Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
  • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
  • F42C13/00—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation
  • F42C13/04—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation operated by radio waves
  • F42C13/047—Remotely actuated projectile fuzes operated by radio transmission links
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F41—WEAPONS
  • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
  • F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
  • F41H11/02—Anti-aircraft or anti-guided missile or anti-torpedo defence installations or systems
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
  • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
  • F42C13/00—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation
  • F42C13/04—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation operated by radio waves
  • F42C13/042—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation operated by radio waves based on distance determination by coded radar techniques

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and a device for protection against flying attack ammunition.
• Flying assault ammunition can be used in particular for rockets and artillery and mortar shells (so-called RAM threat) or cruise missiles, aircraft and parachute objects, and the like. represent.
• Such a method, together with the radar rates required for locating, is described, for example, in DE 44 26 014 B4, DE 100 24 320 C1, EP 1 518 087 B1 and DE 600 12 654 T2.
• Shrapnel grenades are usually used as defense ammunition, which are fired with a launcher.
• An ammunition with fragmentation effect is described, for example, in DE 100 25 105 B4 and in DE 101 51 897 A1.
• locating devices for locating and tracking the attack ammunition and for determining the trajectory parameters of the attack ammunition body short-range radars, long-range radars and optical sensors are used.
• the objects to be protected mainly include vehicles and devices in the vicinity of the firing weapon.
• a short range is understood to mean a radius of a few 100 m to a maximum of 500 m.
• the procedures can not be used. This is partly due to the fact that the typical fragment grenade launchers used in the process are only able to fire grenades with a firing speed of a few 100 m / s. These can only be effective in the near range, because with increasing distance the speed and thus the energy of the defense munitions body, which influence the energy of the splinters and which Thus, for a successful fight against the attack ammunition necessary, decreases sharply.
• the known methods are thus disadvantageous because they can not be used or only with great effort to protect spatially extended objects. For example, to protect a field camp covering an area of a few square kilometers, a very large number of launchers would have to be set up. Furthermore, in the known methods, the defensive ammunition used used only against special attack ammunition, for example, anti-tank ammunition or missile, so that protection against all assault ammunition is not given.
• a disadvantage of the known method is also that the fragmentation grenades are tempiert before firing, ie the ignition is set before firing and given the fragmentation grenade.
• the disadvantage here is that, inter alia, due to the tolerances of the weapon, the propellant and the ammunition scattering of the shot development time, which includes the time from closing the contact to ignite the primer or - in howitzers - up to the exit of the projectile from the mouth, or There is no such thing as a ballistic scattering, so that the specified time is unlikely to be the optimal time for the ignition
• the defense ammunition body at the time of ignition can be far removed from the attack ammunition. Tolerable results can thus only be achieved at close range, as in the case of long-range control inaccuracies, for example an angle error, lead to significantly greater absolute deviations in the distance between the attacking munitions and the defensive ammunition at the time of ignition.
• the defense munition body has a proximity fuse.
• the disadvantage here is that the setting of the correct triggering distance is critical. Further, the assault ammunition can be very small, whereas the determined probable common space can be large due to the inaccuracies of the sensors and the scatters, so that there is a high probability of failure of proximity ignition.
• the active sensors such as an active radar, or the passive sensors, such as an infrared sensor, the proximity fuse can be disturbed by the opponent, whereby ignition can be prevented.
• EP 1 742 010 A1 describes a non-lethal projectile with a programmable and / or adjustable detonator.
• the non-lethal ammunition can act here, inter alia, by electromagnetic impulses, color, chemical irritants, fog or the like. All applications are equal, that in particular no persons should come to harm by the projectile. For this reason, a detonable detonator is used so that the presence of bullets does not nullify non-lethality.
• DE 10 2005 024 179 A1 describes a method and a device for temping and / or correction of the ignition time of a projectile without specifying the concrete applications. Here, the velocity of a projectile is measured after firing. By the measurement is closed to the muzzle velocity, which is then used to adjust and / or correct the Zündstellzeit.
• a particular disadvantage of the method is that further parameters which have an influence on the ignition time are not taken into account.
• the object of the invention is to provide a method which can be used effectively for protection against flying attack ammunition bodies, as well as a device for carrying out the method.
• the locating device which comprises at least one sensor (eg radar, active and / or passive optoelectronic), should supply coordinates and / or velocity of the assault ammunition body at sufficiently many times, so that in particular the determination of the ballistic coefficient c of the assault ammunition body the trajectory is possible.
• the locating device is preferably arranged georeferenced to the weapon.
• the locating device detects the coordinates of the assault ammunition body at discrete times. From this, the speed of the assault ammunition can be determined by subtraction, e.g. by dividing the velocity difference of the assault ammo at two or more times by the elapsed time, respectively. Reducing the speed of the assault ammunition is a measure of its specific air resistance. From this specific air resistance, the ballistic coefficient c of the assault ammunition can be determined. This makes it possible to set up and solve the motion differential equations of the outer ballistics of the attacking munitions body. As a result, this provides the track of the assault ammunition body as well as its impact point and launch site.
• a fire control computer which can be arranged within a fire control station, a first Feuerleitaims for firing a defense ammunition, in particular an explosive projectile, determined. Then the defense ammunition body is fired according to this Feuerleitling with a large caliber weapon.
• the weapon has a caliber of at least 76 mm, preferably 120 mm or 155 mm.
• Such large-caliber weapons have a long range and a high achievable muzzle velocity of the defensive ammunition, so that even in the long-range fighting the assault ammunition body can be achieved.
• the weapon used has a high precision, in particular with regard to the alignability.
• the use of large calibers is also advantageous compared to the use of small calibers, since in small caliber bats the splinters derive their energy primarily from the web speed, since due to the volume usually only one burster charge can be built into a small-caliber defensive munition body. As the distance increases, however, the speed and energy of the defense ammunition body decreases sharply.
• an HE charge can be used, from which the splinters primarily draw their energy, so that this energy is independent of the range.
• the anti-ammunition body should be at least 800 m away. However, a fight can also take place at much greater distances, for example at a distance of 3000 m, with the probability of control decreasing at greater distances.
• the defensive ammunition body is ignited in a first embodiment of the invention after firing at a time T z or remotely ignited directly.
• the defense ammunition body merely has a proximity fuse, which initiates the ignition of the defense ammunition body when the attack ammunition is within the effective range of the fragment-protective defense ammunition body.
• the exact ignition time Tz is essential for the effectiveness of the control, since even small deviations due to the high level of ignition Speeds and long distances can lead to large deviations between the predicted and the actual Zündort.
• a defensive ammunition body is used, which can be tempierbar and / or remotely ignited after firing.
• the defense ammunition body can have a receiving unit for receiving signals which have been transmitted by a transmitting unit, which is connected in particular to the fire control computer. If the firing of the defensive ammunition body is remotely controlled, in particular radio-controlled, the determined ignition time T z can be used to ignite the defense ammunition body at this time.
• the receiving unit in this case receives remote control signals, which lead via a particular programmable ignition control unit to the ignition. However, since the transmission from the transmitting to the receiving unit requires a not exactly predictable time, in a preferred embodiment, a sufficient time before the ignition tempier signals containing the detected ignition timing Tz, transmitted to the receiving unit of the defense ammunition.
• the ignition control unit then ignites the defense ammunition body at the predetermined ignition time, wherein in this embodiment a direct remote ignition can be dispensed with.
• a direct remote ignition can be dispensed with.
• the ignition timing T z will be determined after the defense ammunition has been fired.
• the further trajectory of the attack ammunition body can be considered.
• the movement of the Defense missile are considered in the determination of the optimal ignition timing Tz.
• the velocity v M of the defense ammunition body and the direction at a specific time TM is determined by means of at least one measuring device. In this case, they can be used to form the reference for the spatially fixed coordinate system of the ballistic calculations.
• the speed VM may be the orifice speed Vo, in which case the measuring device may in particular comprise a coil which is arranged in particular in the region of the mouth opening of the weapon barrel of the weapon.
• a coil for measuring the muzzle velocity of a projectile is described in principle, for example, in EP 1 482 311 A1.
• the time TM represents a time at which the defense ammunition has already left the weapon.
• the measuring device may in particular comprise a radar device.
• the measuring device can be designed to be directional and be directed in the direction of the firing direction already and at the time of firing of the defensive ammunition. This can be achieved for example by a coupling between the weapon and the measuring device.
• the determined velocity VM and the direction at the time TM can be taken into account in the determination of the time Tz of the firing of the defense ammunition.
• the actual, time-dependent trajectory of the defense missile can be determined more accurately, so that a higher probability of a successful rich fight is achieved. Therefore, a measuring device with a high accuracy should be used.
• a measuring device is used whose standard deviation in the velocity determination is less than 0.5 m / s.
• the signal propagation times should also be kept short, whereby preferably real-time-capable components should be used.
• the determination of the ignition timing Tz can be carried out in such a way that the point in time at which there is a high, preferably the greatest probability of a successful control is determined, and in particular from the product of the hit probability, which indicates whether a splinter hits the attack ammunition body
• the probability of destruction which indicates whether this splinter is capable of destroying the shell of the assault ammunition, results. This probability of control is thus dependent on various parameters. The more parameters are taken into account in the determination of the ignition timing Tz, the better the prediction.
• the measurements and determinations of the measuring device and the locating device may be subject to errors, for example inaccuracies in the timing, the determination of the speed, in the angle determination and the distance measurement may occur. If these tolerances are known, they should be taken into account, as they have a bearing on the probable location of the attacking and defense ammunition bodies in a manner similar to ballistic scattering, such as deviations of azimuth and elevation of the weapon, as well as the shot development time. Also, the nature of the assault ammunition, in particular its hardness, can have an influence on the optimal ignition timing T z .
• the military hardness of an assault ammunition body depends essentially on its wall thickness.
• caliber there is a positive correlation between caliber and wall thickness, ie larger caliber usually have a greater wall thickness and are thus militarily harder.
• the ignition point should take place at a high hardness of the attack ammunition body rather late, so that although the probability of likelihood lower but the probability of destruction due to the greater kinetic energy is greater, thus achieving a high probability of control.
• the nature of the defensive ammunition in particular its characteristics such as splinter matrix, which includes the spatial distribution of the splinters according to number and size, splinter cone build-up time and inaccuracies of the tempier time, i. the scattering of the time of the actual ignition initiated by the ignition control unit when the ignition timing is set is important. Further, the shot development time of the defense ammunition body and the ballistic scattering can influence the ignition timing Tz.
• the determination of the ignition timing Tz should be made as quickly as possible because the time between the firing and the firing of the defense ammunition body is short.
• the flight time at a combat distance of, for example, 1000 m is at typical projectile velocities only of the order of 1 s and during this period the velocity VM of the defensive ammunition body is measured, a new Feuerleitren and calculates the ignition timing Tz and transfer the data to the detonator become. Therefore, fast algorithms are needed to calculate the fire control solution. For this reason, an analytical procedure should be used.
• each individual component should be designed for fast transmission of the data.
• the defense ammunition body additionally has a proximity fuse. It is advantageous here that in the case in which the determined ignition time was actually too late, there is a certain chance that the defense ammunition body is previously initiated by means of the proximity fuse.
• the defense ammunition body only has an approach fuse as an igniter. This initiates the ignition when the defensive ammunition is in a particular adjustable distance to the attack ammunition. This is sufficient for effective control in cases where the scattering of the system is so small that it is highly probable that the assault ammunition reaches the effective range of the splinter-acting defense ammunition body.
• the ballistic coefficient of the assault ammunition body which is essentially determined from the ratio of cross-sectional area to mass of the assault ammunition body, can first be determined in both embodiments. With its Hi- The equations of motion of the outer ballistics of the assault ammunition can be set up and solved analytically or numerically. By means of a forward calculation, it is thus possible to ascertain the point of impact of the assault ammunition and the data for the determination of the firing solution for controlling the assault ammunition. Furthermore, the launch site of the attack ammunition body can be determined by a backward calculation.
• a basic idea of the method for determining the ballistic coefficient and the trajectory is that the air resistance which decelerates the assault ammunition during the flight is determined from the decrease in its kinetic energy.
• this mass-related air resistance force can be determined from the difference between two mass-related kinetic energies, based on the distance covered in the process.
• the kinetic energy of the attack ammunition at a location of the trajectory can be calculated from their speed, the speed in turn can be determined from two Radarort spreen (time and place).
• the air resistance is represented by the ballistic coefficient. This is essentially dependent on the projectile velocity, the projectile geometry and atmospheric properties.
• the equations of motion for the attacking body can be solved numerically and the trajectory can be calculated from a location averaged from two radar measurements. If terrain information is available, the geographic coordinates (length, width, height) of the launching point of the target munition can be obtained by comparing the calculated trajectory with the terrain profile in a suitable reference system. determine person or the meeting point with the defense ammunition.
• One advantage of the presented method is, on the one hand, the high accuracy of the calculated trajectory and thus of the predicted meeting point or place of launch of the assault ammunition body.
• the method allows the formula work to be able to determine the necessary sensor inaccuracies with the help of error propagation in order to equip early-warning and air defense systems with specific properties and to test their suitability.
• This can be achieved by the special form of the motion differential equations, the separation of the drag coefficient into fixed and variable parts and by applying a specific reference function for its speed-dependent part.
• the classification of the located assault ammunition can be carried out by means of the ballistic coefficient.
• the first determined Feuerleits, after which the Abwehrmuniti- ons Economics is fired, is preferably dimensioned such that the compensation of tolerances used, sensors containing locating and measuring device and used, effectors containing weapon and AbwehrmunitionsMech by the firing point determined after firing Tz is possible.
• the ammunition requirement i. the nature and number of defense ammunition bodies and the required deployment.
• planning may determine how weapons should be deployed to provide effective protection against various attack scenarios.
• the defensive ammunition can be fired according to the determined ammunition requirement, as long as the successful combat of the assault ammunition body is not recognized.
• a weapon can fire several defense ammunition or several weapons can be used.
• various confidence levels of likely successful control can be given. At a high confidence level is also aimed at a high probability of successful control. For this reason, the number or type of defense ammunition can be adjusted according to the desired confidence level, thus influencing the likelihood of successful control.
• the ignition timing T 1 it is also advantageous to take into account the parameters already mentioned above for determining the ignition timing T 1 , ie preferably taking into account measurement inaccuracies of the measuring device, in particular when determining time, speed, azimuth, elevation and / or Distance, measurement inaccuracies of the locating device, in particular in the determination of time, speed, azimuth, elevation and / or distance, type of attack ammunition, in particular its hardness, type of defense ammunition, in particular its properties such as splinter matrix, splitter cone build-up time, inaccuracies of Tempierzeit, shot development time of defense ammunition body and ballistic dispersion.
• measurement inaccuracies of the measuring device in particular when determining time, speed, azimuth, elevation and / or Distance
• measurement inaccuracies of the locating device in particular in the determination of time, speed, azimuth, elevation and / or distance
• type of attack ammunition in particular its hardness, type of defense ammunition, in particular its properties such as splinter matrix,
• the defensive ammunition body is pre-preheated before firing to a point in time T which predates the time TB predicted by the firing solution determined before firing, in which the defensive ammunition strikes the ground when ignited.
• T time T which predates the time TB predicted by the firing solution determined before firing
• the defense ammunition body ignites before striking the ground, so that no persons or facilities on the ground come to harm.
• the time T before the time after the time TA is determined by the predicted by the determined before firing Feuerleitans ignition time T 1 of the defense ammunition body.
• the location data to a second Ortungsein- direction, in particular a Zielommeradar réelle, passed, which the measurement of the for the determination the trajectory necessary sizes.
• a round search radar can be used as the first locating device.
• a warning such as an audible warning, for the area determined by the determined trajectory of the assault ammunition body impact point is delivered to the ground, so that in this area preventive measures can be taken to prepare for the case to be that the fight against the attack ammunition body was not successful.
• the determined trajectory of the first located assault ammunition body is closed on its launch site, so that preferably with the same weapon that fights the attack ammunition, even the attacker, who can often be far away, can be combated.
• FIGS. 1 to 10 Show it: 1 shows a field camp with four weapons for protection against flying attack ammunition in a schematic representation, Fig. 2 is a flow chart for the operation of the method,
• FIG. 6 shows a coordinate system for the geometry of the fragment cone
• FIG. 7 shows a coordinate system for the geometry of the fragment cone with elliptical cylinder
• FIG. 9 shows a diagram of the ammunition requirement for successful combat at a confidence level of 99%
• FIG. 10 shows a device for protection against assault ammunition in a schematic representation.
• the method and the device are used to protect a spatially extended field camp 1 with quadrangular base according to FIG. 1.
• a device 20 is placed in each corner of the field camp, which is shown schematically in FIG. It has a weapon 2, which can fire defensive ammunition 3 with splinter effect, a first locating device 12, a second locating device 5, a measuring device 10, a signal transmitting unit 7 and a fire control computer 6.
• the weapon 2, the locating device 5, the measuring device 10 and the signal transmission unit 7 are connected via data lines 11 with the Feuerleitrechner 6.
• the defense ammunition body 3 includes a Ignition control unit 9, a signal receiving unit 8, an igniter 13 and an explosive charge 14.
• the arrangement in the region of the corners of the field camp 1 can be avoided to shoot over the field camp 1 in the course of combating assault ammunition 4 with the defense ammunition 3.
• Another advantage of using multiple weapons 2 is that the likelihood of frontal combat increases with the smallest possible impact angle, which is advantageous due to the high speed difference between assault ammunition 4 and splinters.
• the control sequence is as shown in FIG. 2 as follows: I. Location of the assault ammunition 4 with a first locating device 12;
• the order of the steps presented does not necessarily correspond to the order given got to.
• the classification of the assault ammunition 4 can be carried out even after judging the weapon 2.
• a known Rundsuchradar is used as the first locating device 12.
• an assault ammunition 4 is a mortar shell (82 mm) of cast iron with a mass of 3.31 kg and a wall thickness of about 9 mm to 10 mm is considered as an example, which at a launch speed of 211 m / s at a distance of 3040 m below was fired at an angle of 45 °.
• the target data is transferred to a second locating device 5 configured as a destination follower radar for further tracking of the target.
• This second locating device 5 comprises a radar system, which comprises a radar sensor of the designation MWRL-SWK.
• This is a Russian air traffic control radar for airfields with a radar range of 1 km to 250 km, standard deviation in azimuth and elevation of 0.033 °, standard deviation in the distance measurement of 10 m, standard deviation in the time determination of 66.7 ns and an angular velocity of 18 ° / s up to 90 ° / s.
• the bases of the locating measurements are given at this point in order to be able to calculate the radar location of the assault ammunition 4 using the measured variables of a pulse radar azimuth a, elevation ⁇ and the time t.
• the radar angular velocity is used to calculate three radar locations.
• ⁇ as the azimuth angle of the assault ammunition 4 from the radar
• XAP and ZAP as coordinates of the launch point
• ⁇ as the azimuth of the firing line with respect to the abscissa of the reference system.
• the y-coordinate of a radar location i is determined from the distance of the location of the assault ammunition 4 from the radar R and the elevation of the radar beam ⁇ (Eq 2a and GL 2b):
• Equation 4 is used to calculate the radar location corresponding flight time of the assault ammunition 4 and the altitude coordinate of the radar location y, - from the solution of the differential equation system. With this, the desired elevation angle of the radar can be determined (equation 4):
• V x velocity component in x-direction
• C 2 (Ma) aerodynamic coefficient, depending on the Mach number and the ballistic coefficient Ky.
• p tan ⁇
• g gravitational acceleration
• t time ⁇ : angle of shot.
• the velocity-dependent fraction f 2 (c Ma ) is present as a reference function, which was determined experimentally or calculated by known methods and can be used for ballistic projectiles.
• the third fraction / 3 (C 0 ) depends on the atmospheric conditions (eg air pressure, temperature). For example, be regarded as constant for short shooting distances with low altitudes. If necessary, corrections for the standard values of temperature and barometric pressure can be added to this part.
• the differential equation system for describing the projectile motion is solved by conventional numerical methods. Forward integration determines the point of impact at the destination. The backward calculation gives the point of launch. For this purpose, the air resistance coefficient C 2 [Ma) is required as an input parameter.
• the following method for the experimental determination of the air resistance is used to determine the ballistic coefficient c and thus the air resistance coefficient C 2 (Ma):
• the ballistic coefficient c can be determined from the aerodynamic force acting on the projectile 4, this aerodynamic force resulting from the difference between the kinetic energy of the projectile 4 at locations A and B and the distance measured between these two locations (see FIG. 5).
• the kinetic energy in A and B can be expressed by the projectile velocities.
• C 2 (Ma) can be adapted to changed speeds of the assault ammunition and changed atmospheric conditions and thus more accurate results achieve in the iterative solution of the equation system 8. In addition, this allows the described classification of the attack ammunition.
• the velocities and the spatial coordinates in the x and z directions at locations A and B are calculated from two projectile locations determined by a pulse radar with respect to the coordinate system of the radar device. Due to the special form of the motion differential equations, which results from the conversion of the time-dependent form of the motion differential equations into a position-dependent form, only the horizontal components of the velocity and the horizontal distance between the averaged radar locations A and B are required.
• the standard deviation ⁇ c of the ballistic coefficient c is calculated from the random errors of the azimuth, the elevation and the time, wherein the time error with the speed of light in vacuum can be determined from the range error of the radar device 5.
• the standard deviation of the angular velocity results from the time error.
• the laws of Gaussian error propagation are used.
• the length dispersion of the meeting point can be determined. From the measurement errors of the time and the azimuth and the underlying locating geometry, the width spread is calculated directly.
• the Circular Error Probability (CEP) of the impact location is calculated from the latitude and longitude scatter of the impact location. This is calculated numerically according to a method presented in the literature with the standard deviations in the x and z directions and the associated covariance cov (x, z) as input parameters for the desired confidence level.
• the assault ammunition 4 is to be fought at a distance of 1000 m in a target height of 500 m. This leads to a launch angle of about 26.6 °.
• the location distance of the radar is also 1000 m.
• a classification of the located assault ammunition 4 is carried out on the basis of the ballistic coefficient c.
• the ranges of values of the ballistic coefficient c of various possible and probably expected assault ammunition bodies 4 were previously obtained by evaluation of shots.
• everyone can ballistic coefficients c are assigned to a type of an assault ammunition 4. This assignment is carried out by the fire control computer 6.
• the application of the determination of the type of assault ammunition 4 can be limited only in the rare cases when the ranges of the coefficient c overlap. Irrespective of this, however, the location accuracy of the radar sensor used by the locating device 5 has a significant influence on the uniqueness of the result.
• attack ammunition 4 is known, e.g. Its caliber and hardness can be determined, for example, from a table.
• Panzerhaubitze As a weapon 2 a Panzerhaubitze is used. This self-propelled artillery gun is able to fire projectiles 3 with a caliber of 155 mm. After straightening the gun barrel of the Panzerhaubitze 2 the firing time is waited.
• Firing the defensive ammunition body 3 to combat at the desired distance As a defense ammunition body 3, an HE explosive projectile (155 mm) is used as an example, which is fired with the Panzerhaubitze 2. To achieve a high muzzle velocity, the largest possible propellant charge is used.
• the splinter mass distributions and splitter velocities of the defense ammunition body 3 were previously determined during blasting experiments in a forecourt.
• the splitter cone build time is considered to be the time at which the diameter of the splitter cone is equal to the radar CEP area.
• the fragmentation effect of explosive projectiles results from the dismantling of the projectile shell into thousands fragments, which are accelerated by the explosion in addition.
• the splinter mass distributions determined in the context of blasting and the splitter speeds are evaluated after a series of blast tests. From this, the experimental splitter matrices known from the literature are determined, in which the splinters are classified according to their splitter outlet angle and their mass.
• a splitter cone opened in the direction of movement forms, the opening angle of which depends on the velocity of the defense ammunition body 3, the initial velocity of the splitter and the splitter outlet angle. Since the fragmentation distribution in a bar was determined under static conditions, the translational speed of the projectile 3 is vectorially superimposed at the initiation time and the dynamic splitter outlet angle is to be determined. Due to the air resistance, the speed of the splinters decreases with increasing distance from the initiation site. The number of effective splinters depends on whether the kinetic energy of the splinters is greater than the minimum energy required to destroy the assault ammunition 4 at an assumed angle of incidence. The splinters that fulfill this condition are effective. The minimum energy results from the energy needed to break through the bullet wall of a RAM target and to detonate the explosive charge. The well-known from the literature shell formula de Marre is used to estimate the breakdown energy of assault ammunition 4.
• an energy of 1200 J can be specified as the minimum energy.
• the energy is determined in order to explode the explosive of the assault ammunition 4.
• the impact of a splitter on an attack ammunition body 4 is modeled as a plastic impact process and the resulting conversion of mechanical into internal energy ultimately corresponds to the energy available for destroying the attack ammunition 4.
• the measurement of the speed VM can be done by means of a radar. By determining can be concluded that the muzzle velocity V 0 .
• the Doppler method or the pulse transit time method can be used.
• a real-time v o coil is integrated in the tube of the weapon 2 as a measuring device 10, which provides by induction the initial velocity of the Abwehmunitions stressess 3 of the current shot and the time of measurement. It also forms the reference for the spatially fixed coordinate system of ballistic calculations.
• the determination of the ignition timing Tz by means of the corrected Feuerleitans should take place as quickly as possible, because the time between see the firing and the ignition of the defense ammunition 4 is short.
• a method is used, which solves the differential equations of the external ballistics analytically. It uses a mathematical function, namely Lerch ' s Phi.
• the quantity c w gives the ratio of the air resistance between a projectile and an infinitely extended plane plate as a function of the Mach number.
• the method can also be combined with the method described in DE 10 2005 023 739 A1.
• the method described there is used to determine the Feuerleiten in the presence of a relative movement between the weapon and the target.
• a relative movement is formed in the present context by the movement of the attack ammunition body while the weapon is stationary.
• the ignition timing Tz should be the time when the greatest likelihood of successful combat exists. Due to the scatters and tolerances, only a probable residence space of the attacking and defense ammunition body and a probable development of the fragmentation effect after ignition can be given.
• the assault ammunition 4 and especially its caliber surface is small.
• the probable location area of this destination is large and geometrically described by an ellipse cylinder, ie by a cylinder with an elliptical base (FIG. 7).
• the ignition location of the defense ammunition body 3 resulting from the ignition point is determined taking into account the following aspects:
• the distance to the target 4 should be as small as possible, because the number of effective splitters decreases due to the air resistance with increasing distance from the ignition location.
• something should be shot past the target 4, since the largest numbers of fragments occur in the edge region of the fragment cone.
• weighting factors may depend on the caliber and type of assault ammunition detected by the locator, and may be determined by simulation or experimentation.
• a significant quantity is first the scattering of ignition time itself, i. with which inaccuracy ignites the igniter 13 at the set ignition timing.
• An igniter 13 is used, which has a scattering of the tempier time of less than 2 ms.
• the determination of the ignition timing Tz takes place via the determination of the ignition interval. This is explained by an ammunition requirement calculation.
• the munition requirement calculation it can be determined how many defense ammunition bodies 3 must be fired in order to effectively combat the attack ammunition 4 for a given confidence level.
• the ammunition needs calculation is based on known statistical principles and indicates the average amount of ammunition required to completely destroy the target. According to the exponential extermination law, this depends on the likelihood of a splitter p k and the number of effective splinters against the target area N w .
• the probability of firing PK of a single splitter results from the multiplication of the hit probability p ⁇ by the probability of destruction p ⁇ ⁇ H -
• the hit probability p ⁇ indicates the probability in the case of a frontal attack, in order to obtain the circular target area and the attack unit 4 to meet its longitudinal direction.
• the destruction probability p ⁇ ⁇ H depends on the ratio of the energy of the defense ammunition body 3 to the minimum energy for penetrating the shell of the attack ammunition 4 and increases exponentially with it.
• Measurement errors of the sensors of the measuring and locating devices 5, 10 and 12 in azimuth, elevation and distance increase the probable location of the target ammunition 4 to be attacked and the radar CEP area, so that the demand for ammunition increases with inaccurate sensors.
• the muzzle velocity of the defense ammunition body 3 and the ignition time for the initiation of the projectile and the subsequent splinter cone development Added to this is the ballistic scattering of the ammunition 3 and the weapon 2. This affects the probability of hit and thus the need for ammunition. Therefore, in the context of the desired ammunition requirement for a defined confidence level, the error budget, which characterizes the sum of all errors in the system that must not be exceeded, is set for the overall system.
• the area normal to the radar beam in which the assault ammunition 4 is located with the probability P is calculated.
• This area should correspond to the base area of the fragment cone A E so that as far as possible at least one fragment of all effective fragments can hit the target area Ar.
• This target area A ⁇ is located with the probability P somewhere in ACEP and is thus a sub-area of ACEP
• the firing interval ti ⁇ which corresponds to the fragment cone height, can then be determined with the surface AE, for which purpose the opening angle of the splitter cone ⁇ max must first be estimated. This serves - with the path velocity of the defense ammunition body 3 in the predicted area of control - as an input for the calculation of the fragment cone from the fragmentation distributions determined experimentally in the forecourt. With the now determined splitter cone opening angle ⁇ max , an improved ignition interval and thus the splitter cone can now be calculated. With the knowledge of the measured reference time T M, the ignition time T 1 will be determined by the ignition interval. The total number of effective splinters, the opening angle and the path velocity at the point of action serve with the data given above as input parameters for the balistic probability calculation described above in order to calculate the munitions requirement Ns.
• This ammunition requirement applies strictly according to FIG. 7 only for the base area of the ellipse cylinder facing the ignition location. If the assault ammunition 4 actually stops, for example, in the rear region of the ellipse cylinder, the fragment density is significantly lower and the fragmentation speed is reduced due to the longer flight path. This reduces the number of effective fragments per unit area and increases the need for ammunition.
• the length of the ellipse cylinder can be significantly reduced, so that the demand for ammunition in the entire ellipse cylinder is on the order of magnitude, as the closest to the ignition base.
• the determined ignition time T 1 is transmitted via the configured as a radio unit signal transmission unit 7 as coded Tempiersignale by radio to the configured as a radio unit signal receiving unit 8.
• the signal receiving unit 8 forwards the signals to the ignition control unit 9, in which the new ignition timing is stored. Furthermore, the correct reception of the two radio units 7 and 8 the ignition timing Tz to the fire control computer confirmed. If not confirmed, the ignition timing is recalculated and transmitted to the defense ammunition body 3.
• the igniter 13 is remote-triggered via the two radio units 7 and 8 and the ignition control unit 9 immediately after the correct reception.
• the carrier frequency e.g., 520 kHz
• the entire code can be sent within 100 ⁇ s so that the transmission time To practically coincides with the ignition timing.
• the determination of the optimum ignition timing can advantageously be delayed as long as possible, so that a more exact determination of the air paths is possible.
• Increased safety can be achieved by encoding the tempier signals or remote control signals.
• the code is evaluated by the ignition control unit to determine the correct reception of the remote control signals. Only at the end of the review of the code, which must match the code known to the ignition control unit, the Temp istsvorgabe is implemented or initiated directly the ignition.
• the defense ammunition body additionally has a proximity fuse. This initiates the ignition when the defense ammunition body 3 is at an adjustable distance to the attack ammunition 4.
• the advantage here is that in the case in which the determined ignition timing was actually too late, there is a certain chance that the Defense ammunition is previously initiated by means of the proximity fuse.
• the defensive munitions body as an igniter has only one approach fuse, but none
• the proximity fuse triggers the ignition when the defense ammunition body 3 is at an adjustable distance from the attack ammunition 4, e.g. at a distance of
• the splinter cone forms. If the attack ammunition 4 was not successfully fought, another defensive ammunition body 3 is fired with a new Feuerleitinate. In an advantageous embodiment, however, according to the determined need for ammunition, one after the other, one or more weapons 2 are fired one after the other, without waiting for a confirmation of successful combat.
• the abscissa represents the standard deviation of the azimuth and elevation of the radar, which are assumed to be the same. On the ordinate are the required integer shot numbers for given values of CL. applied. It is noteworthy that even with a composition probability of 99%, the munitions requirement of 155 mm bullets with the assumptions made is a maximum of four shots and thus clearly in the single-digit range.

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• Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
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• 2007
  • 2007-02-12 DE DE102007007403A patent/DE102007007403A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2008
  • 2008-02-09 EP EP08715482A patent/EP2118615B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
  • 2008-02-09 ES ES08715482T patent/ES2354930T3/es active Active
  • 2008-02-09 WO PCT/DE2008/000250 patent/WO2008098562A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2008-02-09 AT AT08715482T patent/ATE488745T1/de active
  • 2008-02-09 DE DE502008001823T patent/DE502008001823D1/de active Active
  • 2008-02-09 US US12/526,926 patent/US8020491B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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