EP2118615B1 - Procédé et dispositif de protection contre des munitions d'attaque volantes - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de protection contre des munitions d'attaque volantes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2118615B1
EP2118615B1 EP08715482A EP08715482A EP2118615B1 EP 2118615 B1 EP2118615 B1 EP 2118615B1 EP 08715482 A EP08715482 A EP 08715482A EP 08715482 A EP08715482 A EP 08715482A EP 2118615 B1 EP2118615 B1 EP 2118615B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
ammunition
offensive
time
defensive
ammunition element
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EP08715482A
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German (de)
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EP2118615A1 (fr
Inventor
Alexander Simon
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Krauss Maffei Wegmann GmbH and Co KG
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Krauss Maffei Wegmann GmbH and Co KG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C13/00—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation
    • F42C13/04—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation operated by radio waves
    • F42C13/047—Remotely actuated projectile fuzes operated by radio transmission links
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
    • F41H11/02—Anti-aircraft or anti-guided missile or anti-torpedo defence installations or systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C13/00—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation
    • F42C13/04—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation operated by radio waves
    • F42C13/042—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation operated by radio waves based on distance determination by coded radar techniques

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for protection against flying attack ammunition.
  • Flying assault ammunition can be used in particular for missiles and artillery and mortar missiles (so-called RAM threat) or cruise missiles, aircraft and parachute objects, and the like. represent.
  • RAM threat missiles and artillery and mortar missiles
  • cruise missiles aircraft and parachute objects, and the like. represent.
  • Such a method is known from EP 0 547 391 A1 which is a starting point for independent claims 1 and 6.
  • Such a method, together with the radar equipment required for locating is, for example, in the DE 44 26 014 B4 , of the DE 100 24 320 C2 , of the EP 1 518 087 B1 and the DE 600 12 654 T2 described.
  • Shrapnel grenades are usually used as defense ammunition, which are fired with a launcher.
  • An ammunition with splinter effect is for example in the DE 100 25 105 B4 and in the DE 101 51 897 A1 described.
  • As locating devices for locating and tracking the attack ammunition and for determining the trajectory parameters of the attack ammunition body short-range radars, long-range radars and optical sensors are used.
  • the objects to be protected mainly include vehicles and devices in the vicinity of the firing weapon.
  • a short range is understood to mean a radius of a few 100 m to a maximum of 500 m.
  • the procedures can not be used. This is partly due to the fact that the typical fragment grenade launchers used in the process are only able to fire grenades with a firing speed of a few 100 m / s. These can thus only be effective in the near range, since with increasing distance the speed and thus the energy of the defensive ammunition body, which influence the energy of the splinters and which Thus, for a successful fight against the attack ammunition necessary, decreases sharply.
  • the known methods are thus disadvantageous because they can not be used or only with great effort to protect spatially extended objects. For example, to protect a field camp covering an area of a few square kilometers, a very large number of launchers would have to be set up. Furthermore, in the known methods, the defensive ammunition used used only against special attack ammunition, for example, anti-tank ammunition or missile, so that protection against all assault ammunition is not given.
  • a disadvantage of the known method is also that the fragmentation grenades are tempiert before firing, ie the ignition is set before firing and given the fragmentation grenade.
  • the disadvantage here is that, inter alia, due to the tolerances of the weapon, the propellant and the ammunition scattering of the shot development time, which includes the time from closing the contact to ignite the primer or - in howitzers - up to the exit of the projectile from the mouth, or the ballistic scattering is present, so that the specified time is unlikely to be the optimal time for the ignition since For example, the defense ammunition body at the time of ignition can be far removed from the attack ammunition. Tolerable results can thus again be achieved only in the near range, since in the fight in the far field inaccuracies, such as an angle error, lead to significantly higher absolute deviations of the distance between the attack ammunition and defense ammunition in the ignition.
  • the defense ammunition body has a proximity fuse.
  • the disadvantage here is that the setting of the correct triggering distance is critical. Further, the assault ammunition can be very small, whereas the determined probable common space may be large due to the inaccuracies of the sensors and the scatters, so that there is a high probability of failure of proximity ignition.
  • the active sensors such as an active radar, or the passive sensors, such as an infrared sensor, the proximity fuse can be disturbed by the opponent, whereby ignition can be prevented.
  • the EP 1 742 010 A1 describes a non-lethal bullet with a programmable and / or adjustable detonator.
  • the non-lethal ammunition can act here, inter alia, by electromagnetic impulses, color, chemical irritants, fog or the like. All applications are equal, that in particular no persons should come to harm by the projectile. For this reason, a detonable detonator is used so that the presence of bullets does not nullify non-lethality.
  • the DE 10 2005 024 179 A1 describes without specifying the specific applications, a method and an apparatus for temping and / or correction of the ignition timing of a projectile.
  • the velocity of a projectile is measured after firing. By the measurement is closed to the muzzle velocity, which is then used to adjust and / or correct the Zündstellzeit.
  • a particular disadvantage of the method is that further parameters which have an influence on the ignition time are not taken into account.
  • the invention has the object to provide a method which can be used effectively for protection against flying attack ammunition.
  • the locating device which comprises at least one sensor (eg radar, active and / or passive optoelectronic), should provide coordinates and / or speed of the assault ammunition body at sufficiently many times so that the determination can be made, in particular via the determination of the ballistic coefficient c of the assault ammunition the trajectory is possible.
  • the locating device is preferably arranged georeferenced to the weapon.
  • the locating device detects the coordinates of the assault ammunition body at discrete times. From this, the speed of the assault ammunition can be determined by subtraction, for example by dividing the velocity difference of the assault ammunition body at two or more times by the elapsed time. Reducing the speed of the assault ammunition is a measure of its specific air resistance. From this specific air resistance, the ballistic coefficient c of the assault ammunition can be determined. This makes it possible to set up and solve the motion differential equations of the outer ballistics of the attack ammunition. As a result, this provides the track of the assault ammunition body as well as its impact point and launch site.
  • a first fire control solution for firing a defense ammunition body is determined in particular by means of a fire control computer, which can be arranged inside a fire control center. Then the defense ammunition body is fired according to this Feuerleitles with a large caliber weapon.
  • the weapon has a caliber of at least 76 mm, preferably 120 mm or 155 mm.
  • Such large-caliber weapons have a long range and a high achievable muzzle velocity of the defensive ammunition, so that even in the long-range fighting the assault ammunition body can be achieved.
  • the weapon used has a high precision, in particular with regard to the alignability.
  • the use of large calibers is also advantageous over the use of small calibers, since in small caliber splinters derive their energy primarily from the web speed, because due to the volume usually only a Zerlegerladung can be installed in a small caliber defense ammunition.
  • an HE charge can be used, from which the splinters primarily draw their energy, so that this energy is independent of the range.
  • the anti-ammunition body should be at least 800 m away.
  • a fight can also take place at much greater distances, for example at a distance of 3000 m, with the probability of control decreasing at greater distances.
  • the defensive ammunition body is ignited in a first embodiment of the invention after firing at a time T Z or remotely ignited directly.
  • the defense ammunition body merely has a proximity fuse, which initiates the ignition of the defense ammunition body when the attack ammunition is within the effective range of the fragment-protective defense ammunition body.
  • the exact ignition time T Z is essential for the effectiveness of the control, since even small deviations due to the high level of ignition Speeds and long distances can lead to large deviations between the predicted and the actual Zündort. For this reason, a defensive ammunition body is used, which is stampable after firing and / or remotely ignitable.
  • the defense ammunition body can have a receiving unit for receiving signals which have been transmitted by a transmitting unit, which is connected in particular to the fire control computer. If the firing of the defensive ammunition body is remote-controlled, in particular radio-controlled, the determined ignition time T Z can be used to ignite the defense ammunition body at this time.
  • the receiving unit in this case receives remote control signals, which lead via a particular programmable ignition control unit to the ignition. However, since also the transmission from the transmitting to the receiving unit requires a not exactly predictable time, in a preferred embodiment, a sufficient time before ignition, tempier signals, which contain the detected ignition timing T Z , transmitted to the receiving unit of the defense ammunition.
  • the ignition control unit then ignites the defense ammunition to the predetermined ignition, which can be dispensed with in this embodiment to a direct remote ignition.
  • An increased security can be achieved here, if the reception of the ignition timing T Z is confirmed by the defense missile, for example to the Feuerleitstelte, so that the correct reception of the correct ignition timing T Z is ensured.
  • the determination of the ignition timing T Z will take place after the defense ammunition has been fired.
  • the further trajectory of the attack ammunition body can be considered.
  • the movement of the Defensive missile are considered in the determination of the optimal ignition timing T Z.
  • the velocity v M of the defense ammunition body and the direction at a specific time T M is determined by means of at least one measuring device. In this case, they can be used to form the reference for the spatially fixed coordinate system of the ballistic calculations.
  • the speed v M may be the muzzle velocity v 0 , wherein in this case the measuring device may in particular comprise a coil which is arranged in particular in the region of the mouth opening of the weapon barrel of the weapon.
  • a coil for measuring the muzzle velocity of a projectile for example, in the EP 1 482 311 A1 described in principle.
  • the time T M is a time at which the defense ammunition has already left the weapon.
  • the measuring device may in particular comprise a radar device.
  • the measuring device can be designed to be directional and be directed in the direction of the direction of firing already and at the time of firing the defensive ammunition. This can be achieved for example by a coupling between the weapon and the measuring device.
  • the determined speed v M and the direction at the time T M can be taken into account in the determination of the time T Z of the ignition of the defense ammunition.
  • the actual, time-dependent trajectory of the defense missile can be determined more accurately, so that a higher probability of a successful Is achieved. Therefore, a measuring device with a high accuracy should be used.
  • a measuring device is used whose standard deviation in the velocity determination is less than 0.5 m / s.
  • the signal propagation times should be kept short, preferably real-time capable components should be used.
  • the determination of the ignition timing T Z can be made such that the time is determined in which there is a high, preferably the highest probability of successful combat, and in particular from the product of the hit probability, which indicates whether a splinter hits the attack ammunition, with the probability of destruction, indicating whether this splinter is capable of destroying the shell of the assault ammunition body.
  • This probability of control is thus dependent on various parameters. The more parameters are taken into account in the determination of the ignition timing T Z , the better the prediction.
  • the measurements and determinations of the measuring device and the locating device may be subject to errors, for example inaccuracies in the timing, the determination of the speed, in the angle determination and the distance measurement may occur. If these tolerances are known, they should be taken into account, as they have a bearing on the probable location of the attacking and defense ammunition bodies in a manner similar to ballistic scattering, such as deviations of azimuth and elevation of the weapon, as well as the shot development time.
  • the nature of the assault ammunition in particular its hardness, may have an influence on the optimal ignition timing T Z.
  • the military hardness of an assault ammunition body depends essentially on its wall thickness.
  • there is a positive correlation between caliber and wall thickness ie larger caliber usually have a greater wall thickness and are thus militarily harder.
  • the ignition should take place at a high hardness of the attack ammunition rather late, so that although the probability of likelihood lower but the probability of destruction due to the greater kinetic energy is greater, thus achieving a high probability of control.
  • the nature of the defensive ammunition body in particular its properties such as splinter matrix, which includes the spatial distribution of the splitter by number and size, splitter cone build-up time and inaccuracies of the Tempierzeit, ie the scattering of the time of the actual initiated by the ignition control ignition at set ignition, of importance .
  • the shot development time of the defense ammunition body and the ballistic scattering can influence the ignition timing T Z.
  • the determination of the ignition timing T Z should be as fast as possible because the time between the firing and the firing of the defense ammunition body is short.
  • the time of flight at a control distance of eg 1000 m is typical projectile speeds only of the order of 1 s, and in this period to the velocity v M of the defensive ammunition measured, a new fire control and the ignition timing calculated from T Z and transfer the data to the initiator become. Therefore, fast algorithms are needed to calculate the fire control solution. For this reason, an analytical procedure should be used.
  • each component should be designed for fast transmission of data.
  • the defense ammunition body additionally has a proximity fuse. It is advantageous here that in the case in which the determined ignition time was actually too late, there is a certain chance that the defense ammunition body is previously initiated by means of the proximity fuse.
  • the defense ammunition body only has an approach fuse as an igniter. This initiates the ignition when the defensive ammunition is in a particular adjustable distance to the attack ammunition. This is sufficient for effective control in cases where the scattering of the system is so small that it is highly probable that the assault ammunition reaches the effective range of the splinter-acting defense ammunition body.
  • the ballistic coefficient of the assault ammunition body which is essentially determined from the ratio of cross-sectional area to mass of the assault ammunition body, is initially determined in both embodiments.
  • the equations of motion of the outer ballistics of the attacking ammunition can be set up and solved analytically or numerically.
  • a forward calculation can thus be determined the place of impact of the attack ammunition and the data for the determination of the Feuerleitans to combat the assault ammunition.
  • the launch site of the attack ammunition body can be determined by a backward calculation.
  • a basic idea of the method of determining the ballistic coefficient and the trajectory is that the air resistance which decelerates the assault ammunition during flight is determined from the decrease in its kinetic energy.
  • this mass-related air resistance force can be determined from the difference between two mass-related kinetic energies, based on the distance covered in the process.
  • the kinetic energy of the attack ammunition at a location of the trajectory can be calculated from their speed, the speed in turn can be determined from two Radarort spreen (time and place).
  • the air resistance is represented by the ballistic coefficient. This is essentially dependent on the projectile velocity, the projectile geometry and atmospheric properties.
  • the equations of motion for the attack ammunition can be solved numerically and the trajectory can be calculated from a location averaged from two radar measurements. If terrain information is available, by comparing the calculated trajectory with the terrain profile in a suitable reference system, the geographic coordinates (length, width, height) of the launching point of the attack ammunition body can be or the meeting point with the defense ammunition body.
  • the method allows the formula work to be able to determine the necessary sensor inaccuracies with the help of error propagation in order to equip early-warning and air defense systems with specific properties and to test their suitability.
  • This can be achieved by the special form of the motion differential equations, the separation of the drag coefficient into fixed and variable components and by applying a specific reference function for its speed-dependent component.
  • the method only determines the fraction that is actually dependent on the assault ammunition, which also enables a classification.
  • the classification of the located assault ammunition can be carried out by means of the ballistic coefficient. This is due to the fact that the ballistic coefficient for a type of attack ammunition is always in a constant narrow range. If these ranges of values are known, which can be obtained, for example, by evaluating shooting tables, an attack ammunition type can be assigned for a specific coefficient.
  • the first determined Feuerleitaims, after which the defense ammunition is fired, is preferably dimensioned such that the compensation of tolerances used, sensors containing locating and measuring device and used, effectors containing weapon and defensive ammunition by the firing point determined after firing T Z possible is.
  • the ammunition requirement i. the nature and number of defense ammunition bodies and the required deployment.
  • the ammunition requirement When deployed to protect a field camp, it can also be used in planning to determine how weapons should be deployed to provide effective protection against various attack scenarios.
  • the defense ammunition can be fired in accordance with the determined ammunition requirement, as long as the successful combat of the attack ammunition body is not recognized.
  • a weapon can fire several defense ammunition or several weapons can be used.
  • various confidence levels of likely successful control can be given. At a high confidence level is also aimed at a high probability of successful control. For this reason, the number or type of defense ammunition can be adjusted according to the desired level of confidence so as to influence the likelihood of successful control.
  • the ignition timing T Z it is also advantageous to take into account the parameters already mentioned above for determining the ignition timing T Z , ie preferably the consideration of measurement inaccuracies of the measuring device, in particular in the determination of time, speed, azimuth, elevation and / or distance, Measuring inaccuracies of the locating device, in particular in the determination of time, speed, azimuth, elevation and / or distance, type of attack ammunition, in particular its hardness, type of defensive ammunition, in particular its properties such as splinter matrix, splitter cone construction time, inaccuracies of the tempier time, shot development time of the defensive ammunition body and ballistic Scattering.
  • the defensive ammunition body is pre-preheated before firing to a point in time T which predicts the time T B predicted by the firing solution determined before the firing, in which the defensive ammunition strikes the ground when ignited.
  • T time
  • the defense ammunition body ignites before striking the ground, so that no persons or facilities on the ground come to harm.
  • the ignition is not too early, especially not before the time at which the signals are received by the defensive ammunition can provision is made for the time T to lie ahead of the time T A , which is determined by the ignition time T Z of the defense ammunition body predicted by the firing solution determined before the firing.
  • the location data to a second locating device in particular a Zielfolderadar réelle be passed, which the measurement of the determination of the trajectory necessary sizes.
  • a round search radar can be used as the first locating device.
  • a warning such as an audible warning
  • the area determined by the detected trajectory of the assault ammunition body impact point is delivered to the ground, so that in this area preventive measures can be taken to prepare for the case to be that the fight against the attack ammunition body was not successful.
  • the method and the device are for the protection of a spatially extended field camp 1 with quadrangular base after Fig. 1 used. It is placed in each corner of the field camp, a device 20, which is schematically in Fig. 10 is shown. It has a weapon 2, which can fire AbwehrmunitionsMech 3 with splinter effect, a first locating device 12, a second locating device 5, a measuring device 10, a signal transmission unit 7 and a Feuerleitrechner 6 on. The weapon 2, the locating device 5, the measuring device 10 and the signal transmission unit 7 are connected via data lines 11 with the Feuerleitrechner 6. For optimum control the locating device 5 and the weapon 2 are spatially close to dislocate.
  • the defense ammunition body 3 includes a Ignition control unit 9, a signal receiving unit 8, an igniter 13 and an explosive charge 14.
  • the arrangement in the region of the corners of the field camp 1 can be avoided to shoot over the field camp 1 in the course of combating assault ammunition 4 with the defense ammunition 3.
  • Another advantage of using multiple weapons 2 is that the likelihood of frontal combat increases with the smallest possible impact angle, which is advantageous due to the high speed difference between assault ammunition 4 and splinters.
  • the order of the steps presented does not necessarily correspond to the order given got to.
  • the classification of the attack munitions body 4 can be carried out even after judging the weapon 2.
  • Locating the assault ammunition 4 with a first locating device 12 Locating the assault ammunition 4 with a first locating device 12:
  • a known Rundsuchradar is used as the first locating device 12.
  • an assault ammunition 4 is a mortar shell (82 mm) of cast iron with a mass of 3.31 kg and a wall thickness of about 9 mm to 10 mm is considered as an example, which at a launch speed of 211 m / s at a distance of 3040 m below was fired at an angle of 45 °.
  • the target data is transferred to a second locating device 5 configured as a destination follower radar for further tracking of the target.
  • This second locating device 5 comprises a radar system, which comprises a radar sensor of the designation MWRL-SWK.
  • This is a Russian air traffic control radar for airfields with a radar range of 1 km to 250 km, standard deviation in azimuth and elevation of 0.033 °, standard deviation in the distance measurement of 10 m, standard deviation in the time determination of 66.7 ns and an angular velocity of 18 ° / s up to 90 ° / s.
  • the bases of the locating measurements are specified at this point in order to be able to calculate the radar location of the assault ammunition 4 using the measured variables of an imput radar azimuth a , elevation ⁇ and the time t .
  • the radar angular velocity is used to calculate three radar locations.
  • the velocity-dependent fraction f 2 (c Ma ) is present as a reference function, which was determined experimentally or calculated by known methods and can be used for ballistic projectiles.
  • the third fraction f 3 (c a ) depends on the atmospheric conditions (eg air pressure, temperature). For example, be regarded as constant for short shooting distances with low altitudes. If necessary, corrections for the standard values of temperature and barometric pressure can be added to this part.
  • the differential equation system for describing the projectile motion is solved by conventional numerical methods. Forward integration determines the point of impact at the destination. The backward calculation gives the point of launch. For this purpose, the air resistance coefficient c 2 (M a ) is required as an input parameter.
  • c 2 (Ma) can be adapted to changed speeds of the assault ammunition and changed atmospheric conditions and thus more accurate results achieve in the iterative solution of the equation system 8. In addition, this allows the described classification of the attack ammunition.
  • the velocities and the spatial coordinates in the x and z directions at locations A and B are calculated from two projectile locations determined by a pulse radar with respect to the coordinate system of the radar device. Due to the special form of the motion differential equations, which results from the conversion of the time-dependent form of the motion differential equations into a location-dependent form, only the horizontal components of the speed and the horizontal distance between the averaged radar locations A and B are required.
  • the standard deviation ⁇ c of the ballistic coefficient c is calculated from the random errors of the azimuth, the elevation and the time, wherein the time error with the speed of light in vacuum can be determined from the range error of the radar device 5.
  • the standard deviation of the angular velocity results from the time error. It will be in this context the laws of Gaussian error propagation are applied.
  • the length dispersion of the meeting point can be determined. From the measurement errors of the time and the azimuth and the underlying locating geometry, the width spread is calculated directly.
  • the Circular Error Probability (CEP) of the impact location is calculated from the latitude and longitude scatter of the impact location. This is calculated numerically according to a method presented in the literature with the standard deviations in the x and z directions and the associated covariance cov (x, z) as input parameters for the desired confidence level.
  • the assault ammunition 4 is to be fought at a distance of 1000 m in a target height of 500 m. This leads to a launch angle of about 26.6 °.
  • the location distance of the radar is also 1000 m.
  • a classification of the located assault ammunition 4 is carried out on the basis of the ballistic coefficient c .
  • the ranges of values of the ballistic coefficient c of various possible and likely to be expected assault ammunition bodies 4 were previously obtained by evaluation of shots. Thus everyone can ballistic coefficients c are assigned to a type of an assault ammunition 4. This assignment is carried out by the fire control computer 6.
  • the application of the determination of the type of assault ammunition 4 can be limited only in the rare cases when the ranges of the coefficient c overlap. Irrespective of this, however, the location accuracy of the radar sensor used by the locating device 5 has a significant influence on the uniqueness of the result.
  • attack ammunition 4 is known, e.g. Its caliber and hardness can be determined, for example, from a table.
  • Panzerhaubitze As a weapon 2 a Panzerhaubitze is used. This self-propelled artillery gun is able to fire projectiles 3 with a caliber of 155 mm. After straightening the gun barrel of the Panzerhaubitze 2 the firing time is waited.
  • a HE-explosive projectile (155 mm) is used as an example, which is fired with the Panzerhaubitze 2.
  • the splinter mass distributions and splintering speeds of the defensive ammunition body 3 were previously determined during blasting experiments in a forecourt.
  • the splitter cone build time is considered to be the time at which the diameter of the splitter cone is equal to the radar CEP area.
  • the fragmentation effect of explosive projectiles results from the dismantling of the projectile shell into thousands fragments, which are accelerated by the explosion in addition.
  • the splitter mass distributions determined in the course of blasting and the splitter speeds are evaluated after a series of blast tests. From this, the experimental splitter matrices known from the literature are determined, in which the splinters are classified according to their splitter outlet angle and their mass.
  • a splitter cone opened in the direction of movement forms, the opening angle of which depends on the velocity of the defense ammunition body 3, the initial velocity of the splitter and the splitter outlet angle. Since the fragmentation distribution in a forecourt was determined under static conditions, the translational velocity of the projectile 3 is to be vectorially superimposed at the initiation time and the dynamic splitter outlet angle to be determined. Due to the air resistance, the speed of the splinters decreases with increasing distance from the initiation site.
  • the number of effective splinters depends on whether the kinetic energy of the splinters is greater than the minimum energy required to destroy the assault ammunition 4 at an assumed angle of incidence.
  • the splinters that fulfill this condition are effective.
  • the minimum energy results from the energy needed to break through the bullet wall of a RAM target and to detonate the explosive charge.
  • de Marre is used to estimate the breakdown energy of assault ammunition 4.
  • an energy of 1200 J can be specified as the minimum energy.
  • the energy is determined to bring the explosive of the attack ammunition 4 to the explosion.
  • the impact of a splitter on an assault ammunition body 4 is modeled as a plastic impact process and the occurring conversion of mechanical into internal energy ultimately corresponds to the energy that is available to destroy the assault ammunition 4 available.
  • the measurement of the speed v M can be carried out by means of a radar. By determining can be concluded that the muzzle velocity v 0 .
  • the Doppler method or the pulse transit time method can be used.
  • a real-time v 0 coil is integrated in the tube of the weapon 2 as a measuring device 10, which provides by induction the initial velocity of the Abwehmunitions stressess 3 of the current shot and the time of measurement. It also forms the reference for the spatially fixed coordinate system of ballistic calculations.
  • the determination of the ignition timing T Z by means of the corrected Feuerleitans should take place as quickly as possible, because the time between the firing and the ignition of the defense ammunition 4 is short.
  • a method is used, which solves the differential equations of the external ballistics analytically.
  • a mathematical function namely Lerch's Phi, is used.
  • the quantity c w gives the ratio of the air resistance between a projectile and an infinitely extended flat plate as a function of the Mach number.
  • the method can also with the in the DE 10 2005 023 739 A1 be combined described methods.
  • the method described there is used to determine the Feuerleiten in the presence of a relative movement between the weapon and the target.
  • a relative movement is formed in the present context by the movement of the attack ammunition body while the weapon is stationary.
  • the ignition timing T Z should be the time when the greatest likelihood of successful control exists. Due to the scatters and tolerances, only a probable residence space of the attacking and defense ammunition body and a probable development of the fragmentation effect after ignition can be given.
  • weighting factors may depend on the caliber and type of assault ammunition detected by the locator, and may be determined by simulation or experimentation.
  • a significant quantity is first the scattering of ignition time itself, i. with which inaccuracy ignites the igniter 13 at the set ignition timing.
  • An igniter 13 is used, which has a scattering of the tempier time of less than 2 ms.
  • the determination of the ignition timing T Z takes place via the determination of the ignition interval. This is explained by an ammunition requirement calculation. By means of the munition requirement calculation it can be determined how many defense ammunition bodies 3 must be fired in order to effectively combat the attack ammunition 4 for a given confidence level.
  • the ammunition needs calculation is based on known statistical principles and indicates the average amount of ammunition required to completely destroy the target. According to the exponential law of destruction, this depends on the likelihood of a splitter p k and the number of effective splinters against the target area N w .
  • the firing probability p k of a single splitter results from the multiplication of the hit probability p H with the destruction probability p K l H.
  • the hit probability PH indicates in the case of frontal combat the probability to meet on the one hand the circular target surface and on the other hand the attack ammunition 4 in the longitudinal direction.
  • the destruction probability p K l H depends on the ratio of the energy of the defense ammunition body 3 to the minimum energy for penetrating the shell of the attack ammunition 4 and increases exponentially with it.
  • Measurement errors of the sensors of the measuring and locating devices 5, 10 and 12 in azimuth, elevation and distance increase the probable whereabouts of the assault ammunition 4 to be controlled and the radar CEP area, so that the demand for ammunition increases with inaccurate sensors.
  • the muzzle velocity of the defense ammunition body 3 and the ignition time for the initiation of the projectile and the subsequent splinter cone development Added to this is the ballistic scattering of the ammunition 3 and the weapon 2. This affects the probability of hit and thus the need for ammunition. Therefore, in the context of the desired ammunition requirement for a defined confidence level, the error budget, which characterizes the sum of all errors in the system that must not be exceeded, is set for the overall system.
  • the area normal to the radar beam in which the assault ammunition 4 is located with the probability P is calculated.
  • This area should correspond to the base area of the fragment cone A E , so that as far as possible at least one splinter of all effective fragments can hit the target area A T.
  • This target area A T is located somewhere in A CEP with probability P and is thus a subarea of A CEP .
  • the firing interval h K which corresponds to the splitter cone height, determine, to first estimate the opening angle of the fragment cone ⁇ max .
  • This serves - with the path velocity of the defense ammunition body 3 in the predicted area of control - as an input for the calculation of the fragment cone from the fragmentation distributions determined experimentally in the forecourt.
  • the splitter cone opening angle ⁇ max it is now possible to calculate an improved ignition interval and thus the splinter cone.
  • the ignition time T Z is determined by the ignition interval.
  • the total number of effective splinters, the opening angle and the web speed in the combat location are used with the data given above as an input parameter for the previously described ballistic probability calculation to calculate the amount of munitions N S.
  • the determined ignition timing T Z is transmitted via the configured as a radio unit signal transmission unit 7 as coded Tempiersignale by radio to the configured as a radio unit signal receiving unit 8.
  • the signal receiving unit 8 forwards the signals to the ignition control unit 9, in which the new ignition timing is stored. Furthermore, via the two radio units 7 and 8, the correct reception the ignition timing T Z to the fire control computer confirmed. If not confirmed, the ignition timing is recalculated and transmitted to the defense ammunition body 3.
  • the igniter 13 is remotely tripped via the two radio units 7 and 8 and the ignition control unit 9 immediately after the correct reception.
  • a suitable choice of carrier frequency eg 520 kHz
  • the entire code can be sent within 100 microseconds, so that the transmission time T Ü practically coincides with the ignition timing.
  • the determination of the optimum ignition timing can advantageously be delayed as long as possible, so that a more accurate determination of the trajectories is possible.
  • Increased security can be achieved by encoding the tempier signals or remote control signals.
  • the code is evaluated by the ignition control unit to determine the correct reception of the remote control signals. Only at the end of the review of the code, which must match the code known to the ignition control unit, the Temp istsvorgabe is implemented or initiated directly the ignition.
  • the defense ammunition body additionally has a proximity fuse. This initiates the ignition when the defense ammunition body 3 is at an adjustable distance to the attack ammunition 4.
  • the advantage here is that in the case in which the determined ignition timing was actually too late, there is a certain chance that the Defense ammunition is previously initiated by means of the proximity fuse.
  • the defense ammunition body as a detonator only a proximity fuse, but no radio unit 8.
  • the proximity fuse triggers the ignition when the defense ammunition body 3 is at an adjustable distance to the attack ammunition 4, for example at a distance of 1 m.
  • the method steps VII to IX from Fig. 2 not done.
  • the splinter cone forms. If the attack ammunition 4 was not successfully contested, another defensive ammunition body 3 is fired with a new Feuerleitinate. In an advantageous embodiment, however, according to the determined need for ammunition, several defense ammunition bodies 3 are fired directly one after the other from one or more weapons 2, without waiting for a response to a successful combat.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Electric Cable Installation (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Procédé pour la protection contre des corps volants de munition d'attaque (4), dans lequel
    i. le corps de munition d'attaque (4) est localisé au moyen d'au moins un dispositif de localisation (5,12),
    ii. la trajectoire du corps de munition d'attaque (4) est calculée de façon itérative, le coefficient balistique c du corps de munition d'attaque (4) étant déterminé par rapport à la masse à partir de la différence entre deux énergies cinétiques du corps de munition d'attaque (4) en deux endroits et sur le trajet entre ces endroits pour calculer la trajectoire du corps de munition d'attaque (4),
    iii. une solution de conduite de tir est déterminée pour la mise à feu d'un corps de munition de défense (3) avec effet d'éclat,
    iv. le corps de munition de défense (3) est mis à feu au moyen d'une arme (2) de gros calibre, en particulier une arme avec un calibre d'au moins 76 mm,
    v. le corps de munition de défense (3) peut être régulé en température et/ou allumé à distance après la mise à feu et est allumé ou allumé à distance après la mise à feu à un moment d'allumage TZ.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la vitesse vM du corps de munition de défense (3) est déterminée à un moment défini TM au moyen d'au moins un dispositif de mesure, en particulier le dispositif de mesure (10) pouvant être aligné et aligné dans la direction de la mise à feu au moment de la mise à feu du corps de munition de défense (3).
  3. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que, comme moment d'allumage TZ, on détermine le moment où l'on a une probabilité élevée, en particulier la plus grande probabilité maximale d'une lutte réussie contre le corps de munition de défense (3), qui est obtenue en particulier à partir du produit de la probabilité d'impact, qui indique si un éclat touchera le corps de munition d'attaque, par la probabilité de destruction qui indique si cet éclat est en mesure de détruire l'enveloppe du corps de munition d'attaque (4).
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que, pour la détermination du moment d'allumage TZ, on prend en compte un ou plusieurs paramètres sélectionnés dans le groupe comprenant les paramètres suivants :
    a) imprécisions de mesure du dispositif de mesure (10), en particulier pour la détermination du moment, de la vitesse, de l'azimut, de l'élévation et/ou de la distance ;
    b) imprécisions de mesure du dispositif de localisation (5, 12), en particulier pour la détermination du moment, de la vitesse, de l'azimut, de l'élévation et/ou de la distance ;
    c) nature du corps de munition d'attaque (4), en particulier sa dureté ;
    d) nature du corps de munition de défense (3), en particulier ses propriétés telles que matrice des éclats, temps d'établissement du cône d'éclats, imprécisions du temps de régulation en température ;
    e) temps de développement de tir du corps de munition de défense (3) ;
    f) dispersion balistique.
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le moment d'allumage TZ est déterminé par un procédé analytique.
  6. Procédé pour la protection contre des corps volants de munition d'attaque (4), dans lequel
    i. le corps de munition d'attaque (4) est localisé au moyen d'au moins un dispositif de localisation (5, 12),
    ii. la trajectoire du corps de munition d'attaque (4) est calculée de façon itérative, le coefficient balistique c du corps de munition d'attaque (4) étant déterminé par rapport à la masse à partir de la différence entre deux énergies cinétiques du corps de munition d'attaque (4) en deux endroits et sur le trajet entre ces endroits pour calculer la trajectoire du corps de munition d'attaque (4),
    iii. une solution de conduite de tir est déterminée pour la mise à feu d'un corps de munition de défense (3) avec effet d'éclat,
    iv. le corps de munition de défense (3) est mis à feu au moyen d'une arme (2) de gros calibre, en particulier une arme avec un calibre d'au moins 76 mm,
    v. l'allumage du corps de munition de défense (3) est amorcé par une fusée de proximité disposée dans le corps de munition de défense.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le coefficient balistique c du corps de munition d'attaque (4) est déterminé pour la détermination du type du corps de munition d'attaque (4).
  8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le coefficient balistique c est déterminé par le calcul du coefficient de pénétration aérodynamique du corps de munition d'attaque (4).
  9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que deux points de mesure sont enregistrés au moyen du dispositif de localisation (5, 12) pour la détermination d'une énergie cinétique, points à partir desquels la vitesse du corps de munition d'attaque (4) est déterminée.
  10. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les besoins probables en corps de munition de défense (3), en particulier le nombre des corps de munition de défense (3) à mettre à feu, sont déterminés après la localisation du corps de munition d'attaque (4).
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que les corps de munition de défense (3) sont mis à feu selon les besoins en munition déterminés, aussi longtemps que la lutte réussie contre le corps de munition d'attaque (4) n'est pas identifiée.
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que, pour déterminer les besoins en munition, en particulier le nombre des corps de munition de défense (3) à mettre à feu, on prend en compte un ou plusieurs paramètres sélectionnés dans le groupe comprenant les paramètres suivants :
    a) imprécisions de mesure du dispositif de mesure (10), en particulier pour la détermination du moment, de la vitesse, de l'azimut, de l'élévation et/ou de la distance ;
    b) imprécisions de mesure du dispositif de fixation de localisation (5, 12), en particulier pour la détermination du moment, de la vitesse, de l'azimut, de l'élévation et/ou de la distance ;
    c) nature du corps de munition d'attaque (4), en particulier sa dureté ;
    d) nature du corps de munition de défense (3), en particulier ses propriétés telles que matrice des éclats, temps d'établissement du cône d'éclats, imprécisions du temps de régulation en température ;
    e) temps de développement de tir du corps de munition de défense (3) ;
    f) dispersion balistique.
  13. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps de munition de défense (3) est pré-réglé au niveau de la température avant la mise à feu sur un moment Tvor, qui se situe dans le temps avant le moment TB prévu par la solution de conduite de tir déterminée avant la mise à feu, moment où le corps de munition de défense (3) touche le sol en cas de non-allumage, et qui se situe en particulier dans le temps après le moment TA qui est déterminé par le moment d'allumage TZ du corps de munition de défense (3) qui est prévu par la solution de conduite de tir déterminée avant la mise à feu.
  14. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'un avertissement pour la zone du point d'impact au sol déterminé par la trajectoire déterminée du corps de munition d'attaque (4) est délivré.
  15. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les équations de mouvement de la balistique extérieure sont résolues pour le calcul de la trajectoire du corps de munition d'attaque (4).
EP08715482A 2007-02-12 2008-02-09 Procédé et dispositif de protection contre des munitions d'attaque volantes Not-in-force EP2118615B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007007403A DE102007007403A1 (de) 2007-02-12 2007-02-12 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Schutz gegen fliegende Angriffsmunitionskörper
PCT/DE2008/000250 WO2008098562A1 (fr) 2007-02-12 2008-02-09 Procédé et dispositif de protection contre des éléments de munition d'attaque volants

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EP2118615B1 true EP2118615B1 (fr) 2010-11-17

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EP (1) EP2118615B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE488745T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE102007007403A1 (fr)
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WO (1) WO2008098562A1 (fr)

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US8020491B2 (en) 2011-09-20
US20100117888A1 (en) 2010-05-13
DE502008001823D1 (de) 2010-12-30
ES2354930T3 (es) 2011-03-21
DE102007007403A1 (de) 2008-08-21
EP2118615A1 (fr) 2009-11-18
ATE488745T1 (de) 2010-12-15
WO2008098562A1 (fr) 2008-08-21

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