to produce a tensile connection with a blade section of a fan blade, which is essentially inside the Blade section can be arranged, the fastening means having a base section adjoining the connecting section in the radial direction with a substantially radially extending elongate fastening element for fastening the fan blade to the fan hub, the fastening means being essentially made of steel and the base section having a first conical one Section, a second conical section and a wedge section adjoining the conical sections in the radial direction as an extension, wherein the second conical section is arranged between the first conical section and the wedge section and wherein the second conical section has a smaller diameter than the first conical Section.
  • the fastening means can advantageously be made of a material high hot tensile strength and good creep behavior at high temperatures.
  • a particularly light material can be selected for the fan blade at the same time, without the overall stability of the fan being impaired thereby. It is particularly advantageous according to the invention if the fastening means are designed for casting with a blade section of a fan blade.
  • the fastening means according to the invention can be used to fasten solid cast fan blades to the corresponding fan hubs. Pouring the connecting section of the fastening means according to the invention into the fan blade ensures a firm connection of the fan blade with the fastening means and thus indirectly with the fan hub.
  • the fastening means according to the invention are essentially made of steel.
  • the connecting section is essentially flat and / or plate-like and / or conical.
  • a plate-like configuration of the fastening means enables a tensile connection to be made with the fan blade when the fastening means is potted with the fan blade.
  • the tensile connection between the blade section of the fan blade and the connecting section of the fastening means is designed to be particularly secure if at least one of the boundaries of the connecting section oriented essentially in the radial direction unites in axial and / or radial projection has a curvy course.
  • the connection of the fastening means for example made of steel, by means of casting with a blade section, for example made of aluminum, of a fan blade is thereby made particularly durable.
  • the edges can have serrations or the like.
  • the course essentially has a sawtooth shape
  • a connection in the manner of barbs is obtained when the fastening means is cast with a fan blade.
  • the sawtooth shape is expediently oriented such that it counteracts the forces acting radially outward during operation between the fan blade and the fastening means according to the invention.
  • the fastening means according to the invention are cast with a fan blade, a particularly tensile connection is obtained in another advantageous embodiment of the invention, in that the connecting section has a width that varies in the radial direction.
  • the width of the connecting section is designed to decrease radially outward, at least in some areas, for this purpose.
  • a further improvement in the tensile strength and connection between the fastening means and a fan blade is obtained in the context of the invention if the connecting section has cutouts, in particular bores.
  • the recesses act like fastening eyes.
  • Various configurations of the cutouts are possible within the scope of the invention. For example, two radially oriented rows that run essentially parallel to one another be provided by bores. In other fasteners according to the invention, a single bore along the radial axis of the fastener has proven to be favorable.
  • the connecting section has a twist, the twist preferably being adapted to a twist of the blade section of a fan blade.
  • the fastening means can advantageously also be used as a skeleton for axial fan blades with a shape that is twisted for aerodynamic reasons.
  • the fastening means have a base section adjoining the connecting section in the radial direction with an essentially radially extending elongated fastening element for fastening a fan blade to a fan hub, the fastening of the fan blade to the fan hub takes place with the aid of the fastening means according to the invention very cheap.
  • the fastening element can be designed as a shovel pin with a straight or conical seat.
  • the radially extending fastening element can be designed as a turned blade bolt.
  • the blade pin can be configured in one piece with the connecting section of the fastening means or can be welded to the connecting section, for example.
  • the hub can therefore advantageously be configured in one piece at low cost, with receiving bores only having to be provided in the radial direction for inserting the base section of the fastening means according to the invention. It can also be a screw connection between the base portion and the scope of the invention Location holes can be realized. For this purpose, an external thread can be formed in the area of the base section.
  • a support seat adjoins the second conical section, which tapers with respect to the first conical section, in the radial direction.
  • the support seat can be designed as a cylindrical seat and in particular can be rigidly connected to the first and / or second conical section.
  • the base section can be provided with a counter nut for screwing the fastening means with a fan hub within the scope of the invention. It is crucial that the locknut is firmly connected to the fastener so that a loss of preload in the fan blade is effectively avoided.
  • the fastening means is designed to taper radially outward, in particular essentially conically. This measure also leads, in particular when casting with a fan blade, for a tensile connection between these components.
  • the width of the connecting section can be designed to decrease radially outwards, at least in some areas.
  • the fastening section can have the shape of a flat plate with the contours of a fir tree.
  • the object on which the invention is based is equally achieved by a fan blade, in particular for smoke extraction fans, with fastening means for fastening the fan blade to a fan hub and with a blade section in which the fastening means are essentially made of a different material than the blade section.
  • a fan blade in particular for smoke extraction fans
  • fastening means for fastening the fan blade to a fan hub
  • blade section in which the fastening means are essentially made of a different material than the blade section This measure enables a material with particularly high hot tensile strength and good creep behavior at higher temperatures to be selected for the fastener.
  • a material can be selected for the blade section that is selected according to other criteria, for example to reduce the weight.
  • the fan blade can be provided with fastening means which are designed according to one of claims 1 to 13.
  • the fastening means are preferably cast with the blade section.
  • the blade section is made of a material with a lower density than steel, in particular aluminum.
  • the weight of the This allows fans to be kept low while maintaining the required high tensile strength at high temperatures.
  • the Figure 1 shows schematically in a plan view a fan blade 1 with a blade section 2 and a fastening part 3.
  • Die Illustration is a partial elevation drawing.
  • the radial direction always refers to a radial direction in relation to a fan blade, corresponding to a longitudinal axis of the blade section 2 in Figure 1 Understood.
  • the axial direction also means the axial direction of the complete fan.
  • the Figure 1 it can therefore be seen that the fastening part 3 is located inside the solid blade section 2.
  • the fastening part 3 is cast with the blade portion 2 when the blade portion 2 is cast.
  • the fastening part 3 is cast with the blade section 2 in such a way that a base section 4 protrudes from the radial inner end face of the blade section 2. With the base section 4, the fan blade 1 is usually inserted into a fan hub (not shown) and fastened there.
  • the blade section 2 of the fan blade 1 essentially consists of aluminum.
  • the fastening part 3 and the base section 4 of the fastening part 3 are made of steel.
  • the fastening part 3 is thus made of a material that is much more tensile than the blade section 2.
  • the fastening part 3 thus acts as an inner steel skeleton, which ensures sufficient tensile strength during operation of the fan blade 1.
  • the hot tensile strength of the fastening part 3 made of steel is ensured at temperatures around 300 ° C. or also 400 ° C.
  • the blade section 2 made of aluminum has only insufficient warm tensile strength at the temperatures mentioned.
  • the fastening part 3 consists of a soft steel, for example the strength class 5.6 according to DIN ISO 898 part 1 1988.
  • harder steels, such as strength class 8.8, have proven to be too brittle.
  • FIG 2 is the fastening part 3 of the fan blade 1 according to Figure 1 (a) in a plan view according to the perspective Figure 1 and (b) in a view opposite to part (a) of the Figure 2 shown rotated by 90 degrees around the longitudinal axis.
  • the fastening part 3 consists of a connecting section 5 and a base section 4.
  • the connecting section 5 and the base section 4 each consist of a soft steel of strength class 5.6.
  • the connecting portion 5 is in the form of a flat plate.
  • the edges which run essentially in the radial direction of the blade section 2 during installation each have a number of teeth 6.
  • the shape of the plate-like connecting section 5 is reminiscent of a fir tree due to the serrations 6 on the edges.
  • the connecting section 5 has a rounded tip 7.
  • the connecting section 5 is designed asymmetrically. That is, there is no mirror symmetry along a radial line 8.
  • Bores 9 are made in the connecting section 5.
  • the bores are arranged approximately equidistantly in two rows running parallel to one another in the radial direction.
  • the base section 4 is welded to the connecting section 5.
  • FIG 3 Another embodiment of the fastening part 3 according to the invention is shown.
  • the structure corresponds essentially to that of the in Figure 2 Fastening part 3 shown Figure 2 the Fastening part 3 shows in a plan view Figure 3 a perspective view.
  • Deviating from the fastening part 3 according to Figure 2 has the fastening part 3 according to Figure 3 a single hole 9 on. This is located on the radial line 8 of the fastening part 3.
  • the jagged shape of the connecting section 5 is mirror-symmetrical along the radial line 8 at both edges.
  • the base section 4 consists of a conical section 10 and a further conical section 11 with a smaller diameter adjoining it along the radial line 8 than the conical section 10
  • Conical section 10 tapered conical section 11 is followed by a support seat 12 along the radial line 8.
  • the cylindrical seat 12 is rigidly connected to the conical section 11.
  • Figure 4 shows a further embodiment of the fastening part 3, also in a perspective view.
  • the structure of the connecting section 5 corresponds to that of the connecting section 5 of the in Figure 3 shown fastening part 3.
  • Deviating from that in Figure 3 Fastening part 3 shown has the base section 4 of the in Figure 4 Fastening part 3 shown on a conical seat portion 13.
  • the conical seat section 13 serves analogously to the cylindrical seat section 12 according to the execution Figure 3 to securely screw the blade section 2 of the fan blade 1 without pretensioning to a hub (not shown) or to connect it to the hub in some other way.
  • a wedge section 14 tapering in the radial direction serves to fasten the connecting section 5 to the base section 4 of the fastening part 3.
  • the wedge section 14 is provided in the radial direction with a receptacle for the plate-like connecting section 5. The connection is made by welding.
  • the described wedge section 14 is also in accordance with the fastening parts Figure 2 and Figure 3 available.
  • FIG. 5 a further embodiment of the fastening part 3 according to the invention.
  • the basic structure corresponds to that in FIGS Figures 2 to 4 Fastening parts 3 shown.
  • a countersunk nut 15 adjoins the conical section 10 in the direction of the connecting section 5.
  • the fir tree shape of the connecting section 5 is symmetrical along the radial line 8. Different from those in the Figures 2 to 4 In the illustrated embodiments of the fastening part 3, however, there are only two serrations per edge, which in themselves have mirror symmetry along an axial line 16.
  • fastening parts according to the invention in one of the configurations according to the Figures 2 to 5 are very well suited to establishing a tensile connection with the blade section 2 of the fan blade 1.
  • connection between the blade section 2 and the connecting section 5 arises during the manufacture of the Fan blade 1 by casting.
  • a blade section 2 is cast in a conventional mold.
  • the fastening part 3 according to the invention is placed in a suitable manner in the mold. If, according to the exemplary embodiment described, the blade section 2 is cast from aluminum, the aluminum passes through the cutouts 9, which have the shape of bores, and forms bolt-like fastenings of the blade section 2 with the connecting section 5 when the casting compound hardens in the spaces between the teeth 6 of the connecting section 5 of the fastening part 3, a profile complementary to the teeth 6, which cooperates tooth-like with the teeth 6 of the connecting section 5 of the fastening part 3.
  • the fastening part 3 made of steel exerts a centripetal force in the direction of the hub on the blade section 2 of the fan blade 1.
  • the blade section 2 is held securely on the hub (not shown) even at high speeds.
  • the connection is still secure even at high temperatures, for example at 400 ° C.
  • the hot tensile strength of steel such as strength class 5.6
  • the special shape of the prongs 6, which in the case of the fastening part 3 according to Figure 2 has a slope in the manner of a barb, reliably secures the blade section 2.
  • a fastening part 3 and a fan blade 1 are therefore proposed, which can be used reliably over a temperature range of up to at least 400 ° C. Use in smoke extraction fans is therefore particularly advantageous.
  • the conical section 10 of the base section 4 can be secured in the hub, not shown, with set screws against rotation. According to this embodiment variant, the conical section 10 of the base section 4 is flattened for engaging the grub screws.
  • FIG Figure 6 illustrates in an axial section through a fan hub 17, such as fan blades 1 according to the invention with a conical seat 13, such as the one in FIG Figure 4 Fastening part 3 shown executed, are attached to the fan hub 17.
  • the fan hub 17 is advantageous, as in FIG Figure 6 to recognize, essentially formed in one piece. It has a bore 18 for receiving the fan blades 1.
  • the bores 18 can advantageously be introduced into the fan hub 17 at low cost during manufacture.
  • fans with fan blades 1 according to the invention can also be economically produced in one-off production or in small series.
  • the fan blades 1 are inserted from the outside into the bores 18 with the base section 4, so that the conical seat 13 rests on the edge of the bore 18.
  • the conical seat 13 is fastened to the fan hub 17 by means of a lock nut 19 in such a way that the fan blade 1 has no pretension.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
EP10706538.5A 2009-02-26 2010-02-26 Ventilatorschaufel und befestigungsmittel dafür Active EP2401506B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102009010748A DE102009010748A1 (de) 2009-02-26 2009-02-26 Ventilatorschaufel und Befestigungsmittel dafür
PCT/EP2010/001186 WO2010097225A1 (de) 2009-02-26 2010-02-26 Ventilatorschaufel und befestigungsmittel dafür

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2401506A1 EP2401506A1 (de) 2012-01-04
EP2401506B1 true EP2401506B1 (de) 2020-04-22

Family

ID=42115650

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10706538.5A Active EP2401506B1 (de) 2009-02-26 2010-02-26 Ventilatorschaufel und befestigungsmittel dafür

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (2) US8827652B2 (da)
EP (1) EP2401506B1 (da)
KR (1) KR101820828B1 (da)
CN (2) CN102333960A (da)
AU (1) AU2010219156B2 (da)
DE (1) DE102009010748A1 (da)
DK (1) DK2401506T3 (da)
ES (1) ES2787232T3 (da)
WO (1) WO2010097225A1 (da)

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DE102009010748A1 (de) 2009-02-26 2010-09-02 W & S Management Gmbh & Co. Kg Ventilatorschaufel und Befestigungsmittel dafür
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DE102018114456A1 (de) 2018-06-15 2019-12-19 Bundesdruckerei Gmbh Lasche für eine Datenseite, Datenseite für ein buchartiges Dokument sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
KR102356659B1 (ko) 2020-09-29 2022-02-07 (주) 동광라이팅 유선형 곡선 블레이드를 이용한 공기순환장치
GB2623590A (en) 2022-10-21 2024-04-24 Flakt Woods Ltd An axial fan and methods of manufacturing axial fan blades and assembling the fan
DE102023104565A1 (de) 2023-02-24 2024-03-14 W & S Management Gmbh & Co. Kg Befestigungsmittel

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DK2401506T3 (da) 2020-07-27
DE102009010748A1 (de) 2010-09-02
US20140377074A1 (en) 2014-12-25
CN102333960A (zh) 2012-01-25
US9856888B2 (en) 2018-01-02
KR20110126715A (ko) 2011-11-23
KR101820828B1 (ko) 2018-01-22
US8827652B2 (en) 2014-09-09
ES2787232T3 (es) 2020-10-15
WO2010097225A1 (de) 2010-09-02
AU2010219156A1 (en) 2011-10-20
EP2401506A1 (de) 2012-01-04
CN105889120A (zh) 2016-08-24
AU2010219156B2 (en) 2015-01-22
US20110311365A1 (en) 2011-12-22

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